Aluminium Report 2011 2010 Data Final

CIEEDAC
Energy Use and Related Data:

Canadian Aluminium Industries
1990 to 2010

Preparedfor:

AluminiumAssociationofCanada

Preparedby:

JohnNyboer
MaximilianKniewasser

ofthe

CanadianIndustrialEnergyEnduseDataandAnalysisCentre
SimonFraserUniversity,Burnaby,BC

March,2012

SponsorsofCIEEDAC:EnvironmentCanada,NaturalResourcesCanada,AluminiumIndustryAssociation,CanadianFoundry
Association,CanadianGasAssociation,CanadianPetroleumProductsInstitute,CanadianSteelProducers
Association,CementAssociationofCanada,ChemistryIndustryAssociationofCanada,ForestProducts
AssociationofCanada,MiningAssociationofCanada,PacificInstituteforClimateSolutions
AluminiumIndustryAssociation
ExecutiveSummary
ThisreportprovidesdetailedinformationfortheAluminiumAssociationofCanada
aboutenergyuseandgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionswithinNAICS331313from1990
to2010,aswellasinformationpertainingtothequalityandavailabilityofenergyand
emissionsdata.
EnergyuseoftheCanadianaluminiumindustryhasincreased64%since1990,reflecting
anincreaseinphysicaloutputof89%.Inspiteofthisgrowth,totalproductionofGHGs
decreased21%between1990and2010.ThereductioninGHGsisprimarilybecause
perfluorocarbon(PFC)processemissionspertonneofaluminiumdecreasedby68%over
1990levels.Emissionsfromanodeoxidationincreasedby84%andfuelbasedemissions
roseby9%.
Generally,intensityindicatorsshowthattheindustryhasbecomemoreenergyefficient
overtime(i.e.,itsenergyintensityhasdeclined).Thephysicalindicator(energyused/
tonneofaluminiumproduced)showsanintensitydeclineof13%between1990and
2010.IntermsofGHGs,thephysicalindicator(GHGproduced/tonneofaluminium
produced)showsa58%declineoverthesameperiod.Whencomparedtointernational
energyintensitiesofaluminiumproduction,Canadianproductionranksasoneofthe
mostefficientwithanelectricityintensitythatappearstobelessthan16MWh/tAl.
However,becauseofproblemswithdatadefinitions,itisdifficulttodomeaningful
comparisons.
Energydecompositionanalysisshowsthatimprovedefficiencies,whileoverwhelmedby
increasesinproduction,stillreducedusebyabout20PJfromwhatwouldotherwise
havebeenused.DecompositionofGHGemissionsindicatedthatfuelbasedemissions
hadlittleimpactonemissionslevels,andthatchangesinprocessemissionsprimarily
PFCswereresponsiblefortheoveralldeclineinGHGintensityintheindustry.
Comparedtootherregions,CanadasGHGcleanelectricitysupplymaymakethe
industryoneofthecleanestsuppliersofaluminiumonearth.
Anumberofdataissuesweakenouranalyses.Analysisofenergyandemissiontrendsin
theindustrywouldimproveifthefollowingwereaddressed:
disaggregationofdataonenergyusedtoproducealuminafromenergyusedto
produceprimaryaluminium;
consistentcollectionandreportingofdata,disaggregatedbyphaseinthe
productionstream,inCanadaandinternationally;
greaterattentiontoindustryboundaries;
considerationoftheenergyusedintheindustrysadministration(e.g.,inclusion
ofenergyusedinheadoffices),althoughthisisthoughttobeminor.
Evenso,thedatareflectingtheactionsofthisindustryaregoodanddoprovide
considerableunderstandingofitsefficiencyimprovementsandemissionsreductionover
theperiod.
CIEEDAC ii March,2012
Acknowledgments
CIEEDACwishestothanktheAluminiumAssociationofCanada,NaturalResources
Canada,theCanadianIndustryProgramforEnergyConservationandEnvironment
CanadawhosupporttheworkofCIEEDACthoughtheirsponsorshipandfinancial
contributions,partofwhichhasfundedthisreport.

ThisprojectwasundertakenwiththefinancialsupportoftheGovernmentofCanada.
CeprojettrealisaveclappuifinancierduGouvernementduCanada.

CIEEDAC iii March,2012

TableofContents
ExecutiveSummary......................................................................................................ii
Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................iii
TableofContents.........................................................................................................iv
1 Introduction............................................................................................................1
1.1 Objectives................................................................................................................1
1.2 CIEEDAC...................................................................................................................1
2 TheCanadianAluminiumIndustry..........................................................................2
2.1 OverviewofAluminiumProductioninCanada......................................................2
2.2 ClassificationoftheCanadianAluminiumIndustry................................................2
3 DataandMethods..................................................................................................4
3.1 Production...............................................................................................................4
3.2 Energy.....................................................................................................................4
3.3 GreenhouseGasData.............................................................................................6
3.4 IntensityRatios.......................................................................................................6
3.5 DecompositionMethodology.................................................................................6
4 NationalTrendsfrom1990to2010.........................................................................7
4.1 Production...............................................................................................................7
4.2 EnergyUse..............................................................................................................9
4.3 IntensityIndicators...............................................................................................13
4.3.1 EnergyIntensities.........................................................................................14
4.3.2 GHGEmissionIntensities.............................................................................15
4.4 InternationalIntensityComparisons....................................................................16
4.4.1 InternationalEnergyIntensities...................................................................16
4.4.2 InternationalGHGIntensities......................................................................17
5 Discussion.............................................................................................................18
5.1 AluminaandInternationalComparisons..............................................................18
5.2 CanadasAluminiumIndustryinanInternationalContext..................................19
6 DataIssues............................................................................................................19
7 DataTables...........................................................................................................21
8 ReferenceList........................................................................................................21
APPENDICES:CoefficientsandDataTables.................................................................23
AppendixA:Coefficients.............................................................................................24
CIEEDAC iv March,2012
AppendixB:DataTablesforAluminium(NAICS331313)............................................28
CIEEDAC v March,2012
Energy Use and Related Data:

Canadian Aluminium Industries, 1990 to 2010
1 Introduction
Canadianindustriesareincreasinglyawareoftheneedforgooddataonenergyuse,
greenhousegas(GHG)emissionsandproductionoutput.Datarequirementsincludethe
capacityto:
(1) determinetrendsinenergyusewithinCanadainordertodeterminetheimpactsof
changesintechnology,processesorattitudestowardsenergy;
(2) compareCanadianindustryperformancetoothercountriestoensureour
competitiveness;and
(3) monitorenvironmentalimpactsofenergyuseinindustry,suchaslevelsofGHGs.
ThisreportpresentsthemostuptodatedatapubliclyavailablefortheCanadian
aluminiumindustryfrom1990to2010anddiscussestrendsthatemergefromthedata.
1.1 Objectives
Theobjectivesofthisreportareto:
identifytrendswithintheindustryinenergyuseandgreenhousegasemissions;
explicitlydemonstratethequantityandqualityofdataavailabletodescribethe
Canadianaluminiumindustry;
identifyweaknesseswithrespecttodatacollectionandtheimpacttheyhaveon
portrayingaconsistentandaccuratepictureoftheindustry;and
maintaindiscussionsbetweentheindustryandthevariousdatacollectionagencies
aboutdatacollectionissues.
1.2 CIEEDAC
TheCanadianIndustrialEnergyEnduseDataandAnalysisCentre(CIEEDAC),established
throughaninitiativebyNaturalResourcesCanada,focusesonenergyinformation
relevanttoCanadasindustrialsector.OneofCIEEDAC'sprimarygoalsistoexpandand
improvetheexistingknowledgeonenergyusebyestablishingprocessesfortheregular
andtimelycollectionofreliabledata.
CIEEDACprovidesarangeofservicestoindustryandgovernment,includingthe
preparationofannualreportsthatpresentthelatestdataonenergyuseandrelated
issuesfortheCanadianindustrialsector.Theseannualreportsinclude:
CanadawidehistorictrendsinenergyuseandCO2emissionsfrom1990on
Industryandregionspecificreports,suchasthisone,toprovidegreaterdetailon
energyuseandgreenhousegasemissionsindustryinCanada,
CIEEDAC 1 March,2012
annualupdatesofdatabasesdescribingcogenerationandrenewableenergy
facilitiesinCanada,and
annualreviewsofsourcesofdataonenergyuseinindustry.
CIEEDACalsoprovidesspecificanalyzesbasedoninformationfromitsdatabasesatthe
requestofinterestedparties.
2 TheCanadianAluminiumIndustry
2.1 OverviewofAluminiumProductioninCanada
Aluminiumproductionisamultistageprocesswherebauxiteoreismined,refinedinto
alumina,smeltedintoaluminiumandfinallyrolled,castedorextrudedintoaluminium
products(seeFig2.1).Canadadoesnotminebauxiteanditonlyhasonealumina
productionplant(inQubec),thereforeCanadacontributesmostlytothefinal
aluminiumsmeltingstageusingimportedaluminaorusedaluminiumproducts.
Aluminiumsmeltingfromalumina,electricityintense,doesnotproducealargeamount
offuelbaseddirectemissions.Andsincetheelectricityusedbytheindustryis
generatedinhydroelectricfacilities,ithasalowGHGintensity.
Aluminiumproductioncangenerateasubstantialamountofprocessemissions.During
smelting,aluminaisdissolvedinafluorinebathandiselectricallyreducedtoaluminium
usingacarbonbasedanode.Thecarbonanodereactswithaluminatoproduce
aluminiumandcarbondioxide(anodeoxidation)inthefollowingreaction:
2Al2O3 + 3 C 4 Al + 3 CO2 (Equation 1)
Aluminiumsmeltingmayalsoproducecarbontetrafluoride(CF4)andcarbon
hexafluoride(C2F6),whichhavepotentgreenhousegaseffects.Thegreenhouseeffect
ofCF4andC2F6arerespectively6,500and9,200timesgreaterthanCO2.CF4andC2F6
maybeproducedduringaluminiumsmeltingbecausethefluorinebath(Na3AlF6)may
reactwiththecarbonanodeiftheconcentrationofaluminaaroundtheanodefalls
below2%(byweight).Duringanodeevents,thefollowreactionsoccur:
4 Na3AlF6 + 3 C 4 Al + 12 NaF + 3 CF4 (Equation 2)
2 Na3AlF6 + 2 C Al + 6 NaF + C2F6 (Equation 3)
CF4andC2F6emissionscanbereducedusingcomputerizedaluminafeeders.Sensors
maydetectwhenconcentrationsofaluminaarelow,andautomaticallyfeedmore
aluminaintothefluorinebath(EC,2011,p.127).
2.2 ClassificationoftheCanadianAluminiumIndustry
DataaredisaggregatedusingtheNorthAmericanIndustryClassificationSystem(NAICS)
updatedbyStatisticsCanada(STC)fromtheStandardIndustryClassification(SIC)system
in2003.Datafrom1991to1994werenotupdatedtoNAICS,howevertheSICdatafor
thealuminiumindustryarerelativelycompatiblewithNAICS.
Figure 2.1: Phases in Aluminium Production

Source:IAIUndated.
ThealuminiummanufacturingindustryispartofPrimaryMetalManufacturing(NAICS
331).NAICS331310comprisesestablishmentsprimarilyengagedinextractingalumina
frombauxiteore;producingaluminiumfromalumina;refiningaluminiumbyany
process;androlling,drawing,extruding,andalloyingaluminiumandaluminiumbased
alloybasicshapes.TheindustryisfurtherdefinedasNAICS331313whichappendsthis
definitionwithproducedinthesameestablishment,andNAICS331317which
includesallindustrythatpurchasesaluminiumingotsandprocessesitintoothershapes
andproducts,includingwireandfoil.ThisreportfocusesexclusivelyonNAICS331313
andrepresentstheenergyuseandGHGemissionsofthealuminiumproductionsector.
3 DataandMethods
3.1 Production
Dataonproductioncomefromanumberofsourcesandcanbecategorizedaseither
economicorphysical.TheASM(anditsmonthlycorollary,theMonthlySurveyof
Manufacturers)provideseconomicdatafromwhichGDPcontributionscanbe
determined.TheseGDPdata,alongwithdataoncostofmaterials,labour,andother
economicindicators,areusedbyInformetricaLtd.1togenerategrossoutput(GO)
valuesfortheindustry.GO,roughlyequivalenttothevalueofshipments,includesthe
valueadded,aswellasthevalueofinputstoproduction.Recentupgradestothe
InformetricamodelusedtoderiveGOhavechangedtheGOdataformostyearssince
1990.SomeoftheGDPvalueshavealsochanged,especiallyatthebeginningofthe
studyperiod.
PhysicalproductiondataarecollectedbyaNaturalResourcesCanada(NRCan)during
theirSurveyofAluminiumProduction.ThesedataareavailablefromSTCandinNRCans
CanadianMineralsYearbook(CMY).2Physicalproductiondataprovidedbythe
InternationalConsultativeGrouponNonferrousMetalsontheproductionofalumina,a
precursortoaluminium,aregatheredfromtheCMY.
3.2 Energy
StatisticsCanada(STC)recordstheuseofenergyfromtwoseparatesources:the
IndustrialConsumptionofEnergy(ICE)surveyandtheAnnualSurveyofManufacturers
(ASM).
Thetwosetsofdatadifferinobjective.TheASMprovidesadetailedpictureof
Canadianindustryatadisaggregatelevel.Itincludesinformationonemployment
withintheindustry,aswellasthevalueofshipmentsandcostsofrawmaterials.Energy
dataformonlyonesmallcomponentofaspecifictypeintheASM.Dataissuesinclude:
ASMdataarefinancialinnature;onlyexpendituresonenergyarecollectedinthe
associatedsurvey.3
ASMisnotacensusand,thus,doesnotsurveyallindustries/facilitieswithina
sector.Inordertoattainaggregatevaluesforthewholeindustry,STCextrapolates
fromthesedata.4
1
StatisticsCanadaadvocatestheuseofGOinintensityanalysesanddevelopsGOvaluesbutthesearenotpublicly
available.FurtherworkisbeingdonetoclarifytheroleofGOinsuchanalysesandtherelationshipbetweenGOand
GDPandphysicalproduction.
2
CMYhasnotpublishedanupdatetotheirannualreportsince2006.CIEEDACcurrentlyreceivesdatadirectlyfrom
NRCansMetalandMineralsSector.
3ASMdidcollectphysicalenergydataforanumberofyears1996wasthemostrecentsetofdata.
4SomeNAICSshavefewextantfirmsorplants;thesurveymaythenbeacensus;itisnotclearifAluminium
industriesarecensus.Moreover,ifASMdoesnotdirectlysurveyanestablishment,itusestaxdataforthat
establishment.
Fueldisaggregationislimited;fuelswithlowuseareaggregatedintoOther.
ThebenefitofusingASMliesinitsdisaggregation;dataareavailableatthenationaland
provinciallevelforsixdigitNorthAmericanIndustryClassificationSystem(NAICS)
groups.Inthiscase,sincealltheactivityoccursinonlytwoprovinces(andthebulkofit
inQubec),thisislessimportantthatitwouldbeforotherindustries.
TheICEsurvey,ontheotherhand,focusesprimarilyonenergy.Therefore,datafrom
thissurveyareconsideredmoredependableandusefulforenergyanalysis.The
benefitsanddrawbacksofICEdataare:
ICEisbasedonasampleofindustriesbutitscoverageofthemajorenergy
consumingindustriesisextensiveenoughtobeacensusforthoseindustries,
includingAluminium.
ICEisasubsampleoftheASMsample,andcanthereforebeeasilyrelatedtoASM
dataofinterest(shipmentvalues,employment,etc.).
ICEincludesdataonnonpurchasedandotherenergynotdefinedinASM.For
example,ICEincludesdataonindustrygeneratedelectricity.
ICElacksdisaggregatedprovincialdata.Butmanyindustriesarecoveredatthesix
digitNAICSlevel.Thislevelofdisaggregationprovidesabroadpictureofenergyuse
inCanadaand,asaresult,ICEdataareusedastheprimaryinputtoSTCs
publicationReportonEnergySupplyandDemand(RESD).Againthisissueisnot
veryrelevantforthealuminiumindustry.
ChangesintheCanadianIndustryProgramforEnergyConservation(CIPEC)prompted
NaturalResourcesCanadatorequestamoredetailedassessmentoftheindustrial
sectorfromSTC.5Beginningin1994,STCexpandedtheICEsurveytocoveragreater
portionoftheindustrialsector.By1995,theICEsurveyhadbeenexpandedto
disaggregateallmanufacturingindustriesbythreedigitNAICSgroups.In2006,STC
updatedallhistoricdataonenergyuseandproductionbetween1995and2003.
STCreceivedpermissionfromaluminiumindustryrepresentativestoreleaseICEsurvey
dataontheirindustry.ThisreportislargelyaproductoftheseICEdata.
Forthepurposesofassessingtheenergytrendsofaluminaandaluminiumproductionin
Canadainlightofthefactthatnoneofthedatasourcesdescribedaboveprovide
energyusedatadisaggregatedbyphaseintheproductionchainCIEEDACalsouses
energyusedataprovidedonlinebytheInternationalAluminiumInstitute(IAI).TheIAI
collectsenergyusedataforaluminaandaluminiumproductioninNorthAmerica.While
thisdataisaggregatedtothelevelofNorthAmerica,itcomplimentsotherdatatohelp
profileenergyusetrendsinphasesoftheproductionchaininCanada.
5
CIPEC,sponsoredbyNaturalResourcesCanada(NRCan),historicallycollecteddataonenergyuse.Partofthe
changestoCIPECinvolvedmovingdatacollectiontoSTCandhavingCIEEDAChelpdosomeanalysis.
3.3 GreenhouseGasData
Themajorityoftheprocessgreenhousegasdatausedforthisreportisgatheredfrom
EnvironmentCanadasNationalInventoryReportofGHGemissionspublishedroughly
18monthsaftertheyearsend(EC,2011).TheseareaccompaniedbyCommon
ReportingFormatTablesthatprovidemoreexplicitdetail.Fuelbasedemissionsare
calculatedbymultiplyingfuelCO2e(carbondioxideequivalent)coefficientsfoundinthe
Inventorybytheenergyuseofeachfuel.Whileformostindustries,indirectemissions
theemissionsgeneratedasaresultofenergyand/orservices(usuallyelectricity)
generatedoffsiteareimportant,wedonotexplicitlydescribeindirectemissionsin
thisreportbecausetheelectricityusedhereishydrogeneratedGHGfree.
Asinpreviousyears,confidentialityconstraintspreventedthereleaseofdatarelatedto
GHGsbyNRCantoCIEEDACfor2010.CIEEDACresearchersextrapolatedGHGemission
databasedonchangesinenergyuseinpreviousyearsandtotalenergyuseinthe
PrimaryMetalssector,ofwhichthissectorispart(i.e.,thehistoryofAluminium
IndustryenergyuseinthecontextofallPrimaryMetalsenergyuse).
3.4 IntensityRatios
OutputdataareusedbyCIEEDACtocalculateintensityratios(energyoremissionsasa
ratioofoutput)thatindicategeneraltrendsovertime.Indicatorsbasedonphysical
ratherthaneconomicunitstendtobeabetterproxyfortechnologicalorprocess
innovationsbecauseeconomicunitsareaffectedbymanyfactorsnotassociatedwith
energy,suchascostsoflabour,orsellingpriceofthefinalproduct.6However,many
nationalandinternationalagenciesuseeconomicoutputtorepresenttheproductionof
anindustrybecausetheseareoftentheonlydataavailable.7Whileweprovide
economicintensityindicatorsforthisindustryinthisreport,theirusefulnessboth
internallyandforinternationalcomparisonsmaybelimited.
3.5 DecompositionMethodology
CIEEDACperformedadecompositionanalysistounderstandtrendsinenergyuseand
GHGemissions.Decompositionanalysisisolatestheeffectofdifferentfactorssuchas
changesinenergyintensityoroutputonchangesinaggregateenergyuseor
emissions.Forexample,decompositionanalysismightrevealthatimprovementsinthe
industrysenergyintensitymayoffsettheeffectofincreasingoutputtoreduce
aggregateenergyuseoremissions.
Dependinguponthedecomposition,thefollowingfactorsareincludedintheanalysis:
6
SeeAnAssessmentofDataonOutputforIndustrialSubSectors(CIEEDAC1993).CMYalsoprovidesdetailsonprice
changesinaluminiumwhichprovidesomeunderstandingastowhyeconomicandphysicalintensityindicatorsdonot
relatewelltooneanother.
7
ForabriefassessmentofthisissueseetheUNsdiscussiononsustainabledevelopmentissuesandindicatorsrelated
toAgenda21:www.un.org/esa/sustdev/sdissues/consumption/cpp1224m2.htm.Moreinformationcanbefoundin
UNsAgenda21,www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21,chapter4.
ActivitycapturesthechangeinenergyuseorGHGemissionscausedbychanges
inproduction.Activityistheoutputofthesector.
EnergyefficiencycapturesthechangeinenergyuseorGHGemissionscausedby
changesinenergyintensity.Energyintensityismeasuredastheenergyuseper
unitofoutput.
GHGintensitycapturesthedifferenceinfuelbasedGHGemissionsthatis
causedbychangesinthefuelmix.Differentfuelsemitdifferentamountsof
GHGemissionsperunitofenergydelivered,andchangesinthefuelmixcan
changeaggregateemissions.GHGintensityismeasuredastheGHGemissions
perunitofenergyused.
ProcessGHGintensitycapturesthedifferenceinprocessGHGemissions
betweenyears.Theprocessemissionsfromthesectoraresensitivetothe
technologyusedtoproducealuminium,andtechnologicalchangecanaffect
aggregateemissions.ProcessGHGintensityismeasuredastheprocessGHG
emissionsperunitofoutput.
WeusedtheLogMeanDivisiaI(LMDI)decompositionmethodologytodecompose
energyusedandGHGemittedintotherespectivefactors.Theliteraturesuggeststhat
theLMDImethodologyisrobustandgivesgoodresults(ZhangandAng,2001).This
methodologyisalsousedbyNRCantoproducetheEnergyEfficiencyTrendsinCanada
report.Detailsonthedecompositionanalysisareavailableonrequest.
4 NationalTrendsfrom1990to2010
Thefollowingsectionreportsthetrendsinenergyuse,GHGemissionsandproductionin
CanadasAluminiumindustryfrom1990to2010.Detaileddatatablesassociatedwith
theanalysisareavailableinAppendixB.
4.1 Production
Between1990and2010,aluminiumproductionnearlydoubled.Generallyspeaking,
productionroseeachyearandbegantoshowalevelingtrendin2006,hoveringaround
the3milliontonnemarksincethen.Aluminaandbauxiteimportsvaryovertheperiod,
sometimesquitesignificantly.Domesticaluminaproductionrosemarginallybetween
1990and2008andthereisnotagoodcorrelationbetweenimportedbauxiteand
aluminaproductionorbetweentotalaluminaandaluminiumproduction.Giventhat
aluminaproductionisthemostfossilfuelintensivestageinaluminiumproduction,the
slowgrowthindomesticaluminaproductionhasmaintainedfuelbasedGHGemissions
atlowlevels.Thatsaid,increasingimportsofaluminalikelycausedincreasedfuelbased
GHGemissionsoutsideCanada.BecausealuminiumproductioninCanadaisbasedon
hydroelectricsources,thefinalproductembodieslittleaddedCO2.
Figure4.1illustratestheactivityinCanadianaluminiumsmelters;totalaluminium
productiondataarefromSTC.CMYdataonothermaterialsassociatedwithaluminium
productionhavenotbeenpubliclyavailablesince2007butCIEEDAChasreceivedthese
datadirectlyNRCansMetalsandMineralsSector.Aluminiumproductionexperienceda
declineatAlumineriedeBecancourInc.in2004,theimpactofalabourstrike.Alcanalso
closedfourSoderbergpotlinesatitsJonquieresmelter.Sincethen,productionhasrisen
toapeak,exceeding3Mtfrom2006to2009(decliningmarginallybelowthe3Mtlevel
in2010).
Aluminaandbauxiteimportsvaryovertheperiod,sometimesquitesignificantly.
Domesticaluminaproductionrosemarginallybetween1990and2008andthereisnota
goodcorrelationbetweenimportedbauxiteandaluminaproductionorbetweentotal
aluminaandaluminiumproduction.8Giventhataluminaproductionisthemostfossil
fuelintensivestageinaluminiumproduction,theslowgrowthindomesticalumina
productionhasmaintainedfuelbasedGHGemissionsatlowlevels.Thatsaid,
increasingimportsofaluminalikelycausedincreasedfuelbasedGHGemissionsoutside
Canada.BecausealuminiumproductioninCanadaisbasedonhydroelectricsources,
thefinalproductembodieslittleaddedCO2.
Figure 4.1: Production and imports of aluminium and related materials
6.0
Alumina Imports
Bauxite Imports
5.0
Production and Imports (Mt)
Aluminium Production
Alumina Production
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Note:Dataunavailableforaluminaandbauxiteimportsfor1990to1993.Bauxiteimportsrepresenttotalimportsfor
aluminiumproductionandotheruses.Also,CMYhasnotgeneratedreportsonaluminiumsince2007;datahereare
directlyfromNRCan,CMY.
Sources:InternationalConsultativeGrouponNonferrousMetalStatisticsinNRCanCMY.
Economicmeasuresofoutputhavealsoincreasedbetween1990and2010.From1990
to2010,thegrossoutputofthealuminiumsectorincreasedby73%from$3.5billion
(CDN$2002)to$6.1billion.Grossoutputdecreasedinboth2008and2009fromthe
8
Theuseofthealuminageneratedisinquestion;thereisnowaytodefinehowmuchofthealuminaisusedtomake
aluminiumorhowmuchisusedforotherchemicalprocesses.
peakin2007,butroseagainnearly8%in2010.GDP,while1.9timesgreaterthan1990
levels,declinedbetween2007and2009androseslightlyagainin2010.Physicaloutput
increasedfairlyconsistentlytill2006andhashoveredaround3Mt/asince,showinga
marginaldeclineof2%in2010over2009.Figure4.2illustratestheeconomicand
physicalactivityinthesector,includingthedecreasein2004production.
Figure 4.2: Economic Production
8.0 4.0
7.0 3.5
Physical Production (Mt)

Economic Production
6.0 3.0
('02 $billion)
5.0 2.5
4.0 2.0
3.0 1.5
2.0 Gross Output 1.0

GDP
1.0 0.5
Aluminium
- -
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Sources: Informetrica. Ltd, CANSIM, NRCan CMY 2006
4.2 EnergyUse
From1990to2010,energyuseinthealuminiumindustrygrewby71PJor64%.
Althoughenergyusedeclinedin2009from2008,itincreasedby9PJin2010from2009,
representinga5%increase.Useofelectricity,theprimaryenergyinputintoaluminium
manufacturing,increasedinthesameproportion;between1990and2010,electricity
useincreasedby69PJor70%over1990levels.Fossilfuelsaccountfortheremaining
increaseinenergyuse,increasingnotablyfrom2009to2010(~4PJ,justover40%;we
note,however,that2009wasthelowestyearoverthestudyperiod).Figure4.3
illustratesthetrendsinenergyusefrom1990to2010.
Figure 4.3: Total energy use, fossil fuels and electricity and production of aluminium
200
160
Energy Consumption (PJ)
120
Total Energy
80 Electricity
Fossil Fuels
40
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Sources:STCASMandICE.
Exceptfor2003/2004,electricityuseincreasedquiteconsistentlyuntil2008,insync
withproduction.In2009,electricityusedecreased7%overthepreviousyear,
reboundingslightlyin2010(3%increase).Between1990and2010,fossilfueluse
remainedrelativelystableataround16PJ/yr.Asdiscussedabove,aluminium
productioniselectricityintensive,whilemostfossilfuelsareusedinalumina
production.Therefore,changesinaluminiumproductionimpactelectricityusewhile
leavingfossilfueluserelativelyunchanged.
Theincreaseinenergyusebetween1990and2010isprimarilytheresultofanincrease
inactivityoroutputfromthesector.Ifonesawnoefficiencyimprovementsinthe
process,thisincreaseinactivitybetween1990and2010wouldhavecausedenergyuse
toincreaseby91PJ.Asitis,improvementsinenergyefficiencyhavereducedenergy
useby20PJin2010.Figure44illustratestheresultsofthedecompositionanalysisused
toexplainthetrendsinenergyuse.Thisimprovementinefficiencyhasreducedthe
energyintensityofaluminiumproductionbyatleast13%(seesection4.4below).
Figure 4.2: Decomposition of Trends in Energy Use (2010)

200
150
EnergyConsumption(PJ)
100
50
50
1990Consumption + ActivityEffect + EnergyIntensityEffect = 2010Consumption

Fig.4.5indicatesthatemissionslevelshavenotchangedappreciablysince2002;
althoughthelasttwoyearshavebeenthelowestonrecord,theyareonlymarginally
lessthanearlieryears.Thedeclineinaggregateemissionsfrom1990to2002wasthe
resultofadeclineinperfluorocarbons(PFCs).Whilesomeassumptionshadtobemade
regarding2010processemissions,itappearsthatPFCemissionsarenow2.09Mt,4.4
Mtor68%belowwhattheywerein1990.GHGemissionsfromanodeoxidation
increasedby2.3Mt,or84%overthe19902010periodprimarilybecauseofincreased
productionandamoredirectlinkbetweenproductionactivityandemissions.Because
thisdidnotgrowasrapidlyasproduction,itindicatesthattheintensityofanoderelease
hasdeclinedovertime(about3%).Fuelrelatedemissionsareestimatedtohaverisen
9%,some62ktgreaterthanin1990,althoughdecliningappreciablyinrecentyears.Fig.
4.5illustratesthetrendintotalGHGemissions,aswellasPFCs,emissionsfromanode
oxidationandfuelcombustion.Increasesinanodeemissionsareoffsetbydecreasing
PFCemissionsoverthelast8yearsorso,suchthatemissionshavelevelledoffinthe
industry.
Figure 4.5: GHG Emissions (Mt CO2e) in the Aluminium Industry

12
Total GHG PFCs
Anode Oxide Fuel
10
GHG Emissions (Mt CO2e)
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source:CIEEDACcalculationsusingdatafromSTCICE,EC(2010).Notethat2010dataforAnodeandPFCemissions
areestimatesbecauseEChasnotyetreleasedNIRdatafor2010.
Asnotedabove,theindustryreliesonelectricityuseinprovinceswhereelectric
generationhasalowGHGintensity;indirectGHGemissionsarenotamajorfactorin
estimatingabsolutelevelsofGHGemissions.Anodeoxidationgenerallyoccursindirect
proportiontotheactivityoftheindustrybutissomewhatdependentonchangesin
technology.Onetonneofaluminiumproducedtypicallygenerates1.6to1.7tonnesof
carbondioxideduetoanodeoxidation(EC,2011).
EmissionsofPFCsarebothdependentontechnologytypeandcontrolmechanismsas
wellasoperationsmanagement.PFCreleasepertonneofproducthasdeclinedby83%
since1990.Asdiscussedabove,computerizedsensorsmayfurtherreducethisintensity
throughtheirabilitytodetectwhenaluminaconcentrationsaroundtheanodedecline
belowathresholdallowingoperatorstoavoidanodeevents.Alternativetechnologies
arebeingtestedthatmayreducetheseemissionsevenmore.
Fuelbasedemissions,whileincreasing,didnotincreaseasquicklyasgrowthin
productionofaluminium.ThisisinpartbecausetheintensityoffuelbasedCO2
emissionspertonneAlhasdecreased43%since1990;thismaybedue,inpart,tothe
factthatmostofthefossilfuelusecanbeassociatedwithaluminaproduction.Given
thataluminaproductionhasnotincreasedasaluminiumproductionhas,theintensity
ratiodeclines.Overall,GHGemissionsintensitypertonneAlhasdropped58%since
1990from6.36tCO2e/tAlto2.65tCO2e/tAlin2010.
Figure4.3illustratesadecompositionanalysisundertakentoisolatetheeffectsof
changesinactivity,technologythatinfluencesprocessemissions,energyintensityand
greenhousegasintensityonthetrendsinGHGemissions.
Figure 4.3: Decomposition of GHG Emissions in Aluminium Smelting

12
10
GHG Emissions (Mt CO2e)
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
1990 + Activity Ef fect + Process + Energy + GHG = 2010
Emissions Emissions Intensity Ef f ect Intensity Ef f ect Emissions
Ef f ect

ThefigureshowsthatthechangeinGHGemissionsismostlytheresultofactivityand
processemissionseffects.Theeffectofincreasedactivitywouldhaveraisedemissions
by5.65Mt(ActivityEffect),buttechnologicalimprovementstoreduceprocess
emissions(mainlyPFCs)wouldhavereducedemissionsby7.34Mt(ProcessEmissions
Effect).Theneteffectisemissionsdeclinedby~1.9Mtbetween1990and2010.
ImprovementsinenergyefficiencyhavelittleeffectonGHGemissionsbecausethe
industrysprimaryfuelsourceiselectricity,whichdoesnotproducedirectemissions.
Fuelswitching(GHGintensityeffect)isalsorelativelyinsignificantbecausetheindustry
islargelydependentonelectricity.
Since2004,ECposteddataonfacilitiesgeneratingmorethan100ktofemissionsinthe
aluminiumindustry.ThedatacanbecomparedtoCIEEDACestimationsofthese
emissions.Datamatchwellwiththeestimateddata;canbecomparedtothedata
calculatedfromSTCenergydataandECpostingsofdataintheirannualinventoryreport
(EC,2011).Table4.1comparesthetwodatasetsastheyreflecttheindustry.
4.3 IntensityIndicators
Since1990,energyintensityhasdeclinedby13%,whileGHGintensityhasdeclinedby
58%pertonneofaluminium(Fig.4.7).Energyintensityindicatorsofthethree
productionunitsdefinedinsection4.1providesomeindicationofhowtheutilizationof
fuelsperunitofproductionchangesovertime(Fig.4.8).Someusesuchdataasa
surrogateindicatorofefficiencyimprovementsbut,aswesawinthefactorization
section,theintensitychangescanbebasedonmorethanjustchangesinefficiency.
Table 4.1: Comparison of CIEEDAC calculated data and EC Facility Data
Emissions 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

CO2 EC 5,504 6,059 6,249 6,299 6,277 5,956
CIEEDAC 5,314 6,021 6,041 6,109 6,202 5,568 5,772
CH4 EC 0.75 0.80 0.72 0.72 0.63 0.43
CIEEDAC 0.67 0.75 0.58 0.61 0.63 0.26 0.34
N2O EC 3.8 3.7 4.0 3.7 4.4 5.5
CIEEDAC 6.5 7.0 5.6 6.0 6.1 3.0 4.3
PFC1 EC 3,028 3,065 2,626 2,302 2,242 2,136
CIEEDAC 3,038 3,309 2,576 2,184 2,241 2,163 1,694
Total EC 8,537 9,129 8,879 8,605 8,524 8,098
CIEEDAC 8,360 9,337 8,622 8,300 8,450 7,734 7,471
Source:EC(www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ghg/onlineData/dataSearch_e.cfm).CIEEDACcalculationsusedatafrom
STCICE,EC(2011).CIEEDAC2010dataforPFCemissionsareestimatesbecauseEChasnotyetreleased
NIRdatafor2010.
Figure 4.7: Energy and GHG Intensity of Output
1.2
1
Intensity (1990 = 1)
0.8
0.6
0.4
Energy Intensity
0.2
GHG Intensity
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Note: Index values can be found in the first table in Appendix B.

Source: CIEEDAC calculations using STC ICE data.
4.3.1 EnergyIntensities
Thesetofintensityindicatorsrevealdifferingtrends,withthephysicalindicator
showingafairlysteadyannualmarginaldeclineinintensityandtheindicatorsbasedon
economicoutputsshowingintensityincreasinginitiallybutthengenerallyfallingover
timetoapoint13%below1990levels(Fig.4.8).TheGDPindicatordropped
considerablyto2000andremainedrelativelyflatsince2000.IntensitiesbasedonGO
arequitesimilartothoseofthephysicalindicatorsince1998,risingagaininthelasttwo
years.Theseobserveddifferingtrendsdemonstratethateconomicindicatorsusedas
denominatorsmaynotaccuratelyreflectintensitychangesoverthewholeperiod
becausethecorrelationbetweenphysicalproductionandGOorGDPmaynotbehigh.
Cautionshouldbeusedifonewishestousetheseindicatorsasareflectionofefficiency
improvementintheindustry.Likewise,publicationsusingsuchindicatorsshouldbe
thoroughlyreviewedbeforeoneacceptsconclusionsbasedonthoseindicators.
Figure 4.8: An Index of Physical and Monetary Energy Intensity Indicators for the Primary
Aluminium Industry
1.4
1.2
1
Index(1990=1)
0.8
0.6
0.4
Energy/tAl
0.2 Energy/GO
Energy/GDP
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Obviously,thefossilfuelintensityoftheCanadianindustrywoulddropifthatusedin
theproductionofaluminawereexcluded.9Incontrast,fossilfuelintensitywould
increaseconsiderablyiftheenergyforallthealumina(includingimported)usedin
Canadianaluminiumplantswereincludedinthisanalysis.Theinclusionorexclusionof
theinfluenceofaluminaonenergyintensityisamatterofdebatebutisanecessary
considerationwhencomparingfossilfuelandGHGintensityinaluminiumindustries
acrossjurisdictions.
4.3.2 GHGEmissionIntensities
GHGintensityindicatorsareobtainedbydividingGHGemissionsbymeasuresofoutput.
TotalGHGintensitydeclinedsteadilyoverthestudyperiod,finishing60%lowerthan
1990levelsin2010(Fig4.8).FossilfuelbasedCO2intensitydeclinedby43%;anode
oxidationrelatedemissionsintensityandPFCemissionsintensitydatafor2010were
notavailablefromEnvironmentCanada;estimatesindicatethattheintensityofPFC
productionpertonneAlhasdeclinedby86%.Averysmallfractionoftotalemissions,
CH4,andN2Oemissionsintensitydeclinedby56%and45%,respectively.Incomparison,
energyintensitydeclinedby13%,andphysicalproductiongrewby89%inthesame
period(asnotedearlier).
9
CMYdataindicatesthatCanadacurrentlymakesaboutaquarterofthealuminausedinaluminiumproduction.
Figure 4.8: An Index of Physical and Monetary GHG Intensity Indicators (CO2e) for the
Primary Aluminium Industry
1.2
GHG/t Al
1.0 GHG/GO
GHG/GDP
Index (1990 = 1)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
4.4 InternationalIntensityComparisons
4.4.1 InternationalEnergyIntensities
AccordingtoSTCdataonenergyuseandaluminiumproduction,Canadianplantsused
60.9GJ/tAlin2010(App.B,Table1),about8%morethanin2009,theyearwiththe
lowestintensitylevelsince1990.Wenotethatthisvalueincludestheenergyusedto
producealumina(whoseproductionlevelswerelowfor2009and2010);wearenot
abletodisaggregatetheenergyusedtoproducealuminafromthatusedtogenerate
primaryaluminium.ThismakesitdifficulttocompareCanadianaluminiumintensities
tothatofotherregions(Canadaisnotisolatedfromotherregionsintheinternational
statistics).
EnergyandproductiondataareavailablefromtheInternationalAluminiumInstitute
(IAI)onproductionofaluminaandprimaryaluminiumbyregion(seetables4.2,4.3)but
onecannotassumethattheadditionofthesetwowouldprovideanindicatorofoverall
energyintensityofaluminiumintheseregions,primarilybecausealuminaisexported
betweentheseregions.
Table4.2indicatestherangesofenergyintensitiesintheproductionofalumina.Data
arenotavailableforCanadabecausethereisonlyonefunctioningaluminaproduction
facilityinCanadaandthedataareconsideredconfidential.IAIcouldprovidenodatafor
Oceania(AustraliaandNewZealand).
Table 4.2: Comparison of Global Alumina Production, 2010*
Alumina(1000 EnergyUsed Intensity

Region
metrictonnes) (TJ) Elect(kWh/t) Energy(GJ/t)
Canada n/a n/a
AfricaandSAsia 1,817 27,934 69.3 15.4
NorthAmerica 3,393 43,348 170.2 12.8
SouthAmerica 13,663 134,085 109.3 9.8
EastAsiaOceania 16,168 165,881 60.9 10.3
Europe 7,693 109,287 308.7 14.2
World 42,734 480,535 130.0 11.2
*AlldataarefromtheInternationalAluminiumInstitute(www.worldaluminium.org/Statistics,Energyusedin
AluminaProduction)
STCdataindicatethatCanadianplantsusedapproximately15.6MWh/tAlin2010.This
is0.8MWh/tmorethanin2009,theyeartheCanadianAluminiumindustryachievedits
lowestintensitysince1990,butroughlyequivalenttotheprevious3years.Atthe
currentlevel,theCanadianAluminiumindustryisslightlymoreenergyintensivethan
theglobalweightedaverageat15.2MWh/t(Table4.3).Oneshouldnotethatthe
Canadianelectricityintensityvalueincludestheelectricityusedinotherphasesinthe
productionchain(i.e.,alumina)whiletheIAIdatadonot.Thiswouldsuggestthatthe
electricityintensityoftheCanadianindustryisamongtheloweronesintheworldifone
weretoadjustfortheelectricityusedtomakealumina.
Table 4.3: Comparison of Global Aluminium Industry Activity, 2010*
PrimaryAluminium ElectricityIntensity
ElectricityUsed
Region Production(1000
(GWh) MWh/t GJ/t
metrictonnes)
Canada 2,963 46,257 15.6 56.2
Africa 1,441 21,026 14.7 53.0
NorthAmerica 4,440 67,092 15.3 55.0
SouthAmerica 2,210 34,736 15.5 55.7
Asia 1,855 28,637 14.7 53.1
Europe 7,981 127,054 15.7 56.5
Oceania 1,542 23,149 14.4 51.9
World 19,469 301,695 15.2 54.8
*AlldataarefromtheInternationalAluminiumInstitute(www.worldaluminium.org/Statistics)exceptforCanada
whichiscalculatedusingStatsCandata.
4.4.2 InternationalGHGIntensities
AliteraturesearchonGHGintensityofthealuminiumindustryprovidedfewsourcesof
information.AccordingtoFeng,etal.(2009),thecradletogateGHGemissionsfor
Chinawas21.6tCO2e/tofprimaryaluminumproductionin2003,whichwas70%
higherthantheglobalaveragein2000(12.7tCO2e/tAl).Table4.4belowshowsa
breakdownofgreenhousegasemissionsfromthevariousprimaryaluminumunit
processesbasedontheIAI2003report.Thesmeltingprocessisthemostgreenhouse
gasintensiveprocessinthealuminumindustry;sinceelectricityuseaccountsfor
approximately50%oftotalemissionsinthealuminumindustry,atransitiontozero
emissionssourcesofelectricitywouldsignificantlydecreaseemissionsassociatedwith
thealuminumindustry.IntheCanadianindustry,allelectricitytomakeprimary
aluminiumisproducedhydraulically,consideredCO2free.TheGHGintensityof
Canadianaluminiumisapproximately2.65t/tAl.Again,thisvalueincludesemissions
generatedintheproductionofalumina.
Table 4.4: Greenhouse Gas Emissions associated with Aluminum Production Processes
GHGEmissions Bauxite Refining Anode Smelting Casting Total

kgofCO2epertonneofprocessoutput
Process 0 0 388 1,626 0
Electricity 0 58 63 5,801 77
FossilFuel 16 789 135 133 155
Transport 32 61 8 4 136
Ancillary 0 84 255 0 0
PFC 0 0 0 2,226 0
Total 48 991 849 9,789 368 12,045
TablebasedonApp.CfromIAI,2003.transport.worldaluminium.org/uploads/media
/1274452849Global_LCI_Report.pdf
5 Discussion
Understandingenergytrends,intensityindicators,thetypeandquantityofemissions
andotherindustryrelatedvariablesinaparticularregiondependsonthestructureof
theindustryinthatregion.TheNAICScategoryforaluminiumproductionisfacility
basedinthatthewholeprocessfrombauxiteinputthroughtofinishedproductoutput
canbeincludedintheenergyoremissionsassessmentforthatindustry.Thismakes
usingNAICSbasedenergyoremissionsdatafromCanadianindustrydifficulttocompare
tointernationaldataonwhatisostensiblythesameindustry.Thedegreetowhichthe
completeprocessisintegratedaffectsanysuchreview,especiallyifoneconsiders
advancementsmadeinfinishingtechnologies(suchasdirectchillcasting)whichmake
integrationbotheasiertoaccomplishandmoreefficientintermsofenergyusedin
production.
5.1 AluminaandInternationalComparisons
Someinternationalprotocols(e.g.,Phylipsen,etal.1998)suggestthattheuseof
intensityindicatorsparticularlyforthepurposeofcomparingcountriesaluminium
industriesrequiresknowledgeoftherelationshipbetweenaluminaandaluminium
productionintheregiontowhichtotheindicatorisapplied.Whilesomecountries
producelargequantitiesoftheirownaluminaintheiraluminiumfacilities,others
importsomeoralloftheiraluminafeedstock.Differingproductionratioshave
implicationsforenergyuseandparticularlyforGHGemissionpatterns.Whiletheper
unitenergyusefortheproductionofaluminaisrelativelysmallcomparedtothatof
aluminium,asignificantproportionofemissionsandpotentialreductionresideswith
aluminaproductionbecausemuchofthefossilfueluse(andGHGemissions)inthe
industryasawholeisassociatedwithaluminaproduction.
DataonenergyusedintheproductionofaluminaarenotavailableforCanadian
production.BasedonIAIdataonaluminaproduction,wecanassumethatthealumina
madeinCanadaaccountsformorethan80%ofthefuelbasedemissionsforthissector
onaverage.Whileinternationallycomparabledataonthisarescarce,assessmentsof
GHGemissionpertonneofaluminiumproductionandCanadasrelativeGHGintensity
relatedtosuchproductionareclarifiedwithanunderstandingofthesedata.
5.2 CanadasAluminiumIndustryinanInternationalContext
Becausewearenotabletodisaggregatealuminaandaluminiumenergydata,
calculationsbasedonrawdatafromSTCsuggestthattheCanadianaluminiumindustry
ismoreenergyintensethanitsinternationalcounterparts.GiventhatmanyCanadian
plantshaveupgradedtomoreefficientproductiontechnologies,thisseems
counterintuitiveandunlikely.However,asdiscussedabove,fewinternationaldataare
availabletoconcretelysubstantiatethisposition.Secondly,areviewofthedataon
electricityusedmaybeinordertoaffirmthedegreetowhichitreflectsactualuseto
producethealuminiumwithouttheproductionofaluminaandotherproductsand
electricityusedinofficesandotheradministrativeactivities.Thus,toenable
appropriatecomparisonsofCanadianindustrywithitsinternationalcounterparts,
especiallyinthecontextofenergyandclimatechangepolicy,thistopicappearsto
warrantfurtherexamination.Provisionofaluminarelatedenergyusedatawillhelp
improveinternationalcomparisons,aswillcollectionofenergy(andemission)intensity
dataforimportedalumina.
6 DataIssues
Whetheradatasetisgoodornotis,inpart,afunctionofwhatthedataaretobe
usedfor.Inourview,thereareanumberofdataissuesthatneedtobeaddressedto
enablesoundanalysesanddiscussionsoftheCanadianaluminiumindustrysenergyand
emissioncharacteristics.
IntodaysGHGsensitiveworld,indicatorsofenergyandemissionstrendsarebecoming
increasinglyimportant,bothnationallyandinternationally,andaredesiredamong
industryanalystsintheirreviewofindustryefficiency.Inthislight,theindustrywillneed
tobeabletodevelopindicatorsthatmakealuminarelatedemissionsmoretransparent.
Thedistinctionisnotrequiredifonlyenergyuseintheindustryasawholeisthefocus.
But,ifinternationaltradeinemissionsistobecarriedout,andifintensitiesplayarolein
nationalorinternationalnegotiations,resolutionofthisdataissueajointconcernof
boththeAIAandSTCwillbenecessary.
Secondly,datadisaggregatedbyphaseintheproductionchainarenecessarytoenable
internationalcomparisonsandbenchmarking.Ideally,suchactionistakenbasedupon
protocoldesignedbyinternationalassociationssothatallmembernationindustries
collectandreportdatainaconsistentfashion.Ourestimationsofenergyandemissions
usingNorthAmericanenergyusedatahelpaddressthisissue,butthesedataarefar
fromperfectgiventhatNorthAmericanaverageenergyintensitiesareappliedtoa
singleCanadianaluminaproductionfacilitythedatausedtoestimateenergyuseand
emissiontrendsinCanadianaluminaproductionmaybesubstantiallyskewingour
results.
Third,thefossilfueldatafromSTCsuggestssignificantvariationoffossilfueluseonthis
sectorfromyeartoyear.Togetagoodcontextofthefossilfueluseandgreenhousegas
emissionfromthisindustry,itisimportanttounderstandthecausesofthesevariations.
Unfortunately,dataonheavyandlightfueloil,propaneandpetroleumcoke(datumfor
oneyear)areconsideredconfidentialandpreventanyfuelmixanalysisfromoccurring.
Furthermore,itremainsunclear(butappearslikely)whethertheenergyincludedin
NAICS331310includesenergyusedinaluminiumfabricationprocesses,especiallyifa
firmproducesbothrawandprocessed/finishedaluminiumproducts.Ifthisisso,the
energyandGHGintensityvaluespresentedinthisreportarehigherthanwhatthey
shouldbe.However,bythesametoken,therelativeenergyexpenditureofaluminium
fabricationprocessesisconsideredtobesmalland,thus,theirimpactonintensity
minimal.Similarly,itremainsuncleariftheenergyusedbytheadministrationofthe
industry(i.e.,inoffices)isincludedinthetotalenergyvaluesreportedforthesector.
Whiletheenergyuseofadministrationisthoughttobesmallrelativetotheenergy
usedinproduction,theformervaluemayhavesomeimpactonoverallindustryenergy
intensity.
Lastly,wenotethatdatacollectionprocessescouldbefurtherimproved.Currently,STC
isreviewingthedatacollectionformandCIEEDACisparticipatinginthereviewto
provideinsightsthatmayimprovetheprocessandenhancethevalueofthedata
collected.However,withrespecttosurveyrespondents,careshouldbetakenastowho
completesthesurvey.Inthecaseofenergyandproductionstatistics,thebestpersonto
providethedatamaybeaplantmanagerratherthanaheadofficeaccountant.
Together,alloftheseimprovementsinthedatawillsubstantiallyimprovetheabilityto
assesstheenergyandemissiontrendsoftheindustry,andtounderstandthedata
anomaliesthatcurrentlyexist.
7 DataTables
Thisreporthastwoappendices.Thefirstappendixprovidesthelistofcoefficientsused
inthedatatablestoconvertphysicalunitsoffuelstoenergyunits,aswellas
coefficientstoconvertphysicalunitsoffuelsintoGHGemissionsofCO2,CH4andN2O,
andprocessemissions.Table7.1liststhedatatablesthatarecontainedinappendixBof
thisreport.
Table 7.1: Data Tables for the Aluminium Production Industry
TableTitle RegionalScope TimePeriod DataSource

EnergyUseandEnergyIntensityIndicators National 19902010 ICE
(physicalproduction)
CarbonDioxideEmissionsandCO2Intensity National 19902010 ICE,EC
Indicators
MethaneEmissionsandIntensityIndicators National 19902010 ICE,EC
NitrousOxideEmissionsandIntensityIndicators National 19902010 ICE,EC
TotalGHGEmissionsandCO2eIntensity National 19902010 ICE,EC
Indicators
8 ReferenceList
CIEEDAC.1993.AnAssessmentofDataonOutputforIndustrialSubSectors.Prepared
fortheCanadianIndustryProgramforEnergyConservation.PreparedbyJ.
Nyboer,A.Bailie,CIEEDAC
_____.2012.CarbonDioxideIntensityIndicatorsinIndustry:19902010.SimonFraser
University,Burnaby.
_____.2012.DevelopmentofEnergyIntensityIndicatorsinIndustry:19902010.Simon
FraserUniversity,Burnaby.
EC(EnvironmentCanada).2011.NationalInventoryReport:GreenhouseGasSources
andSinksinCanada,19902009andCommonReportingFormatTables.
GreenhouseGasDivision,EnvironmentCanada.
GaoF.,Z.Nie,Z.Wang,H.Li,X.Gong,&T.Zuo.2009.GreenhouseGasEmissionsand
ReductionPotentialofPrimaryAluminumProductioninChina.ScienceinChina
SeriesE:TechnologicalSciences,52:8:21612166.
IAI(InternationalAluminiumInstitute).2003.LifeCycleAssessmentofAluminum:
InventoryDatafortheWorldwidePrimaryAluminumIndustry.AccessedJanuary
26,2010http://transport.world
aluminium.org/uploads/media/1274452849Global_LCI_Report.pdf
IAI(InternationalAluminiumInstitute).2011.ElectricalPowerUsedinPrimary
AluminiumProductionFormES002,InternationalAluminiumInstitute,
September2,2010:https://stats.world
aluminium.org/iai/stats_new/formServer.asp?form=7
NRCanCMY(NaturalResourcesCanadaCanadianMineralsYearbook).Aluminium.
CanadianMineralsYearbook.NaturalResourcesCanada,MineralsandMetals
Sector.DirectlyfromCMYpersonnel.
NRCanOEE(NaturalResourcesCanada,OfficeofEnergyEfficiency).2010.Energy
EfficiencyTrendsinCanada,19902008.Gatineau,QC.
NRCanOEE(NaturalResourcesCanada,OfficeofEnergyEfficiency).2010.Industrial
EnergyIntensitybyIndustry.
http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/corporate/statistics/neud/dpa/tableshandbook2/agg_00
_6_e_7.cfm?attr=0
Phylipsen,G.M.J.,K.Blok,andE.Worrell1998.HandbookofInternationalComparisons
ofEnergyEfficiencyintheManufacturingIndustry.Departmentofscience,
TechnologyandSociety,UtrechtUniversity,UtrechtNetherlands.
StatisticsCanada.19902010.ReportonEnergySupplyandDemandinCanada,
Catalogueno.57003XPB,Ottawa(formerlytheQuarterlyReportonEnergy
SupplyandDemand),onlinefromCANSIM
_____.1990to1997.AnnualSurveyofManufacturers.Ottawa.ReceivedfromSTCvia
NaturalResourcesCanadaOfficeofEnergyEfficiency.
_____.1990to2009.IndustryConsumptionofEnergyData.Ottawa.ReceivedfromSTC
viaNaturalResourcesCanadaOfficeofEnergyEfficiency.
Zhang,F.andAng,B.2001.MethodologicalIssuesinCrosscountry/Region
DecompositionofEnergyandEnvironmentIndicators.EnergyEconomics23,pp.
179190.

APPENDICES:CoefficientsandDataTables
AppendixA
TableA1:Energycoefficients,GJ/physicalunit
TableA2:CO2Emissionscoefficients,tonnes/physicalunit
TableA3:CH4Emissionscoefficients,kg/physicalunit
TableA4:N2OEmissionscoefficients,kg/physicalunit
TableA5:OtherGHGprocessemissions,notaccountedforinothertables,tonnes
CO2e/physicalunit
AppendixB
ThetablesinappendixBaregeneratedfromCIEEDACsmasterdatabaseonallindustry
inCanada.Thisdatabaseexcludesenergyconsumedasgasoline,typicallylessthan1%
ofthetotal.
NAICSEnergyUseandintensityindicators19902010
CarbonDioxideEmissionsandCO2Indicators,19902010
dataincludeprocessCO2emissions,butthetotalsreflectonlyfuelbasedemissions
MethaneEmissionsandIntensityIndicators,19902010
NitrousOxideEmissionsandIntensityIndicators,19902010
TotalGHGEmissionsandCO2eIndicators,19902010
allemissioninCO2e,includingallprocessemissions
AppendixA:Coefficients
Table A-1 Energy Coefficients, GJ / Physical Units
Fuel Units 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Coal, 29.05 29.30 29.30 29.30 27.65 27.65 27.65 28.64 28.38 27.50 26.44 26.07 26.13 25.53 25.72 25.72 25.72
tonne
Undefined
Canadian 30.45 30.36 30.37 26.27 30.23 26.27 26.00 26.02 25.93 27.28 27.28 27.28 27.28 27.28 27.28 27.28 27.28
tonne
Bitumen
Canadian 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00
tonne
Lignite
Foreign 29.00 29.78 29.00 29.00 29.82 29.82 29.82 28.72 29.82 27.45 27.45 27.45 27.45 27.45 27.45 27.45 27.45
tonne
Bitumen
Foreign 27.75 27.70 27.70 27.70 27.70 27.70 27.70 28.13 27.70 27.87 27.87 27.87 27.87 27.87 27.87 27.87 27.87
tonne
Anthracite
CoalCoke tonne 28.83 28.83 28.83 28.83 28.83 28.83 28.83 28.83 28.83 28.83 28.83 28.83 28.83 28.83 28.83 28.83 28.83
Coke 000 18.61 18.61 18.61 18.61 19.14 19.14 19.14 19.14 19.14 19.14 19.14 19.14 19.14 19.14 19.14 19.14 19.14
3
OvenGas m
Petroleum 3 37.09 37.09 37.09 37.09 38.72 38.65 38.65 38.65 38.65 38.65 38.65 38.65 38.65 38.65 38.65 38.65 38.65
m
Coke
3
m 41.73 41.73 41.73 41.73 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50
StillGas
HFOe
HFO m
3 41.73 41.73 41.73 41.73 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50 42.50
Middle 3 38.68 38.68 38.68 38.68 38.68 38.68 38.68 38.68 38.68 38.68 38.68 38.68 38.68 38.68 38.68 38.68 38.68
m
Distillates
Propane m
3 25.53 25.53 25.53 25.53 25.31 25.31 25.31 25.31 25.31 25.31 25.31 25.31 25.31 25.31 25.31 25.31 25.31
LPG m
3 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12
Natural 000 37.78 38.06 38.10 38.12 38.17 38.13 37.99 38.09 38.09 38.20 38.21 38.26 38.26 38.11 38.41 38.43 38.53
3
Gas m
Wood tonne 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00
SPL tonne 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00
Steam GJ 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Electricity MWh 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60
Source:STCQRESD.CanadianBituminouscoalisaweightedaverageofcoalbyprovinceasprovidedbySTCtoCIEEDAC
Table A-2 CO2 Emissions Coefficients, Tonnes / Physical Unit
Fuelor
Units 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Product
Coal,
tonne 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48
Undefined
Canadian
tonne 1.80 1.88 1.89 1.90 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92
Bitumen
Canadian
tonne 1.36 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.44
Lignite
Foreign
tonne 2.50 2.46 2.45 2.44 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43
Bitumen
Foreign
tonne 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39
Anthracite
CoalCoke tonne 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48
CokeOven 000
3 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60
Gas m
Petroleum 3
m 3.15 3.15 3.15 3.15 3.14 3.15 3.09 3.14 3.17 3.19 3.17 3.19 3.19 3.19 3.19 3.19 3.19
Coke
3
m
StillGas HFOe
1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.80 1.72 1.69 1.69 1.74 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
3
HFO m 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12
3
MiddleDist m 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83
3
Propane m 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51
3
LPG m 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51
000
NaturalGas m
3 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.89
Wood tonne 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95
SpentPulping
tonne 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43
Liquor
Aluminium
tonne 1.73 1.68 1.69 1.69 1.68 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.63 1.64 1.63 1.67 1.67 1.65 1.63 1.63 1.63
anodes
Note:Biomass(woodandspentpulpingliquor)isassumedtobeCO2neutral.
Source:EC2009.AnodevaluecalculatedfromCommonReportingFormatTablesinEC2009.
Table A-3 CH4 Emissions Coefficients, Kg / Physical Unit
Fuel Units 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Coal,
Undefine tonne 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
d
Canadian
tonne 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
Bitumen
Canadian
tonne 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
Lignite
Foreign
tonne 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
Bitumen
Foreign
Anthracit tonne 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
e
CoalCoke tonne 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
Coke 3
000 m 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037
OvenGas
Petroleu 3
m 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
mCoke
m3
StillGas HFOe
0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037
3
HFO m 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12
Middle 3
m 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006
Distillates
3
Propane m 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024
3
LPG m 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024
Natural 3
000 m 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037
Gas
Wood tonne 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Spent
Pulping tonne 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Liquor
Source:EC2009
Table A-4 N2O Emissions Coefficients, Kg / Physical Unit
Fuelor
Units 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Product
Coal,
Tonne 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Undefined
Canadian
Tonne 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Bitumen
Canadian
Tonne 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Lignite
Foreign
Tonne 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Bitumen
Foreign
Tonne 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Anthracite
CoalCoke Tonne 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
CokeOven 3
000 m 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035
Gas
Petroleum 3
m 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022
Coke
m3
StillGas HFOeq
0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
3
HFO m 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064
3
MiddleDist m 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031
3
Propane m 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108
3
LPG m 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108
NaturalGas 000 m3 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033
Wood Tonne 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
SpentPulp
Tonne 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Liquor
Source:EC2007.
Table A-5: Aluminium Perfluorocarbons (PFC), tonnes CO2e/physical unit
Product Units 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
PFC tonne 4.173 2.51 2.45 2.36 2.35 1.93 1.80 1.34 1.10 1.08 1.17 1.14 0.84 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.72
Note:Coefficientsfor2007to2009areestimated.
Source:CalculatedfromEC2008,CommonReportingFormatTables.Thesecoefficientshavenomeaninginthemselvesandareusedtoassociateemissionswithproduction.
AppendixB:DataTablesforAluminium(NAICS331313)
1) NAICSEnergyUseReport:Energyuse,industryproduction,intensityindicatorsandindexareprovidedforeachindustryin
NAICSsequence.ConversioncoefficientsfromenergyinphysicalunitstoTerajoules(TJ)comefromStatisticsCanadaCatNo:
57003XPB.SeeAppendixAfordetails.
2) NAICSCarbonDioxideReport:CO2emissions,industryproduction,intensityindicatorsandindexareprovidedforeach
industryinNAICSsequence.ConversioncoefficientsfromenergyinphysicalunitstoCO2comefromEC(2011).SeeAppendix
Afordetails.
3) NAICSMethaneReport:CH4emissions,industryproduction,intensityindicatorsandindexareprovidedforeachindustryin
NAICSsequence.ConversioncoefficientsfromenergyinphysicalunitstoCH4comefromEC(2011).SeeAppendixAfor
details.
4) NAICSNitrousOxideReport:N2Oemissions,industryproduction,intensityindicatorsandindexareprovidedforeach
industryinNAICSsequence.ConversioncoefficientsfromenergyinphysicalunitstoN2OcomefromEC(2011).SeeAppendix
Afordetails.
5) NAICSTotalGHGReport:SumofallGHGemissions,industryproduction,intensityindicatorsandindexareprovidedforeach
industryinNAICSsequence.Conversioncoefficientsfromenergyinphysicalunitstocarbondioxideequivalents(CO2e)and
dataonprocessemissionscomefromEC(2011).SeeAppendixAfordetails.
Created on 2012-03-27 Energy Consumption and Energy Intensity Indicators
NAICS 331313 Primary Metal Manuf. , Primary Production of Alumina & Aluminium
Notes: 'XX' refers to confidential values, the sum of which appears on the 'Confidential' line. All units are in terajoules (TJ). Numbers in ITALICS are in THOUSANDS. PDF reports can only display 14 years of
data. Some of the selected years will not be displayed.
Units: TJ 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Total 109,851 159,855 166,015 159,886 164,342 169,501 176,413 167,586 184,827 187,104 190,106 193,122 171,417 180,435
Electricity 97,781 142,555 148,428 145,449 148,067 154,254 158,947 149,757 165,871 171,386 173,384 176,050 161,640 166,525
Natural Gas 7,748 12,769 14,056 10,570 9,867 10,261 9,721 9,121 8,746 8,510 9,052 9,238 XX 10,116
Heavy Fuel Oil 4,119 4,305 3,278 3,606 5,939 4,327 XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX
Middle Distillates XX 199.90 226.47 229.49 XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX
Propane XX 26.20 26.52 30.52 XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX
Petroleum Coke XX
Confidential 202.58 468.90 658.43 7,746 8,707 10,210 7,208 7,670 7,835 9,777 3,794
Activity Data 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Physical Units (kilotonne) 1,567 2,374 2,390 2,373 2,583 2,709 2,792 2,592 2,894 3,051 3,083 3,120 3,030 2,963
Gross Output 3,539 5,778 5,529 5,745 6,375 6,691 6,510 5,899 6,848 6,979 7,332 6,341 5,682 6,123
GDP 1,146 2,411 2,551 3,136 3,234 3,389 3,278 3,771 4,077 4,273 4,291 4,281 3,900 3,966
Product: aluminium. Note: Gross Output, GDP in $2002 million.
Intensity 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Energy (TJ) / Unit (kilotonne) 70.085 67.332 69.467 67.364 63.631 62.572 63.187 64.651 63.861 61.323 61.670 61.895 56.568 60.892
Energy (TJ) / Output 31.040 27.666 30.026 27.830 25.779 25.333 27.099 28.409 26.990 26.810 25.928 30.456 30.168 29.468
Energy (TJ) / GDP 95.879 66.302 65.078 50.984 50.817 50.015 53.817 44.441 45.334 43.787 44.303 45.112 43.953 45.495
Index (1990=1) based on: 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Physical Units 1.000 0.961 0.991 0.961 0.908 0.893 0.902 0.922 0.911 0.875 0.880 0.883 0.807 0.869
Output 1.000 0.891 0.967 0.897 0.831 0.816 0.873 0.915 0.870 0.864 0.835 0.981 0.972 0.949
GDP 1.000 0.692 0.679 0.532 0.530 0.522 0.561 0.464 0.473 0.457 0.462 0.471 0.458 0.475
Created on 2012-03-27 Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Dioxide Intensity Indicators
Notes: Confidential data for 1990, 2001-10 extrapolated. Process emissions and biomass emissions are excluded from Total CO2. 'XX' refers to confidential values, the sum of which appears on the
'Confidential' line. All units are in kilotonnes (kt). Numbers in ITALICS are in THOUSANDS. PDF reports can only display 14 years of data. Some of the selected years will not be displayed.
Units: kt 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Total 710.68 965.21 956.20 809.85 958.62 875.08 1,050 1,087 1,180 948.71 1,011 1,030 541.70 772.36
Natural Gas 387.80 632.57 697.07 526.15 489.86 509.44 481.21 451.41 432.27 420.60 449.17 454.80 XX 496.59
Heavy Fuel Oil 308.34 316.45 240.98 265.09 436.55 318.08 XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX
Petroleum Coke XX
Confidential 14.54 32.21 47.57 568.56 635.67 747.57 528.10 561.99 574.84 541.70 275.78
Process - Aluminum 2,715 3,977 3,949 3,899 4,202 4,419 4,581 4,224 4,839 5,091 5,097 5,172 5,026 5,000
Activity Data 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Gross Output 3,539 5,778 5,529 5,745 6,375 6,691 6,510 5,899 6,848 6,979 7,332 6,341 5,682 6,123
GDP 1,146 2,411 2,551 3,136 3,234 3,389 3,278 3,771 4,077 4,273 4,291 4,281 3,900 3,966
Intensity 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
CO2 (kt) / Unit (kilotonne) 0.453 0.407 0.400 0.341 0.371 0.323 0.376 0.419 0.408 0.311 0.328 0.330 0.179 0.261
CO2 (kt) / Output 0.201 0.167 0.173 0.141 0.150 0.131 0.161 0.184 0.172 0.136 0.138 0.162 0.095 0.126
CO2 (kt) / GDP 0.620 0.400 0.375 0.258 0.296 0.258 0.320 0.288 0.289 0.222 0.236 0.241 0.139 0.195
Index (1990=1) based on: 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Physical Units 1.000 0.897 0.882 0.753 0.819 0.712 0.829 0.925 0.899 0.686 0.723 0.728 0.394 0.575
Output 1.000 0.832 0.861 0.702 0.749 0.651 0.803 0.918 0.858 0.677 0.687 0.809 0.475 0.628
GDP 1.000 0.645 0.604 0.416 0.478 0.416 0.516 0.465 0.467 0.358 0.380 0.388 0.224 0.314
Created on 2012-03-27 Methane Emissions and Methane Intensity Indicators
Notes: Confidential data for 1990, 2001-10 extrapolated. Emissions from waste fuels are not included in the Total Methane. This report contains no data on fugitive gases. 'XX' refers to confidential values,
the sum of which appears on the 'Confidential' line. All units are in tonnes (t). Numbers in ITALICS are in THOUSANDS. PDF reports can only display 14 years of data. Some of the selected years will not be
displayed.
Units: t 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Total 19.48 24.59 22.96 20.54 26.55 22.32 29.66 29.85 33.58 25.19 26.98 27.90 12.61 16.36
Natural Gas 7.59 12.38 13.64 10.29 9.58 9.97 9.42 8.83 8.46 8.23 8.79 8.90 XX 9.72
Petroleum Coke XX
Confidential 0.05 0.20 0.14 20.24 21.02 25.12 16.96 18.19 19.00 12.61 6.64
Activity Data 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Gross Output 3,539 5,778 5,529 5,745 6,375 6,691 6,510 5,899 6,848 6,979 7,332 6,341 5,682 6,123
GDP 1,146 2,411 2,551 3,136 3,234 3,389 3,278 3,771 4,077 4,273 4,291 4,281 3,900 3,966
Intensity 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Tonnes CH4 / Unit (kilotonne) 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.004 0.006
Tonnes CH4 / Output 0.006 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.002 0.003
Tonnes CH4 / GDP 0.017 0.010 0.009 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.009 0.008 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.003 0.004
Index (1990=1) based on: 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Physical Units 1.000 0.833 0.773 0.696 0.827 0.663 0.855 0.927 0.934 0.664 0.704 0.720 0.335 0.444
Output 1.000 0.773 0.754 0.650 0.757 0.606 0.828 0.919 0.891 0.656 0.669 0.799 0.403 0.485
GDP 1.000 0.600 0.529 0.385 0.483 0.387 0.532 0.466 0.484 0.347 0.370 0.383 0.190 0.243
Created on 2012-03-27 Methane Emissions (CO2e) and Methane Intensity Indicators
Notes: Confidential data for 1990, 2001-10 extrapolated. Emissions from waste fuels are not included in the Total Methane. This report contains no data on fugitive gases. 'XX' refers to confidential values,
the sum of which appears on the 'Confidential' line. All units are in tonnes CO 2e (t CO2e). Numbers in ITALICS are in THOUSANDS. PDF reports can only display 14 years of data. Some of the selected
years will not be displayed.
Units: t CO2e 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Total 409.06 516.36 482.07 431.38 557.54 468.80 622.78 626.85 705.18 528.89 566.56 585.94 264.74 343.54
Natural Gas 159.34 259.92 286.42 216.19 201.28 209.32 197.73 185.48 177.62 172.82 184.56 186.88 XX 204.04
Petroleum Coke XX
Confidential 0.99 4.11 2.89 425.05 441.36 527.56 356.07 382.00 399.07 264.74 139.49
Activity Data 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Gross Output 3,539 5,778 5,529 5,745 6,375 6,691 6,510 5,899 6,848 6,979 7,332 6,341 5,682 6,123
GDP 1,146 2,411 2,551 3,136 3,234 3,389 3,278 3,771 4,077 4,273 4,291 4,281 3,900 3,966
Intensity 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
CO2e / Unit (kilotonne) 0.261 0.217 0.202 0.182 0.216 0.173 0.223 0.242 0.244 0.173 0.184 0.188 0.087 0.116
CO2e / Output 0.116 0.089 0.087 0.075 0.087 0.070 0.096 0.106 0.103 0.076 0.077 0.092 0.047 0.056
CO2e / GDP 0.357 0.214 0.189 0.138 0.172 0.138 0.190 0.166 0.173 0.124 0.132 0.137 0.068 0.087
Index (1990=1) based on: 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Physical Units 1.000 0.833 0.773 0.696 0.827 0.663 0.855 0.927 0.934 0.664 0.704 0.720 0.335 0.444
Output 1.000 0.773 0.754 0.650 0.757 0.606 0.828 0.919 0.891 0.656 0.669 0.799 0.403 0.485
GDP 1.000 0.600 0.529 0.385 0.483 0.387 0.532 0.466 0.484 0.347 0.370 0.383 0.190 0.243
Created on 2012-03-27 Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Nitrous Oxide Intensity Indicators
Notes: Confidential data for 1990, 2001-10 extrapolated. Emissions from waste fuels and process emissions are excluded from Total Nitrous Oxide. 'XX' refers to confidential values, the sum of which
appears on the 'Confidential' line. All units are in tonnes (t). Numbers in ITALICS are in THOUSANDS. PDF reports can only display 14 years of data. Some of the selected years will not be displayed.
Units: t 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Total 13.32 17.79 17.40 14.93 18.40 16.09 19.78 20.69 22.53 17.61 18.80 19.07 9.78 13.92
Natural Gas 6.77 11.04 12.16 9.18 8.55 8.89 8.40 7.88 7.54 7.34 7.84 7.94 XX 8.67
Petroleum Coke XX
Confidential 0.23 0.91 0.68 11.38 12.81 14.98 10.27 10.96 11.14 9.78 5.26
Activity Data 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Gross Output 3,539 5,778 5,529 5,745 6,375 6,691 6,510 5,899 6,848 6,979 7,332 6,341 5,682 6,123
GDP 1,146 2,411 2,551 3,136 3,234 3,389 3,278 3,771 4,077 4,273 4,291 4,281 3,900 3,966
Intensity 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Tonnes N2O / Unit (kilotonne) 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.003 0.005
Tonnes N2O / Output 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002
Tonnes N2O / GDP 0.012 0.007 0.007 0.005 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.004
Index (1990=1) based on: 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Physical Units 1.000 0.882 0.857 0.740 0.839 0.699 0.834 0.939 0.916 0.679 0.718 0.720 0.380 0.553
Output 1.000 0.819 0.836 0.691 0.767 0.639 0.807 0.932 0.874 0.671 0.681 0.800 0.457 0.604
GDP 1.000 0.635 0.587 0.410 0.490 0.409 0.519 0.472 0.475 0.355 0.377 0.383 0.216 0.302
Created on 2012-03-27 Nitrous Oxide Emissions (CO2e) and Nitrous Oxide Intensity Indicators
Notes: Confidential data for 1990, 2001-10 extrapolated. Emissions from waste fuels and process emissions are excluded from Total Nitrous Oxide. 'XX' refers to confidential values, the sum of which
appears on the 'Confidential' line. All units are in tonnes CO 2e (t CO2e). Numbers in ITALICS are in THOUSANDS. PDF reports can only display 14 years of data. Some of the selected years will not be
displayed.
Units: t CO2e 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Total 4,128 5,516 5,393 4,627 5,706 4,988 6,131 6,413 6,983 5,458 5,828 5,913 3,032 4,316
Natural Gas 2,098 3,422 3,771 2,846 2,650 2,756 2,603 2,442 2,339 2,275 2,430 2,460 XX 2,686
Heavy Fuel Oil 1,958 2,010 1,530 1,684 2,772 2,020 XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX
Petroleum Coke XX
Confidential 71.59 283.02 211.93 3,528 3,971 4,645 3,183 3,398 3,453 3,032 1,630
Activity Data 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Gross Output 3,539 5,778 5,529 5,745 6,375 6,691 6,510 5,899 6,848 6,979 7,332 6,341 5,682 6,123
GDP 1,146 2,411 2,551 3,136 3,234 3,389 3,278 3,771 4,077 4,273 4,291 4,281 3,900 3,966
Intensity 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
CO2e / Unit (kilotonne) 2.634 2.323 2.257 1.950 2.209 1.841 2.196 2.474 2.413 1.789 1.891 1.895 1.000 1.457
CO2e / Output 1.166 0.955 0.975 0.805 0.895 0.745 0.942 1.087 1.020 0.782 0.795 0.933 0.534 0.705
CO2e / GDP 3.603 2.288 2.114 1.476 1.764 1.472 1.870 1.701 1.713 1.277 1.358 1.381 0.777 1.088
Index (1990=1) based on: 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Physical Units 1.000 0.882 0.857 0.740 0.839 0.699 0.834 0.939 0.916 0.679 0.718 0.720 0.380 0.553
Output 1.000 0.819 0.836 0.691 0.767 0.639 0.807 0.932 0.874 0.671 0.681 0.800 0.457 0.604
GDP 1.000 0.635 0.587 0.410 0.490 0.409 0.519 0.472 0.475 0.355 0.377 0.383 0.216 0.302
Created on 2012-03-27 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Greenhouse Gas Intensity Indicators
Notes: Process Emissions include Aluminium PFC emissions in CO2e. Confidential data for 1990, 2001-10 extrapolated. Emissions from waste fuels are not included in the Total GHG Emissions. Process
emissions are included in Totals. 'XX' refers to confidential values, the sum of which appears on the 'Confidential' line. All units are in kilotonnes (kt CO 2e). Numbers in ITALICS are in THOUSANDS. PDF
reports can only display 14 years of data. Some of the selected years will not be displayed.
Units: kt CO2e 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Total 9,969 10,532 9,535 8,995 8,637 8,274 8,649 8,357 9,335 8,622 8,299 8,450 7,735 7,471
Natural Gas 390.06 636.25 701.13 529.21 492.71 512.40 484.01 454.04 434.79 423.05 451.79 457.45 XX 499.48
Petroleum Coke XX
Confidential 14.61 32.50 47.78 572.51 640.08 752.74 531.64 565.77 578.69 545.00 277.54
Process - Aluminum 9,253 9,561 8,572 8,180 7,673 7,394 7,593 7,263 8,148 7,667 7,282 7,414 7,190 6,694
Activity Data 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Gross Output 3,539 5,778 5,529 5,745 6,375 6,691 6,510 5,899 6,848 6,979 7,332 6,341 5,682 6,123
GDP 1,146 2,411 2,551 3,136 3,234 3,389 3,278 3,771 4,077 4,273 4,291 4,281 3,900 3,966
Intensity 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
CO2e (kt) / Unit (kilotonne) 6.360 4.436 3.990 3.790 3.344 3.054 3.098 3.224 3.226 2.826 2.692 2.708 2.552 2.521
CO2e (kt) / Output 2.817 1.823 1.724 1.566 1.355 1.237 1.329 1.417 1.363 1.235 1.132 1.333 1.361 1.220
CO2e (kt) / GDP 8.701 4.368 3.738 2.868 2.671 2.441 2.639 2.216 2.290 2.018 1.934 1.974 1.983 1.884
Index (1990=1) based on: 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Physical Units 1.000 0.698 0.627 0.596 0.526 0.480 0.487 0.507 0.507 0.444 0.423 0.426 0.401 0.396
Output 1.000 0.647 0.612 0.556 0.481 0.439 0.472 0.503 0.484 0.439 0.402 0.473 0.483 0.433
GDP 1.000 0.502 0.430 0.330 0.307 0.281 0.303 0.255 0.263 0.232 0.222 0.227 0.228 0.217

Aluminium Report 2011 2010 Data Final

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Aluminium Report 2011 2010 Data Final

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CIEEDAC

Energy Use and Related Data:

CIEEDAC iii March,2012

Energy Use and Related Data:

Figure 2.1: Phases in Aluminium Production

Physical Production (Mt)

2.0 Gross Output 1.0

Figure 4.2: Decomposition of Trends in Energy Use (2010)

Figure 4.5: GHG Emissions (Mt CO2e) in the Aluminium Industry

Figure 4.3: Decomposition of GHG Emissions in Aluminium Smelting

Table 4.1: Comparison of CIEEDAC calculated data and EC Facility Data

Emissions 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Note: Index values can be found in the first table in Appendix B.

Table 4.2: Comparison of Global Alumina Production, 2010*

Alumina(1000 EnergyUsed Intensity

GHGEmissions Bauxite Refining Anode Smelting Casting Total

TableTitle RegionalScope TimePeriod DataSource

Table A-2 CO2 Emissions Coefficients, Tonnes / Physical Unit

Table A-3 CH4 Emissions Coefficients, Kg / Physical Unit

Table A-4 N2O Emissions Coefficients, Kg / Physical Unit

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