Professional Documents
Culture Documents
090.6561078
TruongHaXuan@gmail.com
Tai Lieu Suu Tam
P DNG
PSS/ADEPT 5.0
TRONG
LI IN PHN PHI
Ti liu tp hun
H HI THNG 10 NM 2007
P DNG
PSS/ADEPT 5.0
TRONG
LI IN PHN PHI
Phn 1
Kin thc chun b
H HI THNG 10 NM 2007
Ha Xuan Truong
Phone : 090.656.1078
Email : TruongHaXuan@gmail.com
p dng
PSS-ADEPT 5.0
trong li in phn phi
Bin son-Trnh by:
Nguyn Hu Phc
ng Anh Tun
Nguyn Tng Linh
Ch bin:
PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Phc
Li ni u
K hoch pht trin ca Tng Cng ty in lc Vit Nam trc y nay l
Tp on in lc Vit Nam (EVN) n nm 2010 l thch thc ln cho EVN
trong vic qun l hiu qu h thng li in hin ti, va phi m rng pht
trin. Trong vng 5 nm ti, EVN d tnh s xy lp thm 280.000 km ng dy
in phn phi, 14.000 km Truyn ti, 5.000 trm bin p mi; tng gp i s
lng thit b Vin thng, nhm p ng c vic tng 360% nhu cu ph ti
trong nc. Tc tng trng ny a ra nhu cu thng tin cp bch v cng
tc vn hnh h thng in hin c, v v cc d n mi i vi cc nh qun l
ca EVN. T ng ha thng tin s y mnh cng sut cc nh my in, nng
cao chnh xc, v gim thiu nhn cng trong cc quy trnh. EVN cam kt
thc hin nhng d n cung cp thng tin cho vic a ra cc quyt nh tt hn.
Nhng d n ny bao gm: H thng Thng tin Qun l Ti chnh (FMIS), H
thng Thng tin chm sc Khch hng (CCIS), H thng Thng tin a l (GIS)
v trin khai p dng cc phn mm phn tch tnh ton li in.
V vic p dng cc phn mm phn tch v tnh ton li in, t nm 2004
EVN ch o p dng cc phn mm chuyn ngnh tnh ton li in cho
tt c cc n v trc thuc.
Trong cc phn mm tnh ton v phn tch li in hin nay, c nhiu
phn mm phn tch tnh ton nh: Phn b cng sut, ngn mch, t t b ti
u, phi hp bo v.v.vVi cc sn phm thng mi nh: APEN Oneliner, h
PSS/*, CYME, EMTP, VPro.v.vCc phn mm ny c thut ton phc tp v
thng phi qua tp hun mi s dng c. Phn mm PSS/ADEPT ca Shaw
Power Technologics, Inc c s dng rt ph bin.
Chng ti c bit Trng i hc in lc H Ni l trng i hc o
to ngun nhn lc cht lng cao v ch yu cho EVN. Trng i hc in
lc H Ni lun hng n vic y mnh cc nghin cu trin khai nhm gip
cho sinh vin ca trng nm vng nhng kin thc c bn v c k nng thc
hnh trong cc lnh vc cng tc chuyn mn ni chung v p dng cc phn
mm chuyn ngnh tin tin ni ring. Hin nay, trngang trin khai nhiu
chng trnh o to nhm trang b kin thc v k nng s dng phn mm
chuyn ngnh in cho EVN.
Vi vic o to p dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT, cc sinh vin v k s
in sau khi hc xong cc kho hc c th m nhn c vic khai thc v qun
l trc tip cc h thng li in phn phi v c th lm tt cng tc qun l
I
nghin cu, c kh nng thch ng trc s pht trin ca khoa hc, k thut v
gii quyt nhng vn thuc chuyn ngnh in trong qu trnh p dng cc
phn mm cng chc nng.
Hn na, do li in khng ngng pht trin m rng, theo cc yu cu
cung cp in lin tc cho khch hng vi cht lng in nng ngy cng cao
cng gia tng. Thit b trn li in phn phi hin nay vn c c im l a
dng v chng loi, phc tp v cu to. Qu trnh vn hnh nhm thc hin
nhng thao tc mang tnh lp i lp li nhiu ln nhng li i hi chnh xc
cao v vy rt cn thit phi t ng ha bng cch a nhiu thit b t ng, x
l thng tin t ng nhm tng kh nng truyn t v x l thng tin. Bng my
tnh v cc phn mm chuyn dng chng ta c th ngn chn trc v hn ch
hng hc trong qu trnh vn hnh li in. Nhng thnh tu mi v Cng ngh
Thng tin nh v kh nng lu tr ca phn cng, tc tnh ton, cc phng
php h chuyn gia, mng neuron, cung cp nhng phng tin v cng c
mnh tng cng nghin cu m rng ng dng trong lnh vc in nng.
m bo v gi vng mi lin h hu c ca cc thnh phn trong h thng sn
xut truyn ti, phn phi v s dng in nng.
Trng i hc in lc H Ni phi hp cng Khoa in-in t
trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh nghin cu p dng phn
mm ny. Trng i hc in lc H Ni thc hin tp hun cho cc n v
trc thuc nhm trang b kh nng s dng phn mm chun tnh ton v phn
tch li in da trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT. iu ny, nhm gip cc n v
in lc tham d tng bc h thng ho, chun ho kin thc p dng tnh ton
v in trong cc hot ng ca mnh nht l cng tc qun l k thut vn hnh
li in. u tin l cc bi ton: phn b cng sut trn li, ngn mch, b
cng sut phn khng, tin cy.
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT c pht trin dnh cho cc k s v nhn vin k
thut trong ngnh in. N c s dng nh mt cng c thit k v phn
tch li in phn phi. PSS/ADEPT cng cho php chng ta thit k, chnh sa
v phn tch s li v cc m hnh li in mt cch trc quan theo giao
din ha vi s nt khng gii hn. Thng 04-2004, hng Shaw Power
Technologies cho ra i phin bn PSS/ADEPT 5.0 vi nhiu tnh nng b
sung v cp nht y cc thng s thc t ca cc phn t trn li in.
Trng i hc in lc H Ni s trang b kin thc Cng ngh Thng tin
ni chung v phn mm tnh ton k thut chuyn ngnh in ni ring cho cc
n vi tham d kho hc. Trng i hc in lc H Ni thng qua cc kho
II
o to kt hp vi trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh, trin
khai ng dng cc phn mm tnh ton k thut in theo yu cu ca EVN. To
iu kin cc n v trong EVN tm hiu cc phng php tnh ton cc bi
ton in c bn v cch xy dng thut ton tnh ton p dng trong phn mm
tnh ton chuyn nghip l phn mm PSS/ADEPT ca hng Shaw Power
Technologics Inc-USA. nh gi, theo di v gim st hiu qu cng tc pht
trin xy dng mi, i tu ci to, qun l k thut v vn hnh li in ca cc
n v da vo cng c hiu qu l phn mm tnh ton k thut in
PSS/ADEPT. Lm c s i ng cn b k thut cc n v d dng tip thu v
nm bt cc phm mm khc sau ny, v d nh PSS/E. EasyPower,
Cc kho o to s dng phn mm do trng i hc in lc t chc, s
gp phn nng cao kh nng ng dng my tnh, nht l s dng cc phn mm
tnh ton chuyn ngnh in cho cc n v trc thuc cc Cng ty in lc
trong EVN. Qua kha hc, s ph bin kinh nghim v trin khai cc kt qu
nghin cu cc phn mm, cc n v tip tc p dng vo thc t cng tc ti
n v. Gp phn hon thnh tt cng tc sn xut kinh doanh ca n v trn c
s cc kt qu tnh ton t cc phn mm mnh. To ra s phi hp sn sng da
trn quan h tt p vn c gia cc Cng ty in lc-n v qun l li in v
trng i hc in lc-n v gio dc o to u l cc thnh vin trc
thuc EVN.
V gio trnh ny c bin son nhm mc ch phc v cho cc bui tp
hun phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 nh trn.
Nhm bin son rt cm n s hp tc m Trng i hc in lc H Ni
dnh cho nhm ni ring cng nh cho Khoa in-in t trng i hc
Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh ni chung. c bit, nhm bin son chn
thnh cm n Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin ca Trng i hc in lc H Ni
nht l Thy Nguyn Hu Qunh nhit tnh h tr chng ti thc hon thnh
gio trnh tp hun ny cng nh c hi c tham gia ging dy ti Trng i
hc in lc H Ni .
Nhm bin son cng cm n mt s cng tc vin h tr xy dng gio
trnh ny.
Nhm bin son
III
Tm tt ni dung
Gio trnh ny c bin son phc v cho cc bui tp hun s dng phn
mm phn tch v tnh ton li in PSS/ADEPT 5.0. Gio trnh gm cc phn:
Phn 1: Kin thc chun b yu cu-n tp kin thc
Phn 2: Hng dn s dng PSS/ADEPT
Phn 3: Cc k nng s dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT
Ngoi ra cn c Gio trnh in t lu tr trn a CD-ROM: Gm cc ti
liu a phng tin (Multimedia) h tr thm cho cc hc vin chun b bi hc
trc khi ln lp, n tp sau kha hc v a phng cng tc.
Cc chng trnh chuyn i:
1. Chng trnh Chuyn Excel DAT File.
2. Chng trnh Chuyn DAT File Excel.
3. Chng trnh x l s liu u vo
4. Chng trnh Tnh Cng Sut Ngun.
5. Chng trnh Tnh Tng Tr My Bin Th.
6. Chng trnh thi kt thc kho hc bng trc nghim trc tip trn my
tnh
V cc CD-ROM:
-CD1: Gio trnh in t h tr
-CD2: Cc bi ging v bi tp
-CD3: D liu li in
-CD4: D liu li in (tt) v source cc chng trnh h PSS/*
-CD5: Cc chng trnh h tr kho hc
Gm cc ti nguyn hc tp nh: ti liu tham kho, Users Guide, website
PTI (offline, xem khng cn kt ni internet), web documents, source software
PSS/ADEPT and untilities, cc phn mm chuyn i d liu v demo phc v
ng dng tnh ton bng PSS/ADEPT,
Qua kinh nghim tp hun v gip cc hc vin thuc cc n v in lc
p dng nhanh phn mm PSS/ADEPT. Chng ti ch trng chnh vo 4 mc
tiu p dng trin khai PSS/ADEPT nh sau:
IV
Thit lp thng s mng li
Program, network settings
To s
Creating diagrams
BO CO
Reports, diagrams
V
Thut ng, k hiu v vit tt.
VI
Ch
Lin quan
V d, bi tp
Lu tp tin v d mu
D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA
Ht chng ! Ht chng
VII
Mc lc tng qut
Phn Mt: Kin thc chun b
CHNG 1: M HNH LI IN
CHNG 2 PHN B CNG SUT
CHNG 3: NGN MCH
CHNG 4: BI TON KHI NG NG C V XC NH IM DNG TI U
CHNG 5: PHI HP BO V
CHNG 6: SNG HI
CHNG 7: XC NH V TR B TI U
CHNG 8: NH GI TIN CY
CHNG 9: CC VN KHC CA LI IN PHN PHI
Phn Hai: Hng dn s dng phn mm
VIII
P DNG PSS/ADEPT 5.0
TRONG
LI IN PHN PHI
Phn Mt
Kin thc chun b
01
MC LC CHI TIT PHN 1
MC LC CHI TIT PHN 1 ........................................................................ 1
CHNG 1: M HNH LI IN............................................................. 6
I. Li in phn phi ....................................................................................... 7
I.1. Li in phn phi .................................................................................................... 8
I.2. Cc loi s h thng li phn phi:...................................................................... 9
I.2.1. S hnh tia: .................................................................................................... 10
I.2.2. S hnh tia c ci tin................................................................................ 11
II. M hnh li in ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 ................................... 13
II.1. Nt ........................................................................................................................... 13
II.2. Ngun....................................................................................................................... 14
II.2.1. Nhiu ngun hot ng..................................................................................... 14
II.2.2. Ngun 3 pha...................................................................................................... 15
II.3. Ph ti ...................................................................................................................... 16
II.4. T b ........................................................................................................................ 17
II.5. ng dy................................................................................................................ 17
II.6. My bin th ............................................................................................................ 18
II.6.1. My bin th lc ............................................................................................... 19
II.6.2. My bin th lc c kt ni thnh my bin th t ngu.............................. 22
II.6.3. B iu p ......................................................................................................... 23
II.7. M hnh my in .................................................................................................... 30
CHNG 2: PHN B CNG SUT ......................................................... 38
I. Phng trnh i s phi tuyn ...................................................................... 39
I.1. Phng php Gauss Seidel..................................................................................... 39
I.2. Phng php Newton Raphson.............................................................................. 40
II. Phn b cng sut trong li in .............................................................. 41
II.1.1. Phng trnh cn bng cng sut...................................................................... 41
II.1.2. Phng php Gauss Seidel ............................................................................ 41
II.1.3. Phng php Newton Raphson gii bi ton phn b cng sut................... 42
III. Phng php tnh phn b cng sut ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 .... 44
III.1.1. Ngun .............................................................................................................. 45
III.1.2. Dy v cp ....................................................................................................... 45
III.1.3. My bin th .................................................................................................... 45
III.1.4. M hnh my in............................................................................................ 46
CHNG 3: NGN MCH......................................................................... 49
I. L thuyt bi ton ngn mch...................................................................... 50
I.1. Phng php n v tng i.................................................................................. 50
I.2. Tng tr tng ng Thevenin ............................................................................... 51
I.3. S c khng i xng ............................................................................................... 53
I.4. Xy dng mng th t ca h thng in ................................................................. 55
I.5. S c trn ng dy phn phi hnh tia: ................................................................. 56
II. Phng php tnh ngn mch ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 ................. 57
II.1.1. Ngun................................................................................................................ 57
II.1.2. ung dy v cp ............................................................................................. 57
II.1.3. My bin p ...................................................................................................... 58
II.1.4. M hnh my in ............................................................................................. 58
II.1.5. M hnh ti tnh................................................................................................. 59
II.1.6. Tng tr tng ng Thevenin....................................................................... 59
CHNG 4: BI TON KHI NG NG C V XC NH IM
DNG TI U .............................................................................................. 62
I. Kho st v tnh ton my in.................................................................... 63
I.1. My in ng b...................................................................................................... 63
I.2. My in khng ng b........................................................................................... 63
I.3. Tnh khi ng ng c ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 ........................................ 66
I.3.1. Ngun ................................................................................................................. 66
I.3.2. My in ang hot ng ................................................................................... 66
I.3.3. Khi ng my in ........................................................................................... 66
I.3.4. Khi ng my bin th t iu chnh ............................................................... 66
I.3.5. Cc phng php tnh khi ng ng c ......................................................... 67
I.3.6. Gia tc ng c .................................................................................................. 68
I.3.7. Khi ng ng c tnh...................................................................................... 68
I.3.8. Khi ng ng c vi kho st n nh qu ................................................ 69
I.3.9. Nhng c trng khc ca kho st khi ng ng c .................................... 69
II. Tnh ton xc nh im dng ti u ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 ..... 70
II.1. Gii thiu ................................................................................................................. 70
II.2. Thit t thng s kinh t cho bi ton TOPO ........................................................ 72
II.3. t cc ty chn cho bi ton TOPO....................................................................... 72
CHNG 5: THIT B BO V V PHI HP CC THIT B BO V
TRN LI PHN PHI ............................................................................. 75
I. Cc thit b bo v........................................................................................ 76
I.1. Cu Ch...................................................................................................................... 76
I.1.1. Gii thiu............................................................................................................ 76
I.1.2. c tnh bo v: ................................................................................................. 77
I.1.3. Phn loi............................................................................................................. 77
I.1.4. Phm vi ng dng ca cu ch ........................................................................... 80
I.2. My Ct v Relay...................................................................................................... 81
I.2.1. Gii thiu: .......................................................................................................... 81
I.2.2. c tnh v phn loi my ct ............................................................................ 81
I.2.3. Relay: ................................................................................................................. 86
I.3. Recloser..................................................................................................................... 88
I.3.1. Gii thiu chung:................................................................................................ 88
I.3.2. Phn loi:............................................................................................................ 88
I.3.3. V tr lp t Recloser ........................................................................................ 91
I.3.4. Cc thng s chnh ca Recloser ....................................................................... 91
II. Phi hp cc thit b bo v........................................................................ 91
II.1. C s phi hp:........................................................................................................ 91
II.2. Cc phng php phi hp gia cu ch vi cu ch:.............................................. 92
II.2.1. Gii thiu .......................................................................................................... 92
II.2.2. Cc phng php phi hp gia cu ch vi cu ch........................................ 92
II.2.3. Cu ch cho my bin p................................................................................... 96
II.3. Phi hp Recloser vi cu ch ................................................................................. 97
II.3.1. Cc nguyn tc phi hp Recloser.................................................................... 97
II.3.2. S dng c tuyn TCC c hiu chnh. ............................................................ 98
II.4. Phi hp Relay vi cu ch .................................................................................... 100
II.4.1. Phi hp cu ch pha ngun vi relay ........................................................... 101
II.4.2. Phi hp relay vi cu ch pha ti ................................................................. 102
II.5. Phi hp Recloser vi Recloser............................................................................. 103
2
II.5.1. Phi hp bng cch s dng c tuyn TCC .................................................. 103
II.5.2. Nguyn tc phi hp c bn ca Recloser in t.......................................... 103
II.5.3. Nhng trng thi c bit v ph tr ca Recloser in t............................. 104
CHNG 6: SNG HI ............................................................................ 108
I. L thuyt sng hi...................................................................................... 109
I.1. Cc ngun gy sng hi trong li in: ................................................................ 109
I.1.1. Ti phi tuyn: ................................................................................................... 109
I.1.2. Bo ha mch t my bin p: ......................................................................... 113
I.1.3. My pht cp cho ti khng i xng:............................................................. 114
I.1.4. Li in: ......................................................................................................... 114
I.2. nh hng ca sng hi n cc thit b in: ....................................................... 115
I.2.1. My in quay:................................................................................................. 115
I.2.2. My bin p:..................................................................................................... 115
I.2.3. Dy trung tnh: ................................................................................................. 116
I.2.4. Dy dn in: ................................................................................................... 117
I.2.5. Nhiu in t:................................................................................................... 117
I.2.6. T in: ............................................................................................................ 117
I.2.7. nh hng n cc thit b khc:..................................................................... 119
I.3. Phng php khc phc ha tn: ............................................................................ 120
I.3.1. Dng cun khng trit sng hi: ...................................................................... 120
I.3.2. Dng cc mch lc: .......................................................................................... 122
I.3.3. Dng b chuyn i xung trong thit b i in, iu khin:......................... 124
II. Phng php tnh sng hi ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 ................... 125
II.1. Phng php phn tch .......................................................................................... 125
II.1.1. Ti tnh ............................................................................................................ 125
II.1.2. ng c khng ng b.................................................................................. 127
II.1.3. ng c ng b............................................................................................. 128
II.1.4. T in mc shunt........................................................................................... 129
II.1.5. ng cy v cp ........................................................................................... 130
II.1.6. My bin p .................................................................................................... 132
II.2. Tnh ton sng hi.................................................................................................. 133
II.2.1. Tng dn v tng tr....................................................................................... 133
II.2.2. Tnh ton sng hi........................................................................................... 134
CHNG 7: XC NH V TR B TI U........................................... 137
I. L thuyt b cho li phn phi:............................................................... 138
II. Phng php tnh xc nh v tr b ti u ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0
....................................................................................................................... 140
II.1. Thit lp cc thng s kinh t li in cho CAPO .............................................. 140
II.2. Cch PSS/ADEPT tnh cc vn kinh t trong CAPO ....................................... 142
II.3. Thit lp cc ty chn cho php phn tch CAPO ................................................. 142
II.4. Cch PSS/ADEPT tm v tr t t b ti u ......................................................... 144
II.5. Cch chy bi ton tm v tr t t b ti u......................................................... 146
II.6. Report sau khi phn tch v tnh ton .................................................................... 146
CHNG 8: NH GI TIN CY..................................................... 149
I. L thuyt bi ton nh gi tin cy....................................................... 150
I.1. tin cy l g ........................................................................................................ 150
I.2. C 4 phn lin quan n tin cy ......................................................................... 150
I.3. tin cy ca h thng in................................................................................... 150
I.4. p ng h thng ................................................................................................... 150
I.5. An ninh h thng ..................................................................................................... 150
3
I.6. Cc lnh vc chc nng ........................................................................................... 150
I.7. Cc mc nh ga tin cy p ng tnh. ............................................................. 151
I.7.1. Mc th nht: ................................................................................................... 151
I.7.2. Mc th hai: ..................................................................................................... 151
I.7.3. Mc th ba: ...................................................................................................... 151
I.8. Cc k hiu trong tin cy: .................................................................................. 151
I.9. Ch s h thng (System Indices)............................................................................ 152
I.10. Xc nh cc ch s tin cy- .................................................................................. 153
I.11. Cc thut ng c bn ca hng hc, ct thit b v ngng cung cp in ............ 153
I.11.1. S c hng hc:............................................................................................. 153
I.11.2. Ct thit b: ..................................................................................................... 153
I.11.3. Ngng cung cp in: .................................................................................... 153
I.12. Cc ch s ti nt ti h thng phn phi ............................................................ 154
I.13. Tnh ton , r v U ................................................................................................ 154
I.14. Kh nng sn sng lm vic ca thit b ............................................................... 155
I.15. Tng quan c bn v tin cy ca h thng phn phi ...................................... 156
I.16. nh ngha cc ch tiu tin cy:........................................................................ 156
I.17. Cc tnh ton c bn cho mng hnh tia ................................................................ 159
I.18. Nguyn tc tnh ton: ........................................................................................... 159
I.19. Cc ch s tin cy c bn ti nt ti: .............................................................. 159
II. Phng php tnh nh gi tin cy ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 .. 159
II.1.1. H s SAIFI (Tn sut ngt in trung bnh trong h thng) ......................... 159
II.1.2. H s SAIDI (Thi gian ngt in trung bnh trong h thng)....................... 160
II.1.3. H s CAIDI (Thi gian ngt in trung bnh mt v) .................................. 160
II.1.4. H s CAIFI (S ln ngt in trung bnh trn mt khch hng) ................... 160
II.1.5. H s ASAI (Mc cung cp in).............................................................. 160
II.1.6. ENS = La(i)ui............................................................................................. 160
II.1.7. Phng php tnh ............................................................................................ 161
II.1.8. S dng module DRA trong PSS/ADEPT...................................................... 161
II.1.9. Tnh ton ch s tin cy................................................................................... 162
TI LIU THAM KHO:............................................................................ 165
Ha Xuan Truong
Phone : 090.656.1078
Email : TruongHaXuan@gmail.com
4
CHNG 1:
M HNH LI IN
CHNG 1:
M HNH LI IN
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 l cng c hiu qu gip cho cc n v in lc
phn tch v tnh ton li in trn a bn qun l. Qa trnh p dng phn mm
cho thy, phn mm s dng rt tt cho cc qui trnh phn tch li in phn phi.
Chng u ca gio trnh tp trung gii thiu hai ch chnh l li in
phn phi v m hnh th hin cc phn t ca li in phn phi trong phn
mm. Phn kin thc v li phn phi tr nn rt quen thuc vi cc in lc
khu vc thuc cc Cng ty in lc, do vy c trnh by ngn gn. Phn m hnh
ho cc phn t li in c trnh by chi tit. Khi kin thc ny rt quan
trng, gip chng ta bc u tm hiu v qu trnh m hnh ho v li in trn
my tnh. m bo tnh chnh xc v mt ton hc trong qu trnh m phng khng
ch trn my tnh m cn th hin y cc tnh cht v in hc ca m hnh
phn t li in c m phng.
M hnh ha v m phng bng my tnh ang l mt k thut c p dng
cho tt c cc ngnh khoa hc k thut v kinh t. Nu trc kia vic thit lp mt
m hnh, trin khai cc d ton, tnh ton thng k v trnh by s liu, i hi c
kin thc v ton ng dng nhiu, gii cc phng trnh vi phn, tnh cc tnh tch
phn, cc phng php thng k th hin nay vi s gip ca my tnh v nht l
cc ngn ng lp trnh bc cao (nh Matlab, Mapple), cc kin thc ton ny
tch hp hon ton trong cc hm v lnh ca cc ngn ng, to iu kin cho
ngi dng tip cn trc tip v tp trung vo vn mnh nghin cu m khng
phi dnh qu nhiu thi gian cho k thut lp trnh hay cng c ton l thuyt.
Hin nay c hai phng php m phng m hnh ha cc phn t trong k thut
m hnh ha bng my tnh. l m phng qua m hnh tnh ton v qua m hnh
ha trc quan. V phng php m phng qua m hnh tnh ton ch cho php
ngi dng thit k thnh nhng s n tuyn, thng dng trong cc phn mm
k thut, i hi ngi s dng c nhng hiu bit c bn v lnh vc h ang
nghin cu. i vi m phng qua m hnh ha trc quan th ngc li, phn
ln cc phn mm i theo hng ny tp trung vo tnh ph bin, d s dng cho
ngi dng. Tuy nhin, c hai phng php u c c im chung l ngi dng
ch cn tp trung su vo cc ni dung k thut v thut ton gii bi ton. iu
ny lm cho nhiu ngi khng c chuyn mn su v cng ngh thng tin c th
gii quyt nhng vn ca chuyn mn mnh bng my tnh.
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT s dng phng php m phng qua m hnh tnh
ton. Cc phn t trn li in c m hnh ch nhng ngi lm vic trong
ngnh mi s dng uc. Ngi s dng ch cn hiu su v vn k thut v cc
6
thut ton v tnh ton phn b cng sut, ngn mch, b cng sut v.v..V l
th mnh ca cc phng php m phng thng qua cc m hnh bng my tnh.
I. Li in phn phi
Li h thng: Li h thng bao gm cc ng dy ti in v trm bin
p khu vc, ni lin cc nh my in to thnh h thng in, c cc c im:
- Li c nhiu mch vng kn khi ngt in bo qun ng dy hoc s
c l n 2 ng dy vn m bo lin lc h thng.
Vn hnh kn bo m lin lc thng xuyn v chc chn gia cc nh
my in vi nhau v vi ph ti.
- in p t l10 kV n 500 kV.
Li truyn ti: Li truyn ti lm nhim v ti in t cc trm khu vc
n cc trm trung gian (TTG). Cc c im ca li truyn ti:
- S kn c d phng: 2 l song song, c d phng li phn phi. Vn
hnh h v l do hn ch dng ngn mch. c thit b t ng ngun d tr khi s
c. in p 35, l10, 220 kV.
Thc hin bng ng dy trn khng l chnh, trong cc trng hp khng
th lm ng dy trn khng th dng cp ngm. Phi bo qun nh k hng nm.
Li phn phi: Li phn phi lm nhim v phn phi in nng t cc
trm trung gian (hoc TKV hoc thanh ci nh my in) cho cc ph ti.
+ Li phn phi gm 2 phn
- Li phn phi trung p c in p 6,10,15,22kV phn phi in cho cc
trm phn phi trung p / h p v cc ph ti trung p.
Li h p cp in cho cc ph ti h p 380/220 V.
i tng quan tm chnh ca gio trnh tp hun ny l li in phn phi,
sau y trnh by kin thc n tp v li in phn phi.
Hnh 1: S khi cp in p
7
Hnh 2: Li in truyn ti cao th
8
Hnh 4: Li in phn phi h th
Hnh 5: Trm h th
m bo cung cp in tiu th t gy ra mt in nht. Bng cc bin php c
th nh c th c nhiu ngun cung cp, c ng dy d phng, c ngun thay th
nh my pht
Li in phn phi vn hnh d dng linh hot v ph hp vi vic pht trin
li in trong tng lai.
m bo cht lng in nng cao nht v n nh tn s v n nh in
p. bin thin in p cho php l 5% Um
m bo chi ph duy tu, bo dng l nh nht.
9
H thng chn lc pha cao p h thng chn lc pha h p.
Hai ngun pha cao p h thng chn lc pha h p.
H thng mang hnh nt.
I.2.1. S hnh tia:
* iu thun li hnh tia n gin nhn in cp in p c bn ti mt trm
n v h in p xung cp s dng.
Trong trng hp ny khch hng nhn in t h thng cao p v thng qua
c cu ng ct cao p, my bin p cng vi t phn phi pha h p, thit b c
th tho ra bng cu dao, cch ly pha cao p, cch ly my bin p v cch ly t
phn phi pha h p. ng dy pha h p chy t t phn phi ni vi cc
Panelboard, y l ni tip nhn ti ca n. Mi ng dy c ni vi t phn
phi thng qua my ct hay thit b qu dng.
T ng ton b ti c cung cp in t mt ngun n, iu thun li
y l c th cp in cho nhiu loi ti khc nhau lm gim ti a vic lp t
my bin p. Tuy nhin st p cao v hiu qu s dng li thp bi v nhng
ng dy cp in bn h p l ngun cung cp n. Gi thnh ca ng dy v
my ct bn h p rt cao khi dy dn v cng sut MBA trn 1000KVA.
Khi c s c thanh ci th cp hay trong my bin p ngun th s ct ton
b ti. Khng th phc v cp in cho n khi vic sa cha kt thc. S c
ng dy h p s ct ton b ti trn ng dy .
Mt s hnh tia ci tin c th cung cp in tt hn cho h tiu th
c trnh by trong s sau y:
52 My ct chnh
52 52 52 52 52 52
My ct ng dy
pha s cp
Trm bin p
pha th cp
Cp truyn ti
10
I.2.2. S hnh tia c ci tin
T my bin p chnh, cc ng dy c ni n cc trm h p thng qua
nhng my ct phn phi. Mi vng ph ti s nhn c in nng t trm h p
n v. in p cao tng bc c h xung cp in p thp hn ph hp vi
tng ph ti. My bin p c ni n cc thanh ci ph ti ca chng thng qua
mt my ct.
Mi trm h p n v l s kt hp gia my bin p ba pha, cu ch bn cao
p v t phn phi bn h p. Tt c c ni vi my ct hoc cu ch. Nhng
mch ny c kt ni vi ti qua nhng thit b bo v.
Mi my bin p xc nh r mt vng ph ti v phi c kh nng p ng
trong trng hp ti ln nht. Nu c bt k s thay i gia cc vng ph ti, i
hi cc my bin p phi c cng sut ln hn so vi trong trng hp s hnh
tia n gin. Tuy nhin do cng sut c phn phi n ti in p cao nn tn
tht in nng, chi ph lp t gim xung, n nh in p c ci thin.
So vi s hnh tia cha ci tin, s ny s gim c chi ph u t khi
cng sut yu cu ln hn 1000kVA. Mt s c pha th cp hoc my bin p
phn phi ch lm mt in trong phm vi ph ti m my bin p m trch.
Vic gim s lng my bin p trn ng dy pha s cp s lm tng tnh
linh hot cung cp in ca h thng. Ti u ha v vn hnh cng nh chi ph lp
t h thng phi c tnh ton sao cho mc an ton v tnh lin tc cung cp
in nm trong cc tiu chun ra.
Hnh vng pha cao p hnh tia pha h p:
H thng ny bao gm mt hay nhiu vng pha cao p vi hai hay nhiu
my bin p ni trn mt vng. H thng ny l loi c hiu qu nht. Khi c hai
vng phc v khng nh hng n nhau.
11
My ct chnh My ct chnh
pha s cp 52 My ct phn on 52 pha s cp
52
52 52 52 52
NC NO NC NC
Mch vng
Cm bin pht hin
s c
NC NC NO NC NC NC
12
Di tnh trng ny tt c cc trm n v h p c cung cp thng qua mt
my ct ng dy vng khc. V th tt c ng dy ni ca vng phi c chn
cung cp cho ton b ti ca vng y.
4. Khi my bin p b s c hay b qu ti, cu ch cao p ca my bin p s
chy ra, v sau c cu ng ngt c thao tc m ra, khng ni my bin p vi
vng na v vic tch ra vi tt c cc ti ca nhng trm n v khc khng b nh
hng.
II.1. Nt
Tt c cc mi ni ca thit b c qui nh l nt. Mi nt trong m hnh
h thng PSS/ADEPT bao gm:
im trung tnh (nu c ni t)
Ba, hai, hay mt im ca pha A, B, v C
13
Cc pha c trong mt nt c xc nh bng s hin din ca chng trong
ng dy, my bin th, hay thit b ngt nui n, v khng c qui nh nh l
thuc tnh ca cc nt. Do , mt nt c th bao gm ban u ch mt im pha A,
v sau cc im pha th hai v ba theo h thng nui n khi c nng cp t
mt ln nhiu pha.
Hnh 8: M hnh nt
Mi im nt phi c t mt tn c t mt n tm k t. Tn ny c
th l s, s v ch, hay mt chui k t. Tn nt c th c t theo s nht
qun vi c s d liu ca ngi s dng. Tn nt khng c din dch v s
lng hay ch v mc ch bo co hay lit k danh sch d liu.Ngoi ra, th t
lit k cc nt c qui nh bng cch lit k chng mt cch tun t trong file d
liu th ba pha. Th t tn nt c lit k trong file s thc hin vic thit lp th
t tn nt lit k trong bo co, v nh hng n th t nhnh r trong bn s
topo v c gii thch trong phn k.
II.2. Ngun
Nhiu ngun c th c s dng cng lc trong PSS/ADEPT. Tuy nhin, h
thng phi c t mt ngun hot ng (chng hn, mt nt c bin in p th t
thun l hng s v gc l hng s). Ngun l tp hp cc ngun p ni sao cn
bng c ni t c nh ti im trung tnh. Ngun c tng tr sao cho n c
dng th t thun v khng.
Trong bi ton phn b cng sut, ngun c xem l c in p hng s
trong th t thun, b qua tng tr th t thun. Trong tnh ton khi ng ng c
v ngn mch, ngun c xem l c in p hng s sau khi nhp vo tng tr
trong th t thun. Tng tr th t nghch v khng c s dng cho tt c cc
tnh ton.
II.2.1. Nhiu ngun hot ng
V d khi ngi s dng PSS/ADEPT mun phn tch h thng c nhiu hn
mt mt ngun hot ng, chng hn, trong nghin cu k hoch phn phi. Mc
d PSS/ADEPT ch cho php mt ngun hot ng th c vi k thut m hnh h
thng c nhiu ngun hot ng.
14
K thut n gin l gi li mt ngun nh nt ngun v m hnh ngun cn
li nh cc my cng pht tng ng, ngha l cc my in ng b c ti kW
m. D liu th t ca cc ngun ny l c phn nh trong d liu th t ca cc
my cng pht ring tng ng.
II.2.2. Ngun 3 pha
Mt ngun 3 pha bao gm 3 ngun in p 1 pha c u ni hnh Y. Mi
ngun in p 1 pha c tr khng v gi tr in p xc nh. Ngun 3 pha c cng
bin in p c 3 pha nhng cc pha lch nhau 1200 v 3 tng tr pha cng bng
nhau. Mt ngun 3 pha cn c th hin qua tng tr tng th t thun, nghch
v zero.
15
Hnh 10: M hnh ngun 3 pha
II.3. Ph ti
Ph ti chnh l cc khch hng s dng in. C 2 loi: ph ti 1 pha v ph ti
3 pha v c biu din nh hnh 11 di y:
16
c kt ni gia pha v trung tnh, trong khi , ti khng ni t c nhp vo
trong pha A th thc t l c kt ni gia pha A B, ti khng ni t nhp vo
trong pha B l c kt ni gia pha B C, v ti khng ni t nhp vo trong pha
C l c kt ni gia pha C A. V th, pha thch hp cn phi hin th trn nhnh
ni vi nt m ti khng c ni t c qui nh.
II.4. T b
Chng ta kho st t b ngang nh sau:
T b ngang dng gim st p trong mt vng xc nh bng cch pht
cng sut khng ln ng dy. Ngoi ra, b ngang cn lm tng kh nng truyn
ti trn li, gim tn tht cng sut v nng cao h s cng sut.
Cc t b ngang thng c lp t thnh cc gin t b v d dng trong vic
ng ct cc t khi vn hnh li in.
T b ngang 3 pha c 2 cch u ni l sao v tam gic Y. Trong trng hp
u Y, trung tnh c ni vi tr khng t Rg+jXg
II.5. ng dy
on dy chy gia hai nt. Mt on dy lun bao gm t nht mt dy pha.
N c th c mt, hai, hay ba dy pha. Mt on dy thng bao gm mt dy
trung tnh, nhng dy trung tnh c th khng c trong trng hp ca h thng
khng c ni t.
ng dy truyn ti c qui nh bng cc tng tr i xng th t thun
v khng, v bng cc gi tr np th t thun v khng. V vy, tnh bt i xng
ca ng dy truyn ti do v tr ca cc dy dn trn tr khng c th r rng i
vi PSS/ADEPT; ng hn l tt c cc ng dy c gi thit l c hon v
hay cc dy dn c t sao cho c th b qua s bt i xng.
17
Cc on dy mt hay hai pha phi c qui nh nh th n l ng dy
ba pha vi cc pha b mt. V th, nu mt ng dy hai pha c xy dng nh
hnh 13a, tng tr th t thun v khng ca n phi c qui nh nh th n c
xy dng nh hnh 13b. Tng t, ng dy mt pha c xy dng nh hnh 13c
phi c qui nh nh th n l ng dy ba pha c b tr nh hnh 13d.
Hnh 13 M hnh cc ng dy
II.6. My bin th
PSS/ADEPT c kh nng m hnh nhiu loi kt ni my bin th k c my
bin th lc, my bin th t ngu, b iu p v my bin th ba cun dy. Mt s
kt ni my bin th l c m hnh ngm trong PSS/ADEPT v c phn bit
bi m LOI my bin th nh c trong hnh 14. i vi mi loi kt ni c
minh ho, PSS/ADEPT chp nhn d liu tng tr th t thun v khng t T in
xy dng hay Tp tin d liu th v t ng s dng cc in p v dng in khi
gii bi ton kt ni my bin th. Ngi s dng c trch nhim qui nh tng tr
m c tng tr tht ca dy my bin th hp l trong cc kt ni c bit.
Cc kt ni my bin th m c th khng c m t trc tip bng mt
trong cc loi c cho trong hnh 14 thng c th c m hnh bng cch kt
hp ca cc m hnh tuyt i. Chng hn, m hnh mt dy my bin th ba pha,
cn thit phi nhn bit c cch m tng my bin th mt pha ring l c kt
18
ni, v xy dng ln mt m hnh in tng ng s dng 1, 2, hay 3 m hnh my
bin th ring l v cc gi tr thch hp cho cc tng tr th t thun v khng ca
dy. My bin th ba cun dy c th c trnh by trong PSS/ADEPT dng m
hnh sao tng ng.
II.6.1. My bin th lc
Cc loi my bin th 1, 2, 3, v 11 s dng cc kt hp thch hp ca hai
dy tng ng c trnh by trong hnh 14. Tng tr th t ca my bin th
c m hnh theo kiu ngc li v tr iu p ca my bin th v vn khng i
bt k v tr ca iu p. Cc my bin th ba, hai, hay mt pha c in p c bn s
cp l khc in p c bn th cp phi c a ra bng cch s dng cc loi my
bin th .
19
Hnh 14 M hnh cc my bin p
T s vng dy n v ca my bin th, t, phi l
n
n 2nom
t =
n1
n1nom
trong
n1nom S ca cc vng dy cun s cp c in p h mch bng vi in
p c bn ca nt s cp vi thng lng nh mc trong my bin th.
n2nom S ca cc vng dy cun th cp c in p h mch bng vi
in p c bn ca nt th cp vi thng lng nh mc trong my bin th.
n1 S vng thc t ca cun s cp.
n2 S vng thc t ca cun th cp.
Mt nh ngha khc ca t l vng dy, t, l
v 20c
n 2nom
t =
n1oc
n1nom
Trong
V1oc in p tng ng vi v tr nc iu p s cp vi thng lng nh
mc trong my bin th.
20
V2oc in p tng ng vi v tr nc iu p th cp vi thng lng nh
mc trong my bin th.
V1nom in p tng ng vi nc iu p s cp danh nh vi thng lng
nh mc trong my bin th.
V2nom in p tng ng vi nc iu p th cp danh nh vi thng lng
nh mc trong my bin th.
Trong hu ht nhng khng trong tt c cc trng hp, V1nom v V2nom
s bng cc in p c bn ca cc nt m cc cun dy s cp v th cp kt ni.
Bt chp vic kt ni ca dy my bin th hay v tr vt l ca cc nc iu
p trn cc cun dy s cp v th cp, PSS/ADEPT yu cu v tr nc c nh
r bng t l cc vng dy n v thc t, nh c nh ngha trn. Bi v t l
cc vng dy n v lin kt in p s cp v th cp vi cc gi tr in p danh
nh ca cc in p , h s 1.7320508 (3) khng xut hin trong t l cc vng
dy c qui nh cho cc dy sao tam gic hay tam gic sao trong PSS/ADEPT. V
vy t l cc vng dy n v ca mt my bin th c kt ni cho:
13.8 kV pha-pha v 7.969 kV pha-t s cp
4.8kV pha-pha v 2.771 kV pha-t th cp
Hnh sao s cp-tam gic th cp c kt ni, v c iu p cng 5%
pha th cp l
(4.8 * 1.05/4.8)/(13.8/13.8) = 1.05 n v
Trong khi t l cc vng dy thc t cho mi my bin th ring l l
(4.8 * 1.05)/(13.8/1.7320508) = 1.05 * (4.8/7.967)
Khi dy my bin th ba pha l c hnh thnh t ba my bin th mt pha
ring l trong mi bn du ca n, cc tng tr th t thun v khng ca dy thng
thng phi ci t bng tng tr r n v ca mt my bin th ring mt pha
kVA c bn. (Ghi ch: kch c my bin th lun lun c qui nh trong
PSS/ADEPT theo kVA/pha v tng tr c nhp vo theo n v c bn my bin
th). Khi my bin th c ch to vi cc cun pha cho ba pha trn mt li n,
cc tng tr th t thun v khng ca tng n v bnh thng s c cho trong
bn tn ca n v c th c qui nh trc tip trong PSS/ADEPT, v kch thc
my bin th phi c nhp PSS/ADEPT nh mt phn ba nh mc tng kVA.
T ng x l kt ni dy my bin th trong PSS/ADEPT c p dng ch
khi tt c cc my bin th ring bit c kt ni thnh dy l c cng kch thc.
Khi s dng cc my bin th pha c kch thc khng ng u, cn thit phi a
ra cc nt o cho phn ci t PSS/ADEPT, v a ra cch trnh by dy khng
i xng bng hai hay nhiu kt ni.
21
Ngi s dng cn phi nhn bit v qui nh c kt ni c dng trong dy
my bin th v pha ca n. Pha c qui nh qua PSS/ADEPT c tham chiu ti
quy c. Trong quy nh pha:
Cc pha A, B, v C l lun lun c xc nh bi cc s 1, 2, v 3,
tng ng.
Cc cp pha AB, BC, v CA l lun lun c xc nh bi cc s 1,
2, v 3, tng ng.
Cc my bin th ring bit, hay cc cp cun dy trong my bin th
ba pha lun lun c cp i vi cc pha A, B, v C. Chnh l, cun dy A-n-trung
tnh lun lun c cp vi A-n-trung tnh hay cun A-n-B tng ng, v.v Ch
c s thay i pha +30 trong my bin th sao-tam gic c th c m hnh vi
PSS/ADEPT; cc s sp xp thay i pha 120 c th c bng cch cp cun
dy A-n-trung tnh/cp dy B-n-C chng hn, l khng c nhn bit.
S chuyn i pha t 30 ti m 30 l c c bi o du m loi my
bin th.
II.6.2. My bin th lc c kt ni thnh my bin th t ngu
My bin th lc c kt ni trong cu hnh t ng phi c m hnh
bng cch s dng loi 1, 2, 3, hay 11.
Tng tr ca my bin th t ngu t hn ca mt my bin th c kt ni
trong cu hnh hai cun dy thng thng v v vy nn c nhp vo
PSS/ADEPT mt cch thch hp. Cng vy, vic chuyn i kVA ca mt my
bin th t ngu c tng nh c so snh ti my bin th hai cun dy chun
v phi c nhp vo tng ng. Thay i cp ti t ng
My bin th lc c th c m hnh vi b iu ti (LTC) trong
PSS/ADEPT. Cch thc iu chnh LTC c nh r nh vo tnh trng nhnh ca
my bin th.
Mi my bin th trong PSS/ADEPT c th c cho mt dy mc tiu in
p, t l cc vng dy cao nht c th n v, v t l cc vng dy thp nht c th,
v bc iu p n v. Cc my bin th c th c thit k trc tip iu
khin in p ti nt s cp hay th cp ca n. Nt TO trong h s minh ha nt
no c hiu chnh mc nh. Cch khc, mt my bin th c th c m hnh
iu khin in p ti mt nt xa qui nh t v tr my bin th xung
ng dy hay gi cho in p nt TO b p ri trn dy. Tt c cc my bin th
iu p, t l cc vng dy n v l c iu chnh, trong gii hn qui nh,
gi in p gim st hay b trong dy mc tiu nh.
22
i vi cc my bin th LTC, cc iu p c th c t pha cao hay pha
h p. Ngi s dng c th qui nh v tr t bng cch xc nh im nt TO
trong d liu my bin th l pha iu p, nh c trnh by trong hnh 15
23
kin ti. Cc b iu p hin i thng cung cp mt dy +10% in p iu chnh
trong cc bc 32/0.00625. y l cc gi tr mc nh cho vic iu chnh my
bin th trong PSS/ADEPT. Cc loi my bin th 4 ti 10 v 12 ti 15 l cc m
hnh tuyt i c dng cho cc b iu p gii thiu. Tng tr ca cc my bin
th ny l c chnh i vi v tr iu p ngc vi cc loi 1, 2, 3 v 11 vi tng
tr l hng s. Tng tr l c m t l zero lc b i nc my bin th l danh
nh v b iu p cho c tnh dng thng. Lc b iu p ti mc in p y
th s s dng tng tr nhp vo. i vi cc b chuyn i trung gian, in tr l
mt hm ca s vng dy, v in khng l mt hm ca cc vng dy bnh
phng.
B iu p c nh mc quy c theo kVA iu chnh hay amp.
Hnh 16 M hnh b iu p
My bin th phn phi quy c c tng tr khong 2%. Ngha l, nu th cp ca my
bin th trn b ngt mch, tng tr ca my bin th khong chng 2% trn c s 250
kVA v in p nh mc 0.762 kV.
Nu my bin th c kt ni trong cu hnh t ng, ta c:
24
vi tng kVA l 2750 cho tng pha.
Vi th nghim ngn mch nh trn, cng tng tr s c xc nh, tuy nhin, c bn
mi l 2750 kVA v 8.38 kV. V vy, tng tr trn cc gi tr c bn l:
2750kVA (0.762kV )
2
X = (2% ) = 0.18%
250kVA (8.38kV )2
Gi tr 0.0018 phi c nhp vo i vi khng th t thun (X1) trong PSS/ADEPT
m hnh b iu p ny. Gi thit rng b iu p c ni t c nh, khng th t
khng(X0) s c cng gi tr.
II.6.3.1. M hnh tng tr trung tnh trong my bin th
M hnh tng tr trung tnh ca mt my bin th c x l trong
PSS/ADEPT bng cch chnh i tng tr th t khng my bin th. Mt my bin
th c ni t c nh, tng tr th t khng (Z0) l ci t bng tng tr th t
thun (Z1). Khi tng tr trung tnh c (Zg), tng tr th t khng c nh ngha
nh sau y:
Z0 = Z1 + 3Zg
V tng tr cn phi c nhp vo theo n v trong PSS/ADEPT, tng tr
trung tnh cn phi chuyn i thnh n v c bn kVA ca my bin th v in
p c bn ca cun dy m tng tr ni t c kt ni.
25
r biu kin khi trn in p c bn ca tng cun dy tng ng v c bn MVA
chung, cc tng tr ny l: Zlh, Zlt, v Zht.
Lin h cc tng tr ny vi mch tng ng, Zlh l tng ca tng tr r r
cun dy in p cao v thp Xi+Xh, v.v
Cc thng s th nghim ny l c o ti v tr nc iu p danh nh,
theo, c lin quan n tng tr nhnh iu p danh nh ca mch tng ng,
nh c thit k trong hnh 17 bi:
ZLH = Zl+Zh
ZLT = Zl+Zt
ZHT = Zh+Zt
Bi ton yu cu l:
Zl = (ZLH+ZLT-ZHT)/2
Zh = (ZLH+ZHT-ZLT)/2
Zt = (ZLT+ZHT-ZLH)/2
Trong tt c cc tng tr l dng n v i vi cng mt c bn kVA.
26
Hnh 18 M hnh tng ng my bin p 3 pha 3 cun dy
Cc tng tr Zh, Zl, v Zt l th t thun c xc nh nh trnh by
trn. ZNh, ZNl, v ZNt l cc tng tr ni t n v ca cun dy cao, h v th ba
tng ng. V vy, nu cun dy hnh sao c ni t c nh, ZN bng 0. Nu
cun dy hnh sao khng c ni t ZN l v cc.
i vi th t khng:
27
i vi v d trn, cc kt ni c trnh by trong hnh 19
Hnh 20 My bin th ni t
Tng pha kVA v bn tn cc tng tr ca my bin th ni t phi c
nhp vo trc tip trong PSS/ADEPT cho cc loi hnh sao tam gic. Tuy nhin cho
cc loi zig-zag, nu kch c kVA l nh mc ca cun dy ring l ca nhnh,
kVA phi c nhn 3 khi nhp vo trong PSS/ADEPT. Cch khc, lun lun
28
nhp vo tng dung lng kVA mt pha ca dy. Cho hai loi my bin th ni t,
bt k tng tr trung tnh no phi c m hnh trong PSS/ADEPT bng cch hiu
chnh tng tr th t khng.
II.6.3.4. My bin th lc 1 pha
My bin th lc mt pha c th c m hnh trong PSS/ADEPT bng cch
dng loi 1(sao-sao), 2 (sao-delta), 3 (delta-sao) hay 11 (delta-delta) v qui nh pha
nhnh thch hp. nh mc mt pha kVA phi c nhp vo trong PSS/ADEPT
vi bn tn cc tng tr. Sau y minh ho vi loi my bin th lc mt pha v
tho lun cch trnh by trong PSS/ADEPT v cc s hn ch t bit c th p
dng:
M hnh my bin th loi 1(sao-sao) v qui nh pha nhnh l pha my bin
th kt ni. Pha nhnh phi l B i vi v d cho. Ghi ch, tt c ti c nui
bi my bin th ny phi c ni t v ch nhp vo trong pha i vi my bin
th c kt ni.
M hnh my bin th loi 3 (tam gic-sao) v qui nh pha nhnh l pha
hin hu pha sao (dy-trung tnh) ca my bin th. Pha nhnh phi l A cho v d
nu v pha AB cn phi tn ti pha s cp ca my bin th.
Tt c ti c nui bi my bin th ny phi c ni t v ch nhp vo
pha c qui nh cho pha nhnh my bin th.
M hnh my bin th loi 2 (sao-tam gic) v qui nh pha nhnh l pha
hin din pha sao (dy-trung tnh) ca my bin th. Pha nhnh phi l A cho v d
nu v pha A phi tn ti pha s cp my bin th.
Tt c ti c nui t phn th cp phi khng c ni t, c kt ni
gia hai pha c ni t my bin th. i vi v d minh ho, ti th cp phi l
loi khng c ni t v ch nhp vo trong pha A.
II.6.3.5. My bin th lc hnh sao m ti tam gic m
Kt ni my bin th hnh sao m ti hnh tam gic m cho php ti ba pha
c phc v bi pht tuyn hai pha ni t nh c trnh by y:
29
My bin th ny c theo m hnh trong PSS/ADEPT cho tnh ton dng
cng sut v khi ng ng c. Cc s tnh ton ngn mch cho nt pha th cp
ca loi my bin th ny khng c x l thch hp bi cc thut ton
PSS/ADEPT.
My bin th hnh sao m ti hnh tam gic m phi c m t trong
PSS/ADEPT bng cch qui nh mt my bin th loi 2 (sao tam gic) vi pha
nhnh my bin th c nh ngha l c hai pha pha sao ca my bin th. i
vi v d c trnh by trn, pha nhnh my bin th phi nhp vo nh AB. Cc
b tr pha hp l l:
Cc pha c qui nh cho my bin th cn phi tn ti trn nt chnh. Tt
c ti ni t my bin th ny phi qui nh khng c ni t.
nh mc kVA ca my bin th mt pha phi nhp vo trong PSS/ADEPT
cng vi tng tr qui nh trn kVA c bn.
II.7. M hnh my in
Cc my in ba pha ng b v khng ng b c th c m hnh r rng
vi PSS/ADEPT. C hai loi c th c thit k nh my pht in hay ng c
bng cch la chn du hiu thch hp cho thng s ti kW trong h s d liu ti
th. Cc c tnh c trng ca my in c m hnh bi PSS/ADEPT phi c
nhp vo trong Tp tin T in D liu My in. Cc loi ti l c dng phn
bit cc loi my in:
Cc loi my in khng ng b:
Loi ti 51 70, 151 170 c nhp vo theo kW
nh mc theo kVA. Loi ti 71 90, 171 190 c nhp vo theo hp c
nh mc theo hp c. Cc loi my ng b. Loi ti 91 99, 191 199
c nhp vo theo kW
nh mc theo kVA
My in c th c m hnh ti nt ba pha trong bt k nhm ti no. My
in c xem nh trc tuyn lc loi ti l dng. Bng cch thm du m loi ti
(chng hn nh -51), my s c xem nh phi trc tuyn.
II.7.1.1. My in ng b
Trong bi ton dng cng sut v sau khi ng ng c ca PSS/ADEPT,
m hnh my ng b (cc loi 90 99 hay 190 199) s gi in p cc bng
hng s ti gi tr ngi s dng qui nh. u ra hay hp thu cng sut phn khng
s c iu chnh tng ng vi in p cc. Nu yu cu phn khng ca m
hnh vt gii hn kh nng phn khng c qui nh, in p cc s c chnh
30
sao cho cc gii hn khng b vt qu. im thit lp in p v gii hn phn
khng ca loi my c trng c qui nh trong file T in My in. im thit
lp in p c th c nh ngha khc i cho my ng b ring l trong h s d
liu ti th. iu ny s b qua gi tr t T in My in.
Nu my ng b l c vn hnh trn dng nh mc ca n hay trn in
p cc th mc tng nhit nh mc ca ng v st s c vt qu tng ng.
Vng cung t B ti C, vi bn knh bng kVA nh mc ca my in v tm ti
im gc, cho ta gii hn dng in phn ng nh mc ti in p nh mc. im
B cho ta h s cng sut nh mc ca my in. Vng cung t A ti B cho ta gii
hn dng in phn cm ca my in. Khi vn hnh my ng b di kch thch,
c mt t thng bin cao cc u li my in. Vng cung t C ti D cho ta
gii hn nhit theo t thng ny.
ng cong cng sut phn khng nh c trnh by trong hnh 22 c th
c s dng xc nh cc gii hn phn khng ca my nh c yu cu bi
PSS/ADEPT. Gii hn cng sut phn khng cc i v cc tiu quy c tng
ng vi cc im B v C tng ng. Ghi ch, tuy nhin, cc gii hn phn khng
c th thay i ty theo mc cng sut thc.
Trong tnh ton ngn mch v khi ng ng c tc thi tiu chun trong
PSS/ADEPT, my ng b ang chy c xem l c in p hng s sau tng tr
sau qu. Trong tnh ton ngn mch, in p c gi c nh l 1 n v. Trong
tnh ton khi ng ng c tc thi, in p c gi hng s nh c xc nh
t dng ti trc , hay c gi l 1 n v.
Hnh 22 M hnh my in
Khi ngn mch c a ra vi hu t TR, cc my ng b ang chy c
xem nh c in p hng s pha sau tng tr qu trong th t thun.
31
Trong qu trnh tnh ton dng ti, khi ng ng c v ngn mch, cc
my ng b ang chy c m t nh c minh ho trong hnh 23 trong th t
nghch v khng tng ng.
i vi my ng b c cc cun dy ni tam gic, tng tr th t khng
phi c ci t l 99. +j99. m t mi ni h.
32
Hnh 24 Mch in tng ng ca ng c khng ng b
II.7.1.3. Khi ng ng c tc thi v khi ng li
Khi ng mt ng c ln trong cng nghip hay h thng cng sut yu c
th dn ti vic in p khng chp nhn c gim trong h thng. Khi in p
gim thp ti nt ng c khi ng, thi khong khi ng s ko di v trong mt
vi trng hp bt li, ng c c th khng c lc gia tc t tc nh
mc. Phm vi thi gian khi ng ng c quy c t mt vi giy ti mi giy
hay nhiu hn. Vic nghin cu khi ng ng c trong PSS/ADEPT cho php
ngi s dng xc nh phm vi ca st p trong h thng.
Trong PSS/ADEPT, ng c khi ng c mc nh ni tip vi b khi
ng ca my bin th t ngu gim dng ng c cao lin tc (t l vi in p
cc ca n) v vy lm gim st p. ng c ang khi ng c m t bi tng
tr rotor b kho. i vi ng c ba pha, tng tr rotor b kha l:
33
vi Ifl l dng y ti ti in p nh mc vung gc vi in p cc ng
c. Quy c, Ilr l khong chng 6 ln Ifl.
Bng cch m t khi ng ng c nh mt ti tng tr hng s, st p
mng c th c tnh ton vi bi ton dng ti.
PSS/ADEPT cho php ngi s dng xem hai cch khi ng ng c khc
nhau trn mng vi my ang chy.
Khi khi ng ng c tc thi, tt c cc my ang chy c gi s vn
gi vng t thng hng s v v th gip cho ng c c khi ng. Tt c my
ang chy c m hnh nh ngun in p pha sau tng tr th t thun ca n v
tng tr ca n n trung tnh trong cc th t khc. Gi s vic khi ng ng c
tc thi ko di trong khong thi gian rt ngn, c l 3-5 chu k trong h thng
60 Hz. T thng ca my ang chy phn tn n mt mc cn bng mi kh xa
trc khi khi ng ng c t n tc nh mc.
Khi khi ng ng c li, gi thit t thng ca my ang chy b phn
tn. Trong tnh trng ny, tt c cc my ang chy c m hnh nh cc ti tng
ng v v th khng th h tr ng c khi ng. Hin nhin, thc t st p
nghim trng hn v l c tnh khi ng ng c ln trong h thng in cng
nghip.
Th t khi ng ng c nh sau:
1. ng c cn khi ng c tch khi mng bng cch ci t gi tr
m cho loi ca n.
2. Khi ng ng c tc thi c thc hin. Kt qu dng ti c th
c lit k, trng by, in, hay v ra.
3. Khi ng ng c li c th c thc hin. Kt qu dng ti c
th c lit k, trng by, in, hay v ra.
4. Vi ng c c khi ng ti tc chy, bi ton dng ti thng
thng c th c thc hin v kt qu c th c so snh vi cc bc 2 v 3.
Khi khi ng ng c tc thi trong bc 2, vic khi ng ng c tc
thi thnh cng vi t l nc my bin th khi ng khc nhau c th c thc
hin. iu ny cng ng trong bc 3 khi khi ng ng c li.
Nu ngi s dng ch quan tm n khi ng ng c tc thi hay khi
ng li, th t 1, 2, 4, hay 1, 3, 4 cn c thc hin. Ngi s dng c cnh
bo dng th t 1, 3, 2, 4 xem c hai trng hp khi ng ng c tc thi
34
hay khi ng li bi v cc iu kin tin khi ng l khng cn trong b nh
sau khi khi ng ng c li.
II.7.1.4. Phng php khi ng ng c
Trong PSS/ADEPT ng c khi ng c gi s mc ni tip vi my
bin th t ngu l tng (b khi ng). Tng tr my bin th t ngu c qui
nh trong Tp tin T in My in trn c bn ca my bin th v mt nh n
zero n v. Nc iu p my bin th t ngu c gi s pha my in v mc
nh l t s nh mc (1.0) nh trong hnh 25:
Hnh 25 Khi ng ng c
Nu cc gi tr mt nh ca tng tr my bin th t ngu v nc iu p
c s dng, ng c c m t khi khi ng vi in p y c p dng cho
cc cc. iu ny thnh thong tham chiu n vic khi ng cho. Ch , my
bin th t ngu c gi s c ngt ra (b qua) trong tnh ton dng cng sut
v ngn mch.
35
nghch o ca dng ng c n v ti im dng. Nu, v d, dng gii hn khi
ng ng c cao ti 3 n v (300%), tng tr rotor thc b kho l ZLR = 0.33 pu.
Ht chng !
36
CHNG 2:
PHN B CNG SUT
CHNG 2:
PHN B CNG SUT
Chng ta bit rng c ba phng php tnh phn b cng sut thng c s
dng l: phng php Newton-Raphson, phng php phn lp nhanh, v phng
php Gauss-Seidel. Mi phng php c nhng c tnh hi t khc nhau, thng
th ta chn phng php c kh nng thc hin tt nht. Vic la chn phng
php tnh no cn tu thuc vo cu hnh h thng, my pht, c tnh ti v mc
in p ti ban u ti cc nt.
Trong chng ny, chng ta n tp li cc kin thc cn thit phc v cho vic
tm hiu cch gii bi ton phn b cng sut trong phn mm PSS/ADEPT. Cc
kin thc c s v phng php gii bi ton phn b cng sut nh phng trnh
i s phi tuyn, sau l bi ton phn b cng sut trong li in v sau cng
l tm hiu v phng php gii bi ton phn b cng sut trong phn mm
PSS/ADEPT.
Trong bi ton phn b cng sut trong li in thng dng phng trnh
lin lc gia in p nt v dng nt thng qua ma trn tng dn nt. Nu bit
dng nt, c th tm c in p nt. Tuy vy, trong li in thng cho cng
sut hn l dng in. Nh vy, phng trnh lin quan l phng trnh phi tuyn
v l phng trnh phn b cng sut c gii bng phng php lp. Sau y ta
n tp v phng trnh i s phi tuyn.
38
I. Phng trnh i s phi tuyn
Sau y, chng ta n li cc phng php gii phng trnh i s phi tuyn.
I.1. Phng php Gauss Seidel
T phng trnh f(x) = 0 ta suy
ra x = g(x)
V d: Cho f(x) = x3 6x2 + 9x 4 = 0
Nh vy quan h gia ln lp th k 1 6 4
x3 + x2 +
v k+1 l x(k+1) = g(x(k)) x= 9 9 9 = g(x)
Kt qu chp nhn khi x(0) = 2
x ( k +1) x ( k ) x(1) = g(2) = 2.2222
x(2)=(2.2222)= 2.5173
x(3) = 2.8966
x(4) = 3.3376
x(5) = 3.7398
x(6) = 3.9568
x(7) = 3.9988
=> Nhn xt: Tc x(8)=4.0000
hi t chm, v th c th
lm tng tc hi t bng cch dng thut ton gia tc vi h s gia tc :
x(k+1) = x(k) + [g(x(k)) x(k)]
Nu c n phng trnh vi n n s:
f1(x1,x2,,xn) = c1 => x1 = c1 + g1(x1,x2,,,xn)
f2(x1,x2,,xn) = c2 => x2 = c2 + g2(x1,x2,,,xn)
fn(x1,x2,,xn) = cn => xn = cn + gn(x1,x2,,,xn)
Bng phng php lp, ta c c: x1(0); x2(0);; xn(0)
x1(1); x2(1);; xn(1)
Trong phng php Gauss Seldel, cc gi tr mi ca cc n s xi va c
tnh trong cc phng trnh trn lin c thay th ngay vo cc phng trnh k
tip. Hi t s t c khi sai bit gia cc gi tr cn tnh sau so vi ln tnh trc
nh hn mt h s quy nh. C th dng h s gia tc x(k+1) = x(k) + (xi(k+1) xi(k))
39
I.2. Phng php Newton Raphson
Cho
phng trnh f(x)
V d: Gii phng trnh f(x) = x3 6x2 + 9x 4 = 0
= c, ta xy dng x(0)
=6
c nh sau: (0)
df 2
x(k+1) = x(k) + = 3(6) 12(6) + 9 = 45
dx
c f (x ( k ) ) 0 [(6) 3 ] 6(6) 2 + 9(6) 4
(k)
v i x(1) = 6 + = 1.1111
df 45
dx ti cui ln lp th 1: x1(1) = x(0) + x(0) = 6 1.1111 = 4.8889
Cc ln lp k tip:
c f (x ( k ) ) 13.4431
lng (k) x(2) = x(1) + x(1) = 4.8889 - = 4.2789
df 22.037
dx 2.9981
x(3) = x(2) + x(2) = 4.2789 - = 4.0405
gi l sai s ln 12.5797
0.3748
lp th k x(k) x(4) = x(3) + x(3) = 4.0405 - = 4.0011
9.4914
0.0095
=> Nhn xt: x(5) = x(4) + x(4) = 4.0011 - = 4.000
9.0126
Phng php hi
t rt nhanh
f1 (x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n ) = c1
f (x , x ,..., x ) = c
Nu c n phng trnh vi n n s: 2 1 2 n 2
...
fn (x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n ) = c n
40
f ( k ) f1
(k)
f1
(k)
1 ...
x 1 x 2 x n
(k) (k) (k)
f2 f2 f2
(k)
J = x ... l ma trn Jacobian
1 x 2 x n
... ( k ) ...
(k)
... ...
(k)
fn fn fn
...
x 1 x 2 x n
bit, cn gi l nt P - Q
Nt iu chnh in p: Ti , P, V c xc nh, gc pha v Q cn
c xc dnh, cn gi l nt P V
Cng sut ti nt i:
Pi jQ i
Pi + jQi = Vi I *i hay Ii =
Vi*
n n
Pi jQ i
= Vi y ij y ij Vj vi j i
Vi* j=1 j=1
41
Vi PiSch jQiSch: cng sut tc dng v phn khng (vi nt ngun, PiSch
v QiSch c gi tr dng; vi nt ti, PiSch v QiSch c gi tr m
n n
Pi(k+1) = Real Vi *( k ) [Vi ( k ) y ij y ij Vj ( k ) ]
j= 0 j=1
n n
-Qi(k+1) = Image Vi *( k ) [Vi ( k ) y ij y ij Vj ( k ) ]
j= 0 j=1
*( k ) ( k ) n (k)
Hay: Pi (k+1)
= Real Vi [Vi + Yij Vj ]
j=1
j i
n
*( k ) ( k ) (k)
Qi (k+1)
= -Image Vi (Vi Yii + Yij Vj )
j=1
j i
C th dng thm h s gia tc : Vi(r+1)c th chp nhn = Vi(r) + (Vi(r+1) Vi (r))
Vi(k+1)c th chp nhn = Vi(k) + (Vi(k+1) Vi (k)) vi = 1.3 1.7
Qu trnh hi t khi so snh gia phn thc, phn o ca in p nt gia cc
ln lp st nhau trong vng cho php:
| ei(k+1) ei(k)| v | fi(k+1) fi(k)|
Tnh ton dng chy cng sut v tn tht:
Iij = Il + Ii0 = yij(Vi - Vj) + yi0Vi
Iji = -Il + Ij0 = yij(Vj - Vi) + yj0Vj
Dng cng sut Sij t nt i n nt j v Sji t nt j n nt i ln lt l Sij =
ViIij v Sji = VjIji*
*
II.1.3. Phng php Newton Raphson gii bi ton phn b cng sut
Do hi t bc hai, phng php Newton Raphson thng c dng. S
ln hi t khng ph thuc vo s nt
n n
Ii = Vi y ij y ij Vj vi j i
j= 0
n
Vit li: Ii* = Y V vi j c th bng i
j=1
ij j
n
Vit di dng cc: Ii = Y j=1
ij Vj ij + j
n
Cng sut ti nt i: Pi jQi = Vi* Ii = Vi i Y
j=1
ij Vj ij + j
42
n
Qi = - Vi Vj Yij sin( ij i + j ) (2)
j=1
Pi
= Vi Yij cos( ij i + j ) vi i j (6)
Vj
Thnh phn J3:
Q i n
= Vi Vj Yij cos( ij i + j ) (7)
i i j
Q i
= Vi Vj Yij cos( ij i j ) (8)
j
Thnh phn J4:
Q i n
= 2 Vi Yii sin ii Vj Yij sin( ij i j ) (9)
Vi j i
Q i
= Vi Yij sin( ij i + j ) vi i j (10)
Vj
43
Cc s hng Pi(k) v Qi(k) l sai bit gia gi tr tnh ton v gi tr t sn,
gi l sai bit cng sut
Pi(k) = PiSch Pi(k) (11)
(k) (k)
Qi = QiSch Qi (12)
Cc gi tr mi ca in p nt:
(k+1)
i = i(k) + i(k) (13)
(k+1) (k) (k)
| Vi | = | Vi | + | Vi | (14)
Nh vy, gii thut Newton Raphson nh sau:
i vi nt ti, PiSch, QiSch cho sn, in p v pha ti nt ngun t
bng 1 v 0, suy ra | Vi |(0) = 1.0 v i(0) = 0. i vi iu chnh in p, | Vi |
v PiSch- cho sn, gc pha c cho bng gc pha ca nt ngun, ngha l
i(0) = 0
i vi nt ti, Pi(k) v Qi(k) c tnh t (1) v (2) v Pi(k) v Qi(k) t (11)
v (12)
i vi nt iu khin in p, Pi(k) v Pi(k) tnh t (1) v (11)
Cc phn t ca ma trn Jacobian (J1, J2, J3, J4) c tnh t (3), (4), .,(10)
P J J
Gii phng trnh = 1 2 trc tip bng phng php kh
Q J 3 J 4 V
Gauss hay tha s tam gic c sp xp ti u
Tnh ton cc gi tr mi ca | Vi | v i t (13), (14)
Tip tc cho n khi | Pi(k) | v | Qi(k) | nh hn mt sai s cho trc
44
Mt nt, chng hn nh cho ba im ni, mi im c ba pha A, B v C.
Tng t vy, mi nhnh cng c ba pha (gia A vi B hoc C) gia hai nt.
S lng thc ca dy dn hoc pha l thuc tnh ca nhnh. V th, mt
nhnh ba pha c th tng trng cho c mt, hai hoc ba pha.
Thit b mc Shunt, tr t in mc Shunt, u c nh ngha tng t nh
nhnh, cng c 3, 2, hay 1 pha.
III.1.1. Ngun
Bi ton mng in gii trong PSS/ADEPT phi c ti thiu mt ngun ba
pha cn bng. PSS/ADEPT, c th gii bi ton c nhiu ngun hot ng cng mt
lc.
Mt ngun c t trng bi in p, tng tr th t thun v th t khng.
Ch khi bit c cng sut ngn mch ca ngun th mi c th chuyn sang tng
tr th t thun v th t khng.
III.1.2. Dy v cp
Dy ni lin hai nt vi nhau v ti thiu phi c t nht mt dy pha. Mt
dy c th c 1, 2 hoc 3 dy pha. Dy chuyn v c t trng bi tng tr th t
thun v th t khng, v bi in np th t thun v khng.
Dy mt v hai pha cn c t trng bi thnh phn th t thun v khng
ca tng tr/ dn np. Dy mt pha ch c mt tng tr ni tip v mt thnh
phn dn np. Khi nhp liu cho dy mt pha, t thnh phn th t thun v
khng ca tng tr/ dn np bng nhau.
Dy dn hai pha c tng tr t cm Zs v h cm Zm. Khi nhp liu cho dy
hai pha t thnh phn tng tr th t thun v khng nh cch t cho dy ba pha
(vd Z1 = Zs Zm v Z0 = Zs + 2 Zm). Dy hai pha c hai thnh phn dn np,
Bs c trng cho mi dy dn n t, Bm c trng cho hai dy dn vi nhau.
Tng t, rt ra cch lm cho dy ba pha, B1 = Bs + 2 Bm, B0 = Bs. Cch
n gin nhp vo tng tr/ dn np l s dng lun gi tr ca dy ba pha; sai
s nu c cng s rt nh. Hin nay, d liu cho cp thng c nhp ging nh
dy trn khng, bng cch ch nh thnh phn th t thun v khng. i vi cp
ngm, thnh phn dn np th t thun v th t khng thng thng bng nhau.
III.1.3. My bin th
PSS/ADEPT m hnh nhiu dng ni dy my bin th gm: Y-Y, Y-, -,
iu chnh in p.v.v.
Mi my bin p c thnh phn tng tr th t thun v khng, gi tr ny
ghi bn ngoi hoc trong bn hng dn.
45
Thnh phn tng tr th t khng t trng cho tng tr ni t trong s
ni dy dng sao tam gic. Nu my bin th khng c tng tr ni t, t thnh
phn tng tr th t khng bng vi th t thun.
i vi my bin th u dng -, hoc dng Y- bn phn Y ni t trc
tip, t thnh phn tng tr th t khng bng vi th t thun; PSS/ADEPT kho
st dng th t khng, dng th t khng ni Shunt qua t.v.v.
V PSS/ADEPT qun l cc loi my bin th v cch ni dy khc vi
PSS/U, s c vi thay i trong chuyn i d liu khi s dng file d liu th raw
data (*.dat) gia cc chng trnh ny.
III.1.4. M hnh my in
My in ng b v khng ng b u c m hnh ho trong
PSS/ADEPT.
C hai loi ny u c thit k sn cho c dng my pht ln ng c bng
cch chn c trng thch hp thng qua cng sut thc tng th, gi tr m cho bit
l my pht.
III.1.4.1. My in ng b
Trong bi ton phn b cng sut, m hnh my in ng b trong
PSS/ADEPT gi c nh gi tr in p l hng s bng vi gi tr ngi dng a
vo. Lng cng sut phn khng pht ra hay thu vo c s dng iu chnh
in p.Nu lng cng sut yu cu ca m hnh vt qu gii hn kh nng cho
php th kh nng iu khin in p cng s mt theo, v my in ng b lc
tr thnh ti tiu th cng sut.
Nu my in ng b hot ng dng ln hn dng nh mc, th nhit
trong ng v st s ln lt tng vt mc theo. Nhng hn ch ny c t t
nh l hm ca cng sut phn khng theo cng sut thc.
Cung trn t B n C, c bn knh bng cng sut nh mc ca my in,
biu th t c dng nh mc in p nh mc. im B biu th h s cng
sut nh mc ca my in. Cung t A n B biu th dng kch t nh mc ca
my in.
Khi my in hot ng trong min di kch t, tn ti bin t thng ln
trong li st. Cung t C n D biu th gii hn nhit gy ra do t thng.
ng cong cng sut phn khng dng xc nh gii hn cng sut phn
khng ca my in. Gi tr ti hn ln nht v nh nht ln lt tng ng vi hai
im B v C. Tuy nhin cn lu rng, gii hn cng sut phn khng c th thay
i tu theo mc cng sut thc
46
Khi mt my in khi ng, n th hin qua tng tr rotor. Nu mt my
in ang hot ng, v c mt my in khc cng khi ng, th my in ang
hot ng s c m hnh bi mt ngun ghp sau tng tr qu .
Gi tr ca in p ngun v gc pha c xc nh bng cch cho chy
chng trnh tnh ton mng in iu kin trc khi ng kha ni ng c vo
mng in.
Trong m phng s c ngn mch, mt my in m hnh bi mt ngun
dng gn theo sau tng tr qu hay sau qu , tu thuc vo ch no ta
mun kho st.
Gi tr ca ngun c xc nh tng t nh cch lm i vi khi ng
ng c (vd chy bi ton phn b cng sut trc s c).
III.1.4.2. ng c khng ng b
Trong khi m phng bi ton phn b cng sut, ng c khng ng b
(DCKDB) th hin bi cng sut thc n s dng. Lng cng sut phn khng tiu
th v trt c xc nh t m hnh my in. C 5 loi DCKDB trong
PSS/ADEPT, tng ng vi cc mu thit k A, B, C, D, v E.
Tuy nhin, nu DCKDB i ra bn ngoi vng c Momem ln nht, n s b
gi li. Khi iu xy ra, DCKDB s c biu th bi tng tr kho Rotor
(locked rotor impedance).
Khi mt DCKDB khi ng, n th hin qua tng tr kho rotor. Nu mt
DCKDB ang hot ng, v c mt DCKDB khc cng khi ng, th DCKDB
ang hot ng s c m hnh bi mt ngun ghp sau tng tr, tng t nh
trng hp my in ng b.
Trong m phng s c ngn mch, mt DCKDB m hnh bi mt ngun gn
theo sau tng tr qu hay sau qu , tng t nh trng hp my in ng
b.
Ht chng !
47
CHNG 3:
NGN MCH
CHNG 3:
NGN MCH
Tnh ton ngn mch xc nh nh hng ca s c trn li in (v d: 1
hoc nhiu pha chm nhau, chm t, chm vo cy ci)
Tnh ton s c.
Chui s c.
- Trong tnh ton s c, tt c in p, dng in nhnh v dng in s
c khi s c xy ra ti mt hoc nhiu nt trn mng li.
- Trong tnh ton chui s c: p dng tnh ton mt chui cc s c
lin tc v ring l. Tnh ton chui s c cho tt c cc loi s c c ng
dng lin tc v ring l ti mi nt trong ton h thng in.
Tnh ton ngn mch s s dng trng thi h thng trc khi s c xt hin.
Khi khng c s c, dng ti s c tm v in p ti cc nt trc s c c
tnh.
i vi ti tnh th c quy i thnh khng tr khng i tnh theo cng
st v in p ti nt m ti c ni..
My pht c ni ngun in p ni tip mt khng tr, ln v gc ca
ngun c xc nh t li gii dng ti.
Mi chng trong phn kin thc n tp gm 2 chnh: phn kin thc l
thuyt v phnkin thc p dng trin khai xy dng thnh thut ton trong phn
mm PSS/ADEPT. Vi cch trnh by nh vy s gip cc hc vin n tp tt hn
v tip thu nhanh cc kin thc trong cc phn khc.
Sau y trnh by phn l thuyt bi ton ngn mch.
49
I. L thuyt bi ton ngn mch
I.1. Phng php n v tng i
Xt phng trnh n gin gia in p, dng in v tng tr:
E = IZ
E, I, Z c tnh theo n v Vn, Ampe v ohm. Chia c 2 v ca phng
trnh trn cho cng mt s do s cn bng khng b ph v, gi s ny l in p
c bn EB:
E I.Z
=
E cb E cb
Xc nh dng in c bn IB v tng tr c bn ZB ph thuc vo iu kin:
Ecb = Icb.Zcb
suy ra:
E I.Z
=
E cb I cb .Z cb
Cui cng, cc i lng trong n v tng i c xc nh nh sau:
E
E vt = E =
Ecb
I
I vt = I =
I cb
Z
Z vt = Z =
Z cb
Do : Evt = Ivt.Zvt
Ly phng trnh biu din mi quan h gia cng sut, in p v dng in
S = E.I
v xc nh cng sut c bn SB theo Vn, Ampe nh sau:
Scb = Ecb. Icb
S E I
Suy ra: = .
Scb E cb I cb
T , cng sut trong n v tng i S c xc nh nh sau:
S
Svt =
Scb
Do : Svt = Evt. Ivt
50
1000.E 2cb
Z cb = : Tng tr c bn tnh bng
kVA cb
( ).( kVA ) Z . S cb
Z vt = =
( kV ) .1000 1000.E cb2
2
Node
Node RTh + jXTh
V +
-
Full network
51
Mch tng ng Thevenin c s dng thay th ton b h thng tnh
ton ngn mch.
Trong h thng mng ba pha khng i xng.Tng tr Thevenin l mt ma
trn phc ch khng phi l mt s n phc tp.Tng t in p tng ng l
mt vecto phc thay v l mt s n phc.
Trong thnh phn i xng (khng, thun, nghch) tng tr tng ng
Thevenin cng l mt ma trn phc v in p tng ng cng l mt vecto
phc.
Z0 0 0 V0
Z012 = 0 Z1 0 V012 = V
1
0 0 Z 2 V2
T s khng tr v in tr l mt i lng quan trng v c th tnh c
trc tip t tng tr tng ng Thevenin.
Th t khng: X0/R0
Th t thun: X1/R1
Th t nghch: X2/R2
52
Z11 L L Z1n
M O M
Z nut =
M Z kk M
Z n1 L L Z nn
Bc 3: Tnh dng ngn mch
Dng ngn mch 3 pha:
Vr0
If =
Z kr + Z f
Vi: Zkr l tng tr tng ng Thevenin nhn t nt s c k
v h thng
Bc 4: Tnh in p
in p nt r khi s c:
Vrf = Vr0 + Vr0 = Vr0 Z rr I f
in p ti nt i:
Vif = Vi0 Z ir I f (i = 1, 2, , n)
I1 Z1 I2 Z2 Io Z0
Z1=j(Xs -Xm)
Z2=j(Xs - Xm)
Z0=j(Xs+Xm)
Xs in khng t thn ca ng dy
Xm in khng tng h ca cp dy dn
Gi s ng dy c hon v
+ Khng tr th t thun v th t nghch bng nhau.
+ Khng tr th t khng ln hn so vi th t thun v nghch.
53
Tng tr th t thun v mng thay th ca my in ng b:
Z1 Z2
Z0
3ZN
Mng th t ca my pht
Z1 = jXd Nu tinh tan trong chu ky u tin.
= jXd Nu tinh ton chu k 3-4.
= jXd Nu tnh ton ch xc lp.
X"q + X"d
Z2 = j ; Z 2 Z1
2
Z og < Z 2 < Z1
Zn-tng tr my pht, motor.
Z1(Z2)
Tng tr th t thun v nghch my bin p:
Z1 = Z2 = Zleakage
Thc t chng ta gi s rng tng tr ca cc mng th t bng nhau bt k
loi my bin p no:
Z=Z1 = Z2 Mng th t khng ph thuc vo t u dy ca my bin p:
54
Hnh 27 S thay th th t khng ca cc loi MBA.
55
T mng th t khng ca cac phn t trong h thng in c th d dng kt
hp vi nhau hon thnh s mng th t khng ca h thng. Bt k tng tr
ni trung tnh no gm c my pht, my bin p c trung tnh u bng 3 ln gi tr
ca n mng th t khng. c bit cn ch n t u dy ca my bin p
mng th t khng.
T nhng mng trn ca h thng in, chng ta xy dng ma trn tng tr
1
[ 2
][ 0
th t thanh ci ca mng: Z bus , Z bus , Z bus ][ ]
Ngn mch 1 pha chm t:
a F
b Ia
c
Zf
Ib Ic
Zf
ZS ZT ZL
56
Loi s c Dng in s c
3PH VF
I=
ZS + ZT + ZL + ZF
L-L j 3VF
Ib = -Ic =
2( Z S + Z T + Z L ) + Z F
1LG 3VF
Ia =
2 Z S + 3Z T + (2 + k 0 )Z L + 3Z F
Trong :
VF : in p tng ng Thevenin(11,1).
ZS : khng tr tng ng Thevenin ca ngun.
ZT : khng tr my bin p.
ZF : khng tr s c.
ZL : khng tr ng dy phn phi.
3040 cho trng hp s c cc tiu.
0 cho trng hp s c cc i.
k0 : h s nhn.
Gi tr c lng ca k0
57
Dy mt v hai pha cn c t trng bi thnh phn th t thun v khng
ca tng tr/ dn np. Dy mt pha ch c mt tng tr ni tip v mt thnh
phn dn np. Khi nhp liu cho dy mt pha, t thnh phn th t thun v
khng ca tng tr/ dn np bng nhau.
Dy dn hai pha c tng tr t cm Zs v h cm Zm. Khi nhp liu cho dy
hai pha t thnh phn tng tr th t thun v khng nh cch t cho dy ba pha
(vd Z1 = Zs Zm v Z0 = Zs + 2 Zm). Dy hai pha c hai thnh phn dn np,
Bs c trng cho mi dy dn n t, Bm c trng cho hai dy dn vi nhau.
Tng t, rt ra cch lm cho dy ba pha, B1 = Bs + 2 Bm, B0 = Bs. Cch
n gin nhp vo tng tr/ dn np l s dng lun gi tr ca dy ba pha; sai
s nu c cng s rt nh.
Hin nay, d liu cho cp thng c nhp ging nh dy trn khng, bng
cch ch nh thnh phn th t thun v khng. i vi cp ngm, thnh phn
dn np th t thun v th t khng thng thng bng nhau.
II.1.3. My bin p
PSS/ADEPT m hnh nhiu dng ni dy my bin th gm: Y-Y, Y-, -,
iu chnh in p.v.v.
Mi my bin p c thnh phn tng tr th t thun v khng, gi tr ny ghi
bn ngoi hoc trong bn hng dn.
Thnh phn tng tr th t khng t trng cho tng tr ni t trong s
ni dy dng sao tam gic. Nu my bin th khng c tng tr ni t, t thnh
phn tng tr th t khng bng vi th t thun.
i vi my bin th u dng -, hoc dng Y- bn phn Y ni t trc
tip, t thnh phn tng tr th t khng bng vi th t thun; PSS/ADEPT kho
st dng th t khng, dng th t khng ni Shunt qua t.v.v.
V PSS/ADEPT qun l cc loi my bin th v cch ni dy khc vi
PSS/U, s c vi thay i trong chuyn i d liu khi s dng file d liu th raw
data (*.dat) gia cc chng trnh ny.
II.1.4. M hnh my in
Trong tnh ton ngn mch, my in ng b c xem nh c in p
khng i v c tng tr. Chng ta c th chn tng tr qu hoc siu qu ty
theo yu cu ca chng ta trong vic tnh ngn mch.
ng c khng ng b ang hot ng c biu trng nh ng c ng b
trong tnh ngn mch, c ngha cng c in p khng i v tng tr.
58
II.1.5. M hnh ti tnh
Trong PSS/ADEPT, ti tnh c m hnh bi cng sut khng i, dng
khng i hay tng tr khng i.
Thm vo , PSS/ADEPT cho php ta cch ch nh ti c ni t hay
khng ni t.
Vi loi ti c ni t: l ti c ni dy pha v dy trung tnh vi nhau.
Tri li, vi ti khng ni t: khi nhp vo cho pha A tht ra l ni gia pha
A vi pha B, khi nhp vo cho pha B tht ra l ni gia pha B vi pha C, v khi
nhp vo cho pha C tht ra l ni gia pha C vi pha A.
II.1.6. Tng tr tng ng Thevenin
Tng tr tng ng Thevenin l tng tr t mt nt n h thng in cn
tnh ton. Trong h thng, tt c cc ti v ngun c thay th bng tng tr tng
ng v in p tng ng nh hnh sau:
59
Trong cc thnh phn Z01, Z02, Z10, Z12, Z20 v Z21 thng khng quan
trng v b qua.
H s t l gia in khng v in tr l mt h s quan trng dng trong
vic tnh ton tng tr tng ng Thevenin:
Ht chng !
60
CHNG 4:
KHI NG NG C V
XC NH IM DNG
TI U
CHNG 4:
BI TON KHI NG NG C V XC
NH IM DNG TI U
62
I. Kho st v tnh ton my in.
Khi d liu bn tn thc t cho m hnh cc my pht in v cc ng c l
khng c sn, ngi s dng c th dng hng dn sau y c d liu in hnh
s dng trong nghin cu.
I.1. My in ng b
Gi tr cho tr khng sau qu , Xd, thng t.1 ti.3 theo kVA c bn my
in. Gi tr thng c dng cho Xd l.2. T gi tr ny ngi s dng c th gi
s tng tr rotor b kho, Xr, tr khng th t thun, X1, v tr khng th t nghch,
X2, s bng Xd.
Tr khng th t khng, X0, cho my ng b dy in hnh t.1 ti.7 gi tr
ca Xd, gi tr thng thng c dng l.4 * Xd.
c cc gi tr khc nhau ca tng tr (X0, X1, X2), ngi s dng c th
cho in tr (R0, R1, R2) ca tng tr bng zero hay c tnh n t t l X/R theo
hnh 1.
Cc my c ni t qua in tr, gi tr (3* in tr ni t) cn phi c
chuyn i thnh n v tng i p.u. theo kVA c bn my in v c thm
vo trong R0. i v h thng hkng c ni t R0 v X0 phi c ci t l
999.
I.2. My in khng ng b
Khi ti y v dng rotor c kho, Xd c th c c tnh bi:
63
dng c th dng mt gi tr ca Xd =.2. tnh ton in tr trong tng tr cho
cc my khng ng b, ngi s dng phi dng th c trnh by trong hnh
2 cho cc t l X/R.
THNG S ROTOR
Cc tiu chun khi ng kVA cho cc my in cm ng. Trn cc ng c
tiu chun (nhiu ng c khng phi tiu chun) iu ny c nh ngha bi cc
k t thng s ng trn bn tn ng c. T gi tr tng ng SKVA/HP ca thng
s, c th xc nh dng tng cao bi:
64
tp tin ny c lm li trong bng 2 cho nh mc kVA (loi 51 ti 68) v HP (loi
71-88) ca my in cm ng.
65
I.3. Tnh khi ng ng c ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0
Cc m hnh kho st c bn ca chng trnh phn tch khi ng ng c
trong PSS/ADEPT gm:
I.3.1. Ngun
Ngun c m t ging nh trong phn phn tch ngn mch.
I.3.2. My in ang hot ng
My in ang hot ng c m t ging nh trong phn phn tch ngn
mch, ngoi tr l lun dng tng tr qu .
Khi ng my in
I.3.3. Khi ng my in
Khi khi ng ng c, ng c ng b c m hnh bi tng tr kho
rotor (locked rotor impedance), thng th s dng tng tr qu . m t tng
tr khi ng ph, ta c th thay i gi tr tng tr trong machine dictionary
Mt my in khng ng b c m hnh bi tng tr kho rotor (locked
rotor impedance). Gi tr tng tr kho rotor c th thay i trong bng thuc tnh
my in khng ng b. Khi ng my bin th t iu chnh
I.3.4. Khi ng my bin th t iu chnh
Trong PSS/ADEPT, ta c th chn cch khi ng ng c ni tip vi my
bn th t iu chnh (khi ng c b) hn ch dng khi ng, di th Start-
up ca bng thuc tnh my in ng b, chn chc nng Use autotransformer
(check vo hp k bn)
i vi my in ng b, tng tr ca my bin th c ly ra t Machine
Dictionary v khng th chnh sa c. i vi my in khng ng b, tng tr
khi ng ca my bin th c in trc tip trong phn cung cp. Tng tr my
bin th a ra l 0.65 dvtd.
Gi tr t vo thc cho khi ng ng c nm trong phn field provided.
66
Hnh 33 Hp thoi thuc tnh v biu bi ton khi ng ng c
I.3.5. Cc phng php tnh khi ng ng c
Thng s dng hai phng php khi ng ng c:
Gia tc ng c ng v Khi ng ng c tnh.
C hai phng php c thc hin m phng trong min thi gian v u
cho bng bo co dng vn bn v th.
Mc ch vic kho st khi ng ng c gm hai phn: Kim tra xem c th
khi ng ng c trong min hot ng khng v xem n c cn tr cc hot
ng ca cc ti khc trong h thng khng.
67
Phng php khi ng gia tc ng c ng v Khi ng ng c tnh khc
nhau cch ta m hnh ng c khi ng.
Trong khi ng gia tc ng c ng, mt m hnh ng c s dng trong
sut ton b tin trnh m phng gia tc ng c. Trong kho st ny, ta cn ch
nh moment ti m ng c phi ko.
I.3.6. Gia tc ng c
Trong khi ng gia tc ng c ng, mt m hnh ng c s dng trong
sut ton b tin trnh m phng gia tc ng c. Trong kho st ny, ta cn ch
nh moment ti m ng c phi ko.
V c s khc nhau trong cch m hnh ho vic khi ng ng c, ta c th
chn cch khi ng tnh nu nh ta quan tm n cc tc ng ca vic khi ng
ng c n cc loi ti khc trong h thng hay nu nh s liu ca m hnh ng
khng y .
Mc Khc, nu ta quan tm n thi gian gia tc thc hoc ng c khi ng
c hay khng, th ta nn chn m hnh gia tc ng c ng (dynamic motor
acceleration)
I.3.7. Khi ng ng c tnh
Trong phng php khi ng ng c tnh, ta ngm hiu rng ng c lun
khi ng thnh cng. Ta a ra thi gian gia tc 0% v 100% ti v chng trnh
s t ng ni suy ra thi gian gia tc da trn hai gi tr ny.
68
Trong khong thi gian gia tc, ng c c m hnh bi tng tr locked-
rotor, n th hin kh nng mang dng ln nht t h thng v v c tc ng to tc
nht n cc ti khc trong h thng. Khi qua khong thi gian gia tc, ng c
c xem nh mt ti c cng sut khng i (tnh bng KVA).
I.3.8. Khi ng ng c vi kho st n nh qu
Tnh ton khi ng ng c chnh l kho st hot ng ca vic khi ng
ng c v nhng nh hng ca n i vi h thng, v n gin ho n bng cc
thit b khi ng
Tnh ton n nh qu c th m phng qu trnh ng c khi ng, quan
tm n cc tc ng ng ca ton h thng di nh hng ca vic khi ng
ng c.
S khc nhau gia cc i tng trong hai cch tnh ton dn n vic m
hnh ho khc nhau cc phn t trong h thng in, nh trong bng sau:
69
- Kha ca ng c c th c ch nh bi 1 ti ring hay bus v loi khi
ng.
Trong qu trnh khi ng ng c, khi qua khong thi gian gia tc, ng
c c xem nh mt ti c cng sut khng i. Mc ti c th thay i theo yu
cu ngi s dng.
70
Vi cc loi ti nhanh (snapshot) v khng c nhnh qu ti no, th chng
trnh tnh im dng ti u hot ng n gin. Bt u vi h thng hnh tia ban
u, TOPO dng mt trong cc kho iu khin hnh thnh mng vng. Th tc
ti u phn b cng sut c thc hin trong mng vng xc nh vic m kho
no l tt nht v chuyn mng in tr v li dng hnh tia. Tin trnh ny tip tc
cho n khi kho m ra lun l kho ng, khi TOPO ngng li. Kt qu
mng c c l mng hnh tia c tn hao cng sut thc nh nht.
TOPO c th thc hin vi nhiu ti nhanh (snapshot); v nh ra cu hnh
mng in n c tn hao cng sut thc nh nht trn tt c cc snapshot. Khi
vic t mt kho khng th ti u cho bt k ti c bit snapshot no, nhng ph
hp cho vic kt hp cc kho. Khi phn tch cng lc nhiu snapshot, TOPO s
dng tn tht cng sut tc dng mi th ph ti vi nhng khong thi gian lin
quan.
TOPO xut ra bng tn tht ban u v cui cng ca mng in v s tin tit
kim t tn hao . Lng tn hao tit kim c tnh trn n v thi gian l nm
v chng trnh tnh c nng lng (tc dng v phn khng) v nhu cu (tc dng
v phn khng), bng cch s dng gi tr ta ch nh trong mc
Network>Economics t thc n chnh (Main Menu).
71
II.2. Thit t thng s kinh t cho bi ton TOPO
Tnh kinh t ca mng in c s dng trong qu trnh phn tch tnh chi
ph nng lng v nhu cu: gi in, gi nng lng phn khng, gi nhu cu in,
v gi nhu cu nng lng phn khn.
t tu chn kinh t (economics): Ta chn Network>Economics. Thng s
kinh t trong bi ton TOPO cng ging nh trong bi ton tnh CAPO. C 2 bi
ton s dng cng nhng thng s ny tnh ton.
72
Hin th thng tin chi
tit trng thi cc kha
sau khi phn tch.
Ht chng !
73
CHNG 5:
PHI HP BO V
CHNG 5:
THIT B BO V V PHI HP CC THIT
B BO V TRN LI PHN PHI
Phi hp gia cc thit b bo v trn li phn phi l cng vic rt quan
trng nhm m bo cho cc thit b hot ng mt cch nhp nhng v hiu qu.
Do vy chng ta khng th b qua nhng nguyn tc phi hp gia cc thit b bo
v cho d l nhng nguyn tc c bn nh nht.
Bo v qu dng cn quan tm hai phm vi chnh lin quan nhau
- Bo v on xut tuyn c th hay mt thit b
- Bo v ton b xut tuyn hay h thng phn phi.
Chnh phm vi th hai cn n s phi hp cc thit b bo v, nhng ngay c
cch bo v c thit k c bn cho mt my bin p n gin hay mt thit b
khc, cng c th cn c s phi hp ca hai hay nhiu thit b bo v nhm m
bo thch ng vi nhng loi s c khc nhau, trnh mi nguy him tim n c
th xy ra cho thit b v ng dy dn ln cn.
Vic ng dng v phi hp thit b bo v qu dng s nh hng n tnh
lin tc ca vic cung cp in. iu ny c ngha l hn ch bt k vic mt in
do s c cng t nht v trong thi gian ngn nht th cng tt. Song song vi cc
iu kin k thut, mt yu t cn phi xt n trong vic chn la cc thit b bo
v l vn v kinh t, phi chn la lm sao va bo m k thut ra v
chi ph u t (bao gm chi ch ban u mua sm thit b v chi ph d phng duy
tu bo dng thit b) phi t tn km nht.
75
I. Cc thit b bo v
I.1. Cu Ch
I.1.1. Gii thiu.
Cu ch l cc thit b bo v n gin nht ang dng bo v qu dng trn
h thng phn phi. Chc nng u tin ca cu ch c s dng l cc dy chy
r tin t trong mch in. Cc dy chy ny s m, ngt cc qu dng in v bo
v thit b trnh qu ti v ngn mch. Ngoi ra, cc cu ch cn dng phn on
ng dy.
Hin nay cu ch c rt nhiu loi, thun cho vic chn cc c tnh vn hnh
ph hp nh: cu ch dy chy, cu ch t ri, cu ch chn khng v cu ch hn
dng.
Dy chy c th chy t cc thit b bo v kiu bt. Loi thng dng nht
l thit b bo v dng t ri. Cc dy chy l cc phn t c thay th sau mt ln
tc ng bo v nh cc cu ch dng trong gia nh c thay th, khng nh
hng n cc hp cu ch.
Thnh phn c bn ca cu ch dy chy l mt phn t chy c ch to t
nhiu loi khc nhau c cc c tnh thi gian - dng in (TCC) khc nhau. Mt
dy chu lc ni song song vi phn t chy chu lc ko ca dy chy. Cu trc
dy chy s dng mt u dng nt v mt u ri c thit k c th lp ln v
c kh cc cu ch t ri hay cc thit b c s dng dy chy. Quanh phn t chy
l mt ng ph tr sinh kh dp tt cc dng s c nh.
ng ph cung cp khi
Phn t cu ch c ch to ct chnh
ct dng in nh
xc, khi dng mt phn t thic vn hnh
nhp thp hn
76
Vnh chui gi ng Dy dn xon
u trn bo m ct dng in c bn v mm
nh do
I.1.2. c tnh bo v:
c tnh ca mt dy chy c xc nh bi cc c tuyn dng in thi
gian (TCC) ca n. Tng thi gian ct l thi gian chy trung bnh vi sai s cng
ca nh sn xut cng vi thi gian dp h quang vi sai s m. Trn ng TCC,
c tuyn chy nh nht l kh nng chu ng trung bnh thp nht.
Thng thng cu ch c ch to theo tiu chun ASNI C37.43.
Dy chy loi K tng ng vi loi ct nhanh v loi T tng ng vi loi ct
chm, hai loi ny c tiu chun ho. Vi loi K, n nh t s tc l 6 8
v loi T l 10 13. T s tc l t s gia dng chy nh nht ti 0.1s v 300s
(hoc 600s) ty thuc vo dng nh mc ca dy chy.
I.1.3.1. Cu ch t ri
Cc dy chy ca cu ch li phn phi phi in km vi thit b khc
c s vn hnh ph hp. Thit b tiu biu nht l cc c cu t ri c s dng
cc dng hp, dng h v dng dy chy h.
Cc thit b ny vn hnh theo nguyn l bt bi tc ng ca dy chy v
mt ng dp h quang, cng vi mt dy thy tinh si kh ion ha khi phn t
chy ca dy chy b chy. Dy thy tinh si s chy sinh ra cc kh kh ion ha
tch ly bn trong cc ng. H quang b ko di, nn li v c lm ngui trong
ng v kh thot ra hai u ng mang theo mt phn cc phn t h quang duy tr.
77
Vic pht sinh h quang sau khi dng t gi tr zero s b ngn nga bi cc kh
kh ion ha v p sut tng cao bi s chuyn ng hn lon ca kh. Cc nhn t
ny nng cao cng cch in ca khe h khng kh trong ng. Khi p sut cao
sau y cc ion do h quang sinh ra cn li trong ng.
Cu ch t ri c ch to c ch to theo tiu chun ANSI 37.42.
78
dng s c nh, cn mt vi chu k phc hi chc nng ca dy chy. Sau ,
cc hot ng tng t i vi dng s c ln.
Khi xut hin dng s c ln, dy chy b bc hi ngay lp tc v hnh thnh
plasma dng h quang. S sai khc v p sut i vi chn khng hp th cc hi
kim loi v cc phn t do h quang sinh ra s bm vo thnh v. Cc ng rnh
h quang s hng cc ng dn h quang, ko di trong cc rnh, duy tr h
quang v dp tt h quang hon ton khi dng in qua tr s khng.
Nt ch bo khi nh ra chng t
cu ch ct
79
- Cu ch hn dng nh gii thiu hnh trn, gm mt phn t chy bng mt
dy bc hay mt bng bc. Bng c qun quanh mt khung mng nhn
khung ny c th sinh kh hoc khng sinh kh ct dng h quang. Cu ch c
np y ct v t trong ng cch in thng lm bng s, thy tinh hoc epoxy.
- Vn hnh ca cu ch ph thuc vo tng loi, tuy nhin i vi tt c cc
loi th vic ngt dng s c ln c bn l ging nhau. Dng s c s lm chy mt
on di dy chy v h quang sinh ra lm cho dy chy b bt v nung chy ct to
thnh knh thy tinh hn ch h quang. Knh thy tinh c to thnh tc thi ny,
hn ch h quang bng vic tng in tr. Dng c gim xung v cng bc
n gn gi tr khng.
I.1.4.1. Cu ch dy chy
Nu cu ch c s dng nh mt thit b bo v, s la chn hon ton ph
thuc vo c tnh TCC ca cu ch v phi phi hp vi cc thit b khc trn li
phn phi.
Hai loi cu ch thng dng l loi chm (T) v loi nhanh (K) c chn tu
thuc vo quan im ca nh thit k. Cu ch loi K c th gii tr s c nhanh
chng v phi hp rt tt vi relay cng sut ngc. Cu ch loi T c kh nng
chu ng c dng qu v dng xung kch. Ty theo c im ring ca mng
in v quan im ca nh thit k m chn mt hoc c hai loi trn.
Dng ti cc i qua cu ch quyt nh s la chn dng lm vic lin tc lu
di. Ngoi ra cng cn ch n dng xung kch v dng ti lc khi ng ngui.
Khi chn c tuyn TCC phi quan tm n nhit trc khi c ti v nhit
mi trng xung quanh.
I.1.4.2. Chn cu ch t ri
u tin chng ta phi la chn cc thng s nh mc ca cu ch mt cch
thch hp. Cn c vo in p li, cp cch in, dng s c cc i, t s X/R,
dng ti cc i m ta ghi nhn c. T nhng thng s ny ta c th xc nh loi
cu ch c dng hot ng lin tc lu di, in p nh mc, cng sut thch hp.
Dng hot ng lin tc lu di nh mc ca cu ch phi c chn ln hn
dng ti cc i i qua cu ch bao gm c dng ti bnh thng, dng qu ti v
cc thnh dng hi.
in p ca cu ch c chn da vo in p pha hay in p dy, h thng
ni y hay khng v theo kiu no, mng in l mt pha hay ba pha.
80
Trong h thng khng ni t in p nh mc cc i ca cu ch nn chn
bng hay ln hn in p dy ca h thng. Trong h thng c ni t trn cc
nhnh mt pha ta nn chn in p nh mc cc i ca cu ch bng hay ln hn
in p pha ca h thng. Dng ngt i xng nh mc nn chn bng hay ln hn
nhiu dng s c cc i xy ra ti cu ch.
I.2. My Ct v Relay
I.2.1. Gii thiu:
My ct (Circuit Breakers) v Relay l mt b thit b lun i cng vi nhau
v c tnh thit b v cc thng s ng dng chung bi cc loi Relay thng c
dng phi hp vi my ct nhm thc hin vic ng ct t ng cc tip im ca
my ct trong vic bo v qu dng. Cc vn chnh c nu trong phn ny
gm c: phn loi my ct v la chn cc gi tr nh mc ct thch hp cng vi
kiu ca Relay thng c s dng trong vic bo v h thng li phn phi v
c tnh TCC ca chng.
81
My ct c th phn loi theo mi trng dp h quang v phng php tch
tr nng lng. S dp tt h quang khi tch tip im c th thc hin theo cc
dng sau:
a. Dp h quang bng du.
b. Dp h quang bng chn khng.
c. Dp h quang bng cch thi khng kh
d. Dp h quang bng kh SF6
e. Dp h quang bng khng kh kt hp vi t trng cc my ct trong nh
(ngn bc kim loi)
Trong cc ng dng h thng phn phi, cc my ct thng l du, chn
khng hay khng kh kt hp vi t trng.
My ct cn c mt c cu truyn ng d tr nng lng cho php cc tip
im my ct ng li nhiu ln sau khi ngun ngoi mt in. Kiu c cu
truyn ng d tr nng lng v s ln thao tc ng m tng ng theo tiu
chun ANSI 37.12 1982 nh sau:
a. Khng kh nn hay cc loi kh khc: Hai ln thao tc ng / m.
b. Kh nn hay thy lc: Nm ln thao tc ng / m.
c. Lxo nn bng motor: Mt ln thao tc ng / m vi s phc hi ca l xo trong
khong 10 giy.
a. T ng ct bng cu ch:
Hnh 42 T ng ct bng cu ch
Cu to:
T c lm bng thp cu thnh t 5 khoang v c ngn cch bi cc vch ngn
kim lai hoc cch in. chiu cao 1600mm, rng 375mm, su 940mm, nng 120 Kg
82
1. Cu ch (3 ci ri) bo v dng ng vi cht tc ng lai UTE hoc DIN c
t trn gin ng ct chc chn.
2. Thanh ci: tt c nn trn cng mt phng nm ngang, do cho php m rng
trm trung th v kt ni vi cc thit b khc.
3. u ni cp u di ca b phn gn cu ch. B phn ny trang b mt dao
ni t khi b phn gn cu ch c ct ra.
4. C cu hat ng: l b c thao tc gin ng ct cha 3 cu ch ni t
v cc ch th tng ng v tr ca chng. B c ny lp thm m t (ty chn).
5. Khoang h p: Gm hng kp nu c m t, cu ch h th v cc thit b relay
hp b. Nu cn khng gian ln hn, c th lp t thm mt khoang h th
trn nc t.
6. B phn dao ni t.
b. T ng ct c my ct SM6
Chng st
0
6
Hnh 43 T ng ct SM6
c. T ng ct c my ct RMU-8DJ10
83
6. nh v ch bo thit b
ni t (tri) v ngt in
(phi).
Hnh 44 T ng ct RMU
Cc gi tr nh mc ca my ct
in p nh mc ln nht
- in p nh mc ln nht l in p m my ct c thit k v khng
c vn hnh cc gi in p cao hn.
H s mc in p nh mc K
- K l t s gia in p nh mc ln nht vi gii hn thp nht ca mc in
p vn hnh m mc in p ny cho php kh nng dng in ct ngn mch i
xng v khng i xng thay i t l nghch vi in p.
in p th nghim chu ng nh mc tn s thp
- in p chu ng tn s thp nh mc (kh) l in p th nghim mt
my ct mi khi th nghim kh vi cc iu kin quy nh phi c kh nng chu
ng trong mt pht khng c phng in b mt hay nh thng cch in.
- in p chu ng tn s thp nh mc (t) l in p th nghim mt
my ct mi khi th nghim t vi cc iu kin quy nh, my ct mi loi ngoi
tri v cc thnh phn bn ngoi phi c kh nng chu ng trong mi giy khng
c phng in b mt hay nh thng cch in.
in p th nghim chu ng nh mc xung
- in p th nghim chu xung nh mc bao gm xung y v xung ct.
Mt my ct mi phi c kh nng chu ng c hai xung trn khng c phng in
b mt hay nh thng cch in.
84
Dng lin tc nh mc 60Hz
- y l dng ln nht 60Hz m mt my ct c th mang lin tc m khng
c vt qu gi tr nhit cho php.
Dng ngn mch nh mc
- Dng ngn mch nh mc l kh nng ct ngn mch dng i xng ca
my ct ti in p nh mc ln nht.
in p phc hi qu
- Ti in p nh mc cc i, mi my ct phi c kh nng ct cc s c ti
cc u cc ba pha khng ni t dng ngn mch nh mc, trong cc mch c
in p phc hi qu ba pha khng ni t khng c vt qu ng bao in
p phc hi.
Thi gian ct ngn mch nh mc
- Thi gian ct ngn mch nh mc ca my ct l khong thi gian cho php
ln nht t khi np dng ct ti in p iu khin nh mc n khi hon thnh ct
ngn mch tt c cc pha trong thao tc m. Dng in c ct phi nh hn kh
nng ct ngn mch ca my ct v phi ln hn hoc bng 25%kh nng ct khng
i xng ca my ct in p nh mc ln nht.
Thi gian ct tr cho php nh mc
- Thi gian ct tr cho php nh mc l gi tr thi gian ln nht m my ct
c th mang K ln dng in ngn mch nh mc sau khi ng v trc khi ct
dng in ny.
in p nh mc ln nht chia h s K
- Trong dy in p ca my ct, nh mc ct ngn mch tng ln khi in p
gim xung v ngc li, thit lp nn quan h gia in p v dng in. Gi tr
in p thp nht ngha l nh mc dng ct khng thay i khi s dng in p
thp hn.
Kh nng ct ngn mch i xng ln nht
- Vi cc s c nhiu pha, pha-pha, kh nng ct ngn mch i xng yu cu
l gi tr ln nht ca thnh phn i xng ca dng ngn mch (tnh bng ampere
hiu dng thi im tch h quang u tin) m my ct c yu cu ct
nhng in p vn hnh ch nh theo chu k thao tc chun v khng xt n thnh
phn mt chiu trong dng ngn mch tng. Gi tr s hc mt in p vn hnh
nm trong khong 1/K ln in p nh mc ln nht v in p nh mc ln nht
c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
85
Kh nng ct ngn mch i xng khng vt qu K ln dng ngn mch nh
mc.
Kh nng mang dng ngn hn 3s
- Kh nng mang dng ngn hn l gi tr dng ngn mch hiu dng m my
ct c kh nng mang trong ba giy. Gi tr hiu dng ny, c xc nh t ng
bao ca sng dng in ti thi im nh ln nht khng vt qu 1.6K ln gi tr
dng ngn mch nh mc, hay gi tr nh ln nht ca n khng vt qu 2.7K
ln dng in ngn mch nh mc v gi tr hiu dng c xc nh trong ton b
thi gian 3s khng vt qu K ln dng ngn mch nh mc.
I.2.3. Relay:
Relay l mt thit b dng nhn bit dng s c, nh thi gian v ng tr
li, ni chung l iu khin vic vn hnh ca my ct. Cc Relay l cc thit b bn
ngoi my ct v bn thn my ct khng c kh nng nhn bit c s c. C
nhiu loi Relay khc nhau cm nhn v p ng s tng h gia iu kin h
thng v cc i lng, bao gm cc loi nh: Relay qu dng, Relay qu p, Relay
bo v so lch, Relay tng tr, Relay th t pha (bo v ngc nhau). Relay bo
v qu dng v Relay t ng li hay chung c hai l hai loi Relay c dng ph
bin nht trong vic bo v h thng phn phi.
86
thng gy chuyn mch Relay c xc nh l dng ct nh nht v c xc nh
theo cng thc sau:
Dng ct nh nht = T s bin dng (CT) x Mc t(TAP)
Thi gian ct c xc nh t mc t thi gian. Mc t thi gian cao hn
lm cho a quay vi khong cch ln hn nn thi gian ct lu hn.
C nhiu dng ng c tnh TCC khc nhau v vic chn ng no ty
thuc vo tng ng dng c th.
Nhn chung, cc Relay c c tnh rt dc v siu dc c dng bo v cho
mng phn phi, v ln ca dng s c thng l hm ca ni xy ra s cv t
ph thuc vo ngun pht v iu kin in p, n cho php phi hp rt tt cc cu
ch v Recloser, cung cp b sung kh nng t bin ti sau khi mt in thi gian
di.
Cc Relay c c tnh dc v t dc, ni chung c p dng khi ln dng
s c l hm ca iu kin ngun pht thi im s c.
Cc Relay ngn hn dc c p dng bo v cc thit b nh cc b ngun
chnh lu khi cn cn nhc n s ct nhanhnhng khng qu nhanh nh ct tc
thi.
Cc Relay di hn dc dng bo v motor chng qu ti khi khng th ng
dng thit b nhit.
I.2.3.3. Ct tc thi:
Relay qu dng c h thng ct tc thi bng c kh c hot ng theo
nguyn tc cm ng in t. Gi tr dng ct nh nht c iu khin bng mt
nt bn trong ng dy. Nhng nc iu chnh tinh c iu khin bi nhng phn
t tc thi khc nhau. Dng ct nh nht l mt hm ca dng th cp v mc c,
c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
Dng ct nh nht = T s bin dng x tr s ca nc ci t tc thi
Nn chn t s bin dng sao cho dng lin tc (k c trong trng hp khn
cp) khng vt qu gi tr nh mc ca bin dng. Thng thng chn t s 1.25
n 1.5 ln dng ti nh chp nhn cc tnh hung tng ti khn cp.
87
I.2.3.5. Relay t ng li
Relay t ng li ch c thm chc nng nh thi khi my ct m v gi tn
hiu nh trc ny ng my ct. C hai loi Relay ng li: Relay nh thi
bng ng c ng b v Relay nh thi bng in t.
I.3. Recloser
I.3.1. Gii thiu chung:
My ct t ng ng li (Recloser) l thit b hp b cha trong mt mch
cn thit cm nhn c qu dng, thi gian xy ra qu dng, ngt c qu
dng v t ng ng li kch hot li ng dy. Nu s c l vnh cu th
Recloser s ct hn sau ba hay bn ln ng li v v vy s cch ly phn b h hng
khi cc phn chnh ca h thng. Lm vic vi hiu qu cao, nhm phn no gip
pht hin, thu hp v c lp khu vc s c ra khi h thng p ng c tnh lin
tc ca h thng in.
Do hu ht s c l tm thi (70 80%) v ko di trong vi chu k n mt
vi giy. Recloser vi kh nng ct v t ng ng li s loi tr vic ko di mt
in trn ng dy phn phi do s c ngn mch tm thi hay cc trng hp qu
dng qu .
88
b. Cu to Recloser mt pha:
89
mi thao tc ct ba pha. Ba pha c ni c kh i vi thao tc ct v ng li v
c truyn ng bi mt c cu duy nht.
90
thng. Mt phm vi iu chnh rng, c th thay i cc chc nng c bn nhm
gii quyt vn phc tp.
I.3.3. V tr lp t Recloser
Recloser c th t bt c ni no trn h thng, ni m cc thng s nh
mc ca Recloser tha mn cc i hi ca h thng. Nhng v tr hp l c th l:
- t ngay ti trm nh l thit b bo v chnh ca h thng.
- Trn ng dy chnh nhng cch xa trm phn on cc ng dy di
v v vy ngn chn s c n ton b h thng khi c s c ti cui ng dy.
- Trn cc nhnh r ca ng dy chnh nhm bo v ng dy chnh khi
cc s c trn cc nhnh r.
91
phi tc ng bo v, trc cc thit b t pha trc v cc thit b bo v d
phng.
S phi hp cc thit b c lp t v la chn phi ph hp theo cc quy
lut c bn sau v bo v h thng phn phi.
* To cho tt c cc s c thnh s c thong qua, v phn ln s c l s c
thong qua chim t 70% n 80%.
* Ch ct in hn i vi s c vnh cu.
* Phm vi mt in do s c phi l phn nh nht ca ng dy bo v.
II.2. Cc phng php phi hp gia cu ch vi cu ch:
II.2.1. Gii thiu
Phi hp gia cu ch vi cu ch cng tun theo ba nguyn tc nu phn
trn.
Khi s c xy ra hai hay nhiu cu ch c th tc ng v mt s c. Mt quy
tc c chp nhn i vi phi hp dy chy cu ch l thi gian ct ln ca dy
chy bo v khng c vt qu 75% thi gian chy nh nht ca dy chy c
bo v. iu ny m bo dy chy s ngt v xa c trc lc dy chy d phng
(c bo v) b h hi bng bt c cch no.
C ba phng php c th dng trong phi hp gia cu ch vi cu ch:
* Phng php ng dng nhng c tuyn TCC.
* Phng php dng bng phi hp.
* Phng php phi hp theo kinh nghim (theo quy lut xp lp).
Trong ba phng ny phng php ng dng nhng c tuyn TCC l phng
php chnh xc nht v phi c dng trong nhng vng phi hp ti hn (nhng
vng cn bo v chnh xc). Phng php dng bng c rt ra t s phi hp
phng php TCC nn tng i chnh xc v c th dng trong nhng tnh hung
lp li. Phng php phi hp theo kinh nghim l t chnh xc nht v s t c
s phi hp trong mt s ng dng gii hn.
92
Khi s dng dy chy lm thit b bo v, s phi hp cn bo v l dy chy
d phng ca pha ngun khng b nh hng g khi s c xy ra vng dy chy
bo v pha ti. Cc yu t cn quan tm thc hin iu ny l:
* Sai s ca thit b
* Nhit mi trng xung quanh
* Cc hiu ng khi c ti
* Cc hiu ng trc khi s c xy ra
Thng thng, nn dng mt yu t h nh mc khong 75% hn l i su
phn tch chi tit nhng yu t ny. iu ny gip chng ta t c s phi hp
nh mong mun (v ngn nga nhng tn hi cho dy chy d phng) bng cch
chn thi gian ct in ti a ca dy chy bo v khng ln hn 75% thi gian
chy nh nht ca dy chy d phng.
Sai s ca thit b trong cc cc c tuyn TCC thng t ng xem xt theo
TCC chun. n gin l da vo vng bo v ca cc c tuyn v so snh dng ct
ti a ca dy chy bo v vi dng chy ti thiuca dy chy c bo v.
Cc TCC c trnh by da trn mt nhit mi trng xung quanh l
25oC. Nhit mi trng xung quanh cao hn s gim thi gian chy v ngc li
gim nhit s tng thi gian chy. Do nhit bin ng hng ngy v hng nm
nn chng ta c th xy dng mt dy da trn nhit hng nm ln nht v nh
nht.
Anh hng ca dng ti trc , theo mc dng in chy qua dy chy
s lm tng nhit dy chy v do gim thi gian chy.
Cc nh hng ca hiu ng trc s c rt kh xc nh, mc m c tnh
xa s c ca cu ch c th b nh hng khi dng in tip cn mc chy nh nht
ca c tuyn TCC. trnh cc nh hng ca s h hi trc, trong bt k
trng hp no dy chy d phng khng c php c dng in trong phm vi
90% cu c tuyn chy nh nht ca n i qua.
V d v phi hp gia cc cu ch:
Cho s nh hnh v. Gi tr dng ngn mch cc i v dng ti c cho
trn s . Cc cu ch s dng u l loi K.
93
Hnh 49 S phi hp gia cu ch vi cu ch
94
Bng 2: Dy chy loi T EEI-NEMA
Dng nh mc Dng nh mc dy chy (A)
dy chy (A) 8T 10T 12T 15T 20T 25T 30T 40T 50T 65T 80T 100T 140T 200T
Bo v dng s c ln nht c cung cp bi dy chy bo v (A)
6T 350 680 920 1200 1500 2000 2540 3200 4100 5000 6100 9700 15200
8T 375 800 1200 1500 2000 2540 3200 4100 5000 6100 9700 15200
10T 530 1100 1500 2000 2540 3200 4100 5000 6100 9700 15200
12T 680 1280 2000 2540 3200 4100 5000 6100 9700 15200
15T 730 1700 2540 3200 4100 5000 6100 9700 15200
20T 990 2100 3200 4100 5000 6100 9700 15200
25T 1400 2600 4100 5000 6100 9700 15200
30T 1500 3100 5000 6100 9700 15200
40T 1700 3800 6100 9700 15200
50T 1750 4400 9700 15200
65T 2200 9700 15200
80T 7200 15200
100T 4000 13800
140T 7500
95
* Phi hp hai cu ch hn ch dng.
96
mt cu ch phi chu c 25 ln dng y ti trong thi gian 0,01 giy v 12 ln
dng y ti trong 0,1 giy.
S tng cao do ti lnh xy ra khi ng in tr li sau thi gia mt in. S
gia tng ny khc nhau, ph thuc vo h thng in. c tuyn ca cu ch c
chn phi chm hn c tuyn dng in trn nu c c c tuyn ny.
in p do st nh c th lm bo ha li thp my bin p, gy ra dng in
trn. Trong trng hp ny, nhng kinh nghim thc t s c p dng tt nht v
vic phn tch l rt phc tp. Ni chung, nu vic h hng do st nh l vn
ln th cc loi cu ch c kch thc ln s c p dng tt nht.
97
Cc nguyn tc ny nh hng n s chn la c tuyn bo v v trnh t
hot ng ca c thit b pha ngun, pha ti v v tr ca cc thit b ny trn li
phn phi. V tr v s lng thit b c xc nh tu trng hp c th.
* Cc gi tr nh mc ca Recloser:
- in p nh mc.
- Cp cch in (BIL).
- Dng lin tc ln nht.
- Dng ct tm thi nh nht.
- Dng ct ngn mch ln nht.
98
Thi gian
ng li Cc h s nhn
(chu k) Hai nhanh Mt nhanh
Bn chm
Hai chm Ba chm
25 2.7 3.2 3.7
30 2.6 3.1 3.5
50 2.1 2.5 2.7
90 1.85 2.1 2.2
120 1.7 1.8 1.9
240 1.4 1.4 1.45
600 1.35 1.35 1.35
Cu ch pha ngun
My bin p
RE Recloser
99
II.3.2.2. Phi hp Recloser vi cu ch pha ti
S phi hp tt nht gia Recloser v cu ch pha ti t c khi chn
Recloser c ch hot ng: hai ln tc ng nhanh - hai ln tc ng chm.
Trong thc t, s la chn ny ph thuc vo t l phn trm s c xy ra v c
im ca tng h thng. minh ha, gi s Recloser ngt ln u tin vi 70% s
c l thong qua v ngt ln th hai l 10%. Nu s c ko di hay vnh cu vn
cn th cu ch s tc ng xo s c trc khi Recloser thao tc ln th ba v th
t.
S phi hp s t hiu qu thp hn nu ta ci t Recloser ch mt ln
tc ng nhanh ba ln tc ng chm. Ch ny cng xa c 70% s c trong
ln ngt u tin ca Recloser, nhng n c s dng khi c cc thit b phn on
t ng c t gia Recloser v cu ch.
Khng th chn ch ci t cho Recloser tt c l nhanh hoc tt c chm,
nu tt c l nhanh th khng thi gian cu ch tc ng cn nu tt c l chm
th cu ch s tc ng ngay s c u tin.
Hai qui tc sau y chn cu ch bo v pha ti Recloser:
* Tt c gi tr dng s c c c ti v tr t cu ch, thi gian chy nh
nht ca cu ch phi ln hn thi gian tc ng nhanh ca Recloser khi hiu
chnh (nhn vi h s K). Vic nhn h s s m bo mt gii hn an ton gia
thi gian ct nhanh ca Recloser v thi gian chy ca cu ch nhm ngn nga s
ph hng hay t ca cu ch.
* Tt c cc gi tr dng in s c c th c trn nhnh r c bo v bng
cu ch th thi gian ct ln nht ca cu ch khng c ln hn thi gian tc ng
chm ca Recloser, khi Recloser c t nht hai ln tc ng chm. Nu cc c
tuyn phi hp gn nhau, Recloser c th ngt khi cu ch tc ng, nhng sau
ng li khi phc s cp in cho phn h thng cn li.
Phm vi phi hp gia Recloser v cu ch c c nh theo hai nguyn tc
trn. Nguyn tc 1 to ra dng phi hp ln nht, nguyn tc 2 to ra dng phi hp
nh nht. Dng phi hp ln nht c c khi c tuyn chy nh nht ca cu ch
ct c tuyn thi gian tc ng nhanh ca Recloser hiu chnh. Dng phi hp
nh nht l giao im gia c tuyn thi gian ct ln nht ca cu ch vi c
tuyn tc ng tr ca Recloser. Nu c tuyn thi gian ct ln nht ca cu ch
khng ct v nm di ng cong tc ng tr ca Recloser th dng phi hp nh
nht s l gi tr dng ngt nh nht ca Recloser.
II.4. Phi hp Relay vi cu ch
S phi hp gia relay v cu ch c hai ng dng chnh:
100
* Phi hp relay vi cu ch pha ngun.
* Phi hp relay vi cu ch pha ti.
Trong c hai trng hp trn, relay c xem nh mt b iu khin dng ct
v thi gian ca my ct, nhng mc ch phi hp ca hai ng dng ny hon ton
khc nhau.
Khi phi hp gia relay vi cu ch pha ngun l khi my ct c iu chnh
bng relay thc hin ton b cc tc ng m khng gy h hng hay chy ca cu
ch, ni cch khc l relay phi ngt trc khi cu ch tc ng, ch mt phn nh
ca mch c cch ly. Ngc li khi phi hp relay vi cu ch pha ti, thng
cho php c tuyn TCC ca relay chm hn c tuyn ca cu ch, cu ch tc
ng trc v ngn cch s c trc khi relay tc ng my ct, trng hp ny
nu thm vo cc relay tc ng tc thi nhanh hn tc ng ca cu ch pha ti
chu k tc ng du tin ca my ct s cung cp bo v s c thong qua.
Cu ch pha ngun
My bin p
Relay Relay
101
II.4.1.1. Phng php tng thi gian tch ly
Phng php phi hp n gin v lu i nht l thm vo b m thi gian
cc s c, thi gian c lp nh hn 10s, mt khong thi gian tiu biu theo yu
cu lm ngui hon ton v so snh thi gian tng ny vi c tuyn ca cu ch.
Mt thi gian d phng khong 50% ca c tuyn chy nh nht ca cu ch pha
ngun c cho php mang ti trc, nhit mi trng, s ph hoi trc v tnh
khng lp li ca relay. Mt vi ni s dng 0.3s lm thi gian d phng thay v
chn theo %.
110/15-22 KV
40 MVA
Breaker
/ Relay
Fuse
102
Trng hp n gin nht, mt relay qu dng c c tuyn n v mc ch
ca vic phi hp relay vi cu ch pha ti l m bo cho c tuyn relay chm
hn c tuyn cu ch. V vy khi cu ch tc ng trong trng hp s c cui
ng dy th my c bo v trnh s c vnh cu v ch mt phn nh ca
ng dy b mt in.
* Cc phng php tip cn vi bo v s c thong qua.
Mt ng dng khc cng cn quan tm l bo v s c thong qua. Bo v s
c thong qua bng cch thm mt phn t tc thi vo relay. Phm vi bo v c
th m rng bng cch h thp mc ci t tc thi. Tuy nhin, gii hn nh hn
thng c xc nh bi dng tng vt v s phi hp gia cc thit b pha sau v
gii hn cao hn c xc nh bi tc ca my ct.
II.5. Phi hp Recloser vi Recloser
II.5.1. Phi hp bng cch s dng c tuyn TCC
S phi hp Recloser vi Recloser c thc hin bng cch chn la cc gi
tr dng ct nh nht khc nhau Recloser in t. S la chn thch hp c xc
nh da vo c tuyn TCC ca cc Recloser.
Cc c tuyn TCC c chn s dng tt nht chnh nh thi gian kp,
mt c im ca tt c Recloser, m c th lp trnh mt hay cc tc ng u
tin ca Recloser l tc ng nhanh v sau l cc tc ng chm.
Mt iu cn quan tm khi phi hp Recloser vi Recloser l thi gian (chu
k) gia cc c tuyn ca hai Recloser phi c thi gian ti thiu khc nhau gia
cc c tuyn nhm ngn nga vic tc ng ng thi ca hai Recloser.
103
i vi Recloser in t vic chn dng ct nh nht khng th thay th cho
cng sut dng lin tc ln nht ca Recloser, dng ct nh nht c lp trnh
trong mch iu chnh khng ph thuc vo cc nh mc dng lin tc ln nht
ca Recloser. Tuy nhin, dng ct nh nht c chn theo gi tr dng ti nh
c d on trc v m bo Recloser tc ng i vi bt c dng s c no
trong vng bo v ca n.
V vic bo v s c thong qua l cn thit cho ng dy, gia Recloser ti
trm bin p v Recloser pha ti nn Recloser ti trm phi c t nht mt ln tc
ng nhanh. Recloser pha ti s phi hp vi Recloser pha ngun nu n c s ln
tc ng nhanh bng hay ln hn s ln tc ng nhanh ca Recloser pha ngun.
Cc c tuyn tc ng chm c chn cho Recloser pha ti tc ng ct hn
s c vnh cu m khng c phn d tr ct sau khi n thc hin tc ng nhanh.
Vic ct ng thi c th b loi tr bng cch chn cc c tuyn ph hp v dng
cc ng dng phi hp khc (ch tun t ca Mc Graw Edison).
104
nhanh ca Recloser pha ngun. c tuyn TCC nhanh ca Recloser pha ngun
phi c phn ng chm hn c tuyn TCC tc ng nhanh pha ti.
Cc bc tun t ca chng
ACR1 trnh, nhng tip im ca
Recloser vn ng
ACR1 ng
M
Ngt hn
ACR2
ACR2
A A B B
S c
Thi gian
Hnh 53 Trnh t ct tc thi
mc dng s c cao hn, c im ct tc thi s m rng tm phi hp ca
Recloser vi cc thit b bo v pha ngun. c im ny cho php b iu khin
cc c tnh dng s c c lp trnh tc ng Recloser lp tc ct dng s c m
khng cn thc hin khong thi gian tr trong ch hot ng theo c tuyn
TCC ci t trc , nhm trnh gy h hng thit b trn li phn phi.
Kh nng ct tc thi c th c lp trnh thc hin khi dng s c vt qu
dng ct nh nht mt bi s c chn ty thuc vo tng trng hp c th.
Trng thi ct tc thi c th ci t mt hay nhiu ln ty theo th t phi hp.
Khi s dng chc nng ny ct dng s c chm t th bi s ny khng nht
thit phi bng bi s dng s c pha.
Khi ng dng Recloser cho h thng phn phi v s dng trng thi ct tc
thi th bi s ny c th thay i bt k trong phm vi c sn ca nh sn xut.
105
Kha tc thi hot ging nh ct tc thi. c tnh ny c t ct hn b
iu khin sau mt, hai hay ba ln tc ng.
Ht chng !
106
CHNG 6:
SNG HI
CHNG 6:
SNG HI
Ta bit rng theo l thuyt cc ngun tc ng (l nhng tn hiu c a
n mch) tn ti trn li in l cc hm iu ha. Thc t cc ngun tc ng
ny trong li in khng phi lc no cng l hm iu ha, m n c th c hnh
dng bt k, bao gm nhiu thnh phn tn s trong c cc thnh phn tn s
no (ha tn) khc vi thnh phn tn s c bn m ta mong mun s nh
hng nht nh cho s hot ng ca mch v cc phn t trong li in. Khi
cc p ng trong mch cng s l cc qu trnh nhiu tn s.
108
I. L thuyt sng hi
I.1. Cc ngun gy sng hi trong li in:
Trong nhng nm gn y, cc thit b in t (nh b iu chnh tc ng
c, cc b chnh lu iu khin, my vi tnh,...) gy ra nhiu vn lin quan
n sng ha tn trong li in. i vi h thng truyn ti in th nh ch yu
do cm khng t ha phi tuyn ca my bin p, thit b h quang nh: cc l in
h quang, cc my hn, cc cun khng in trong cc thit b hot ng trn c s
cm ng in t.
i vi iu kin vn hnh khng cn bng gia cc pha nh in p h thng
khng cn bng, tng tr h thng hay ti khng cn bng mi thnh phn sng hi
c th xy ra trong ba thnh phn (thun, nghch, khng). Ngoi ra cc t b trong
li in thng kt hp vi cm khng li to ra mch cng hng lm khuch
i cc dng hi c tn s ln cn tn s cng hng tn ti trong li. Sau y i
xem xt chi tit cc ngun ha tn.
I.1.1. Ti phi tuyn:
Do ? ti phi tuyn tng tr ca n thay i, dng m n hp thu s khng sin
mc d in p t vo c tnh sin v t c th to nn ngun dng ha tn bm
vo h thng. Cc ti phi tuyn thng gp nh:
o Cc qu trnh chnh lu in p.
o Thit b vn phng v dn dng nh: UPS, my tnh, my photocopy TV,
n hunh quang...
o B iu chnh tc ng c.
o Thit b thuc lnh vc in cng ngh: my hn, l h quang...
I.1.1.1. Cc qu trnh chnh lu in p:
Nhng tin b vt bc ca lnh vc in t cng sut to c s cho cc b
chuyn i in v chng tr thnh ngun gy sng hi chnh trong h thng.
Cc b chnh lu c s dng rng ri nh:
+ AC/DC
+ AC/DC/AC
V d: cho mt h thng c chnh lu:
109
I dc
Vac
I ac
Vdc
A 4
-2
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Time (s)
3
2.5
A 1.5
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Hz
110
Trong thc t, dng dng in ca chnh lu 6 xung khng hon ton vung,
do gi tr thc ca sng hi nh hn gi tr l thuyt. Gi tr ny c th c tnh
xp x bng cng thc:
I1
Ih = 1. 2
vi 5 h 31
5
h
h
Bng 1.1: Gi tr phn trm ca cu chnh lu 6 xung
I1 I5 I7 I11 I13 I17 I19 I23 I25 I29 I31
100% 18.9% 11% 5.9% 4.8% 3.4% 3% 2.3% 2.1% 1.8% 1.6%
I.1.1.2. Ngun cung cp dng in DC cho computer:
Dng sng dng in b cp ngun cho my tnh:
V(t)
I(t)
111
Cc loi dn phng in chn lu in t sinh ra ngun hi tng t nh b
ngun cung cp in cho my vi tnh.
I.1.1.4. B lu in (UPS):
Hin nay nhu cu dng UPS bo m lin tc trong s dng in ca
khch hng ang gia tng. Do UPS cng l 1 ngun hi quan trng nh hng
n h thng.
Bng 1.4: Gi tr % ca dng hi ca b UPS model GALAXY:
I1 I5 I7 I11 I13 I17 I19
100% 33% 2.5% 6.1% 2.4% 2.5% 1.6%
I.1.1.5. B iu tc:
B iu tc dng cc mch in t cng sut iu khin tc ng c,
c bit thng s dng cho ng c khng ng b. Do b iu tc cng pht
sinh dng hi nh cc ti chnh lu.
i vi b iu tc iu khin tc cho ng c khng ng b, kt qu
kho st cho bit dng hi ca chng sinh ra ph thuc vo:
+ T s cng sut ngn mch ca h thng (SSC) v cng sut biu kin ca
b iu tc (Sn).
+ T l phn trm gia cng sut biu kin ng c Sm so vi cng sut biu
kin ca b iu tc.
Bng 1.5: Gi tr dng hi b iu tc ng c khng ng b vi
Sm=1OO%Sn
Sm =100%Sn I1 I5 I7 I11 I13 I17 I19 I23 I25
SSC=250%Sn 100% 85% 72% 41% 27% 8% 5% 6% 5%
SSC=100%Sn 100% 73% 52% 16% 7% 7% 5% 3% 3%
SSC=50%Sn 100% 63% 35% 6.2% 1.3% / / / /
Gi tr dng hi b iu tc ng c khng ng b vi Sm=1OO%Sn
Sm=50%Sn I1 I5 I7 I11 I13 I17 I19 I23 I25
SSC=250%Sn 100% 90.5% 82% 59.5% 48% 25.5% 16.5% 6% 4.5%
SSC=100%Sn 100% 82% 66.5% 33% 19.5% 7% 6.5% 5% 3.5%
SSC=50%Sn 100% 74.3% 53.9% 18.3% 7.9% 1.9% 2.5% / /
Cng sut ng c cng ln th gi tr dng hi cng nh do:
Ih Sm
Ih = *100 ; I 1 =
I1 3 *U 1 Ha Xuan Truong
Phone : 0906561078
Email : TruongHaXuan@gmail.com
112
I.1.1.6. L h quang:
Trong thc t cc l quang thng dng trong ngnh cng nghip thp c s
nguyn l nh Hnh1.4.
Vi l h quang xoay chiu, sng hi to ra l phi tuyn, bt i xng v
khng n nh. N sinh ra dng hi bc chn, l v ph lin tc.
Vi l h quang mt chiu, c cp in qua b chnh lu tnh dng
Thyristor th sinh cc dng hi bc cao nh b chnh lu v tnh lin tc ca ph
dng in mc nh hn l h quang dung in AC.
HV HV
Transformer Transformer
Cable Cable
Rectifier
Furnace
Cable
Hnh
Furnace
Hnh 2.4b
113
u v trng pha vi , ngha l dng in io ngoi thnh phn sng c bn cn c
cc thnh phn sng hi bc cao 3, 5, 7..., trong ng ch l thnh phn hi bc
3 ln nht v ng k hn c, cn cc thnh phn khc kh nh.
I.1.4. Li in:
Li in tn ti cc hi p do nh hng ca cc ti tiu th (cng nghip v
dn dng). y l cn c nh gi cht lng sng hi ca li in. Kim sot
cc ngun nhiu ha tn tc ng ln h thng nng cao cht lng in nng
cho khch hng.
114
I.2. nh hng ca sng hi n cc thit b in:
Sng hi nh hng n tt c cc thit b trong li in, s tn ti ca chng
lm gim cht lng in nng gy ra mt s vn sau:
I.2.1. My in quay:
Vn quan tm trc tin v cc dng in v in p iu ha l s tng
nhit . Cc thnh phn ha tn nh hng n hiu sut my, gia tng nhit, tn
tht in nng.
Tn hao do dng in Foucault t l vi bnh phng tn s:
PFe=keB2f2
Tn hao do hin tng t tr t l vi tn s:
Erms=4,44kdqwphf
Do , khi my pht nui ti phi tuyn, dng hi bc cao s to ra tn tht
ph v mment p mch trong my pht do tn tht dng Foucault t l vi bnh
phng tn s, cn tn tht do t tr t l vi tn s, gy cho my in nng ln,
gy ra tn tht in nng v gim hiu sut ca my pht.
Khi ha tn in p xut hin th tn ti dng ha tn ng c nh hng tc
quay ca ng c gy nn hin tng rung trong my in do t trng p
mch pht sinh bi dng th t khng. Nguy him hn l trong mt s trng hp
khi tn s rung gy ra bi ha tn trng vi tn s dao ng c hc ca my in
d dn n ph hy my.
S tc ng khc nhau gia cc sng hi, mt t thng pht sinh tng hp
trong khe h khng kh trong cm ng ba pha khi in p khng sin s lm ra ting
n.
I.2.2. My bin p:
My bin p cng b nh hng ca sng hi bc cao. Sng hi bc cao gy
ra tn hao v gy nhiu ln mch t ca n.
*Tn hao Joule:
Ta c: PCu=R.I2rms
M: I 2rms = I12 + I 2p
p =2
=> Dng ha tn bc cao cng ln th tn hao Joule cng tng.
*Tn hao st t gm tn hao do dng in xoy v tn hao do t ha:
Tn hao do dng in xoy: Pxoy = keB2f2
Tn hao do t ha: Erms=4,44kdqwphf
=> Khi tn s hi cng cao gy nn tn hao st t cng cao.
115
Khi c dng hi bc cao, tn tht st v tn tht t thng tn s tng ln. Tn
tht ng do t l vi bnh phng dng in nn cng tng v hin tng t tr cc
sng hi gy bo ha mch t v tt c chng lm gia tng nhit , lm cho MBA
lm vic b qu ti gy ra chy my.
o Tn hao cch in: Khi lm vic vi tn s cao dn n cc qu trnh ho l
xy ra lin tc tn tht in mi mau chng gi ci hn so vi lm vic in p
hnh sin. phn cc tg tng gp i sau hai nm lm vic vi ngun c mo
dng THD=5%.
Pe=U2..C.tg
Vi U: in p t ln hai u cch in
C =r..S/d ;
tn s gc;
tg h s tn hao in mi.
Do nh hng ca cc yu t trn MBA hot ng di cng sut nh mc.
Thng ngi ta s dng h s suy gim cng sut:
1
k= <1
2
I 1,6
1 + 0,1 h p
h=2 I1
vi h: bc hi;
I1: dng in hi c bn
Qua ta thy MBA c cng sut nh mc Sn th ch c php cung cp
cho ti c cng sut l k.Sn
V d: ti dng Switchmode Power Supply c cung cp bi MBA cng
sut 250KVA
Bng 1.6: Gi tr dng hi ca b Computer Switch Power Supply
I1 I3 I5 I7 I9 I11
100% 130% 70% 50% 30% 10%
Khi h s MBA theo (1.4) c xc nh:
=> k = 0,532 v cng sut MBA ti thiu l 470KVA
Theo tiu chun IEE57 1200-1980 a ra gii hn i vi cc sng hi dng
in ti trong my bin p 0,05pu gi tr h s iu ha dng in. Tiu chun ca
gi tr in p hiu dng cc i m MBA phi chu ng trng thi xc lp l 5%
ti nh mc v 10% ch khng ti. Cc tr s hiu dng ca cc thnh phn
iu ha trong in p s dng khng vt qu gi tr nh mc ny.
I.2.3. Dy trung tnh:
Dng chy trong dy trung tnh c th coi bng khng. Tuy nhin, li 3 pha
cung cp cho cc ti khng i xng lun c dng chy trong dy trung tnh. Do
nu h thng cn bng khi xut hin sng hi trong li in nht l hi bi ba chy
trong dy trung tnh s c khuch i ln 3 ln theo biu thc di c th vt
qu gi tr pht nng cho php ca dy dn theo biu thc:
116
I N = 3I o + 3I k cos(kt k )
k =3, 6 , 9 ,...
117
o Cng hng ni tip: cc trng hp b dc cng hng ni tip
c th lm tng dng hi ca h thng
S :
XL XC
Power
Ih System
Khi ta c:
+ Tn s cng hng:
XC
fr =
XL
+H s khuch i:
R C Qbu S SC
K= =R =
LSC h LSC P
Substation XL
XC Ih
118
N lc ny nhm s dng qu nh mc cc t in trong cc iu kin
khng bnh thng, chng hn trong cc iu kin c sng hi. Lin quan n vic
t b cho ph ti, cc gin t b cng sut phn khng thng c ghp song song
li in ti thanh gp cc trm b. T b khng trc tip sinh ra sng ha tn,
nhng n kt hp cm khng ca li to nn mch cng hng, mch ny c
th khuch i cc sng ha tn bc cao c sn trong li in.
Cc h thng t b ny khi m tn s dao ng ring ca h thng ny t
gi tr gn bng vi mt sng hi ring bit no , hin tng cng hng ring s
xy ra. Lc ny, in p v dng in ca sng hi lin quan s c khuch i
ln. Trong trng hp c bit ny, dng in t gi tr cao lm nng qu mc t
in, lm gim cht lng in mi v hu qu ko theo l gy hng t in.
I.2.7. nh hng n cc thit b khc:
Gy ch th sai i vi thit b o lng v d nh thit b kim tra cch in
thng trc (PIM) th khi c hi bi bc cao c th c dng trn dy trung tnh, PIM
c th nhn thy v bo tn hiu sai hoc i vi cc CB in t khi c sng hi c
th lm CB tc ng khng mong mun.
Lm tng nhit my ct, nh hng kh nng ct dng ca my ct do dng
hi tn ti lm tng dng hiu dng qua my ct dn n my ct tc ng sai lch.
Cc my ct hot ng ct khng c do cc cun ct khng c kh nng
vn hnh thch hp trong iu kin hin din cc sng hi phc tp.
Sng hi gy nn trng thi vn hnh khng mong mun ca cu ch (do l
c tnh thi gian v dng in ca cc dy ch).
S xut hin cc dng in trong dy trung tnh gy tc ng chc nng ca
cc relay (nh relay pht hin dng r, dng chm t...).
Sng hi trong h thng lm relay c th tc ng sai. Do relay hot ng
ph thuc vo tr nh ca in p v dng in. Do chng chu nh hng trc
tip bi s mo dng ca sng hi. Cc loi relay bo v c th tc ng sai do hin
tng mo dng dng hay p.
i vi cc n chiu sng trong cc chn lu c t v cun cm sng hi
gy cng hng to nn s gia tng nhit gy h hng.
Gy kch dn khng ng thi im cho cc thit b cng sut, h hng cc
phn t trong b lc ca ng dy s dng trong h thng thng tin.
Cc thit b truyn dn iu khin t xa s vn hnh sai nu tn s sng
hi gn vi tn s truyn dn.
119
I.3. Phng php khc phc ha tn:
Sng hi tn ti v gy nn nhng tc hi ngim trng n li in v cc
thit b s dng in. Chng ta khng th kh c hon ton sng hi nhng vi
nhiu bin php khc nhau, ngi ta c th gim nh hng sng hi n gi tr cho
php. Trong mc ny s gii thiu mt s bin php thc tin dng gim nh
hng ca sng hi.
I.3.1. Dng cun khng trit sng hi:
+ Nguyn l lp t:
Bng cch t cun cm mc ni tip vi t C v t ti thanh ci trm gim
p chnh. Khi iu kin cng hng song song dch chuyn khi tn s kho st
v tn s thp hn.
LSC
L R Ti phi tuyn
LSC L R V Ih
C h
C
Trong o:
R: in tr c trng cho cng sut tc dng ca ti tuyn tnh
Lsc: in cm ngn mch t h thng
L: in cm ca cun khng trit hi
C: in dung ca t b
Ih: Ngun hi thay th cho ti phi tuyn
Cun cm mc ni tip vi t to mch cng hng ni tip LC tn s fr.
Tn s ca mch bao gm LSC mc song song vi nhnh LC c gi l tn
s chng cng hng far, ti tn s ny tr khng tng ng ca mng in l R.
Tr khng tng ng ca mch in:
1 1 1 1
= j + +
Z eq LSC L 1 R
C
Cng hng ni tip nhnh LC:
1
fr =
2 LC
120
1
f ar =
2 ( L + LSC )C
Zeq()
Tng tr ca
mng in
Tng tr
ngun
f(Hz)
far fr Di tn s cc hi khng mong mun
Hnh 62 Tng tr ca mng in khi lp t cun cm trit hi
o Dng cng hng chy qua mch lc, khng chy v ngun. Cc hi p c
sn trn thanh ci kt ni vi mch lc LC m cng tn s vi tn s cng hng
u b loi b. C th t nhiu mch lc LC kh cc bc hi cn quan tm nhm
t c h s mo dng p mong mun.
o Ti cc tn s hi, tr khng tng ng c gi tr gn bng tr khng
ngn mch. V th, h s mo dng in p c gi tr hu nh khng i so vi
trng hp khng c nhnh LC c ngha l vic lp t t b v cun cm chng
hi khng lm tng tr khng ngun. V th khng lm tng s mo dng in p.
o Ti cc tn s hi, tr khng nhnh LC cao hn tr khng ngn mch nhiu
nn dng hi ch chy qua tr khng ngn mch v ngun m khng chy qua t
nn khng cn bo v t in.
o i vi tn s cng hng song song t chu nh hng ca tr khng
ngun do in cm ca cun chng hi thng ln hn tr khng ngun (t 2->9
ln).
o Mch in s cng hng hai tn s khc nhau (far<fr). cng hng
khng xy ra hon ton th cn thit bo m hai tn s cng hng ny nh hn
hai tn s hi cn c bo v. V khi tn s cao hn tn s cng hng ni
tip th XL ln hn XC tc l nhnh ni tip LC gn nh ch c cun cm. Nhnh
ny mc song song vi cm khng ngun Xsc nn khng c iu kin xy ra cng
hng.
Khi lp t cun cm trit hi cn lu :
o Cng sut b phn khng ca nhnh LC ln ch c t:
121
p r2
Q= Qn
p r2 1
pr l bc cng hng
Qn: Cng sut phn khng b nh mc ca t
Bng 1.7: Cng sut b ng vi bc cng hng
122
oMch lc kp:
Mch lc kp c to t hai mch lc LC kt ni vi nhau qua in
tr R. Hot ng ca mch lc ny l gim tn s chng cng hng ang tn ti
gia hai tn s iu chnh ca hai nhnh song song
123
Hnh 63 Nguyn l ca Mch lc tch cc
124
II. Phng php tnh sng hi ca phn mm
PSS/ADEPT 5.0
Vi cc ph ti tnh, ng c khng ng b, ng c ng b, t in mc
shunt, ng dy v cp, v my bin p, m hnh sng hi thng c dng
xc nh gi tr tng tr mt hi cho trc.
Mi thnh phn ca li in c phng trnh tnh gi tr tng tr tng ng.
(14)
vi:
125
V = in p Fs = tn s c bn (phn ni tip)
R = in tr S* = lin hp phc ca cng sut
X = in khng ti P jQ (trn mi pha)
(15)
Vi:
Z(H) = tng tr hi bc H
i vi phn ti tnh mc song song, in tr v in khng tn s c bn l:
(16)
vi:
R = in tr
X = in khng
V = in p
Fp = tn s c bn (phn song song)
P = kW
Q = kvar
S bin thin ca tng tr theo bc ca hi c cho bi cng thc:
(17)
vi:
(18)
vi:
Cp1 = h s m hiu ng b mt ca ti (phn song song ca ti)
126
Cp2 = h s m in khng ca ti (phn song song ca ti)
II.1.2. ng c khng ng b
ng c khng ng b c biu din bi m hnh lng sc i c tng tr thay
i theo tn s trt cho trc. in tr ng c khng ng b thay i theo sng
hi nh sau:
(19)
vi:
R0(H) = in tr th t khng hi bc H
in khng ng c khng ng b thay i theo sng hi nh sau:
(20)
X0(H) = in khng th t khng hi bc H
C4 = h s m in khng ng c
Tng tr tng ng trt cho trc c tnh bng cch s dng in tr v
in khng c iu chnh theo tn s nh trn ni. tn s sng hi, trt
c tnh nh sau:
(21)
vi:
s(H) = trt hi bc H
s1 = trt tn s c bn
Khi ng c khng ng b c ni t, tng tr ni y c tnh nh sau:
(22)
vi:
Zg(H) = tng tr ni t hi bc H
127
Rg = in tr ni t
Xg = in khng ni t
C1 = h s m hiu ng b mt ni t
C2 = h s m in khng ni t
in tr v in khng ni t mc ni tip.
II.1.3. ng c ng b
ng c ng b c biu din bi in khng siu qu v th t khng ca n
v bi in tr phn ng v th t nghch. in tr ng c ng b bin thin theo sng
hi nh sau:
(23)
vi:
Ra(H) = in tr phn ng hi bc H
R2(H) = in tr th t nghch hi bc H
in khng ng c ng b bin thin theo sng hi nh sau:
vi:
X"d(H) = in khng siu qu hi bc H
X0 = in khng th t khng
C4 = h s m in khng ng c
Tng tr ng c ng b th t thun, nghch v khng l:
(24)
vi:
Z0 = tng tr th t khng
128
Z1 = tng tr th t thun
Z2 = tng tr th t nghch
Khi ng c ng b c ni t, tng tr ni t c tnh nh sau:
(25)
vi:
Zg(H) = tng tr ni t hi bc H
C1 = h s m hiu ng b mt ni t
C2 = h s m in khng ni t
in tr v in khng ni t mc ni tip.
II.1.4. T in mc shunt
T in mc shunt c nh ngha bi cng sut phn khng (kvar) m n cung cp
in p danh nh. Reactor mc shunt tiu th cng sut phn khng. Tng tr ca t
in/reactor mc shunt bin thin theo sng hi nh sau:
(26)
vi:
kV = kV c bn ca t in
KVAra = cng sut phn khng ca t in
Khi t in/reactor mc shunt c ni t, tng tr ni t c tnh nh sau:
(27)
vi:
Zg(H) = tng tr ni t hi bc H
C1 = h s m hiu ng b mt ni t
C2 = h s m in khng ni t
in tr v in khng ni t mc ni tip.
129
II.1.5. ng cy v cp
C 3 m hnh sng hi cho ng dy. l:
ng dy IEEE
Cp IEEE
Hiu chnh ng dy di tu c th p dng cho c 3 m hnh.
ng dy IEEE (M hnh 1)
(28)
Cp IEEE (M hnh 2)
(29)
ng dy v cp t to (M hnh 3)
(30)
Vi: b0 = tng dn nhnh th t khng
r1 = in tr th t thun
x1 = in khng th t thun C1 = h s m hiu ng b mt th
b1 = tng dn nhnh th t thun t thun
r0 = in tr th t khng C2 = h s m hiu ng b mt th
t khng
x0 = in khng th t khng
130
C3 = h s m in khng th t C5 = h s m in np th t
thun thun
C4 = h s m in khng th t C6 = h s m in np th t
khng khng
II.1.5.1. Hiu chnh ng dy di
Hiu chnh ng dy di phi c p dng cho [r1(H), x1(H), b1(H)] v [r0(H),
x0(H), b0(H)] thu c cc thng s tp trung ca ng dy [R1(H), X1(H), G1(H),
B1(H)] v [R0(H), X0(H), G0(H), B0(H)] nh sau:
(31)
Thng s tp trung tng ng c tnh nh sau:
(32)
vi:
131
R1 = in tr th t thun B0 = tng dn nhnh th t khng
X1 = in khng th t thun G0 = thng s tp trung in dn
B1 = tng dn nhnh th t thun shunt th t khng
(34) (35)
My bin p ty vi:
R1 = in tr
X1 = in khng
H = bc ca hi
C3 = h s m hiu ng b mt
my bin p
C4 = h s m in khng my bin p
C1 = h s m hiu ng b mt ni t
C2 = h s m in khng ni t
132
II.2. Tnh ton sng hi
II.2.1. Tng dn v tng tr
Mi biu din tuyn tnh ca li in m hnh ha tng phn t bng mt
tng dn tnh tn s hi tng ng.
Ngun ca sng hi c xem nh khng hp thu bt c sng hi dng in
no.
mi tn s, ma trn tng dn v tha s s dng k thut thao tc trn ma
trn tha. S tha s ho mi tn s l cn thit v tng dn ca mi phn t thay
i theo tn s.
Ma trn tng dn c tnh theo s pha. Cc phn t m t bi d liu chui
c cha trong ma trn con 3x3 (trong phn tch 3 pha). Bc ca ma trn c tnh
lc bt u php tnh.
Ht chng !
135
CHNG 7:
XC NH V TR B
TI U
CHNG 7:
XC NH V TR B TI U
Bi ton tnh dung lng b quan trng trong qu trnh qun l, vn hnh
li in bi nhng li ch u th ca n mang li: Nng cao kh nng ti ca dy
dn, gim cng sut ngun, gim c tn tht in nng li in,..
Vi c im ca li in trung th cc in lc khu vc ca Cng ty in
lc 2, tri rng trn a bn ln vi chiu di mi pht tuyn trung bnh (c th ln
hn 10km). Do vy, theo nh tnh, tn tht cui ng dy ln, nhu cu cng sut
khng cao v ci thin in p cho li.
Trc y, Cng ty in lc 2 cha c cng c mnh, cc phn mm chuyn
dng tnh cc bi ton ny. Thng s dng cc biu thc tnh tay, do vy
chnh xc cha cao.
Phn mn PSS/ADEPT vi chc nng tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u trn
li, c th p dng tnh ton cho li in trn a bn.
C th nh gi rng, vic p dng phn mm ny, s mang li hiu qu thit
thc. c bit vic p dng thnh cng bi ton tnh dung lng b s gip in
lc xc nh nhu cu cng sut khng cho ton li, kim tra cc v tr b hin hu
v phc v cng r sot nh gi tng th bi ton b theo c th ring ca li
in do cc in lc khu vc qun l. Bi ton ny gip in lc p dng ngay cc
kt qu tnh ton t PSS/ADEPT vo cng tc c th ang trin khai ti in lc.
137
I. L thuyt b cho li phn phi:
tnh ton dung lng b cho tng pht tuyn, ta phi da vo pht tuyn
xt xem c bao nhiu nhnh ln cn b. Nu pht tuyn khng c nhnh r
ln th vic tnh ton b ch xt trn pht tuyn m thi. Cn nu pht tuyn
c nhiu nhnh ln th ta phi tin hnh tnh ton b trn cc nhnh coi nh cc
nhnh r l mt pht tuyn mi.
Sau y l cch tnh ton dung lng b cho tng pht tuyn:
Xc nh dung lng b tng cho tng pht tuyn:
Qb = P (tg1 - tg2) (KVAr).
Dung lng b tng ca pht tuyn:
Qb max= Pmax(tg1 - tg2) (KVAr).
Dung lng b ti cc tiu (b nn):
Qb min = Qb nn = Pmin(tg1 - tg2) (KVAr).
Dung lng b ti cc i (ng ng):
Qb = Qbmax - Qb min (KVAr).
Trong : Cng sut tc dng ca pht tuyn l:
Pmax= 3 .U.Imax cos1 (KW)
1 cos2 1 1 0,952
cos2=0,95 tg 2 = = = 0,328
cos 1 0,95
Xc nh h s ph ti ca pht tuyn:
Stt max Pmax
+ max = =
S m S m .cos 1
Trong :
Pmax
+ Stt max =
cos 1
138
Pmin
+ Stt min =
cos 1
n
+ S m = Smi : Cng sut t ca cc my bin p trn pht
i =1
tuyn
Xc nh v tr t t b ti u:
+ Trng hp t mt v tr:
+ Phng trnh gim tn tht khi t mt t b trn pht tuyn:
P= 3.c..x1[(2 - x1)+.x1 - c]
o hm P theo x1 v cho bng khng:
P
= 3. c. [(2 x1 + x1 . c) + ( 1)] = 0
x1
2c
suy ra x1 =
2(1 )
n gin trong vic tnh ton, ta p dng cng thc t s b ti u
trng hp tng qut:
2
c=
2n + 1
Khi t mt t b trn pht tuyn, th t s b ti u s l: c=2/3
i vi ph ti phn b u, dng phn khng cui ng dy bng
khng: I2=0 =0, =1.
2
Vy v tr t t b ti u l: x1 = chiu di pht tuyn.
3
+ Trng hp t hai v tr:
+ Phng trnh gim tn tht khi t mt t b trn pht tuyn:
P=3.c..{[x1(2 - x1)+.x1 - 3c]+x2[(2-x2)+x2. - c]}
o hm P theo x1,x2 v cho bng khng:
139
P
x = 3. c. [(2 x 1 + . x 1 3. c) + x 1 ( 1)] = 0
1
P = 3. c. [(2 x 2 ) + . x 2 c + x 2 ( 1)] = o
x 2
Suy ra
2 3c
x 1 = 2(1 )
x 2 = 2 c
2(1 )
n
N
1+ i
Ne = (1)
n =1 1 + r
143
kvar th chng trnh s t cc t c nh 100 kvar cho n khi tm c iu kin
ti u. Tng t nh vy cho t b ng ng.
Cc nt hp l: chn cc nt hp l ti c th t t c nh v ng ng
bng cch nh du vo trc tn ca nt. Ban u tt c cc nt trong li in
u ph hp t cc di t c nh v ng ng. (tt c cc u c nh du
sn)
nh du chn hoc b chn cc nt lin tip nhau: nhn chut vo nt u tin,
nhn v gi phm Shift, nhn chut vo nt cui cng trong dy cc nt m ta mun
chn.
nh du chn hoc b chn cc nt khng lin tip nhau: nhn v gi nt Ctrl,
nhn chut vo bn cnh cc nt mun chn.
144
iu ny l khng ng trong t nht 4 trng hp sau:
- Ch cn mt vi t b c nh v vn c th tit kim c khi ct ht cc t
b c nh ny ra.
- Nhng nt ph hp cho vic t t b ng ng li khc vi cc nt ph hp
vi t b c nh.
- Thit lp gi tin ca t b ng ng r hn t b c nh, khi sau khi t
b c nh c t ln li th vn c th tit kim chi ph nu t t b ng
ng.
- Thit lp ln ca t b ng ng nh hn t b c nh.
Nhng nt ph hp (cho t b ng ng) trn li c xem xt tm nt cho
ra s tin tit kim ln nht trong tt c cc trng hp.
C 2 s tinh t trong qu trnh tnh ton ny. Mt l, nu t t b ng ng gy
ra qu in p trong mt trng hp ti no th t b ny s c ct ra trong
sut qu trnh tnh ton. Hai l, nu t b gy ra chi ph qu cap cho mt trng hp
ti no th n cng c ct ra khi li trong trng hp ti . Ch thc hin
vic tnh tin tit kim c trong cc trng hp ti m t b c ng ln li.
Vic tnh ton c thc hin n khi:
- Tin tit kim khng b p c chi ph cho t b ng ng.
- Khng cn t b ng ng ng ln li.
tham kho, tt c cc phng trnh c trong qu trnh tnh ton CAPO s
c lit k bn di. Chi ph ca t b, bao gm tin lp t v bo tr, c lit
k cho loi t b c nh trc. Cng thc l tng t cho t b ng ng.
CostF = sF x (cF + Ne x mF) (4)
Nu c nhiu trng hp ph ti, s c nhiu bin cn c nh ngha hn. Gi
s c K trng hp ph ti trong CAPO, mi trng hp c khong thi gian l dk.
Gi switchk l trng thi ng ct ca t b ng ng, switchk = 1 ngha l t b
ng ln li trong sut trng hp ti v = 0 l t b c ct ra.
Tin tit kim cho mi t b c nh (lun c ng vo li) l tng tin tit
kim ca tt c cc trng hp ti.
K K
SavingsF = 8760 Ne cP xPk + cQ xQk (5)
k =1 k =1
Tin tit kim cho t b ng ng cng lin quan n lch ng ct ca t.
K K
SavingsS = 8760 Ne cP switchk xPk + cQ switchk xQk
k =1 k =1
(6)
hon tt ta xt n phng trnh tnh Ne:
145
n
N
1+ i
Ne = (7)
n =1 1 + r
Ni tm li, CAPO t t b c nh ln li cho n khi xy ra iu kin dng.
Sau t b ng ng c t ln li cho n khi xy ra iu kin dng tng
ng ca t b ng ng. Tng chi ph ca qu trnh ti u l chi ph lp t v bo
tr ca tt c cc t c ng ln li; chi ph tit kim tng l tng ca cc chi
ph tit kim thu li c ca tng t b.
CAPO c th t nhiu t b c nh v/hoc nhiu t b ng ng ti mi nt.
PSS/ADEPT s gp cc t b ny thnh mt t b c nh v/hoc mt t b ng
ng. T b ng ng n s c nc iu chnh tng ng v lch ng ct t s
biu din cc bc ng ct ca tng t b n.
146
Hnh 67 Kt qu tnh ton CAPO
Ht chng !
147
CHNG 8:
NH GI TIN CY
CHNG 8:
NH GI TIN CY
Hin nay, trong cc Cng ty in lc ang theo di mt in, thng k s v,
thi gian mt in nhng cha p dng cc ch s c th nh gi tin cy
cung cp in ca li in. Cc s liu bo co nh 347 v/278.66 gi s c,
1094 v/859.34 gi ct in t xut,... cha th hin c mc , phm vi mt
in, trnh qun l li in.
Cc cng ty in lc trn th gii thng xy dng mt s ch s nh lng
c th nh gi. Cc thng s bo co nh bnh qun khch hng khu vc sinh
hot b mt in 3 v/nm, 120 pht/nm,... s c th, d hiu, d nh gi hn.
Mc tiu ca bo co l gii thiu cc ch s ny, cch nh gi (d on) v
thng k cc ch s trn li in. Mi n v (Cng ty in lc hoc Hip hi in
lc) t xy dng cc ch tiu nh gi. Cc t chc in lc uy tn nh IEEE,
EEI (Edison Electric Institue), EPRI (Electric Power Reasearch Institute) v CEA
(Canadian Electric Association) xy dng nhiu ch s c nhiu n v p dng.
Trong , h thng ch s ca IEEE l ph bin nht. Cc ch s tin cy ca h
thng truyn ti nh BPII (Bulk Power Interruption Index), BPECI (Bulk Power
Energy Curtailment Index), MPBCI (Modified Bulk Power Curtailment Index),...
khng nm trong phm vi bo co ny.
Theo IEEE, cc ch s tin cy (Reliability Index - RI) ca li phn phi bao
gm SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, ASAI, ASUI, ENS v AENS.
Chng ny trnh bi l thuyt v nhiu v d v tin cy v phng php
tnh. Cch trin khai gii bi ton tin cy li in trong phn mm PSS/ADEPT
cng c trnh by tp theo. Hc vin cn nm vng cc kin thc ny c th
thc hin tt cc bi tp trong cc bui thc hnh phn mm.
149
I. L thuyt bi ton nh gi tin cy
I.1. tin cy l g
tin cy l xc sut lm vic tt ca mt thit b trong mt chu k di cc
iu kin vn hnh c th nghim.
I.2. C 4 phn lin quan n tin cy
nh ngha sau y c chia thnh 4 phn c bn:
Xc sut t nhin
Ch lm vic thch hp (tu thuc vo cc yu cu)
Thi gian cung cp cng sut lin tc
Cc iu kin vn hnh (c th khc nhau)
I.3. tin cy ca h thng in
Phn loi thnh hai hng c bn
p ng h thng
An ninh h thng
I.4. p ng h thng
Lin quan n kh nng lm vic ca my pht, li truyn ti, li phn phi
trong vic cung cp in ti khch hng.
S p ng s lin quan n cc iu kin tnh ca h thng.
I.5. An ninh h thng
An ninh h thng ni ln kh nng p ng vi cc nhiu lon xy ra trong
chnh h thng , do vy lin quan vi h thng trng thi ng. Ch rng hu
ht tt c cc k thut hin c dng vo vic tnh ton tin cy ca h thng in
nm trong phm vi nh gi p ng tnh.
I.6. Cc lnh vc chc nng
Cc phn khc nhau ca h thng in c nh gi ring bit vi nhau theo
khu vc chc nng tnh ton.
150
I.7. Cc mc nh ga tin cy p ng tnh.
I.7.1. Mc th nht:
Nghin cu v kh nng ca h my pht cp in cho ti. H thng truyn ti
khng c xt n mc ny. Ch s tin cy ca mc th nht l Ch S D Bo
Mt Ti (LOLE) v Ch S D Bo Thiu Nng lng Cung Cp (LOEE).
I.7.2. Mc th hai:
Nghin cu v h thng pht v h thng truyn ti cung cp nng lng ti
cc nt ti. Cc nghin cu ny l nh gi hn hp ca h thng. Ch s ca mc II
mang tnh ton cc hay ti mt thanh ci cung cp in gm c tn sut, thi gian,
ph ti v nng lng.
I.7.3. Mc th ba:
Lin quan ti c pht in, truyn ti, phn phi xc nh s tng xng
ca ton h thng cung cp n khch hng.
Ch s ca mc th ba ny la ti im tiu th v cc ch s h thng gm c
tn sut, thi gian, ti v nng lng.
I.8. Cc k hiu trong tin cy:
S = h thng (system)
A = trung bnh (average)
151
C = khch hng (customer)
Tnh ton
Hng nm
Bi h thng
Bi iu min.
Bi cc in Lc.
Phn loi
Duy tr
Thong qua
Khch hng
Ph ti
Trung bnh.
Xc nh.
I.9. Ch s h thng (System Indices)
C th tnh cc ch tiu hot ng cung cp miu t c tnh thng k nhng
hot ng trc ca h thng.
Cc ch s b sung ny c th c tnh ton bng cch s dng cc ch s c
bn v s lng khch hng v ti kt ni ti mi im trong h thng.
Cc ch s b sung ca h thng l:
Ch tiu tn sut mt in trung bnh ca h thng (SAIFI)
Ch tiu thi gian mt in trung bnh h thng (SAIDI)
Ch tiu thi gian mt in trung bnh khch hng (CAIFI)
Ch tiu tn sut mt in trung bnh khch hng (CAIDI)
Ch tiu kh nng sn sng cung cp (ASAI)
Ch tiu kh nng khngsn sng cung cp (ASUI)
Ch tiu thiu ht in nng (ENS)
Ch tiu thiu ht in nng trung bnh (AENS)
Cc ch tiu trn cng c th c tnh ton d bo kh nng lm vic
trong tng lai.
152
I.10. Xc nh cc ch s tin cy-
I.11. Cc thut ng c bn ca hng hc, ct thit b v ngng cung cp
in
S c hng hc.
Ct in, do thao tc ngi vn hnh: Cng bc, tng phn, theo lch, Qu
.
Mt in, do s c: lu di, thong qua, tm thi.
I.11.1. S c hng hc:
S c hng hc l trng thi ca mt phn t h thng m n khng hot
ng nh mong mun. Kt qu l phi ct phn t ra khi h thng. Tuy nhin
khng phi mi hng hc u a n ct in.
I.11.2. Ct thit b:
M t trng thi ca thit b khi n khng c hot ng v mt s cc l do
lin quan n thit b .
Ct cng bc: l hu qu do cc iu kin khn cp lin quan n thit b cn
phi ct tc thi, hoc t ng nh thit b bo v rle, hoc thao tc ng ct,hoc
do tc ng sai ca thit b bo v hay ngi vn hnh thao tc sai.
Ct theo lch: thit b a ra khi vn hnh theo thi gian nh trc, thng
thng khi c bo tr, sa cha hoc xy dng.
Ct cng bc ngn hn: do cc s c thong qua gy ra, cc thit b c th
c a vo vn hnh tr li t ng khi cc CB, my ct t ng li, hoc khi
thay th cu ch.
Ct cng bc do vn hnh: do cc s c khng th t gii tr c cn phi
sa cha thit b trc khi a vo vn hnh. V d: khi xy ra phng in lm chc
thng cch in, v vy cn sa cha hay thay th trc khi a vo vn hnh.
I.11.3. Ngng cung cp in:
Mt in mt hay nhiu khch hng. Nguyn nhn l do mt hay nhiu thit
b ct khi vn hnh.
Mt in nh k: Mt in gy ra do ct theo lch.
Mt in cng bc: gy ra do ct cng bc.
Thi gian mt in: khong thi gian t lc bt u ct in khch hng cho
n khi phc hi li cho khch hng .
Mt in thong qua: Mt in c thi gian nh, thit b c a vo vn
hnh tr li, do b phn gim st iu khin t ng hay bng tay bi ngi vn
hnh c th thao tc tc thi.
153
Mt in duy tr: l cc trng hp cn li khng thuc loi mt in thong
qua.
I.12. Cc ch s ti nt ti h thng phn phi
tin cy lin quan n hot ng ti im cung cp cho khch hng, c
ngha l ti cc nt ti.
Cc ch s c bn c s dng c lng tin cy ca li phn phi l:
Cng s c nt ti (lamda)
Thi gian ct trung bnh (r) ( sa cha)
Thi gian ct hng nm (U)
I.13. Tnh ton , r v U
S dng thng s cng s c v thi gian sa cha cu phn t cng kt
hp vi thi gian phc hi ca h thng khc.
Cc ch s ny c dng c lng hot ng ca h thng trong tng
lai.
Chng cng o lng hot ng trong qu kh.
Bit rng cc ch s ny ti nt ti khng tha mn ton b s hiu bit v
hot ng ca h thng.
Do cn thit phi m rng cc ch s, gm c: gin on ti trung bnh (L)
v nng lng trung bnh khng c cung cp (E) ti mi nt ti.
Cc c im hng hc ca phn t.
Giai oan
Giai oan
mi xuat Giai oan
lao hoa
xng on nh
Thi gian
154
Cng hng hc: l s s c trn n v thi gian. Cng hng hc
thng c biu din s s c xy ra trn mi km chiu di trong mt nm.
Cc thit b in lc nh my pht,my bin p,ng dy u c th sa
cha lm vic li.Trong thi gian phc v chng c cc trng thi nh:vn
hnh,s c,sa cha,quy hoch,bo tr,
Cng sa cha ca phn t:
Cng sa cha c xc nh tng t nh cng hng hc.
Thi gian trung bnh gia hng hc hay thi gian trung bnhvn hnh an ton
(MTBF).
m = 1/
Thi gian sa cha trung bnh (MTTR)
r = 1/
Chu k s c
T=m+r
UP (in)
1 1
r m
T1 T2 T3
Fig:Mo hnh hai trang thai
155
V d:
Cng ty phn phi c 7500 my bin p phn phi ang vn hnh trong chu k 10 nm,
140 my bin p b hng v nhiu l do khc nhau. Mt s lng nh ca chng c th
c sa cha, nhng hu ht cc s cn li u phi thay bng my mi. Thi gian thay
th hoc sa cha s c ghi li. Cng tt c cc thi gian sa cha ca 140 my s cho
thi gian tng cng l 7500 gi.
T cc s liu ny chng ta tnh:
140
= = 0,0191/gi
10 7500
1
m = = 530 gi
7360
r= = 52,6gi = 0,006 nm
140
1
= = 1671/nm.
r
530
A= = 0,999989
0,006 + 530
0,006
= = 0,000011 = 6pht/nm
0,006 + 530
.iu ny c th c gii thch nh sau:
Mi my bin p co xc sut 0.0019 xy ra h hng trong nm ti.
Sau khi xy ra s c, thi gian sa cha hoc thay th l 52.6 gi.
Mi my bin p s khng vn hnh, tnh trung bnh l 6 pht 1 nm.
Ch rng ch ta s dng cc s liu hot ng trc d on kt qu tng
lai. y l c s cho vic phn tch tin cy: gi s rng hot ng bnh qun trong qu
kh s nh gi cc hot ng trong tng lai
i cng s c
156
Ni s lng khch hng ti nt th i
SAIDI(Thi gian ngng cung cp in trung bnh ca h thng)
Cho bit thi gian trung bnh ca mt in duy tr.
ASUI = 1 ASAI
ENS = La(i).ui
Tng in nng khng c cung cp bi h thng
La(i) Cng sut ti trung bnh ti nt th i
ui thi gian ct in hng nm.
AENS
157
in nng trung bnh khng c cung cp
Tong ien nang khong c cung cap
=
L u
a(i) i
Tong so khach hang c cap ien N i
ACCI
ASIFI
Ch s ny ch yu tnh ton tin cy da trn cng sut thay v da trn s
lng khch hng. Ch s ny quan trng i vi phn ln cc khch hng cng
nghip hay thng mi. N cn c dng cho cc mng cng cng th loi
khch hng khng a dng lm. Tng t nh SAIFI, n cho bit thng tin v tn
sut trung bnh mt in duy tr.
So kVA ket noi vao he thong b mat
ASIFI = Tong so kVA noi vao he thong c cap ien
MAIFI
Ch s ny tng t nh SAIFI, nhng n l tn sut trung bnh ca mt in
thong qua.
So khach hang b mat ien thoang qua
MAIFI =
Tong so khach hang c cap ien
CEMIn
Ch s ny dng theo di s lng n khch hng mt in thong qua ca
mt tp cc khch hng ring bit. Mc ch ca n l gip nhn bit nhng kh
khn ca khch hng m khng th thy c khi s dng ch s trung bnh. N
c xc nh bng:
So khach hang trai qua n lan mat ien thoang qua
CEMIn =
Tong so khach hang c cap ien
CEMSMIn
Ch s ny dng theo di s lng n khch hng mt in ko di v mt
in thong qua ca mt tp cc khch hng ring bit. Mc ch ca n l gip
158
nhn bit nhng kh khn ca khch hng m khng th thy c khi s dng ch
s trung bnh.
NO
Source
Tt c cc phn t u ni tip.
I.18. Nguyn tc tnh ton:
Khi tnh ton cc ch s tin cy, nguyn tc tnh ton ca cc thnh phn
mc ni tip c th p dng trc tip cho h thng hnh tia.
Thnh phn tham s c bn khi tnh tan tin cy l: cng hng hc
trong nm i v thi gian sa cha trung bnh MTTRi hay ri.
I.19. Cc ch s tin cy c bn ti nt ti:
160
II.1.7. Phng php tnh
Trong cc cng thc nu trn, N l tng s khch hng kho st. N c th l s
khnh hng ca mt tuyn ng dy, 1 qun, 1 in lc khu vc hay ca c Cng
ty. Khch hng c th l tng trm phn phi hoc l tng in k, ty mc ch
nh gi.
Ni l s khch hng b mt in trong s kin i.
Gi tr ca i c th l 1 cho 1 ln mt in hoc mt s ln no , k c s l
trong trng hp thng k.
Ui l thi gian mt in ca s kin .
Nu cc thng s c thu thp theo thc t th kt qu tnh ton chnh l cc
ch bo tin cy thc s ca li in. Nu cc thng s l cc thng k th kt
qu tnh ton l d bo. V nu so snh cc ch s d bo tng ng vi tng kt
cu li v/hoc v tr ca cc thit b bo v ng ct th kt qu ca cng vic
chnh l thit k.
II.1.8. S dng module DRA trong PSS/ADEPT
Tnh ton cc ch s tin cy ph thuc vo cc thng s tin cy nh tn
sut s c v thi gian s cha c ch nh trong tng phn t trong li in.
Cc thng s tin cy ny cng c xem l nhng thng s ca cc thit b nhnh
c quy nh trong th vin cu trc hoc thng s li in. Nhng thng s tin
cy c ch nh ny c s dng tnh ton cc ch s tin cy cho ton h
thng v mi vng bo v. Mt vng bo v bao gm nhiu thit b bo v trn .
Minh ha di y cho thy h thng c 3 vng c bo v:
161
II.1.9. Tnh ton ch s tin cy
minh ha cho vic tnh ton tin cy, hy xem mt v d n gin ca li
phn phi c cho di y:
Li phn phi bao gm 1 Recloser (B1), 3 cu ch (F1, F2, F3) v 4 nhm khch
hng (C1, C2, C3, C4). Gi nh rng Re c thit t thng s cho ng cong ct
nhanh. cho n gin, gi nh rng khng c hin tng s c no xy ra trn
nhnh v cc thit b. Cc thng s tin cy ca cc thit b l zero. Do , tt c cc
ch s tin cy li in l zero. Gi nh rng kW/ mi khch hng theo mc nh l
3.
162
Gi s c hin tng ngn mch xy ra trn nhnh th 9 (line 9, chiu di
2pu), ni c ti C2:
163
Nu y l s c duy nht trn on dy ny, tn sut s c l 0.25, tng thi gian
sa cha l 3.5 gi. S kin ny khng gy nh hng n tn sut s c trong ln
trc. Tuy nhin n s nh hng n cc ch s tin cy ca li in. Ch s tin
cy sau 2 ln l:
SAIFI = 1.17
SAIDI = 3.79
CAIFI = 1.17
CAIDI = 3.25
Ht chng !
164
TI LIU THAM KHO:
[01]. Jacobus Jan Meeuwsen, Reliability evaluation of electric transmission and
distribution systems, 1998
[02]. A.S. Pabla, Electric Power Distribution, 1997
[03]. Scott & Scott, Computerize Mapping and Engineering Data Software
Program, Seatle 1991.
[04]. Nguyen Ngoc Tuyen , Protection and Reliability Improvement in the
Distribution Network of Ho Chi Minh City, 2000
[05]. Tnh ton li in s dng phn mn PSS/ADEPT (ti liu tp hun tp 2
tp) ca Phng CNTT-VT Cty LTP.HCM v Khoa in - in T Trng
HBK.
[06]. B cng sut phn khng li cung cp v phn phi in. Nh xut bn khoa
hc k thut H Ni.
[07]. Adrian A. Hopgood, Knowledge - Base systems, 1993. CRC Press.
[08]. Cooper Power Systems, Capacitor switch - How and why, 1980, Cooper
Power Systems.
[09]. Cooper Power Systems, Power - Electrical distribution system protection,
1994, Cooper Power Systems.
[10]. Dan Rahmel, Visual Basic programmer's reference, 1998, Mc Graw - Hill
Companies Incorporated.
[11]. Siemens, Power engineering guide : Transmission and Distribution, 1996,
Siemens
[12]. Tender document for HCMC District control centre SCADA project, phase 2,
1996. Ho Chi Minh city power company.
[13]. Turan Gonen, Electric power distribution system engineering, 1986, Mc Graw
- Hill Companies Incorporated.
[14]. Trn Bch, Li in & H thng in, Tp 1, 2000. Nh xut bn Khoa hc
k thut.
[15]. H thng kim tra gim st v thu thp d liu - SCADA, 1996. Swedpower.
[16]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, H thng ha c s d liu phc v h
thng thng tin a l, 1997, ti nghin cu khoa hc cp EVN - DLHCM
- 97 - 001.
[17]. Trn Lc Hng, C s m phng ngu nhin, 1997, Nh xut bn Gio dc.
165
[18]. Hong Kim (Ch bin), K thut lp trnh m phng : Th gii thc v ng
dng, 1997, Nh xut bn Thng k.
[19]. Trn nh Long, Qui hoch h thng nng lng, 1999, Nh xut bn Khoa
hc k thut.
[20]. Trn nh Long, L thuyt h thng, 1999, Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut.
[21]. Nguyn Vn m, Mng li in, Tp 1, 2, 2000. Nh xut bn Khoa hc k
thut.
[22]. Nguyn Hng Thi, Phn t t ng trong h thng in, 2000. Nh xut bn
Khoa hc k thut.
[23]. Cao Ho Thi, M hnh m phng, 1999, Tp bi ging chuyn .
[24]. L Vn t, Phn tch & iu khin n nh h thng in, 2000. Nh xut bn
Khoa hc k thut.
[25]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, M phng vn hnh li in, 2000, Hi
ngh tin hc ln I, Cng ty in lc TP HCM.
[26]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, ng dng cng ngh GIS qun l li
in phn phi, Hi ngh tin hc ln I, Cng ty in lc TP HCM.
[27]. PSS/ADEPT 5.0, Users Guide Shaw Power Technologies - 04 / 2004
[28]. H Vn Hin - H thng in truyn ti v phn phi NXB i hc quc gia
TP. H Ch Minh 2003
[29]. V Ngc Tc M hnh ha v m phng bng my tnh NXB Gio dc
2001
[30]. Nguyn Hong Vit Bo v Rle v t ng ha NXB i hc Quc Gia
TPHCM 2003
[31]. C.Russell Mason The Acrt and Science of protective relaying 1967
[32]. Cooper power system Electrical Distribution system Protection 1990
[33]. Cng ty in lc TPHCM Bo co chuyn PSS/ADEPT Phng k thut
cng ty- Thng 08- 2004
[34]. Copper Power Systems- Overcurrent Protection For Distribution System-
Seminar Notes and Reference Materials - 1995
[35]. URL http://www.pti-us.com
166
P DNG
PSS/ADEPT 5.0
TRONG
LI IN PHN PHI
Phn 2
Hng dn s dng
H HI THNG 10 NM 2007
GIO TRNH TP HUN
p dng
PSS-ADEPT 5.0
trong li in phn phi
Bin son-Trnh by:
Nguyn Hu Phc
ng Anh Tun
Nguyn Tng Linh
Ch bin:
PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Phc
Li ni u
K hoch pht trin ca Tng Cng ty in lc Vit Nam trc y nay l
Tp on in lc Vit Nam (EVN) n nm 2010 l thch thc ln cho EVN
trong vic qun l hiu qu h thng li in hin ti, va phi m rng pht
trin. Trong vng 5 nm ti, EVN d tnh s xy lp thm 280.000 km ng dy
in phn phi, 14.000 km Truyn ti, 5.000 trm bin p mi; tng gp i s
lng thit b Vin thng, nhm p ng c vic tng 360% nhu cu ph ti
trong nc. Tc tng trng ny a ra nhu cu thng tin cp bch v cng
tc vn hnh h thng in hin c, v v cc d n mi i vi cc nh qun l
ca EVN. T ng ha thng tin s y mnh cng sut cc nh my in, nng
cao chnh xc, v gim thiu nhn cng trong cc quy trnh. EVN cam kt
thc hin nhng d n cung cp thng tin cho vic a ra cc quyt nh tt hn.
Nhng d n ny bao gm: H thng Thng tin Qun l Ti chnh (FMIS), H
thng Thng tin chm sc Khch hng (CCIS), H thng Thng tin a l (GIS)
v trin khai p dng cc phn mm phn tch tnh ton li in.
V vic p dng cc phn mm phn tch v tnh ton li in, t nm 2004
EVN ch o p dng cc phn mm chuyn ngnh tnh ton li in cho
tt c cc n v trc thuc.
Trong cc phn mm tnh ton v phn tch li in hin nay, c nhiu
phn mm phn tch tnh ton nh: Phn b cng sut, ngn mch, t t b ti
u, phi hp bo v.v.vVi cc sn phm thng mi nh: APEN Oneliner, h
PSS/*, CYME, EMTP, VPro.v.vCc phn mm ny c thut ton phc tp v
thng phi qua tp hun mi s dng c. Phn mm PSS/ADEPT ca Shaw
Power Technologics, Inc c s dng rt ph bin.
Chng ti c bit Trng i hc in lc H Ni l trng i hc o
to ngun nhn lc cht lng cao v ch yu cho EVN. Trng i hc in
lc H Ni lun hng n vic y mnh cc nghin cu trin khai nhm gip
cho sinh vin ca trng nm vng nhng kin thc c bn v c k nng thc
hnh trong cc lnh vc cng tc chuyn mn ni chung v p dng cc phn
mm chuyn ngnh tin tin ni ring. Hin nay, trngang trin khai nhiu
chng trnh o to nhm trang b kin thc v k nng s dng phn mm
chuyn ngnh in cho EVN.
Vi vic o to p dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT, cc sinh vin v k s
in sau khi hc xong cc kho hc c th m nhn c vic khai thc v qun
l trc tip cc h thng li in phn phi v c th lm tt cng tc qun l
I
nghin cu, c kh nng thch ng trc s pht trin ca khoa hc, k thut v
gii quyt nhng vn thuc chuyn ngnh in trong qu trnh p dng cc
phn mm cng chc nng.
Hn na, do li in khng ngng pht trin m rng, theo cc yu cu
cung cp in lin tc cho khch hng vi cht lng in nng ngy cng cao
cng gia tng. Thit b trn li in phn phi hin nay vn c c im l a
dng v chng loi, phc tp v cu to. Qu trnh vn hnh nhm thc hin
nhng thao tc mang tnh lp i lp li nhiu ln nhng li i hi chnh xc
cao v vy rt cn thit phi t ng ha bng cch a nhiu thit b t ng, x
l thng tin t ng nhm tng kh nng truyn t v x l thng tin. Bng my
tnh v cc phn mm chuyn dng chng ta c th ngn chn trc v hn ch
hng hc trong qu trnh vn hnh li in. Nhng thnh tu mi v Cng ngh
Thng tin nh v kh nng lu tr ca phn cng, tc tnh ton, cc phng
php h chuyn gia, mng neuron, cung cp nhng phng tin v cng c
mnh tng cng nghin cu m rng ng dng trong lnh vc in nng.
m bo v gi vng mi lin h hu c ca cc thnh phn trong h thng sn
xut truyn ti, phn phi v s dng in nng.
Trng i hc in lc H Ni phi hp cng Khoa in-in t
trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh nghin cu p dng phn
mm ny. Trng i hc in lc H Ni thc hin tp hun cho cc n v
trc thuc nhm trang b kh nng s dng phn mm chun tnh ton v phn
tch li in da trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT. iu ny, nhm gip cc n v
in lc tham d tng bc h thng ho, chun ho kin thc p dng tnh ton
v in trong cc hot ng ca mnh nht l cng tc qun l k thut vn hnh
li in. u tin l cc bi ton: phn b cng sut trn li, ngn mch, b
cng sut phn khng, tin cy.
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT c pht trin dnh cho cc k s v nhn vin k
thut trong ngnh in. N c s dng nh mt cng c thit k v phn
tch li in phn phi. PSS/ADEPT cng cho php chng ta thit k, chnh sa
v phn tch s li v cc m hnh li in mt cch trc quan theo giao
din ha vi s nt khng gii hn. Thng 04-2004, hng Shaw Power
Technologies cho ra i phin bn PSS/ADEPT 5.0 vi nhiu tnh nng b
sung v cp nht y cc thng s thc t ca cc phn t trn li in.
Trng i hc in lc H Ni s trang b kin thc Cng ngh Thng tin
ni chung v phn mm tnh ton k thut chuyn ngnh in ni ring cho cc
n vi tham d kho hc. Trng i hc in lc H Ni thng qua cc kho
II
o to kt hp vi trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh, trin
khai ng dng cc phn mm tnh ton k thut in theo yu cu ca EVN. To
iu kin cc n v trong EVN tm hiu cc phng php tnh ton cc bi
ton in c bn v cch xy dng thut ton tnh ton p dng trong phn mm
tnh ton chuyn nghip l phn mm PSS/ADEPT ca hng Shaw Power
Technologics Inc-USA. nh gi, theo di v gim st hiu qu cng tc pht
trin xy dng mi, i tu ci to, qun l k thut v vn hnh li in ca cc
n v da vo cng c hiu qu l phn mm tnh ton k thut in
PSS/ADEPT. Lm c s i ng cn b k thut cc n v d dng tip thu v
nm bt cc phm mm khc sau ny, v d nh PSS/E. EasyPower,
Cc kho o to s dng phn mm do trng i hc in lc t chc, s
gp phn nng cao kh nng ng dng my tnh, nht l s dng cc phn mm
tnh ton chuyn ngnh in cho cc n v trc thuc cc Cng ty in lc
trong EVN. Qua kha hc, s ph bin kinh nghim v trin khai cc kt qu
nghin cu cc phn mm, cc n v tip tc p dng vo thc t cng tc ti
n v. Gp phn hon thnh tt cng tc sn xut kinh doanh ca n v trn c
s cc kt qu tnh ton t cc phn mm mnh. To ra s phi hp sn sng da
trn quan h tt p vn c gia cc Cng ty in lc-n v qun l li in v
trng i hc in lc-n v gio dc o to u l cc thnh vin trc
thuc EVN.
V gio trnh ny c bin son nhm mc ch phc v cho cc bui tp
hun phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 nh trn.
Nhm bin son rt cm n s hp tc m Trng i hc in lc H Ni
dnh cho nhm ni ring cng nh cho Khoa in-in t trng i hc
Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh ni chung. c bit, nhm bin son chn
thnh cm n Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin ca Trng i hc in lc H Ni
nht l Thy Nguyn Hu Qunh nhit tnh h tr chng ti thc hon thnh
gio trnh tp hun ny cng nh c hi c tham gia ging dy ti Trng i
hc in lc H Ni .
Nhm bin son cng cm n mt s cng tc vin h tr xy dng gio
trnh ny.
Nhm bin son
III
Tm tt ni dung
Gio trnh ny c bin son phc v cho cc bui tp hun s dng phn
mm phn tch v tnh ton li in PSS/ADEPT 5.0. Gio trnh gm cc phn:
Phn 1: Kin thc chun b yu cu-n tp kin thc
Phn 2: Hng dn s dng PSS/ADEPT
Phn 3: Cc k nng s dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT
Ngoi ra cn c Gio trnh in t lu tr trn a CD-ROM: Gm cc ti
liu a phng tin (Multimedia) h tr thm cho cc hc vin chun b bi hc
trc khi ln lp, n tp sau kha hc v a phng cng tc.
Cc chng trnh chuyn i:
1. Chng trnh Chuyn Excel DAT File.
2. Chng trnh Chuyn DAT File Excel.
3. Chng trnh x l s liu u vo
4. Chng trnh Tnh Cng Sut Ngun.
5. Chng trnh Tnh Tng Tr My Bin Th.
6. Chng trnh thi kt thc kho hc bng trc nghim trc tip trn my
tnh
V cc CD-ROM:
-CD1: Gio trnh in t h tr
-CD2: Cc bi ging v bi tp
-CD3: D liu li in
-CD4: D liu li in (tt) v source cc chng trnh h PSS/*
-CD5: Cc chng trnh h tr kho hc
Gm cc ti nguyn hc tp nh: ti liu tham kho, Users Guide, website
PTI (offline, xem khng cn kt ni internet), web documents, source software
PSS/ADEPT and untilities, cc phn mm chuyn i d liu v demo phc v
ng dng tnh ton bng PSS/ADEPT,
Qua kinh nghim tp hun v gip cc hc vin thuc cc n v in lc
p dng nhanh phn mm PSS/ADEPT. Chng ti ch trng chnh vo 4 mc
tiu p dng trin khai PSS/ADEPT nh sau:
IV
Thit lp thng s mng li
Program, network settings
To s
Creating diagrams
BO CO
Reports, diagrams
V
Thut ng, k hiu v vit tt.
VI
Ch
Lin quan
V d, bi tp
Lu tp tin v d mu
D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA
Ht chng ! Ht chng
VII
Mc lc tng qut
Phn Mt: Kin thc chun b
CHNG 1: M HNH LI IN
CHNG 2 PHN B CNG SUT
CHNG 3: NGN MCH
CHNG 4: BI TON KHI NG NG C V XC NH IM DNG TI U
CHNG 5: PHI HP BO V
CHNG 6: SNG HI
CHNG 7: XC NH V TR B TI U
CHNG 8: NH GI TIN CY
CHNG 9: CC VN KHC CA LI IN PHN PHI
Phn Hai: Hng dn s dng phn mm
VIII
P DNG PSS/ADEPT 5.0
TRONG
LI IN PHN PHI
Phn Hai:
Hng dn s dng
phn mm
02
MC LC CHI TIT PHN 2
MC LC CHI TIT PHN 2 ........................................................................ 1
CHNG 1: HNG DN CI T PHN MM PSS/ADEPT .............. 3
I. Yu cu v cu hnh my tnh ........................................................................ 4
II. Kim tra cc phn h PSS/ADEPT .............................................................. 4
III. Tin hnh ci t ......................................................................................... 4
III.1. Chun b.................................................................................................................... 4
III.2. Chn kiu ci t ...................................................................................................... 5
III.3. Mn hnh Welcome .................................................................................................. 6
III.4. c khuyn co v bn quyn .................................................................................. 6
III.5. M nhn din khch hng ......................................................................................... 6
III.6. Chn th mc ci t ................................................................................................ 7
III.7. C s d liu bo v v phi hp ............................................................................. 8
III.8. Chn th mc t chng trnh ................................................................................ 8
III.9. Qa trnh ci t ....................................................................................................... 9
III.10. Kho cng............................................................................................................... 9
III.11. Hon thnh ci t ................................................................................................ 10
IV. G PSS/ADEPT ........................................................................................ 11
CHNG 2: HNG DN S DNG PHN MM PSS/ADEPT........... 13
I. Chc nng .................................................................................................... 14
I.1.1. Cc chc nng ng dng:................................................................................... 14
I.1.2. Cc phn h ca PSS/ADEPT:........................................................................... 14
I.1.3. Cc ca s ng dng ca PSS/ADEPT:............................................................. 15
I.1.4. Kha cng .......................................................................................................... 15
II. Cc ca s View: ........................................................................................ 16
II.1.1. Diagram View:.................................................................................................. 17
II.1.2. Ca s Equipment List View :.......................................................................... 18
II.1.3. Ca s Progress View:...................................................................................... 20
II.1.4. Ca s Report Preview: .................................................................................... 20
III. Cc thanh cng c ..................................................................................... 21
III.1. Thanh trng thi ( Status Bar): ............................................................................... 21
III.2. Thanh menu chnh ( Main Menu):.......................................................................... 22
III.3. Thanh cng c ( Tool Bars):.................................................................................. 22
III.4. File Toolbar: ........................................................................................................... 24
III.5. Diagram Toolbar .................................................................................................... 25
III.6. Analysis Toolbar: ................................................................................................... 26
III.7. Zoom Toolbar:........................................................................................................ 26
IV. To bo co ............................................................................................... 27
IV.1. Results Toolbar: ..................................................................................................... 27
IV.2. Reports Toolbar:..................................................................................................... 27
V. Thit t cc thng s chng trnh PSS/ADEPT: .................................... 28
V.1. Thit t thng s li in chng trnh ca PSS/ADEPT: .................................. 28
V.2. Thit t thng s cho ca s Diagram View: ........................................................ 29
TI LIU THAM KHO:.............................................................................. 31
1
CHNG 1:
HNG DN CI T
PHN MM PSS/ADEPT
CHNG 1:
HNG DN CI T PHN MM
PSS/ADEPT
Trong cc phn mm tnh ton v phn tch li in hin nay, phn mm
PSS/ADEPT ca Shaw Power Technologics, Inc c s dng rt ph bin. Mi
phin bn ty theo yu cu ngi dng c bn km kha cng dng chy trn
my n hay my mng. Vi phin bn chy trn n v kha cng km theo, ch
chy c trn mt my tnh duy nht.
Hin nay c nhiu phn mm gii tch li in vi cc chc nng phn tch
tnh ton nh: Phn b cng sut, ngn mch, t t b ti u, phi hp bo
v.v.vVi cc sn phm thng mi nh: APEN Oneliner, h PSS/*, CYME,
EMTP, VPro.v.vCc phn mm ny c thut ton phc tp v thng phi qua
tp hun mi s dng c.
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT (Shaw Power Technologies, Inc) l mt phn mm
phn tch v tnh ton li in rt mnh, phm vi p dng cho li in cao th
cho n h th vi qui m s lng nt khng hn ch v hon ton c th p dng
rng ri trong cc cng ty in lc.
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT c pht trin dnh cho cc k s v nhn vin k
thut trong ngnh in. N c s dng nh mt cng c thit k v phn tch
li in phn phi. PSS/ADEPT cng cho php chng ta thit k, chnh sa v
phn tch s li v cc m hnh li in mt cch trc quan theo giao din
ha vi s nt khng gii hn. Thng 04-2004, hng Shaw Power Technologies
cho ra i phin bn PSS/ADEPT 5.0 vi nhiu tnh nng b sung v cp nht y
cc thng s thc t ca cc phn t trn li in.
Sau y hng dn cch ci t v g phn mm khi s dng vi h thng
my tnh n v mng.
3
I. Yu cu v cu hnh my tnh
ci t v chy PSS/ADEPT, my tnh cn p ng cu hnh nh sau
B vi x l Pentium III hay Pentium IV 1.6 Hz.
RAM 256 MB.
50 MB dung lng cng cn trng ci t chng trnh.
H iu hnh Windows 2000, Windows XP hay Windows Vista.
Cng parallel hay USB cm kha cng.
Mn hnh vi phn gii SVGA (1024 768 hay cao hn) .
4
Trong trng hp khng kch hot c chc nng ny, bn c th g vo
dng lnh sau khi kch hot menu Start>Run, D:\PSS-ADEPT5\SETUP.EXE, nu
D: l k t ca CD-ROM. Mn hnh t chy xut hin nh sau:
5
III.3. Mn hnh Welcome
Xut hin hp thoi Welcome, n nt Next tip tc tin trnh ci t.
6
Hnh 5 hp thoi nhp thng tin nhn din khch hng
Nu bn nhp khng ng m, thng bo sau s xut hin v bn s quay tr
li thc hin li bc ny.
7
Hnh 7 hp thoi chn th mc n
III.7. C s d liu bo v v phi hp
Nu bn chn Access s xut hin thng bo chp nhn, s CD key c cp
s xc nh bn c c quyn ci t thnh phn d liu thit b bo v v phi
hp.
8
Hnh 9 hp thoi chn th mc chng trnh
III.9. Qa trnh ci t
Bn s thy hp thoi m t din tin ca qu trnh ci t nh di y.
9
Hnh 11 hp thoi chn loi kho cng
10
Hnh 14 hp thoi hon tt ci t
IV. G PSS/ADEPT
Bn c th g b phn mm PSS/ADEPT ra khi my bng cch vo Control
Panel>Settings chn nt Add/Remove. Sau c thnh phn v cc thng tin ng
k ca phn mm s c g b ra khi my tnh ca bn
Ht chng !
11
CHNG 2:
HNG DN S DNG
PHN MM PSS/ADEPT
CHNG 2:
HNG DN S DNG PHN MM
PSS/ADEPT
PSS/ADEPT (The Power System Simulator/Advanced Distribution
Engineering Productivity Tool) l cng c phn tch li in phn phi.
PSS/ADEPT gm c cc chc nng sau :
Phn b cng sut.
Tnh ton ngn mch ti 01 im hay nhiu im.
Phn tch khi ng ng c.
Tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u (ng ng hay c nh).
Tnh ton phn tch sng hi.
Phi hp cc thit b bo v.
Tnh ton xc nh im dng ti u.
Phn tch nh gia tin cy.
PSS/ADEPT gip phn tch v tnh ton li in. Tnh ton v hin th cc
thng s v dng (I), cng sut (P, Q) ca tng tuyn dy (ng trc v nhnh r),
ng gi tnh trng mang ti ca tuyn dy thng qua chc nng phn b cng sut
(Load Flow Analysis). Tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u (CAPO, ti u ha vic
t t b). Tnh cc thng s SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIFI, CAIDI nh gi tin cy ca
tuyn dy thng qua chc nng DRA. Tnh ton dng ngn mch thng qua chc
nng Fault, Fault All. Chn im dng li ti u (TOPO): chng trnh cho ta
bit im dng li t b tn tht cng sut nht trn tuyn dy . Khi ng ng
c (Motor Starting): chng trnh tnh ton phn tch cc qu trnh xy ra, nh
hng nh th no n tuyn dy, khi c ng c (ng b hay khng ng b) vi
cng sut ln, khi khi ng trong tuyn dy. Phn tch sng hi (Harmonics). Phi
hp cc thit b bo v (Protection Coordination). H tr cho cng tc thit k,
pht trin li in bng cch s dng kt qu tnh ton ca chng trnh ti mi
thi im. D on c qu ti cc phn t trn li in.
13
I. Chc nng
I.1.1. Cc chc nng ng dng:
PSS/ADEPT cung cp y cc cng c ( Tools) cho chng ta trong vic
thit k v phn tch mt lui in c th. Vi PSS/ADEPT, chng ta c th:
V s v cp nht li in trong giao din ha
Vic phn tch mch in s dng nhiu loi ngun v khng hn ch s nt
Hin th kt qu tnh ton ngay trn s li in
Xut kt qu di dng report sau khi phn tch v tnh ton
Nhp thng s v cp nht d dng thng qua data sheet ca mi thit b trn
s
I.1.2. Cc phn h ca PSS/ADEPT:
Nhiu module tnh ton trong h thng in khng c ng gi sn trong
phn mm PSS/ADEPT, nhng chng ta c th mua t nh sn xut tng module
sau khi ci t chng trnh. Cc module bao gm:
Bi ton tnh phn b cng sut (Load Flow module c sn): phn tch v
tnh ton in p, dng in, cng sut trn tng nhnh v tng ph ti c th.
Bi ton tnh ngn mch (All Fault- module c sn): tnh ton ngn mch ti
tt c cc nt trn li, bao gm cc loi ngn mch nh ngn mch 1 pha, 2 pha v
3 pha.
Bi ton TOPO (Tie Open Point Optimization), phn tch im dng ti u:
tm ra nhng im c tn hao cng sut nh nht trn li v chnh l im dng
li trong mng vng 3 pha
Bi ton CAPO (Optimal Capacitor Placement), t t b ti u : tm ra nhng
im ti u t cc t b c nh v t b ng ng sao cho tn tht cng sut
trn li l nh nht
Bi ton tnh ton cc thng s ca ng dy (Line Properties Culculator):
tnh ton cc thng s ca ng dy truyn ti
Bi ton phi hp v bo v ( Protection and Coordination)
Bi ton phn tch sng hi (Hamornics): phn tch cc thng s v nh hng
ca cc thnh phn sng hi trn li.
Bi ton phn tch tin cy trn li in (DRA- Distribution Reliability
Analysis): tnh ton cc thng s tin cy trn li in nh SAIFI, SAIDI,
CAIFI, CAIDI
14
I.1.3. Cc ca s ng dng ca PSS/ADEPT:
Ca s ng dng ca PSS/ADEPT bao gm nhiu thnh phn chnh nh sau:
Ca s View: bao gm cc thng tin cho cc ng dng, ha v 3 ca
s chnh thit k v phn tch mt s mch in
Thanh trng thi (StatusBar) hin th thng tin trng thi ca chng
trnh khi PSS/ADEPT ang tnh ton
Thanh menu chnh ( Main Menu) gm cc hm chc nng trong
PSS/ADEPT
Thanh cng c (ToolBar) cung cp tool gip cho vic v s mch
in thc hin nhanh chng v d dng
I.1.4. Kha cng
C 2 loi kha cng bo v bn quyn cho phn mm ny: loi parallel
gn cng my in v loi USB. Hin nay, hng Shaw Power Technologies cng c
2 loi kha cng cho my n v my mng. Chng ta lu khng c gn kha
cng vo trong qu trnh ci t v s lm h kha cng ( theo khuyn co ca nh
sn xut).
15
Thanh menu chnh ( Main Menu) gm cc hm chc nng trong
PSS/ADEPT
Thanh cng c (ToolBar) cung cp tool gip cho vic v s mch
in thc hin nhanh chng v d dng
II. Cc ca s View:
Ca s ng dng View bao gm 4 ca s chnh:
Diagram View ( lun lun xut hin)
Equipment List View ( chng ta c th hin th hoc n)
Progress View (chng ta c th n i)
Report Preview ( xut hin khi chng ta thc report)
16
II.1.1. Diagram View:
Ca s ny hin th mt cch trc quan cc thit b ca mt s li in.
Chng ta ch vin click vo cc biu tng trn thanh cng c v t vo ca s
thc hin vic to s li. Hn na, chng ta cn c th quan st kt qu tnh
ton v phn tch trn giao din ny. Pop-up menu ( ca s khi click chut phi) ca
ca ny cn cung cp cho ngi s dng cc chc nng ring trong Diagram View.
17
Select All: cho php chn tt c cc i tng
Toggle: cho php bt tt, hin th hoc n cc i tng
+ In-service: ch ra rng i tng ang kch hot hay khng kch hot.
+ Autoposition: cho php tt hay m chc nng nh v tr t ng ca cc
i tng trong ng dng
Add Item(s) to:
+ Group: a mt i tng c chn vo Group
+ Layer: a mt i tng c chn vo Layer
+ Load Category: a mt i tng c chn vo Load Category
+ Motor Starting: a mt i tng c chn vo vic phn tch Motor
Starting
+ CAPO: a mt i tng c chn vo vic phn tch t t b ti u
Re-phase: chn li cc pha cn cho vic tnh ton
Properties: hin th thng s ca mt thit b trn s li
Load Flow: thc hin vic tnh ton phn b cng sut
Fault: thc hin vic tnh ton ngn mch
Motor Starting: thc hin vic tnh ton bi ton khi ng c
Diagram Properties: hin th ti nguyn ca ca s
Lock Diagram: kha cc chc nng thc hin trong ca s nh thm mt i
tng, nh v li hay xa mt i tng
Print: in n nhanh mt s li
18
Hnh 19 Ca s Equipment List
The Equipment List pop-up menu cung cp nhng chc nng ph tr ty
thuc vo v tr m ta chn pop-up menu. V d nh:
Click chut phi ln Network, ta c pop-up menu nh sau
y, chng ta c th dock hoc hide Equipment List View.
19
Hnh 21 Ca s Equipment List pop-up m rng
20
Hnh 23 Ca s Report Preview
Trn ca s Report Preview c hn mt menu ring ca n.
21
Hnh 24 Ca s Application View sau khi tnh phn b cng sut
22
Results
Reports
Harmonics ( if licensed for this option)
Mi thanh cng c bao gm cc nt cung cp nhanh cc chc nng trong
PSS/ADEPT. Khi chng ta r chut trn cc nt trn thanh cng c, m text box s
hin th gii thch chc nng ca nt lnh .
23
Hnh 27 Ca s ty chn
Chn Toolbars Tag
Khi mun hin th mt toolbar, ta ch check vo trc mi toolbar cn chn,
chn Show Tooltips hin th.
to mt toolbar mi, ta lm nhu sau:
Chn Tools>Customize t Main Menu, hp thoi Customize hin th:
Chn Toolbars Tag
Chn New, hp thoi Toolbar mi xut hin
t tn cho Toolbar, click OK
Chn Tag Commands
Trong ct Categories, chn mt toolbar category, cc nt lnh s hin th
trong thanh toolbar
R chut t icons vo toolbar
Bm Ok kt thc
24
Hnh 28 Thanh cng c File
25
III.6. Analysis Toolbar:
Thanh cng c cung cp nhiu chc nng phn tch v tnh ton trn li
in, bao gm nh sau:
Load Flow Culculation: tnh ton phn b cng sut khi trng thi n nh
Flat Transformers
Fault Culculation: tnh ton ngn mch ti tt c cc nt trong li in
Toggle Fault Status
Clear Fault: Xa cc thit b gy ra ngn mch trn mch in
Motor Starting Culculation: tnh ton bi ton khi ng ng c
CAPO Analysis: tnh ton bi ton t t b ti u
TOPO Analysis: tnh ton im dng ti u
DRA Analysis: Tnh ton tin cy li in
Harmonics Culculation: phn tch, tnh ton sng hi
Coordination: tnh ton phi hp cc thit b bo v
Load SnapShots
Analysis Options: hin th hp thoi Option trc khi tnh ton v phn tch
Network Validation
26
Hnh 32 Thanh cng c Zoom
IV. To bo co
IV.1. Results Toolbar:
Thanh cng c ny cho php chng ta ty chn hin th kt qu trn s .
Show phase A: Hin th kt qu cho pha A
Show phase B: Hin th kt qu cho pha B
Show phase C: Hin th kt qu cho pha C
Show Max (A,B,C) : Hin th kt qu ln nht trong 3 pha A,B,C
Show Min (A,B,C) : Hin th kt qu nh nht trong 3 pha A,B,C
27
Input List: hin th thng s u vo
Voltage Profile: hin th in p
28
Hnh 35 Chn th vin cho thng s chng trnh
thit thng s cho PSS/ADEPT, ta lm nh sau:
Chn File>Program Settings t Main Menu
Chn cc Option trong PSS/ADEPT mun thc hin
Working Directories: chn ung dn cho cc file u vo (Import), Image
File v Report File. ng dn mc nh l: C:\Program Files\PTI\PSS-
ADEPT5\Example (Input File) v C:\Program Files\PTI\PSS-ADEPT5\Rpt ( report
file).
PSS/U Raw Data: ng dn mc nh l C:\Program Files\PTI\PSS-
ADEPT5\Example\pti.con
Ch : chng ta cng c th to ra nhng file th vin dy dn, my bin
p ph hp vi li in ca Vit Nam, cc file vi phn m rng l .con.
Chng son tho trong bt k mt ng dng son tho no nh Word, Notepad,
WordPad
29
Tt c nhng la chn ny s c thc thi khi nhn nt Apply trc khi
ng ca s hp thoi.
Grid (spacing and snap distance): iu chnh khong cch cc trong li
Colors ( Symbol, Text, Background, Grid, Invalid, Flow Arrow)
Item Labels: click chn vo tng Item nu mun hin th trn Diagram View
Click chn th Color Coding: chng ta c th nh dng mu sc cho tng
nh nh in p ngng, nhng nhnh qu ti, nhng node v nhnh c ti khng
cn bng, nhng nhnh c h s cng sut thp v.v
Click Apply xc nhn
Ht chng !
30
TI LIU THAM KHO:
[01]. Jacobus Jan Meeuwsen, Reliability evaluation of electric transmission and
distribution systems, 1998
[02]. A.S. Pabla, Electric Power Distribution, 1997
[03]. Scott & Scott, Computerize Mapping and Engineering Data Software
Program, Seatle 1991.
[04]. Nguyen Ngoc Tuyen , Protection and Reliability Improvement in the
Distribution Network of Ho Chi Minh City, 2000
[05]. Tnh ton li in s dng phn mn PSS/ADEPT (ti liu tp hun tp 2
tp) ca Phng CNTT-VT Cty LTP.HCM v Khoa in - in T Trng
HBK.
[06]. B cng sut phn khng li cung cp v phn phi in. Nh xut bn khoa
hc k thut H Ni.
[07]. Adrian A. Hopgood, Knowledge - Base systems, 1993. CRC Press.
[08]. Cooper Power Systems, Capacitor switch - How and why, 1980, Cooper
Power Systems.
[09]. Cooper Power Systems, Power - Electrical distribution system protection,
1994, Cooper Power Systems.
[10]. Dan Rahmel, Visual Basic programmer's reference, 1998, Mc Graw - Hill
Companies Incorporated.
[11]. Siemens, Power engineering guide : Transmission and Distribution, 1996,
Siemens
[12]. Tender document for HCMC District control centre SCADA project, phase 2,
1996. Ho Chi Minh city power company.
[13]. Turan Gonen, Electric power distribution system engineering, 1986, Mc Graw
- Hill Companies Incorporated.
[14]. Trn Bch, Li in & H thng in, Tp 1, 2000. Nh xut bn Khoa hc
k thut.
[15]. H thng kim tra gim st v thu thp d liu - SCADA, 1996. Swedpower.
[16]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, H thng ha c s d liu phc v h
thng thng tin a l, 1997, ti nghin cu khoa hc cp EVN - DLHCM
- 97 - 001.
[17]. Trn Lc Hng, C s m phng ngu nhin, 1997, Nh xut bn Gio dc.
31
[18]. Hong Kim (Ch bin), K thut lp trnh m phng : Th gii thc v ng
dng, 1997, Nh xut bn Thng k.
[19]. Trn nh Long, Qui hoch h thng nng lng, 1999, Nh xut bn Khoa
hc k thut.
[20]. Trn nh Long, L thuyt h thng, 1999, Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut.
[21]. Nguyn Vn m, Mng li in, Tp 1, 2, 2000. Nh xut bn Khoa hc k
thut.
[22]. Nguyn Hng Thi, Phn t t ng trong h thng in, 2000. Nh xut bn
Khoa hc k thut.
[23]. Cao Ho Thi, M hnh m phng, 1999, Tp bi ging chuyn .
[24]. L Vn t, Phn tch & iu khin n nh h thng in, 2000. Nh xut bn
Khoa hc k thut.
[25]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, M phng vn hnh li in, 2000, Hi
ngh tin hc ln I, Cng ty in lc TP HCM.
[26]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, ng dng cng ngh GIS qun l li
in phn phi, Hi ngh tin hc ln I, Cng ty in lc TP HCM.
[27]. PSS/ADEPT 5.0, Users Guide Shaw Power Technologies - 04 / 2004
[28]. H Vn Hin - H thng in truyn ti v phn phi NXB i hc quc gia
TP. H Ch Minh 2003
[29]. V Ngc Tc M hnh ha v m phng bng my tnh NXB Gio dc
2001
[30]. Nguyn Hong Vit Bo v Rle v t ng ha NXB i hc Quc Gia
TPHCM 2003
[31]. C.Russell Mason The Acrt and Science of protective relaying 1967
[32]. Cooper power system Electrical Distribution system Protection 1990
[33]. Cng ty in lc TPHCM Bo co chuyn PSS/ADEPT Phng k thut
cng ty- Thng 08- 2004
[34]. Copper Power Systems- Overcurrent Protection For Distribution System-
Seminar Notes and Reference Materials - 1995
[35]. URL http://www.pti-us.com
32
P DNG
PSS/ADEPT 5.0
TRONG
LI IN PHN PHI
Phn 3
K nng p dng
H HI THNG 10 NM 2007
GIO TRNH TP HUN
p dng
PSS-ADEPT 5.0
trong li in phn phi
Bin son-Trnh by:
Nguyn Hu Phc
ng Anh Tun
Nguyn Tng Linh
Ch bin:
PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Phc
Li ni u
K hoch pht trin ca Tng Cng ty in lc Vit Nam trc y nay l
Tp on in lc Vit Nam (EVN) n nm 2010 l thch thc ln cho EVN
trong vic qun l hiu qu h thng li in hin ti, va phi m rng pht
trin. Trong vng 5 nm ti, EVN d tnh s xy lp thm 280.000 km ng dy
in phn phi, 14.000 km Truyn ti, 5.000 trm bin p mi; tng gp i s
lng thit b Vin thng, nhm p ng c vic tng 360% nhu cu ph ti
trong nc. Tc tng trng ny a ra nhu cu thng tin cp bch v cng
tc vn hnh h thng in hin c, v v cc d n mi i vi cc nh qun l
ca EVN. T ng ha thng tin s y mnh cng sut cc nh my in, nng
cao chnh xc, v gim thiu nhn cng trong cc quy trnh. EVN cam kt
thc hin nhng d n cung cp thng tin cho vic a ra cc quyt nh tt hn.
Nhng d n ny bao gm: H thng Thng tin Qun l Ti chnh (FMIS), H
thng Thng tin chm sc Khch hng (CCIS), H thng Thng tin a l (GIS)
v trin khai p dng cc phn mm phn tch tnh ton li in.
V vic p dng cc phn mm phn tch v tnh ton li in, t nm 2004
EVN ch o p dng cc phn mm chuyn ngnh tnh ton li in cho
tt c cc n v trc thuc.
Trong cc phn mm tnh ton v phn tch li in hin nay, c nhiu
phn mm phn tch tnh ton nh: Phn b cng sut, ngn mch, t t b ti
u, phi hp bo v.v.vVi cc sn phm thng mi nh: APEN Oneliner, h
PSS/*, CYME, EMTP, VPro.v.vCc phn mm ny c thut ton phc tp v
thng phi qua tp hun mi s dng c. Phn mm PSS/ADEPT ca Shaw
Power Technologics, Inc c s dng rt ph bin.
Chng ti c bit Trng i hc in lc H Ni l trng i hc o
to ngun nhn lc cht lng cao v ch yu cho EVN. Trng i hc in
lc H Ni lun hng n vic y mnh cc nghin cu trin khai nhm gip
cho sinh vin ca trng nm vng nhng kin thc c bn v c k nng thc
hnh trong cc lnh vc cng tc chuyn mn ni chung v p dng cc phn
mm chuyn ngnh tin tin ni ring. Hin nay, trngang trin khai nhiu
chng trnh o to nhm trang b kin thc v k nng s dng phn mm
chuyn ngnh in cho EVN.
Vi vic o to p dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT, cc sinh vin v k s
in sau khi hc xong cc kho hc c th m nhn c vic khai thc v qun
l trc tip cc h thng li in phn phi v c th lm tt cng tc qun l
I
nghin cu, c kh nng thch ng trc s pht trin ca khoa hc, k thut v
gii quyt nhng vn thuc chuyn ngnh in trong qu trnh p dng cc
phn mm cng chc nng.
Hn na, do li in khng ngng pht trin m rng, theo cc yu cu
cung cp in lin tc cho khch hng vi cht lng in nng ngy cng cao
cng gia tng. Thit b trn li in phn phi hin nay vn c c im l a
dng v chng loi, phc tp v cu to. Qu trnh vn hnh nhm thc hin
nhng thao tc mang tnh lp i lp li nhiu ln nhng li i hi chnh xc
cao v vy rt cn thit phi t ng ha bng cch a nhiu thit b t ng, x
l thng tin t ng nhm tng kh nng truyn t v x l thng tin. Bng my
tnh v cc phn mm chuyn dng chng ta c th ngn chn trc v hn ch
hng hc trong qu trnh vn hnh li in. Nhng thnh tu mi v Cng ngh
Thng tin nh v kh nng lu tr ca phn cng, tc tnh ton, cc phng
php h chuyn gia, mng neuron, cung cp nhng phng tin v cng c
mnh tng cng nghin cu m rng ng dng trong lnh vc in nng.
m bo v gi vng mi lin h hu c ca cc thnh phn trong h thng sn
xut truyn ti, phn phi v s dng in nng.
Trng i hc in lc H Ni phi hp cng Khoa in-in t
trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh nghin cu p dng phn
mm ny. Trng i hc in lc H Ni thc hin tp hun cho cc n v
trc thuc nhm trang b kh nng s dng phn mm chun tnh ton v phn
tch li in da trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT. iu ny, nhm gip cc n v
in lc tham d tng bc h thng ho, chun ho kin thc p dng tnh ton
v in trong cc hot ng ca mnh nht l cng tc qun l k thut vn hnh
li in. u tin l cc bi ton: phn b cng sut trn li, ngn mch, b
cng sut phn khng, tin cy.
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT c pht trin dnh cho cc k s v nhn vin k
thut trong ngnh in. N c s dng nh mt cng c thit k v phn
tch li in phn phi. PSS/ADEPT cng cho php chng ta thit k, chnh sa
v phn tch s li v cc m hnh li in mt cch trc quan theo giao
din ha vi s nt khng gii hn. Thng 04-2004, hng Shaw Power
Technologies cho ra i phin bn PSS/ADEPT 5.0 vi nhiu tnh nng b
sung v cp nht y cc thng s thc t ca cc phn t trn li in.
Trng i hc in lc H Ni s trang b kin thc Cng ngh Thng tin
ni chung v phn mm tnh ton k thut chuyn ngnh in ni ring cho cc
n vi tham d kho hc. Trng i hc in lc H Ni thng qua cc kho
II
o to kt hp vi trng i hc Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh, trin
khai ng dng cc phn mm tnh ton k thut in theo yu cu ca EVN. To
iu kin cc n v trong EVN tm hiu cc phng php tnh ton cc bi
ton in c bn v cch xy dng thut ton tnh ton p dng trong phn mm
tnh ton chuyn nghip l phn mm PSS/ADEPT ca hng Shaw Power
Technologics Inc-USA. nh gi, theo di v gim st hiu qu cng tc pht
trin xy dng mi, i tu ci to, qun l k thut v vn hnh li in ca cc
n v da vo cng c hiu qu l phn mm tnh ton k thut in
PSS/ADEPT. Lm c s i ng cn b k thut cc n v d dng tip thu v
nm bt cc phm mm khc sau ny, v d nh PSS/E. EasyPower,
Cc kho o to s dng phn mm do trng i hc in lc t chc, s
gp phn nng cao kh nng ng dng my tnh, nht l s dng cc phn mm
tnh ton chuyn ngnh in cho cc n v trc thuc cc Cng ty in lc
trong EVN. Qua kha hc, s ph bin kinh nghim v trin khai cc kt qu
nghin cu cc phn mm, cc n v tip tc p dng vo thc t cng tc ti
n v. Gp phn hon thnh tt cng tc sn xut kinh doanh ca n v trn c
s cc kt qu tnh ton t cc phn mm mnh. To ra s phi hp sn sng da
trn quan h tt p vn c gia cc Cng ty in lc-n v qun l li in v
trng i hc in lc-n v gio dc o to u l cc thnh vin trc
thuc EVN.
V gio trnh ny c bin son nhm mc ch phc v cho cc bui tp
hun phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 nh trn.
Nhm bin son rt cm n s hp tc m Trng i hc in lc H Ni
dnh cho nhm ni ring cng nh cho Khoa in-in t trng i hc
Bch Khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh ni chung. c bit, nhm bin son chn
thnh cm n Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin ca Trng i hc in lc H Ni
nht l Thy Nguyn Hu Qunh nhit tnh h tr chng ti thc hon thnh
gio trnh tp hun ny cng nh c hi c tham gia ging dy ti Trng i
hc in lc H Ni .
Nhm bin son cng cm n mt s cng tc vin h tr xy dng gio
trnh ny.
Nhm bin son
III
Tm tt ni dung
Gio trnh ny c bin son phc v cho cc bui tp hun s dng phn
mm phn tch v tnh ton li in PSS/ADEPT 5.0. Gio trnh gm cc phn:
Phn 1: Kin thc chun b yu cu-n tp kin thc
Phn 2: Hng dn s dng PSS/ADEPT
Phn 3: Cc k nng s dng phn mm PSS/ADEPT
Ngoi ra cn c Gio trnh in t lu tr trn a CD-ROM: Gm cc ti
liu a phng tin (Multimedia) h tr thm cho cc hc vin chun b bi hc
trc khi ln lp, n tp sau kha hc v a phng cng tc.
Cc chng trnh chuyn i:
1. Chng trnh Chuyn Excel DAT File.
2. Chng trnh Chuyn DAT File Excel.
3. Chng trnh x l s liu u vo
4. Chng trnh Tnh Cng Sut Ngun.
5. Chng trnh Tnh Tng Tr My Bin Th.
6. Chng trnh thi kt thc kho hc bng trc nghim trc tip trn my
tnh
V cc CD-ROM:
-CD1: Gio trnh in t h tr
-CD2: Cc bi ging v bi tp
-CD3: D liu li in
-CD4: D liu li in (tt) v source cc chng trnh h PSS/*
-CD5: Cc chng trnh h tr kho hc
Gm cc ti nguyn hc tp nh: ti liu tham kho, Users Guide, website
PTI (offline, xem khng cn kt ni internet), web documents, source software
PSS/ADEPT and untilities, cc phn mm chuyn i d liu v demo phc v
ng dng tnh ton bng PSS/ADEPT,
Qua kinh nghim tp hun v gip cc hc vin thuc cc n v in lc
p dng nhanh phn mm PSS/ADEPT. Chng ti ch trng chnh vo 4 mc
tiu p dng trin khai PSS/ADEPT nh sau:
IV
Thit lp thng s mng li
Program, network settings
To s
Creating diagrams
BO CO
Reports, diagrams
V
Thut ng, k hiu v vit tt.
VI
Ch
Lin quan
V d, bi tp
Lu tp tin v d mu
D liu mu c sn trn CD-ROM/DATA
Ht chng ! Ht chng
VII
Mc lc tng qut
Phn Mt: Kin thc chun b
CHNG 1: M HNH LI IN
CHNG 2 PHN B CNG SUT
CHNG 3: NGN MCH
CHNG 4: BI TON KHI NG NG C V XC NH IM DNG TI U
CHNG 5: PHI HP BO V
CHNG 6: SNG HI
CHNG 7: XC NH V TR B TI U
CHNG 8: NH GI TIN CY
CHNG 9: CC VN KHC CA LI IN PHN PHI
Phn Hai: Hng dn s dng phn mm
VIII
P DNG PSS/ADEPT 5.0
TRONG
LI IN PHN PHI
Phn Ba:
K nng p dng
03
MC LC CHI TIT PHN 3
MC LC CHI TIT PHN 3 ........................................................................ 1
CHNG 1: D LIU CHUN B ................................................................ 6
I. Yu cu v d liu tnh ton .......................................................................... 7
I.1. D liu tng qut......................................................................................................... 7
I.1.1. S li in phn phi. ................................................................................... 7
I.1.2. S liu : ................................................................................................................ 7
I.2. D liu cc phn t li in ...................................................................................... 8
I.2.1. S liu cn chun b nhp vo nt Source:........................................................... 9
I.2.2. S liu cn chun b nhp vo nt ti:.................................................................. 9
I.2.3. S liu cn chun b nhp vo thit b ng ct:................................................ 10
I.2.4. S liu cn chun b nhp vo nt:..................................................................... 11
I.2.5. S liu cn chun b nhp vo on dy: ........................................................... 11
I.2.6. S liu cn chun b nhp vo thit b b: ......................................................... 11
I.2.7. S liu cn chun b nhp vo thit b bo v: ................................................... 12
I.2.8. S liu cn chun b nhp vo my bin p: ...................................................... 12
I.2.9. S liu cn chun b nhp vo thit b sng hi: ................................................ 13
I.2.10. S liu cn chun b nhp vo my in: ......................................................... 13
I.3. D liu phc v cc bi ton phn tch ..................................................................... 14
I.3.1. Load Flow Culculation: Tnh ton phn b cng sut khi trng thi n nh,
Fault: thc hin vic tnh ton ngn mch, Fault all: Tnh ton ngn mch ti tt c
cc nt trong li in................................................................................................. 14
I.3.2. Motor Starting Culculation: Tnh ton bi ton khi ng ng c .................. 15
I.3.3. CAPO Analysis: Tnh ton bi ton t t b ti u ......................................... 15
I.3.4. TOPO Analysis: Tnh ton im dng ti u .................................................... 15
I.3.5. Harmonics Culculation: Phn tch, tnh ton sng hi ....................................... 15
I.3.6. Coordination: Tnh ton phi hp cc thit b bo v........................................ 15
I.3.7. DRA Analysis: Tnh ton tin cy li in................................................... 16
II. Cc bng d liu trong phn mm PSS/ADEPT:....................................... 17
CHNG 2: CC BC THC HIN ....................................................... 23
I. Chu trnh trin khai ...................................................................................... 24
II. Bc 1: Thit lp thng s mng li........................................................ 24
II.1. Xc nh th vin dy dn: ...................................................................................... 24
II.2. Xc nh thng s thuc tnh ca li in: ............................................................ 25
II.3. Xc nh hng s kinh t ca li in:................................................................... 26
III. Bc 2: To s : .................................................................................... 26
III.1. Ngun Source: ..................................................................................................... 27
III.2. Ti Static Load : .................................................................................................. 27
III.3. Dy dn Line : ..................................................................................................... 28
III.4. Nt Node : ........................................................................................................... 28
III.5. T b-Capacitor:..................................................................................................... 29
III.6. Thit b ng ct_Swichs: ...................................................................................... 29
IV. Bc 3: Chy cc chc nng tnh ton ..................................................... 30
V. Bc 4: Bo co ......................................................................................... 35
V.1. Xem hin th kt qu phn tch ngay trn s ...................................................... 35
V.2. Xem kt qu tnh ton trn ca s progress view .................................................... 35
V.3. Xem kt qu tnh ton chi tit t phn report ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT ............ 36
1
VI. Kt qu xy dng li in....................................................................... 37
VI.1. S lng cc tuyn dy trung th ........................................................................... 37
VI.2. D liu trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT ..................................................................... 38
VI.2.1. Tuyn dy trung th Bu Ct........................................................................... 38
VI.2.2. Tuyn dy trung th Thng Long .................................................................... 39
VI.2.3. Tuyn dy trung th By Hin ........................................................................ 39
VI.2.4. Tuyn dy trung th Hc Mn ........................................................................ 40
VI.2.5. Tuyn dy trung th Thng Kit ................................................................... 40
VI.2.6. Tuyn dy trung th Long Qun...................................................................... 41
VI.2.7. Tuyn dy trung th TSF................................................................................. 41
CHNG 3: MT S KT QU P DNG .............................................. 44
I. Tnh ton phn b cng sut ........................................................................ 45
I.1. i tng tnh ton: .................................................................................................. 45
I.1.1. Gii thiu............................................................................................................ 45
I.1.2. Kho st hin trng tn tht in nng............................................................... 45
I.2. Quy m thc hin v kt qu tnh ton t phn mm PSS/ADEPT: ........................ 46
I.2.1. S lng cc tuyn dy trung th....................................................................... 47
I.2.2. D liu trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT ................................................................. 47
II. Tnh ton ngn mch .................................................................................. 52
II.1. i tng tnh ton:................................................................................................. 52
II.2. Quy m thc hin v kt qu tnh ton t phn mm PSS/ADEPT: ....................... 52
III. Tnh ton phi hp bo v......................................................................... 54
III.1. i tng tnh ton:................................................................................................ 54
III.1.1. Gii thiu i tng tnh ton ......................................................................... 54
III.1.2. Gii thiu bi ton ........................................................................................... 54
III.1.3. Xc nh thng s ngun ................................................................................. 55
III.1.4. Hiu chnh tham s rle trong th vin chng trnh ..................................... 56
III.1.5. Chn relay, ci t thng s bo v................................................................. 57
III.2. Kt qu phi hp bo v......................................................................................... 59
IV. Tnh ton xc nh im dng ti u Topo ........................................... 61
IV.1. i tng tnh ton: ............................................................................................... 61
IV.1.1. Gii thiu......................................................................................................... 61
IV.1.2. Cng tc chuyn ti trong vn hnh li in:................................................ 62
IV.2. Quy m thc hin:.................................................................................................. 63
IV.2.1. C s l thuyt, phng php tnh: ................................................................. 63
IV.2.2. Xc nh cu hnh li in phn phi ........................................................... 64
IV.2.3. nh ngha phn t ph ti .............................................................................. 64
IV.3. Kt qu thc hin TOPO trn PSS/ADEPT: .......................................................... 68
V. Tnh ton tin cy li in .................................................................... 70
V.1. i tng tnh ton:................................................................................................. 70
V.1.1. Gii thiu .......................................................................................................... 70
V.1.2. X l s liu u vo ........................................................................................ 70
V.2. Kt qu tnh ton...................................................................................................... 74
VI. Tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u Capo................................................ 74
VI.1. i tng tnh ton: ............................................................................................... 74
VI.2. Tnh ton b ti u li in in lc Cn G : .................................................. 75
VI.2.1. Quy m v thc hin ....................................................................................... 75
VI.2.2. Kt qu tnh ton: ............................................................................................ 75
VI.3. Tnh ton b cng sut khng cho li in phn phi in lc Tn Bnh:.......... 77
VI.3.1. Quy m thc hin ............................................................................................ 77
2
VI.3.2. Kt qu b trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT......................................................... 79
VI.3.3. Tng hp kt qu b........................................................................................ 86
CHNG 4: X L S LIU...................................................................... 89
I. Cc phng php thu thp s liu................................................................ 90
II. Cc phng php x l s liu ................................................................... 90
II.1.1. Phng n cng sut tiu th trung bnh .......................................................... 90
II.1.2. Phng n cng sut tiu th trung bnh b sung............................................. 91
II.1.3. Phng n xy dng th ph ti t th ph ti h th chun ................... 93
II.2. Phng n s dng .................................................................................................. 94
III. Nhu cu chuyn i d liu....................................................................... 95
IV. Tm hiu v CSDL ca PSS/ADEPT........................................................ 96
IV.1. Giao tip ca phn mm:........................................................................................ 96
IV.2. Kt xut ca phn mm:......................................................................................... 98
V. Chng trnh chuyn i v tnh ton cc thng s u vo cho
PSS/ADEPT. ................................................................................................... 99
V.1. Thu thp d liu:...................................................................................................... 99
V.2. Chng trnh ng dng: .......................................................................................... 99
VI. Chuyn i cc lai nh dng d liu.................................................... 100
VI.1. Nhp liu theo bng tnh Excell: .......................................................................... 100
VI.2. S dng chng trnh chuyn bng tnh Excel sang d liu dng .dat: ............... 101
VI.3. S dng chng trnh PSS/ADEPT chy file .dat: .............................................. 101
VI.4. Chnh sa d liu bng Hot Embeded Systems 2.0: ............................................ 102
CHNG 5: B SUNG THNG S DY DN VO T IN DY
DN. ............................................................................................................. 104
I. Cc nh ngha s dng trong module ....................................................... 105
II. Giao din chng trnh............................................................................. 107
II.1. Thanh cng c ca chng trnh............................................................................ 107
II.2. Thit lp cc tham s ca chng trnh ................................................................. 107
III. Cc thao tc v v tnh ton c bn......................................................... 111
IV. Kh nng kim tra li t ng ................................................................ 115
CHNG 6: BIU DIN, PHN TCH V NH GI KT QU PHN
TCH H TR RA QUYT NH.............................................................. 117
I. Biu din .................................................................................................... 118
I.1. Xem cc chiu phn b cng sut ........................................................................... 118
I.2. Chn mu sc hin th kt qu tnh ton ................................................................. 121
II. Phn tch ................................................................................................... 122
II.1. Phn tch trn cc s tnh ton .......................................................................... 122
II.2. Phn tch trn cc th......................................................................................... 124
III. nh gi .................................................................................................. 125
IV. Tnh ton li in quy m ln, nhiu cp in p ................................ 135
IV.1. iu chnh to ................................................................................................. 135
IV.2. Tnh ton Tnh cng sut ngun, tng tr my bin th ...................................... 137
CHNG 7: C KT KINH NGHIM P DNG TI MT S LI
IN CA CC IN LC KHU VC ................................................... 139
I. Tng kt p dng ....................................................................................... 140
I.1. Chc nng tnh ton ................................................................................................ 140
I.2. Thu thp v x l s liu u vo. .......................................................................... 140
3
II. Cc kin ngh ............................................................................................ 141
II.1. V s liu u vo.................................................................................................. 141
II.2. V phn mm: ........................................................................................................ 143
TI LIU THAM KHO:............................................................................ 145
4
CHNG 1:
D LIU
CHUN B
CHNG 1:
D LIU CHUN B
6
I. Yu cu v d liu tnh ton
Cc hc vin ch cn mang theo s vn hnh v s liu c t thc t cng
tc ca n v tham d kho o to m khng cn chun b trc s liu theo
biu mu qui nh trc ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0.
Tt c s liu c sn ti n v ch cn thu thp (theo yu cu c th di
y), cc ging vin s hng dn cch x l v nhp vo phn mm PSS/ADEPT
5.0. iu ny chng t kh nng d trin khai p dng rng ri v nhanh chng ca
phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 ph hp vi cch thu thp d liu thc t ca n v p
dng
D liu li in tnh ton chun b trc gm 2 loi: S (bn v) v cc s
liu. Cc loi d liu ny c th l dng in ra giy hay lu trn a vi tnh.
S liu ny thng nht chung l c thu thp trong 3 thng gn nht.
I.1.2. S liu :
Gm s liu qun l k thut v kinh doanh ca cc tuyn dy ni v cp
ngm trung th v 1 trm h th mu, c th l:
- Thng s qun l k thut ca ng dy v thit b nh: Tit din, khong
cch chiu di, thng s dy dn, my bin p, thit b bo v ng ct, t b, my
iu p,
- Thng s vn hnh, o c nh k ca n v: Cc thng s vn hnh dng,
p, cos , cng sut,
7
- Thng s kinh doanh: in nng tiu th ca tng ph ti, s khch hng ca
1 trm h th.
- Thng s chnh nh bo v ca cc thit b bo v trn a bn qun l, bao
gm c thng s bo v pha trung th ca cc trm trung gian 110/22-15 Kv.
cc n v v hc vin nm c cc yu cu v d liu cn chun b
trc, chng ti lit k c th di y cc hp thoi v cc gi tr thuc tnh yu
cu ca tng phn t li in c m hnh ho trong m hnh. V hin nay, cc
n v cha c trang b phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0, do vy vic xem trc cc
hp thoi ny ch dng tham kho tm hiu trc v cc gi tr nhp vo chng
trnh. Chi tit cch nhp d liu s c hng dn chi tit trong kho o to.
8
Hnh 1 Thanh cng c to s tnh ton
9
- Tnh cht ph ti.
- Ga tr P, Q ca ph ti
10
I.2.4. S liu cn chun b nhp vo nt:
Tn v tr t, in p nh mc,
11
Hnh 8 Hp thoi thuc tnh t b v m hnh t b trn s
12
Hnh 10 Hp thoi thuc tnh my bin p v m hnh my bin p trn s
Hnh 11 Hp thoi thuc tnh thit b sng hi v m hnh thit b sng hi trn s
13
Hnh 12 Hp thoi thuc tnh my in v m hnh my in trn s
I.3.1. Load Flow Culculation: Tnh ton phn b cng sut khi trng
thi n nh, Fault: thc hin vic tnh ton ngn mch, Fault all:
Tnh ton ngn mch ti tt c cc nt trong li in
chun b s liu cho bi ton tnh ton phi hp cc thit b bo v li
in, ta cn chun b cc thng s nh sau:
- Cc s liu qun l k thut ng dy, k thut trn a bn qun l nh:
Tit din, khong cch chiu di, thng s dy dn, my bin p, thit b bo v
ng ct, t b, my iu p,
14
- Cc gi tr vn hnh ca pht tuyn, ph ti ca tuyn dy nh: Dng, p,
cng sut P, Q, h s cng sut,
- Thng s kinh doanh: in nng tiu th ca tng ph ti, s khch hng ca
1 trm h th.
- Cc gi tr in nng tiu th ca cc pht tuyn trung th, cc ph ti trong
pht tuyn.
- Cc gi tr in tr, in khng th t thun, nghch, zero ti thanh ci trung
th.
15
- Cc gi tr t ca cu ch (FCO, LBFCO).
I.3.7.2. Ct thit b :
M t trng thi ca thit b khi n khng c hot ng v mt s cc l do
lin quan n thit b .
Ct cng bc : L hu qu do cc iu kin khn cp lin quan n thit b
cn phi ct tc thi, hoc t ng nh thit b bo v rle, hoc thao tc ng
ct,hoc do tc ng sai ca thit b bo v hay ngi vn hnh thao tc sai.
Ct theo lch : Thit b a ra khi vn hnh theo thi gian nh trc, thng
thng khi c bo tr, sa cha hoc xy dng.
Ct cng bc ngn hn: Do cc s c thong qua gy ra, cc thit b c th
c a vo vn hnh tr li t ng khi cc my ct, my ct t ng li, hoc
khi thay th cu ch.
Ct cng bc do vn hnh : Do cc s c khng th t gii tr c cn
phi sa cha thit b trc khi a vo vn hnh. V d: khi xy ra phng in lm
chc thng cch in , v vy cn sa cha hay thay th trc khi a vo vn hnh.
16
Mt in cng bc: Gy ra do ct cng bc.
Thi gian mt in : Khong thi gian t lc bt u ct in khch hng cho
n khi phc hi li cho khch hng .
Mt in thong qua: Mt in c thi gian nh, thit b c a vo
vn hnh tr li, do b phn gim st iu khin t ng hay bng tay
bi ngi vn hnh c th thao tc tc thi.
Mt in duy tr : L cc trng hp cn li khng thuc loi mt in
thong qua.
17
Hnh 14 Bng d liu v nt ngun ca m hnh
18
Hnh 16 Bng d liu v on dy ca m hnh
19
Hnh 18 Bng d liu v t b ca m hnh
Kiu d liu ca cc phn t trong m hnh cc bn c th tham kho trong
Phn 2, ph lc 3.
Bng d liu v ph ti ca m hnh c chuyn sang excel nh chng
trnh h tr x l cc gi tr P, Q ca tng nt trong excel. Sau s c
chuyn ngc vo phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0 x l nhanh chng phn php cc
gi tr ph ti cho m hnh. Cc chng trnh h ny s c gii thiu v chuyn
giao cho cc hc vin tham d kho o to.
20
Hnh 19 Bng d liu v ph ti ca m hnh c chuyn sang excel
Ht chng !
21
CHNG 2:
CC BC
THC HIN
CHNG 2:
CC BC THC HIN
To s
Creating diagrams
BO CO
Reports, diagrams
23
I. Chu trnh trin khai
Chu trnh trin khai PSS/ADEPT gm 4 bc nh sau:
To s
Creating diagrams
BO CO
Reports, diagrams
24
Hnh 22 Thit lp thng s mng li
Chn nt lnh mc Construction dictionnary chn th vin dy.
Chn file pti.con
Chn OK.
25
Cch thao tc: Vo meu File\ Network Properties (hp thoi Network
Properties).
III. Bc 2: To s :
V s li in cn tnh ton vo chng trnh PSS/ADEPT.
Cp nht s liu u vo cho s li in: T s liu qun l k thut ca
in lc chng ta ln lt nhp vo cc gi tr thuc tnh ca cc phn t nh sau:
26
III.1. Ngun Source:
27
III.3. Dy dn Line :
III.4. Nt Node :
28
III.5. T b-Capacitor:
29
IV. Bc 3: Chy cc chc nng tnh ton
C 8 phn h tnh ton trong phn mm PSS/ADEPT 5.0. Trc khi thc hin
gii cc bi ton ta cn thit lp cc tu chn bng cch m hp thoi option nh
hnh di y.
Hnh 31 Hp thoi option-Th general: Cc chn la tng qut cho cc bi ton phn
tch
30
Hnh 32 Hp thoi option-Th load flow: Cc chn la cho cc bi ton phn b cng
sut
Hnh 33 Hp thoi option-Th short circuit: Cc chn la tng qut cho cc bi ton
phn tch ngn mch
31
Hnh 34 Hp thoi option-Th motor starting: Cc chn la cho cc bi ton phn
tch khi ng ng c
32
Hnh 36 Hp thoi option-Th CAPO: Cc chn la cho cc bi ton xc nh v tr
b ti u
Hnh 37 Hp thoi option-Th DRA: Cc chn la cho cc bi ton phn tch tin
cy
33
Hnh 38 Hp thoi option-Th TOPO: Cc chn la cho cc bi ton xc nh im
dng ti u
34
V. Bc 4: Bo co
Sau khi chy xong mt trong cc chc nng tnh ton trn, bn c th xem kt
qu tnh ton phn tch ca phn mm ti 3 v tr nh sau:
Xem hin th kt qu phn tch ngay trn s
Xem kt qu tnh ton trn ca s progress view
Xem kt qu tnh ton chi tit t phn report ca phn mm
PSS/ADEPT
35
Hnh 41 Xem kt qu tnh ton trn ca s progress view
Hnh 42 Hp thoi option-Th general: Cc chn la tng qut cho cc bi ton phn
tch
Hin th cc kt qu report sau khi phn tnh v tnh ton mt bi ton c th,
t y ta c th in n cc kt qu ny mt cch d dng thng qua File\Print.
36
Hnh 43 Ca s Report Preview
Trn ca s Report Preview c hn mt menu ring ca n.
VI. Kt qu xy dng li in
VI.1. S lng cc tuyn dy trung th
T d liu thc t c, qua 4 bc thc hin ta xy dng c m hnh li
in cn tnh ton.
Di y trnh by ton b cc tuyn dy trung th cung cp cho a bn Qun
Tn Bnh c thc hin xy dng d liu trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT bao
gm:
By Hin
Hc Mn
Thng Kit
Long Qun
TSF
Bu Ct
37
Thng Long
38
Hnh 44a), b) S thc t v s m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn
dy Bu Ct
39
Hnh 46 S m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy By hin
40
Hnh 48 S m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy Thng Kit
41
Hnh 50 S m phng trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy TSF
Ht chng !
42
CHNG 3:
MT S KT QU
P DNG
Ha Xuan Truong
Phone : 0907671078
Email : TruongHaXuan@gmail.com
CHNG 3:
MT S KT QU P DNG
Qua 2 bc chng ta xy dng xong m hnh li in cn tnh ton..
Chng ny trnh by kt qu tnh ton p dng cc bi ton phn tch cho 1 tuyn
dy trung th, nhiu tuyn dy trung th v c a bn do in lc khu vc qun l.
Hy vng cc kt qu p dng ny s gip cc hc vin thuc cc n v nhanh
chng nm bt cc phng php gii bi ton phn tch thng dng.
Cc bi ton phn tch nh: phn b cng sut v tnh ra t l tn tht, tnh
ngn mch, bi ton tnh dung lng b, Cc bi ton ny rt quan trng trong
qu trnh qun l, vn hnh li in bi nhng li ch u th ca n mang li:
Nng cao kh nng ti ca dy dn, gim cng sut ngun, gim c tn tht in
nng li in,. .
Vi c im ca li in trung th in lc khu vc Cng ty in lc 2
tri rng trn a bn ln vi chiu di mi pht tuyn trung bnh ln (hn 10km).
Do vy, s gip cc n v xc nh tn tht cui ng dy, nhu cu cng sut
khng cao v ci thin in p cho li,cng nh nhiu vn ch li khc.
C th nh gi rng, vic p dng phn mm ny, mang li hiu qu thit
thc cho cc n v p dng. c bit vic p dng bi ton tnh dung lng b
gip cc in lc khu vc xc nh nhu cu cng sut khng cho ton li, kim
tra cc v tr b hin hu v phc v cng r sot nh gi tng th bi ton b
theo c th ring ca li in in lc.
Tt c m hnh li in tnh ton u c sn trong CD-ROM pht trong bui
hc
44
I. Tnh ton phn b cng sut
I.1. i tng tnh ton:
I.1.1. Gii thiu
i tng p dng tnh ton bi ton phn b cng sut v sau l tn
tht in nng li in phn phi in lc Tn Bnh. Phn gii thiu li in
phn phi in lc Tn Bnh khng trnh by ra y. Cc bn c th tham kho t
cc bn ng nghip in lc Tn Bnh-Cng ty in lc TP. HCM.
Tn tht in nng trong my bin th trung gian c tnh ton c th cho tng
my.
Kt qu tnh ton tn tht trong cc my bin th trung gian KV nm 2004 trnh by
trong bng sau:
45
my bin th 15KV [MVA] Khng ti C ti Tng
1 B Quo 8856 23205 32061
2 Ho Xa 9648 18291 27939
3 Trng ua 2x4 25632 57330 82962
4 Tn Bnh 1 2x4 4824 9145.5 13969.5
5 Ch Ln 2x4 9648 18291 27939
Tng cng 58608 126262.5 184870.5
Bng 7:
S liu n v tnh Kt qu
1. Tng dung lng t b trung th KVAR 245,100
4. Tn tht in nng trong t b trung th Kwh 3.220.614
5. T l tn tht in nng trong t b trung th % 0.04
I.1.2.4. Kt qu
T l tn tht trn li in phn phi in lc Tn Bnh nm 2004 nh sau:
- Tn tht trn lui in h th : 5,36 %
- Tn tht trn li in trung th : 4.59%
+ Tn tht trn my bin th phn phi : 2.10 %
+ Tn tht trn my bin th trung gian : 0.03%
+ Tn tht trn t b trung th : 0.04%
+ Tn tht trn li trung th : 2.42%
T l tn tht trn ton li phn phi in lc Tn Bnh nm 2004 l: 9,97%
(Cc s liu tnh ton tham kho t bo co ca in lc Tn Bnh .)
46
I.2.1. S lng cc tuyn dy trung th
Ton b cc tuyn dy trung th cung cp cho a bn Qun Tn Bnh c
tnh ton phn b cng sut xc nh tn tht cng sut v tn tht in p trn
phn mm PSS/ADEPT bao gm:
By Hin
Hc Mn
Thng Kit
Long Qun
TSF
Bu Ct
Thng Long
47
Tuyn dy trung th Thng Long
Tnh ton phan b cng sut trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT
Hnh 52 Tnh ton tn tht trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy Thng Long
Tuyn dy trung th By Hin
Tnh ton phan b cng sut trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT
Tuyn dy trung th Hc Mn
48
Tnh ton phan b cng sut trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT
Hnh 55 Tnh ton tn tht trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy Thng Kit
Tuyn dy trung th Long Qun
Tnh ton phan b cng sut trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT
49
Hnh 56 Tnh ton tn tht trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy Long Qun
Tuyn dy trung th TSF
Tnh ton phan b cng sut trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT
50
Hnh 57 Tnh ton tn tht trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT tuyn dy TSF
1 By Hin 4,165.25 2,111.49 9.76 16.89 8,700.00 8,520.00 0.23 0.80 97.93
6,820.43 2,807.57 87.62 178.22 8,700.00 8,510.00 1.28 6.35 97.82
2 Hc Mn
Thng 9,639.11 4,945.99 258.70 534.81 8,700.00 8,450.00 2.68 10.81 97.13
3 Kit
4 Long Qun 9,867.12 6,373.46 98.20 52.33 8,700.00 8,520.00 1.00 0.82 97.93
5 TSF 6,952.26 4,593.92 69.13 140.11 8,700.00 8,540.00 0.99 3.05 98.16
7 Thng Long 11,780.43 5,338.98 326.64 680.63 8,700.00 8,540.00 2.77 12.75 98.16
51
II. Tnh ton ngn mch
II.1. i tng tnh ton:
i tng p dng tnh ton bi ton ngn mch l li in phn phi
in lc G Vp. Phn gii thiu li in phn phi in lc G Vp khng trnh
by ra y. Cc bn c th tham kho t cc bn ng nghip in lc G Vp -
Cng ty in lc TP. HCM.
52
Hnh 59 Chn hin th kt qu tnh ton cc kiu ngn mch.
53
III. Tnh ton phi hp bo v
III.1. i tng tnh ton:
III.1.1. Gii thiu i tng tnh ton
i tng p dng tnh ton bi ton phi hp bo v l li in phn
phi in lc G Vp. Phn gii thiu li in phn phi in lc G Vp khng
trnh by ra y. Cc bn c th tham kho t cc bn ng nghip in lc G
Vp -Cng ty in lc TP. HCM.
1. MC Tng - Trm Ha Xa
4. LBFCO nhnh r
2. MC tng - Ngt Di Nguy
54
III.1.3. Xc nh thng s ngun
Thng s ngun (U, Z) quyt nh gi tr dng ngn mch, t c s cho bi
ton phi hp bo v.
in p ngun c xc nh theo gi tr ca thanh ci ti trm trung gian
(U=15000V), y l gi tr gn ng.
Thng s th t thun c xc nh theo dng ngn mch 3 pha ti thanh ci
trm trung gian (13583A) v thng s th t khng c xc nh theo ngn mch
1 pha (18640A).
Thnh phn th t
thun Gi tr V
Inm 13583 A
U 15000 V
Scb 1000000 VA
Ucb 15000 V
Zcb=Ucb*Ucb/Scb 225 Omh
55
Hnh 63 Kt qu tnh ngn mch
Kt qa chy ngn mch 1 pha so vi dng ngn mch do TT thng tin
tnh ton ( Bng thng s ch nh rle 50/51 N)
56
Hnh 65 Hp thoi thay i thng s thit b bo v
CT 800/5 800/5
I inst 60 I>>=12In
57
Hnh 67 Cc ng TC Rle my ct tng - Ngt Di Nguy
58
Hnh 68 Cc ng TC Rle my ct pht tuyn Ty Hi - Ngt Di Nguy
Type K K
III.2. Kt qu phi hp bo v
V tr MC tng Ngt Di Nguy
59
Hnh 70 Cc ng TC ti v tr MC tng Ngt Di Nguy
60
Hnh 72 Cc ng TC ti v tr LBFCO nhnh r CX.Ngn Hng 2 - Tuyn Ty Hi
61
in cho Qun 11 gm c: dy Ph Th Ha, dy Bnh Thi, dy Quc Ton v cp
ngm Minh Phng.
Trm trung gian Trng ua:
in p: 110/15 KV - Cng sut: (63+63)MVA: hin c 7 l ra cung cp
cho Qun 10 v Qun 11 gm c cc l sau:
- L ra Cp Bch Khoa cp in cho Qun 10.
- L ra Hin Thnh cp in cho Qun 10 v Qun 11.
- L ra Hng Thi cp in cho Qun 10.
- L ra L Gia cp in cho Qun 11.
- L ra Ph Bnh cp in cho Qun 11.
- L ra Cp L Vn cp in cho Qun 11.
- L ra ni tuyn Trng ua-Ngt Ph Th
62
gian mt in trong lc khc phc s c li v phn no ci thin cht lng in
nng.
63
-u im: Tnh ton ph ti nhanh chng n gin, ph hp cho cc khu cng
nghip ln hay phm vi cung cp tp trung.
-Nhc im: Thc t do ng dy trung th cung cp in nng tri rng,
qua nhiu khu vc m tnh cht tiu th ph ti rt khc nhau, nn khi p dng cng
thc (1) lm tn tht ng dy gim i nhiu ln so vi thc t.
Dng chng trnh phn b tro lu cng sut PSS/ADEPT cho li Ph Th,
cc thng s li in nh s khch hng, in nng tiu th, h s cng sut, cng
sut thc. c nhp trc tip vo chng trnh PSS/ADEPT.
64
p nt v dng nhnh u hon ton ph hp vi thc t. Trong mt li in phc
tp, s nt v nhnh thc s khng nhiu v hon ton c th m phng thc t.
-H thng ng dy trn khng: Li in chuyn ti in nng bng ng
dy trn khng thng c dng nh hnh 1, cc trm bin th thng c t ngoi
tri (trn nn, trn gin hay treo), c cng sut nh v c cc dng 1 pha, 3 pha,
cng sut t 10 - 400 kVA. Vi cu trc nh trn, li phn phi trn khng trung
th rt tin li cho nhng khu vc ph ti khng tp trung v ang pht trin.
65
3. Cc trng thi kha in ban u cha thc hin chng trnh con TOPO
nh sau:
Dy Hng Vng:
Trng Thi
stt Tn Kha in
ng M
1 My ct u ngun X
2 DS Tr s 1 HV X
3 DS 66 Hng Vng X
4 Rec Nhn Tn X
5 LBS Ng Gia T X
6 DS Ng Gia T X
7 LBS 18A L Hng Phong X
8 LBFCO NKQT X
9 DS Thi T 400 X
10 DS K Duyn X
11 LBFCO 930 BPh X
12 LBS Quc Ton 407 X
13 Rec Ging Quc Ton 3 X
14 Rec K Ha X
15 LBFCO Cao Thng 3 X
16 LBFCO u NR Cao Thng 3 X
17 LBS Cng Binh X
Dy Tri Phng:
Trng Thi
stt Tn Kha in
ng M
1 My ct u ngun X
2 DS Tr s 1 TP X
3 LBS Ng Gia T X
4 DS B Ht X
5 DS Kim Tn X
6 DS Ch C X
7 Rec Qun Y X
8 LBS 3 thng 2 X
9 LBS ng Tin X
10 LBS Tri Phng 522 X
11 DS K Duyn X
12 Rec Z73 X
13 LBS C5 X
14 LBS Quc Ton 407 X
Dy 3 thng 2:
Trng Thi
stt Tn Kha in
ng M
1 My ct u ngun X
2 LTD 254 Nguyn Ch Thanh X
3 DS Ng Quyn X
4 DS Hong Qun 3 X
66
5 Rec Ch Thanh X
6 LTD Hong Qun 2 X
7 LTD 612 Nguyn Ch Thanh X
8 LBS Cng Trng X
9 LTD N6 X
10 LBFCO Bo SGGP X
11 Rec Vnh Vin X
12 LTD 539 Nguyn Tri Phng X
13 DS Ng Quyn 314 X
14 DS Vn ng X
15 DS L Nam X
Dy Hin Thnh:
Trng Thi
stt Tn Kha in
ng M
1 My ct u ngun X
2 DS Tr s 1 HT X
3 LTD BV Trng Vng X
4 LBS in lc X
5 Rec Trng ua X
6 DS Pacific 1 X
7 DS Pacific 2 X
8 DS Ng Quyn 314 X
9 LBS 3 thng 2 X
10 LBS 946 3 thng 2 X
11 DS L Nam X
12 LBS L Thng Kit 2B X
13 Rec L Gia 2 X
14 LBS N Tr T X
15 LBS Tri Phng 522 X
16 LBS C5 X
17 LBS Ch Ha X
Dy Hng Thi:
Trng Thi
stt Tn Kha in
ng M
1 My ct u ngun X
2 DS Tr s 1 HThi X
3 Rec Bc Hi X
4 LBS Legamex X
5 Rec Ch Ho 2 X
6 LBS Cng Vin L Th Ring X
7 LBS Ch Ha X
8 Rec Ha Hng X
9 LBS Cng Binh X
Dy L Gia:
Trng Thi
stt Tn Kha in
ng M
67
1 My ct u ngun X
2 Rec i Hnh 441 X
3 LBS Quc Ton 946 X
4 LBS i Hnh X
5 Rec Cng Trng X
6 DS 46 X
7 DS Quan m X
8 LBS Cng Trng X
9 LTD Hong Qun 2 X
10 Rec Bnh Thi 15 X
11 Rec u C X
12 LBS Bnh Thi 169 X
Dy Quc Ton:
Trng Thi
stt Tn Kha in
ng M
1 My ct u ngun X
2 DS Quan m X
Dy Bnh Thi:
Trng Thi
stt Tn Kha in
ng M
1 My ct u ngun X
2 DS 303 Hn Hi Nguyn X
3 LBS 46 X
4 DS Bnh Thi 2 X
5 DS Hi Thun X
6 DS 179 H Bnh Thi X
7 LBS ng ch Khim X
8 Rec Gia C Bnh Thi X
9 LBS Lnh Binh Thng X
10 LBFCO Gia C Bnh Thi 6 X
Dy Ph Th Ha:
Trng Thi
stt Tn Kha in
ng M
1 My ct u ngun X
2 DS Hi Thun X
3 LBS Lc Long Qun 87 X
68
Iteration 3
Switch lbs2BLTK [LBSTK2B-NODE51] closed.
Switch lbs2BLTK [LBSTK2B-NODE51] opened.
New system loss: 372.95 kW 1423.33 kvar
Iteration 4
Switch Switch78 [LBSLGM-LBSLTRIENG] closed.
Switch Switch78 [LBSLGM-LBSLTRIENG] opened.
New system loss: 372.95 kW 1423.33 kvar
Iteration 5
Switch Switch24 [R19BC060D-LBSDH] closed.
Switch Switch24 [R19BC060D-LBSDH] opened.
New system loss: 372.95 kW 1423.33 kvar
Iteration 6
Switch RecChiHoa2 [RECH2-REHHUNG] closed.
Switch RecChiHoa2 [RECH2-REHHUNG] opened.
New system loss: 372.95 kW 1423.33 kvar
69
(Ghi Ch: cc bc 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 v khng c kha cng nn chng ti khng
thc hin c cc gi lp cc cu hnh c1.cn ti u).
V.1.2. X l s liu u vo
A
cos tb =
3 U I tb T
Trong :
70
A: in nng tiu th ca 01 ti trong 01 thng (Kwh)
U: in p h th ca ti (U = 0.4 kV)
Itb: dng ti trung bnh ca ti trong 01 thng (A)
T: thi gian tiu th in ca ti (gi) (cho T = 720 gi cho 01 thng)
C costb ta tnh c P, Q thng qua cng thc tam gic cng sut:
V.1.2.3.1. Mc th nht:
Nghin cu v kh nng ca h my pht cp in cho ti. H thng truyn ti
khng c xt n mc ny. Ch s tin cy ca mc th nht l Ch S D Bo
Mt Ti (LOLE) v Ch S D Bo Thiu Nng lng Cung Cp (LOEE).
V.1.2.3.2. Mc th hai:
Nghin cu v h thng pht v h thng truyn ti cung cp nng lng ti
cc nt ti. Cc nghin cu ny l nh gi hn hp ca h thng. Ch s ca mc II
mang tnh ton cc hay ti mt thanh ci cung cp in gm c tn sut, thi gian,
ph ti v nng lng.
V.1.2.3.3. Mc th ba:
Lin quan ti c pht in, truyn ti, phn phi xc nh s tng xng
ca ton h thng cung cp n khch hng.
Ch s ca mc th ba ny la ti im tiu th v cc ch s h thng gm c
tn sut, thi gian, ti v nng lng.
71
Hng nm
Bi h thng
Bi iu min.
Bi cc in Lc.
Phn loi
Duy tr
Thong qua
Khch hng
Ph ti
Trung bnh.
Xc nh.
72
Ct in, do thao tc ngi vn hnh: Cng bc, tng phn, theo lch,
Qu .
Mt in, do s c: lu di, thong qua, tm thi.
S c hng hc:
S c hng hc l trng thi ca mt phn t h thng m n khng hot
ng nh mong mun. Kt qu l phi ct phn t ra khi h thng. Tuy nhin
khng phi mi hng hc u a n ct in.
Ct thit b:
M t trng thi ca thit b khi n khng c hot ng v mt s cc l do
lin quan n thit b .
-Ct cng bc: l hu qu do cc iu kin khn cp lin quan n thit b
cn phi ct tc thi, hoc t ng nh thit b bo v rle, hoc thao tc ng
ct,hoc do tc ng sai ca thit b bo v hay ngi vn hnh thao tc sai.
-Ct theo lch: thit b a ra khi vn hnh theo thi gian nh trc, thng
thng khi c bo tr, sa cha hoc xy dng.
-Ct cng bc ngn hn: do cc s c thong qua gy ra, cc thit b c th
c a vo vn hnh tr li t ng khi cc CB, my ct t ng li, hoc khi
thay th cu ch.
-Ct cng bc do vn hnh: do cc s c khng th t gii tr c cn phi
sa cha thit b trc khi a vo vn hnh. V d: khi xy ra phng in lm chc
thng cch in, v vy cn sa cha hay thay th trc khi a vo vn hnh.
Ngng cung cp in:
Mt in mt hay nhiu khch hng. Nguyn nhn l do mt hay nhiu thit
b ct khi vn hnh.
-Mt in nh k: Mt in gy ra do ct theo lch.
-Mt in cng bc: gy ra do ct cng bc.
-Thi gian mt in: khong thi gian t lc bt u ct in khch hng cho
n khi phc hi li cho khch hng .
+Mt in thong qua: Mt in c thi gian nh, thit b c a
vo vn hnh tr li, do b phn gim st iu khin t ng hay bng tay
bi ngi vn hnh c th thao tc tc thi.
+Mt in duy tr: l cc trng hp cn li khng thuc loi mt in
thong qua.
73
V.1.2.7. Nhng bin php c c tin cy tt cho li in:
Cng qua cch tnh ton ny, gim cc ch s SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIFI, CAIDI
v tng ch s ASAI, chng ta phi:
Gim xc sut s c bng cch s dng cc VTTB c cht lng cao, c xc
xut s c thp, tng cng kim tra nh k, t xut ngn nga s c (gim ).
Gim ct in nh k (gim ) bng cch c k hoch chi tit, phi
hp tt c cc cng vic c th thc hin c trong ln ct in.
Gim thi gian mt in ca mt v bng cch o to cng nhn c
tay ngh cao, s dng thit b c dng c hin i, quy trnh x l s v
khoa hc, nhanh chng.
Gim ct in t xut (gim ) bng cch tng d phng ca li
in, p dng ni vng trung th khi chuyn ti.
74
VI.2. Tnh ton b ti u li in in lc Cn G :
VI.2.1. Quy m v thc hin
Hnh 74 Lp th ph ti
75
St TT CS TT CSPK
TRM NGUN TUYN DY P(KW) Q(KVAR) T L % GHI CH
(MVA) P(KW) Q(KVAR)
VI.2.2.2. Kt qu b nh sau:
St TT CS TT CSPK
TRM NGUN TUYN DY P(KW) Q(KVAR) T L % GHI CH
(MVA) P(KW) Q(KVAR)
76
VI.2.2.3. Gi tr tn tht in nng:
TT TT TT TT IN NNG
GIM TT GIM TT GIM
STT TUYN DY P(KW) Q(KVAR) P(KW) Q(KVAR) TIT KIM GHI CH
P(KW) Q(KVAR) T L %
KHNG T KHNG T C T C T (KWH)
1 BNH KHNH 8,65 7,37 7,12 6,05 1,53 1,32 18 36,72
2 CN THNH 13,31 9,93 10,82 8,08 2,49 1,85 19 59,76
3 HO V 1,34 1,16 1,34 1,16 0 0 0 0,00
4 HNG L 10,49 17,95 8,1 13,85 2,39 4,1 23 57,36
TNG CNG 33,79 36,41 27,38 29,14 6,41 7,27 19 153,84
1,8
1,4
1,14
0,85
0,7 0,65
0,5
0,41 0,41
0
1 Bnh Khnh 2 Cn Thnh 3 Ho V 4 Hng L
Trc khi b.
Sau khi b.
77
By Hin
Hc Mn
Thng Kit
Long Qun
TSF
Bu Ct
Thng Long
VI.3.1.2. Xc lp thng s
Xy dng th ph ti nh sau:
S dng chc nng Load Snapshot trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT ta
xy dng th ph ti cho li in in lc Tn Bnh nh sau:
Hnh 76
Xy dng th ph ti cho li in in lc Tn Bnh
Cc thng s thit lp th ph ti cho li in in lc Tn
Bnh theo bng sau:
STT Feeder Base Max Note
Name Relative Scale Relative Scale
duration Factor duration Factor
(pu) (pu)
78
1 By Hin 0.70 1.00 0.30 1.50
2 Hc Mn 0.70 1.00 0.30 1.50
3 Thng Kit 0.70 1.00 0.30 1.50
4 Long Qun 0.70 1.00 0.30 1.50
5 TSF 0.70 1.00 0.30 1.50
6 Bu Ct 0.70 1.00 0.30 1.50
7 Thng Long 0.70 1.00 0.30 1.50
79
Beginning CAPO analysis...
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node BC_10_2.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TTIN2.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node XDET6.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node PTRUNG2/17.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node BAUCAT5.
Placed 5 fixed capacitor bank(s).
Placed 0 switched capacitor bank(s).
Initial system loss: 62.06 kW 116.03 kvar
Final system loss: 46.54 kW 83.82 kvar
-----------------------------------------------------
Power savings: 15.52 kW 32.21 kvar
CAPO analysis completed;
Tuyn dy trung th Thng Long
Tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT
80
Kt qu b cho tuyn dy trung th Thng Long:
Beginning CAPO analysis...
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node DETNHUOMP7.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node D25_3.
Placed 2 fixed capacitor bank(s).
Placed 0 switched capacitor bank(s).
Initial system loss: 81.45 kW 165.92 kvar
Final system loss: 74.28 kW 150.70 kvar
-----------------------------------------------------
Power savings: 7.18 kW 15.22 kvar
CAPO analysis completed;
Tuyn dy trung th By Hin
Kt qu b cho tuyn dy trung th By Hin:
Beginning CAPO analysis...
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TANVIET7/1.
Placed 1 fixed capacitor bank(s).
Placed 0 switched capacitor bank(s).
Initial system loss: 81.45 kW 165.92 kvar
Final system loss: 71.28 kW 155.70 kvar
-----------------------------------------------------
Power savings: 6.18 kW 10.22 kvar
CAPO analysis completed;
Tuyn dy trung th Hc Mn
Tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT
81
Hnh 80 Xc nh s lng gin t b tnh v ng ng cho tuyn dy trung th Hc
Mn
Kt qu b cho tuyn dy trung th Hc Mn:
Beginning CAPO analysis...
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TUONGAN.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node HOACHATTB.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node HHIEN6N.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node XNGBONGSO1.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TANSON3.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node NTHDUONG.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node TUONGAN.
Placed 5 fixed capacitor bank(s).
Placed 2 switched capacitor bank(s).
Initial system loss: 185.43 kW 385.29 kvar
Final system loss: 150.54 kW 311.32 kvar
-----------------------------------------------------
Power savings: 34.89 kW 73.98 kvar
CAPO analysis completed;
Tuyn dy trung th Thng Kit
Tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT
82
Hnh 81 Cc bc lp xc nh s lng gin t b tnh v ng ng cho tuyn dy
trung th Thng Kit
Kt qu b cho tuyn dy trung th Thng Kit:
Beginning CAPO analysis...
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node NGOCHAU1/1.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node E21_4.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node HONGTHAI3N.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node E7_4.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TANHOA2.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TCHAUCAN.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node CTNEETACO.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node E19.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node DAILOI1.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node E7_6.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node HONGTHAI55/1.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node CONGHOA6.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node TL466_2.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node THANHMAU4.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node NTBINH3.
Placing 600.00 kvar switched capacitor bank at node TL466_1.
Placed 8 fixed capacitor bank(s).
Placed 8 switched capacitor bank(s).
Initial system loss: 524.06 kW 1096.42 kvar
Final system loss: 376.04 kW 782.68 kvar
-----------------------------------------------------
Power savings: 148.01 kW 313.74 kvar
CAPO analysis completed;
Tuyn dy trung th Long Qun
Tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT
83
Hnh 82 Xc nh s lng gin t b tnh v ng ng cho tuyn dy trung th Long
Qun
Kt qu b cho tuyn dy trung th Long Qun:
Beginning CAPO analysis...
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TLAP.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node CS_TTHANG.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node LQ_10_2.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node HONGDUC.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node PT1/6.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node LQ_21.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node LODA2.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node LQ_17_3.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node LQ_2_3.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node LQUAN4.
Placed 10 fixed capacitor bank(s).
Placed 0 switched capacitor bank(s).
Initial system loss: 190.08 kW 150.72 kvar
Final system loss: 141.94 kW 99.14 kvar
-----------------------------------------------------
Power savings: 48.13 kW 51.57 kvar
CAPO analysis completed;
84
Hnh 83 Xc nh s lng gin t b tnh v ng ng cho tuyn dy trung th Long
Qun (tip theo)
Tuyn dy trung th TSF
Tnh ton xc nh v tr b ti u trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT
85
Hnh 85 Xc nh s lng gin t b tnh v ng ng cho tuyn dy trung th TSF
Kt qu b cho tuyn dy trung th TFS:
Beginning CAPO analysis...
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TFS_13_3.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node VTIEN2_TBD.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node THOHOA5.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node CHOVTHOAI2.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TFS_9_2.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TFS_8_1.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node KHUCNP6.
Placing 600.00 kvar fixed capacitor bank at node TFS_2_2.
Placed 8 fixed capacitor bank(s).
Placed 0 switched capacitor bank(s).
Initial system loss: 134.42 kW 278.17 kvar
Final system loss: 98.58 kW 202.32 kvar
-----------------------------------------------------
Power savings: 35.83 kW 75.85 kvar
CAPO analysis completed;
VI.3.3. Tng hp kt qu b
BNG TNG HP KT QU CHY BI TON CAPO
GHI
Tn tuyn dy
S B TNH B NG NG TNG (KVAr) CH
600KVAr/B Cng 600KVAr/B Cng
1 By Hin 1 600 600
2 Hc Mn 5 3,000 2 1,200 4,200
3 Thng Kit 8 4,800 8 4,800 9,600
4 Long Qun 10 6,000 6,000
5 TSF 8 4,800 4,800
6 Bu Ct 5 3,000 3,000
86
7 Thng Long 2 1,200 1,200
CNG 39 23,400 10 6,000 29,400
Ht chng !
87
CHNG 4:
X L S LIU
CHNG 4:
X L S LIU
Xc nh cng sut tiu th ca tng ph ti l bi ton u tin cn gii
quyt cho mi bi ton tnh ton trong li in. y cng l vn c nhiu
Cng ty in lc quan tm nhm la chn phng php thu thp d liu kh dng
vi hin trng.
Do vy thc hin chng trnh PSS/ADEPT phc v cho cng vic tnh
ton li in chng ti phi x l cc thng s hin ti in lc c c theo
phng n s c trnh by trong mc 2 phn x l s liu u vo nhp cho
chng trnh PSS/ADEPT.
Ngoi ra chng ti cn cung cp thm nhiu cng c h tr x l d liu.
Chuyn i nhiu nh dng d liu qua li vi d liu ca phn mm PSS/ADEPT.
Sau y trnh by mt s phng n thu thp, x l d liu phc v cho s liu
u vo cc bi ton tnh ton phn tch trong cc phn mm chuyn ngnh in.
89
I. Cc phng php thu thp s liu
Hin nay, ti cc Cng ty in lc ph bin 2 hnh thc thu thp s liu li
in nh sau:
Thu thp trc tip: Do cc n v qun l li in trc tip i n cc v tr,
dng thit b o cm tay thu thp s liu. S liu thu thu c bng hnh thc ny
bao gm: S liu vn hnh my bin th nh: Dng ti (A), Cos, in th (V),
theo nh k.
Thu thp t xa: Da vo h thng SCADA, do cc n v vn hnh li in
ti cc trm trung gian, s dng cc thit b o hin i thu thp s liu. S liu thu
thu c bng hnh thc ny bao gm: S liu vn hnh my bin th trung gian,
cc pht tuyn gm mt s thng s nh: Dng ti (A), Cos , in th (V), cng
sut P, theo qui trnh vn hnh.
90
II.1.1.3. Nhn xt:
u im: Tnh ton ph ti nhanh chng, n gin, ph hp cho cc khu cng
nghip ln hay phm vi cung cp tp trung.
Nhc im: Thc t do ng dy trung th cung cp in nng tri rng,
qua nhiu khu vc m tnh cht tiu th ph ti rt khc nhau, nn khi p dng cng
thc (1) lm tn tht ng dy khng chnh xc so vi thc t.
S dng cng thc (1) xc nh cng sut tiu th ca cc ph ti ca l ra
B Bng. th ph ti o ti trm Nh B qua h thng SCADA trong 1 ngy c
dng nh hnh 1.
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
Hnh 1: th ph ti ngy ca l ra B Bng (dng in A/gi)
(Trch dn t s liu ca Trung tm iu -Thng tin, cng ty in lc
TP. HCM)
91
+ Nhc im: Thc t khng phi ng dy trung th no cng c lp t
s b ghi d liu c sn trong cc kho in. i khi cc Recloser ca mt s
nh sn xut ch ghi li c cc thng s Imax, hay thi im s c ch yu
phc v cho cc cng tc xc nh nguyn nhn s c
Trnh t phng n ny bao gm cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Cng sut tc dng ca cc trm bin p trong khu vc do nhnh r
cung cp c xc nh theo cng thc (2) nh sau:
Atrami P(t ) nhanh re
P(t ) trami =
Anhanh re
(2)
Vi: Atram i: Tng in nng tiu th ti trm h th i trong thng
A nhnh r : in nng tiu th ti l ra trung th
P(t)nhnh r : Cng sut tiu th ti l ra trung th thi im kho st
P(t) tram i : Cng sut tiu th ti trm i thi im kho st
V cc ch s in nng k tng ti cc trm trn cng mt nhnh c ghi
theo cc phin l trnh khc nhau nn c kt qu chnh xc cn c gi tr in
nng k trong thi gian di gim mc nh hng do sai bit phin l trnh.
Tuy nhin cng tc ghi nhn gi tr in nng tiu th ca tng trm cng khng
phi d dng cho tng thi im. V vy c th p dng cng thc (3) vi gi thit
cng sut tiu th t l thun vi cng sut t ca trm bin th.
Stram i P(t )nhanh re
P(t )tram i = n
S tram i
i =1 (3)
Vi: Stram i : Cng sut lp t MBA ca trm i
Stram i : Tng cng sut lp t ti khu vc nhnh r cung cp
P(t)nhnh r : Cng sut tiu th ti l ra trung th thi im kho st
P(t) tram i : Cng sut tiu th ti trm i thi im kho st
n : s trm bin p h th c trn nhnh r
H s cng sut ca trm c ly bng hoc cao hn h s cng sut o c
ti cc nhnh r hoc l ra. L do ny c th gii thch nh sau: Hu ht li in h
th ca cc trm bin th h p u dng cp ABC c gi tr tr khng rt b (0.07
0.085 Ohm/km), c nhiu ti tiu th tng trm h th c b cng sut phn
khng, nhng tr khng ng dy trung th cao dn n h s cng sut trn
ng dy trung th thp.
92
Bc 2:
Chy chng trnh cc chc nng tnh ton ca phn mm.
Bc 3:
Xc nh cc ph ti cn li trn trc chnh, c th xc nh t hiu ca th
tng o c ti l ra v cc th ph ti nhnh r theo cng thc (1)
93
Xy dng
94
tng pht tuyn. Sau tnh ton c thi gian s dng trung bnh ca ton pht
tuyn.
Bc 3: Thu thp in nng tiu th ca tng trm (thng 7/2004) c cung
cp t Phng kinh doanh ca in lc thng qua tp tin ha n ca tng trm
khch hng v trm cng cng. T s liu ny tnh ton c cng sut trung bnh
ca tng trm, trng hp trn tp tin ha n khng c in nng phn khng th
in lc Tn Bnh tm xem costrung bnh ca trm bng costrung bnh ca pht tuyn
.
nh gi u khuyt im ca phng n cng sut trung bnh.
u im: Thu thp c s liu nhanh chng v y , tnh ton d dng v
ph hp. Tnh chnh xc ti u ngun cao.
Nhc im: Theo phng n trn tnh chnh xc trn tng ph ti s khng
ph hp, cn tu thuc vo s vn hnh li in. Khng th xy dng trong
thi gian ngn v chnh xc ca tnh trung bnh s khng cao.
95
Bn thn PSS/ADEPT khng h tr thit k ha nh cc phn mm
khc (AutoCAD, ,vv), v th chng ta s gp nhiu kh khn trong
vic thit lp s li in nu khng c mt s nh hnh hoc mt
tham chiu nn c xc nh trc.
Ngoi ra, v phn d liu thuc tnh: nu cp nht mt cch th cng trn
PSS/ADEPT chng ta khng tn dng c cc d liu hin c ti cc Cng ty
in lc trong cc mt qun l Kinh doanh K thut v nht l cc d liu ny
lun thay i, ngoi ra vic nhp liu mt cch th cng nh vy s d dn n sai
st kh kim sot c. Do chng ta phi s dng PSS/ADEPT vi mt hng
tip cn khc ph hp vi mi trng qun l Kinh doanh K thut ca cc Cng
ty in lc v tng thch vi cc h thng SCADA c trin khai sau ny.
96
y l File text c b cc trnh by theo mt cu trc r rng c th phn
tch nh sau:
.
97
END/ LOADS Kt thc d liu phn Loads.
.
. D liu phn Capacitor (T b)
.
END/ CAPS Kt thc d liu phn Caps.
.
. Tip tc cho cc phn t khc ca h thng (nu c)
98
V. Chng trnh chuyn i v tnh ton cc thng s
u vo cho PSS/ADEPT.
V.1. Thu thp d liu:
Chng trnh PSS/U thit lp thng tin li in v thu thp chng vo 13
Sheet file t Excel. Cc Sheet file ny c th c tch hp t cc d liu ca
Mapinfo, Esri, ArcView, AutoCAD, v.v cc lu v mt ha nh sau:
Mt im bt k M(x,y) c v trn phn mm AutoCAD hay cc phn
mm GIS khi thu thp v chuyn i:
i vi PSS/U: M(x,y) tha yu cu giao din ha cho ngi s
dng (Graphical User Interface -GUI), GUI ca PSS/U cn tun th cc
php bin i hnh hc tha mn cc thng s v mt phng th hin
li in (kch thc chiu ngang, dc); khong cch cc ng vch
trn trc x, y; h s chiu ngang, dc ti u ca mn hnh trn GUI v
thng s xc nh phn gii ca cc ng chiu. (Tham kho cc
cng thc theo ti liu nh km phn ph lc).
i vi PSS/ADEPT: giao din ha chp nhn trc tip M(x,y).
y l mt u im mnh ca PSS/ADEPT gip phn mm ny c th
ha nhp ngay vo cc d liu c thit k t H thng Thng tin a
l (GIS).
99
VI. Chuyn i cc lai nh dng d liu
VI.1. Nhp liu theo bng tnh Excell:
Trc y, in Lc s dng phn mm PSS/U tnh ton phn b cng
sut trn li in. Phn mm ny c nhp liu bng bng tnh Excel cc thng
s tn nt, ta nt, tn ngun, to ngun, nhnh lin kt nt, thng s nhnh,
s lng t b v v tr gn t, ph ti ti nt. Bng tnh ny c th chnh sa trong
giao din PSS/U nh chnh sa trong Excel. Tuy nhin, trong phn mm
PSS/ADEPT khng s dng bng tnh Excel trc tip cp nht s liu c. Vic
nhp liu bng bng tnh Excel rt tin li do s dng c c s d liu sn c ca
in Lc vi cc file d liu .dbf, .xls qua cc chng trnh qun l in Lc vn
ang s dng.
100
VI.2. S dng chng trnh chuyn bng tnh Excel sang d liu dng
.dat:
Chng trnh PSS/ADEPT c th c cc file dng .dat ca chng trnh
PSS/U nh mt cch k tha v s dng li cc d liu c. Tn dng kh nng ny,
Trung tm iu thng tin cung cp chng trnh chuyn d liu t file dng
Excel (.xls) sang file dng text (.dat). iu ny gip ch rt nhiu cho cng tc nhp
liu ca chng trnh, tn dng c cc c s d liu c trc y ca in
Lc s dng phn mm PSS/U cng nh nhng s liu mi trong cc c s d liu
dng .dbf, .xls.
Sau khi nhp cc s liu cn thit vo bng tnh Excel, in Lc Si Gn s
dng chng trnh chuyn d liu sang dng .dat, sn sng dng PSS/ADEPT x l
d liu.
101
VI.4. Chnh sa d liu bng Hot Embeded Systems 2.0:
H thng in do in Lc qun l l h thng c s thay i lin tc v s
lng trm bin th, cng sut ph ti,... Do cn c cp nht, chnh sa
thng xuyn. Nu d liu thay i khng nhiu c th chnh sa trc tip trong
chng trnh PSS/ADEPT khi x l file d liu. Tuy nhin, c nhng d liu cn
chnh sa vi khi lng ln (nh thay i hng lot thng s ph ti, di ta
nhiu im nt, thay i cp in p vn hnh ca hng lot im nt...) th vic
chnh sa trc tip tn rt nhiu thi gian v c th gp nhiu sai st.
in hnh trong vic tnh ton li in, cn thay i ph ti hng trm im
nt cho ph hp, hoc lin kt nhnh tng t nhau t im nt trm ngm ra cc
im nt trm ni. iu cn ch l khi chy chng trnh PSS/ADEPT, chnh
sa nhng im sai st cn xut ngc d liu ra dng bng tnh EXcel cp nht
th chng trnh ny cng khng h tr.
Ht chng !
102
CHNG 5:
B SUNG THNG S DY
DN VO T IN DY DN
CHNG 5:
B SUNG THNG S DY DN VO T IN
DY DN.
in tr v in khng (th t thun, th t khng) ca ng dy l cc
thng s quan trng khi tnh ton cc bi ton trong truyn ti v phn phi in
nng. Cc gi tr ny ngoi vic ph thuc vo bn cht ca dy dn (hoc cp)
cn ph thuc vo cch lp t ca chng nh th no. C ngha l ngoi thnh
phn t thn ca dy dn (hoc cp) th cn c thnh phn tng h gia cc pha
trong mch v ca cc mch c v tr ln cn. C th ly VD khi thay i v tr ba
pha ca mt mch ic hay khi mch in c lp t gn mt mch in khc th
cc gi tr dc trng nu trn chc chn s thay i. thun tin cho ngi s
dng trong vic tnh ton cc thng s ng dy, PSS/ADEPT cung cp mt
module tnh ton ring l :LINE CONSTANT. Ta c th s dng module ny tnh
ton cc thng s ca ng dy da trn tnh cht cc loi dy dn hay cp trong
tp tin th vin *.con qui nh ca chng trnh.Trong tp tin ny c lit k cc loi
dy dn (theo chun no , thng l ca M ) hin hu cng vi cc c tnh k
thut ca n. Ta c th dng chng trnh NOTEPAD thay i cc thng tin ny
ph hp vi mng in c th ca chng ta, cng nh cp nht cc loi dy dn
khc ko c trong th vin. Vn ta s bn sau, y trnh by cch thc s
dng module LINE CONSTANT tnh ton thng s ng dy.
PSS/ADEPT cung cp mt c s d liu cc thit b bo v phc v cho bi
ton tnh phi hp bo v. Ngoi vic cung cp cc thit b bo v c sn trong
CSDL , PSS/ADEPT cn cho php ngi dng thay i cc c tnh k thut ca
cc thit b cng nh cp nht thm cc thit b bo v khc ko c trong CSDL.
Kh nng ny ca PSS/ADEPT rt quan trng v khi ng dng PSS/ADEPT phn
tch cc mng in khc nhau chng ta s phi i mt vi cc thit b bo v rt
a dng do nhiu hng sn xut khc nhau trn th gii. Mt khi trn h thng ca
chng ta c cc thit b khc vi cc thit b c trong CSDl chng ta d dng
cp nht thm s dng. CSDL ny c tn PTIProt. c a ch: C:\Program
Files\PTI\PSS-ADEPT5\Database (gi s C: l a ci t PSS/ADEPT , nu ci
t PSS/ADEPT a khc th ta c th thay i tn a tng ng)
104
I. Cc nh ngha s dng trong module
Hnh lang li in (coridor): mt nhm cc mch in c v tr song song
vi nhau (v th mt mch c nh hng ng k n cc mch khc). Chiu ngang
ca hnh lang ny vo khong 30 n 500 feet (khong 10 n 150 mt) v chiu
di rt ln (ln n hng trm Kilomet)
V tr mc dy (Position) hay b dy(bundle) : Gm mt nhm nhiu dy dn
song song (hoc ch mt dy dn) cng loi sp xp c trt t xung quanh mt im
trung tm, c ni vi nhau lm sao cho mi dy dn trong nhm u c in p
nh nhau. Mi v tr mc dy c th tng ng vi mt dy pha hoc dy ni t.
Mt nhm cc v tr mc dy hp li thnh mch in.
Mch in (Circuit) : gm mt mhm cc b dy song song dng truyn ti
in nng. Mi b dy tng ng vi mt pha hoc dy trung tnh. Pha (A, B hay
C) tng ng vi mi b dy ph thuc cty in lc v c th thay i theo thi
gian. Mix b dy trong mch in ch tng ng vi mt pha nhng mt pha ca
mch in c th bao gm nhiu b dy. Nhiu mch in (ung dy) song song
gn nhau hp thnh hnh lang li in.
Ungrounded position : b dy ko c tip t
Grounded Position : b dy c tip t
Shield wire :tng t nh grounded position
Conductor : Dy dn ti dng in, mi b dy gm mt hay nhiu dy dn
Conductor type :loi dy dn, VD: ACSR, AAC, AAAC, CU, EHS, ACAR.
Conductor Name :
Wire : cch gi khc ca dy dn, c bit l dy ni t
Phase :
Conductor resistance : in tr ac (xoay chiu) mi v chiu di dy dn
nhit thit k
Conductor reactance : khng tr ac (xoay chiu) mi v chiu di dy dn
nhit v khong cch thit k.(khong cch thit k thng chn bng 1 foot
(~30 cm) hoc mt mt.
Conductor diameter : kch thc vt l ca dy dn
105
Circuit Impedance : tng tr ca mt v chiu di ng dy (/v chiu
di), c hai thnh phn mt thnh phn thc l in tr v thnh phn o l khng
tr
Circuit Admittance : tng dn ca mt v chiu di ng dy (siemen/v
chiu di hay mho/v chiu di), ccng gm hai thnh phn l in dn (Thnh
phn thc) v in np (Thnh phn o)
Sag : vng ca ng dy,
Earth resistivity : in tr sut ca t k hiu thng l v n v l *v
chiu di. Ngoi ra cn c khi nim sut dn l nghch o ca in tr sut k hiu
l .
106
II. Giao din chng trnh
107
Tab ny cho php ngi dng thit lp mi trng lm vic chung : hin th
hnh lang li in nhu th no, mu sc hin th; H n v s dng; loi dy dn
mc nh lm dy tip t; loi dy dn mc nh lm dy pha, cc thng s tng
qut v tn s .
108
Tab ny cho php ngi dng thit lp cc gi tr mc nh ca mch in
(hay ng dy). Cc gi tr mc nh ny c gn cho cc mch in c to
mi. Bao gm cc thng s : tn mc nh ca ng dy, s lng b dy
(position) trn ng dy; thng s ca b dy (tn, tnh trng ni t, to
ngang, cao , vng, khong cch gia hai dy trong b, gc nghing, s lng
dy dn trong b, loi dy dn s dng)
109
Tab ny cho php ngi dng thit lp cc gi tr mc nh ca hnh lang li
in. Bao gm : in tr sut ca t, s lng ng dy, ghi ch thm .
110
III. Cc thao tc v v tnh ton c bn
thun tin ta ly ngay v d sau y (c trong USER GUILD ca chng
trnh).
111
Chn tn v v tr ngang ca ng dy.Trn mn hnh hnh lang li in
xut hin ng dy ti v tr ta xc nh .
112
Ca s chn loi dy dn nh sau :
113
Tin hnh tnh ton ta s dng nt Calculate Impedance trn thanh cng c.
Kt qu xut ra trong ca s nh sau:
114
Kt qu tnh ton gm tt c cc tham s in tr , khng tr, tng tr t thn
v tng h . ca tng ng dy (c th t thun ln th t khng)
Ht chng !
115
CHNG 6:
BIU DIN, PHN TCH V
NH GI D LIU
H TR RA QUYT NH
CHNG 6:
BIU DIN, PHN TCH V NH GI KT
QU PHN TCH H TR RA QUYT NH
117
I. Biu din
I.1. Xem cc chiu phn b cng sut
Ta c th xem cc chiu phn b cng sut (dng chy) ngay trc tip trn s
sau khi thc hin gii bi ton phn b cng sut. Chiu phn b ca cng sut
th hin cho c 2 thnh phn: thnh phn cng sut thc (P) v cng sut khng (Q).
Mu sc hin th ca cc thnh phn cng sut c th c chn la sau cho ph
hp nht trn tng s tnh ton. thc hin vic ny, ta thc hin nh sau:
- M mt s li in
- Chy bi ton phn b cng sut. Kt qu chy bi ton phn b cng sut
nh sau:
Hnh 86 M s hin hu
-Chn popmenu\Diagram Properties...
118
Hnh 87 Pop menu
Hp thoi Diagram Properties...cho php chn la nhiu cch th hin s
li in
119
Hnh 88 Hp thoi Diagram Properties
Ti hp thoi ny, ta cho th chn la mu sc ph hp th hin cho cc
thnh phn ca c s hay cho th hin chiu phn b ca cc thnh phn cng
sut P, Q.
th hin theo ch hot hnh (chy v nhp nhy), ta nh du vo mc
chn Animate trn hp thoi Diagram Properties.
120
thy c chiu phn b cng sut ta cn thc hin chn power trong
hp danh sch Display ti th Result nh sau.
121
Sau khi chon ch mun th hin mu ta n vo nt m mu, hp thoi chn
la mu s gip ta chn c mu sc th hin mong mun.
122
Hnh 92 Hp thoi Diagram Properties, chn ch Unbalance nodes and
Branches s th hin
Sau khi chy bi ton phn tch, kt qu th hin trn s , phn mt cn
bng c th hin bng mu xanh dng rt thun tin cho vic phn tch s .
123
II.2. Phn tch trn cc th
Qa trnh phn tch cc m hnh li in, phn mm cung cp cho chng ta
rt nhiu th gip phn tch nhanh kt qu tnh ton. Sau y minh ha cch
th hin th in p ti mt nt chn.
Hnh 94 Xem th in p
Hnh 95 th in p nt c chn
124
Hnh 96 th in p Bus c chn
III. nh gi
Sau y minh ho kh nng s dng phn mm nh gi hiu qu cc bi
ton phn tch trc v sau ci to nng cp li in.
i tng nh gi y l mt tuyn dy trung th thuc in lc H Ni.
Bi ton phn tch nhm th hin tnh hiu qu t c khi lp cc gin t b
trn li.
M hnh tnh ton ca tuyn dy trung th thuc in lc H Ni xy dng
trn phn mm PSS/ADEPT nh sau:
125
Hnh 97 M li in c sn
126
th hin kt qu tnh ton bng mu sc, ta chn mu v ch th hin
nh sau:
-Ch : Kt qu tnh ton cc theo mc in p.
- Mu sc: in p cao-mu xanh dng. in p trung bnh-mu tm. in p
thp-mu .
Ha Xuan Truong
Phone : 0906561078
Email : TruongHaXuan@gmail.com
127
Vng in p
cao (mu xanh
Vng in p
dng)
thp (mu )
Hnh 101 Hin trng in p ca tuyn dy trc khi gii bi ton CAPO
Sau y ta thc hin chy bi ton xc nh v tr b ti u.
Cc gi tr t cho bi ton CAPO trong hp thoi Analysis Option nh sau:
128
Hnh 102 Hp thoi Analysis Option
V tr b 1
V tr b 4
V tr b 2
V tr b 3
Kt qu chy bi
ton CAPO
129
Vng th hin mu sc theo mc in p:
Ton b tuyn dy c in p t yu cu (in p cao-mu xanh dng)
Ton b
tuyn dy c
in p t
yu cu (in
p cao-mu
xanh dng)
130
Phn u tuyn
dy:Vng in p
cao (mu xanh
dng) V tr b 1
Updating network...
131
-Phn sau tuyn dy:Vng in p thp (mu )- khong 50%
Phn u tuyn
dy:Vng in p
cao (mu xanh V tr b 2
dng) V tr b 1
132
Updating network...
V tr b 2 V tr b 1
Phn u tuyn
dy:Vng in p
cao (mu xanh
dng)
133
CAPO analysis completed; Scroll up to view messages.
Updating network..
Vng th hin mu sc theo mc in p:
-Phn u tuyn dy:Vng in p cao (mu xanh dng)- khong 90%
-Phn sau tuyn dy:Vng in p thp (mu )- khong 10%
134
CAPO analysis completed; Scroll up to view messages.
Updating network...
135
T s tnh ton 1 tuyn dy trung th hin hu ta vo menu
Diagram/Adjust Coordinates,... m chc nng gip ta iu chnh to .
Hp thoi Adjust Coordinates nh di y, sau ta thc hin phng ln
gin s ln gp 3 ln nh sau:
Li in h th
c v thm vo 1
nt trung th
136
IV.2. Tnh ton Tnh cng sut ngun, tng tr my bin th
y l chng trnh do nhm bin son xy dng, bn lin h c cp a
ci t chng trnh
Hnh 112 Giao din chng trnh tnh Tnh ton tng tr my bin th
Ht chng !
137
CHNG 7:
C KT KINH NGHIM P
DNG TI MT S LI
IN CA CC IN LC
KHU VC
CHNG 7:
C KT KINH NGHIM P DNG TI MT
S LI IN CA CC IN LC KHU VC
139
I. Tng kt p dng
I.1. Chc nng tnh ton
Phn mm PSS/ADEPT cung cp u cc chc nng tnh ton ton phn
tch li in hin nay.
Cc n v nm vng v s dng thnh tho phn mm PSS/ADEPT bao
gm:
140
So snh kt qu ca trng thi trc v sau khi dng trnh TOPO xc nh
li li in, ta nhn thy tn tht cng sut, tn tht nng lng gim ng k,
nhng iu ang quan tm nht l in p trung th cung cp c ci thin ng
k. N phn nh mc hu ch ca trnh con TOPO. Trnh TOPO cn cho php
tm cu hnh li in chng qu ti, hay chng st p qu mc cho php.
Nng cao hn tnh chnh xc ca chng trnh bng cch kim tra gi tr
in p ti cc nt cui ngun trn thc t, so snh vi gi tr chng trnh.
Kim tra chnh xc ca bi ton tnh ngn mch bng cch so snh vi
chng trnh tnh ngn mch caTrung Tm iu Thng Tin ti mt s
nt c trng. t c s chnh xc cho bi ton phi hp bo v.
141
C th trin khai kho st tnh ton cc cng trnh T, SCL, XDM m
bo ph hp vi cc ch tiu nh sut s c, tn tht in nng, nh gi
chnh xc tin cy li in;
142
i vi cc in lc dng chung tuyn dy trung th 15kV vic cp nht
cn nhiu hn ch do cha c y v phn li in do n v bn qun
l v cch tnh ton, khai bo cc thng s li in vo phn mm. C
th nh cc trng hp phi gi lp ngun i vi n v nhn in v
trng hp phi gi lp ti i vi n v qun l MC u ngun;
Cc thng s khai bo tng tr ngun (trm trung gian) khi thc hin tnh
ton phi hp bo v li in cha c ch ng;
143
C th nh gi rng, vic p dng phn mm ny, mang li hiu qu thit
thc cho cc n v.
Ht chng !
144
TI LIU THAM KHO:
[01]. Jacobus Jan Meeuwsen, Reliability evaluation of electric transmission and
distribution systems, 1998
[02]. A.S. Pabla, Electric Power Distribution, 1997
[03]. Scott & Scott, Computerize Mapping and Engineering Data Software
Program, Seatle 1991.
[04]. Nguyen Ngoc Tuyen , Protection and Reliability Improvement in the
Distribution Network of Ho Chi Minh City, 2000
[05]. Tnh ton li in s dng phn mn PSS/ADEPT (ti liu tp hun tp 2
tp) ca Phng CNTT-VT Cty LTP.HCM v Khoa in - in T Trng
HBK.
[06]. B cng sut phn khng li cung cp v phn phi in. Nh xut bn khoa
hc k thut H Ni.
[07]. Adrian A. Hopgood, Knowledge - Base systems, 1993. CRC Press.
[08]. Cooper Power Systems, Capacitor switch - How and why, 1980, Cooper
Power Systems.
[09]. Cooper Power Systems, Power - Electrical distribution system protection,
1994, Cooper Power Systems.
[10]. Dan Rahmel, Visual Basic programmer's reference, 1998, Mc Graw - Hill
Companies Incorporated.
[11]. Siemens, Power engineering guide : Transmission and Distribution, 1996,
Siemens
[12]. Tender document for HCMC District control centre SCADA project, phase 2,
1996. Ho Chi Minh city power company.
[13]. Turan Gonen, Electric power distribution system engineering, 1986, Mc Graw
- Hill Companies Incorporated.
[14]. Trn Bch, Li in & H thng in, Tp 1, 2000. Nh xut bn Khoa hc
k thut.
[15]. H thng kim tra gim st v thu thp d liu - SCADA, 1996. Swedpower.
[16]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, H thng ha c s d liu phc v h
thng thng tin a l, 1997, ti nghin cu khoa hc cp EVN - DLHCM
- 97 - 001.
[17]. Trn Lc Hng, C s m phng ngu nhin, 1997, Nh xut bn Gio dc.
145
[18]. Hong Kim (Ch bin), K thut lp trnh m phng : Th gii thc v ng
dng, 1997, Nh xut bn Thng k.
[19]. Trn nh Long, Qui hoch h thng nng lng, 1999, Nh xut bn Khoa
hc k thut.
[20]. Trn nh Long, L thuyt h thng, 1999, Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut.
[21]. Nguyn Vn m, Mng li in, Tp 1, 2, 2000. Nh xut bn Khoa hc k
thut.
[22]. Nguyn Hng Thi, Phn t t ng trong h thng in, 2000. Nh xut bn
Khoa hc k thut.
[23]. Cao Ho Thi, M hnh m phng, 1999, Tp bi ging chuyn .
[24]. L Vn t, Phn tch & iu khin n nh h thng in, 2000. Nh xut bn
Khoa hc k thut.
[25]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, M phng vn hnh li in, 2000, Hi
ngh tin hc ln I, Cng ty in lc TP HCM.
[26]. Nguyn Ngc H, ng Anh Tun, ng dng cng ngh GIS qun l li
in phn phi, Hi ngh tin hc ln I, Cng ty in lc TP HCM.
[27]. PSS/ADEPT 5.0, Users Guide Shaw Power Technologies - 04 / 2004
[28]. H Vn Hin - H thng in truyn ti v phn phi NXB i hc quc gia
TP. H Ch Minh 2003
[29]. V Ngc Tc M hnh ha v m phng bng my tnh NXB Gio dc
2001
[30]. Nguyn Hong Vit Bo v Rle v t ng ha NXB i hc Quc Gia
TPHCM 2003
[31]. C.Russell Mason The Acrt and Science of protective relaying 1967
[32]. Cooper power system Electrical Distribution system Protection 1990
[33]. Cng ty in lc TPHCM Bo co chuyn PSS/ADEPT Phng k thut
cng ty- Thng 08- 2004
[34]. Copper Power Systems- Overcurrent Protection For Distribution System-
Seminar Notes and Reference Materials - 1995
[35]. URL http://www.pti-us.com
146