Ade 8 Math Scaffolding

Mississippi College and Career Readiness Standards for
Mathematics Scaffolding Document
Grade 8
College- and Career-Readiness Standards for Mathematics
GRADE 8
The Number System
Know that there are numbers that are not rational, and approximate them by rational numbers
8.NS.1 Desired Student Performance

Know that numbers that
are not rational are called
irrational. Understand
A student should know A student should understand A student should be able to do
informally that every
number has a decimal Real numbers are the set of rational Real numbers are either rational or Write a fraction or mixed number as
expansion; for rational numbers together with the set of irrational irrational. a repeating decimal by showing,
numbers show that the numbers. That the set of real numbers can be filling in, or otherwise producing the
decimal expansion repeats represented with a Venn diagram. steps of long division.
A rational number is a number expressed
eventually, and convert a Write a repeating decimal as a
in the form a/b or -a/b for some fraction
decimal expansion which fraction or mixed number in simplest
repeats eventually into a a/b. The rational numbers include the
integers. form.
rational number.
An irrational number is a number that Name all sets of numbers to which a
cannot be expressed as the ratio a/b, given real number belongs.
where a and b are integers and b 0. Convert a repeating decimal into a
The decimal form of a fraction is called a rational number.
repeating or terminating decimal.
A repeating decimal is the decimal form
of a rational number. Repeating decimals
can be represented using bar notation
where a bar is drawn only over the
digit(s) that repeat. For example,
0.333333. = 0. 3 .
A decimal is called terminating if its

repeating digit is 0. For example, 0.250 is
typically written 0.25.
September 2016 Page 1 of 34

GRADE 8
The Number System
Know that there are numbers that are not rational, and approximate them by rational numbers
8.NS.2 Desired Student Performance

Use rational approximations
of irrational numbers to
compare the size of irrational
numbers, locate them
approximately on a number The square root of a number is one of Every positive number has both a Find the square and cube roots of
line diagram, and estimate the its two equal factors. If a2 = b, then a = positive and negative square root. In numbers.
value of expressions (e.g., 2). . real-world situations, only the Estimate square roots and cube
For example, by truncating the A perfect square is a rational number positive or principal square root is roots to the nearest integer using
decimal expansion of , considered.
whose square root is a whole number. perfect squares and perfect cubes.
show that is between 1 How to compare and order rational
For example, 36 is a perfect square
and irrational numbers. Estimate square roots and cube
and 2, then between 1.4 and because its square root is 6. roots to an appropriate
1.5, and explain how to The value of a square root can be
The cube root of a number is one of approximated between integers. approximation by truncating, or
continue on to get better three equal factors of a number. If a3 =
approximations. The square root of a non-perfect dropping, the digits after the first
3
b, then a = . square is irrational. decimal place, then after the second
Real numbers is the set of rational Square roots may be negative and decimal place and so on.
numbers together with the set of written as -24. Compare and order rational and
irrational numbers. How to plot irrational numbers on a irrational numbers using a number
A rational number is a number number line.
line.
expressed in the form a/b or -a/b for
some fraction a/b. The rational Use the estimated value of an
numbers include the integers. irrational number to evaluate an
An irrational number is a number that expression.
cannot be expressed as the ratio a/b,
where a and b are integers and b 0.
The decimal form of a fraction is called
a repeating or terminating decimal.

GRADE 8
Expressions and Equations
Work with radicals and integer exponents
8.EE.1 Desired Student Performance

Know and apply the
properties of integer A student should understand A student should be able to do
exponents to generate
A student should know
equivalent numerical
A power is a product of repeated factors All operations involving the Write an expression using
expressions.
using an exponent and a base. properties of addition and the exponents.
For example,
32 35 = 33 = 1/33 = 1/27. The base in a power is the number that is distributive property of Evaluate an expression containing
the common factor. multiplication over addition can be exponents.
The exponent in a power is the number used to simplify expressions. Simplify expressions involving one,
of times the base is used as a factor. Variables can be used to represent two, or three properties using the
A monomial is a number, a variable, or a quantities in a real-world or laws of exponents.
product of a number and one or more mathematical problem. Write an expression using a
variables. Expressions are powerful tools for positive exponent.
How to multiply powers with the same exploring, reasoning about, and Write a fraction as an expression
base, add their exponents (product of representing situations. using a negative exponent other
powers) = + Two or more expressions may be than -1.
How to divide powers with the same equivalent even when their Multiply and divide with negative
base, subtract their exponents. (quotient symbolic forms differ. exponents.
of powers)

=
Classify expressions by their
equivalence to a given expression.
How to find the power of a power,
multiply the exponents. (power of a
power) ( ) =
How to find the power of a product, find
the power of each factor, and multiply.
(power of a product) (ab)m = ambm
Any nonzero number to the zero power is
1. 0 = 1, x 0.
Any nonzero number to the negative n
power is the multiplicative inverse of its
1
nth power, = , x 0.


GRADE 8

Use square root and cube
root symbols to represent A student should know A student should understand A student should be able to do
solutions to equations of the
form x2 = p and x3 = p, where The radical sign is the symbol placed How to recognize perfect squares. Find square roots of numbers.
p is a positive rational before a number or quantity to indicate How to recognize perfect cubes. Find cube roots of numbers.
number. Evaluate square the extraction of a root, which will be the That non-perfect squares and non- Estimate square roots and cube
roots of small perfect squares square root. The value of a higher root is perfect cubes are irrational roots to the nearest integer.
and cube roots of small indicated by a raised digit in front of the numbers. Order and compare real numbers.
perfect cubes. Know that 2 is
3 4
symbol, as in , , , where n is Squaring a number and taking the Find the distance between two
an integer. square root ( ) of a number are points using the distance formula.
irrational.
The square root of a number is one of its inverse operations. Find parts of a right triangle using
two equal factors. If a2 = b, then a = . Cubing a number and taking the the Pythagorean Theorem.
A perfect square is a rational number
3
cube root ( ) of a number are Find the edge length of a cubical
whose square root is a whole number. inverse operations. object with a given volume.
For example, 36 is a perfect square When solving x2 = 36, there are two
because its square root is 6. solutions, 6 since 6 x 6 = 36
The cube root of a number is one of three and -6 x -6 = 36.
equal factors of a number. If a3 = b, then
3
a =.
A perfect cube is a rational number
whose cube root is a whole number. For
example, 64 is a perfect cube because its
cube root is 4.
A rational number is a number expressed
in the form a/b or a/b for some fraction
a/b. The rational numbers include the
integers.
An irrational number is a number that
cannot be expressed as the ratio a/b,
where a and b are integers and b 0.

GRADE 8

Use numbers expressed in
the form of a single digit A student should know A student should understand A student should be able to do
times an integer power of 10
to estimate very large or very Scientific notation is when you Scientific notation is used to Compare and interpret scientific
small quantities, and to express a number as the product of express very large or very small notation quantities in the context of
express how many times as two factors. The first factor must be numbers. the situation.
much one is than the other. greater than or equal to one but less When looking at a number in Evaluate expressions involving
For example, estimate the scientific notation, if the exponent addition, subtraction, multiplication,
than 10 and the second factor is a
increases by one, the value or division and express the answer
population of the United States power of 10. For example, 10 , increases 10 times. in scientific notation.
as 3 times 108 and the 1 < 10 and n is an integer When looking at a number in
population of the world as 7 How to write a number in scientific scientific notation, if the exponent
times 109, and determine that notation from standard form. decreases by one, the value
the world population is more How to write a number in standard decreases 10 times.
than 20 times larger. form from scientific notation.
Exponential and standard forms of
powers of 10. For example, 0.1 is
10-1.

GRADE 8

Perform operations with
numbers expressed in A student should know A student should understand A student should be able to do
scientific notation, including
problems where both decimal Scientific notation is when you Scientific notation is used to Perform operations with numbers
and scientific notation are express a number as the product of express very large or very small expressed in both decimal and
used. Use scientific notation two factors. The first factor must be numbers. scientific notation and express the
and choose units of greater than or equal to one but less How to compare and interpret answer in scientific notation without
scientific notation quantities in the a scientific calculator.
appropriate size for than ten and the second factor is a
context of the situation with or Compare and order numbers
measurements of very large power of ten. For example, without a scientific calculator. expressed as decimals and
or very small quantities (e.g., 10 , 1 < 10 and n is an When looking at a number in scientific notation without a
use millimeters per year for integer scientific notation, if the exponent calculator.
seafloor spreading). Interpret How to write a number in scientific increases by one, the value Choose a meaningful unit of
scientific notation that has notation from standard form. increases 10 times. measure in the context of the
been generated by When looking at a number in situation with and without a
How to write a number in standard
technology. scientific notation, if the exponent scientific calculator.
form from scientific notation. decreases by one, the value Interpret scientific notation that has
Exponential and standard forms of decreases 10 times. been generated by a scientific
powers of 10. For example, 0.1 is How to read a number that is calculator.
10-1. written in scientific notation using
How to convert a number from technology. For example, 3.7E-2 is
standard form to scientific notation 3.7 x 10-2.
with and without the use of
technology.

GRADE 8
Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations

Graph proportional
relationships, interpreting the A student should understand A student should be able to do
unit rate as the slope of the
graph. Compare two different
proportional relationships Students build on their work with A linear relationship has a constant Graph real-world proportional
represented in different ways. ratios, unit rates, and proportional rate of change and a straight line relationships such as earnings per
For example, compare a relationships from 6th and 7th grade. graph. hour.
Slope is the rate of change Determine whether the relationship
distance-time graph to a A rate is a ratio that compares two
distance-time equation to between any two points on a line. between two quantities is linear.
quantities with different kinds of
determine which of two moving The ratio of the rise, or vertical Find the constant rate of change in
units. change, to the run, or horizontal a linear relationship.
objects has greater speed.
A unit rate is a rate that has a change. Compare the proportional
denominator of one unit. The rise is the vertical change relationship between two different
A proportional relationship exists between any two points on a line. quantities represented in different
when the rate is constant. The run is the horizontal change forms.
Constant rate of change is when the between any two points on a line. Find the slope of a line using a

rate of change between any two Slope = table, graph, equation, diagram,
points is the same. and verbal description.
A linear relationship is a direct
How to identify the constant of Find the slope of a line that passes
variation when the ratio of y to x is
proportionality (unit rate) in tables, through two given points.
a constant, m. We say y varies
graphs, equations, diagrams, and directly with x. Given an equation of a proportional
verbal descriptions of proportional relationship, graph the relationship
= = , where m is
relationships. and recognize that the unit rate is
Constant of proportionality (unit rate) the constant of variation and m the coefficient of x.
is the constant ratio in a proportional 0
linear relationship. In a direct variation equation y =
mx, m represents the constant of
variation, the constant of
proportionality, the slope, and the
unit rate.

GRADE 8
Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations

Use similar triangles to
explain why the slope m is A student should know A student should understand A student should be able to do
the same between any two
distinct points on a non- Similar triangles have the same Since the ratios of the rise to the run Graph two triangles given the
vertical line in the coordinate shape. of two similar triangles are the same vertices of both and determine if
plane; derive the equation y = The ratio of the rise to the run of two as the slope of the line, the slope m they are similar.
mx for a line through the of a line is the same between any Graph a pair of similar triangles,
slope triangles formed by a line is
two distinct points on a non-vertical write a proportion comparing the
origin and the equation y = equal to the slope of the line. line in the coordinate plane. rise to the run for each of the
mx + b for a line intercepting The slope m of a line passing The ratio of the vertical leg to the similar slope triangles, and find the
the vertical axis at b. through points (x1, y1) and horizontal leg of given similar slope numeric value.
(x2, y2) is the ratio of the difference in triangles formed by a line is Given the hypotenuse of a right
the y-coordinates to the equivalent to the absolute value of triangle in a coordinate plane,
corresponding difference in the x- the slope of the line. choose two pairs of points and
How to use the slope formula, point record the rise, run, and slope
coordinates.
(x,y) and the origin (0,0) to derive relative to each pair and verify that
= x 2x 1 , where x2 x1 the equation y = mx. they are the same.
2 1
How to use the slope formula, point
(x,y), and point (0,b) to derive y =
mx + b.

GRADE 8
Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations
8.EE.7a Desired Student Performance

Solve linear equations in one
variable. A student should know A student should understand A student should be able to do
.
a. Give examples of linear The product of a number and its How to find the multiplicative inverse of Solve an equation using the
a number. multiplicative inverse.
equations in one variable with multiplicative inverse is 1. = 1, To solve an equation in which the Solve an equation using the
one solution, infinitely many coefficient is not 1, you must multiply or
solutions, or no solutions. where a 0 and b 0. addition, subtraction, multiplication,
divide each side by the coefficient of
Show which of these The coefficient is the numerical the variable. For example, in the or division properties of equality to
possibilities is the case by factor of a term that contains a equation -3x = 12, you must divide both justify the steps to the solution.
successively transforming variable. sides by -3. A common error in Solve multistep equations in which
the given equation into problems of this type is for students to coefficients and constants may be
An equation is a sentence stating divide both sides by 3.
simpler forms, until an any rational number.
equivalent equation of the that two quantities are equal. Some equations have variables on Translate a word phrase or real-
form x = a, a = a, or a = b The solution of an equation is the each side of the equals sign. To solve,
world problem into an equation.
use the properties of equality to write
results (where a and b are value of a variable that makes the an equivalent equation with the Solve equations with variables on
different numbers). equation true. variables on one side of the equal sign both sides of the equal sign.
Addition property of equality. and then solve the equation. Determine if an equation has no
Some equations have no solution. solution.
Subtraction property of equality
When this occurs, the solution is the Determine if an equation is an
Multiplication property of equality. null set or empty set and is shown by identity with infinitely many
Division property of equality. the symbol or { }. After solving the
solutions.
equation, the solution will look like a =
A two-step equation contains two b, where a and b are different numbers. Create equations that have one
operations. Other equations may have every solution, infinitely many solutions,
How to solve simple one-step number as their solution. An equation or no solution.
equations. that is true for every value of the Classify equations by the number
variable is called an identity. After of solutions.
solving the equation, the solution will
look like a = a.

GRADE 8
8.EE.7b Desired Student Performance

Solve linear equations in one
variable. A student should understand A student should be able to do
b. Solve linear equations and
The product of a number and its How to find the multiplicative inverse of Solve an equation or inequality
inequalities with rational a b a number.
multiplicative inverse is 1. b a = 1, using the multiplicative inverse.
number coefficients, To solve an equation or inequality in Solve an equation using the
including those whose where a 0 and b 0 which the coefficient is not 1, you must
solutions require expanding multiply or divide each side by the addition, subtraction, multiplication,
The coefficient is the numerical coefficient of the variable. For example, or division properties of equality to
expressions using the
distributive property and factor of a term that contains a in the equation -3x = 12, both sides justify the steps to the solution.
variable. must be divided by -3.
collecting like terms.
Multiplying or dividing an inequality by a
Solve an inequality using the
An equation is a sentence stating properties of inequality to justify the
negative number coefficient results in a
that two quantities are equal. reversed inequality symbol. If > and steps to the solution.
An inequality is a statement that two < 0, then < . If > and
Solve multistep equations and
quantities are not equal. The < 0, then <
inequalities with rational number
Some equations have variables on
symbols >, <, >, and < are used to each side of the equal sign. To solve, coefficients and constants.
express inequalities. use the properties of equality to write Create equivalent expressions by
The solution of an equation or an equivalent equation with the combining like terms and using the
variables on one side of the equal sign distributive property.
inequality is the value of a variable and then solve the equation. Translate a word phrase or real-
that makes the equation or inequality Some inequalities have variables on world problem into an equation or
true. each of the inequality symbol. To solve,
inequality.
use the properties of inequality to write
Addition property of equality. Solve equations and inequalities
an equivalent inequality with variables
Subtraction property of equality on one side of the inequality symbol with variables on both sides of the
Multiplication property of equality. and then solve the inequality. equal sign or inequality symbol.
Division property of equality. How to use the distributive property. Solve equations and inequalities
For example, 3(x+2) is equivalent to containing grouping symbols.
Properties of inequality. 3x+6.

How to solve simple one-step How to combine like terms. For Determine if an equation has no
equations and inequalities. example, 2r+r+5r = 8r. solution or is an identity with
infinitely many solutions.

GRADE 8
8.EE.8a Desired Student Performance

Analyze and solve pairs of
simultaneous linear A student should know A student should understand A student should be able to do
equations.
A line represents the infinite number The points (x, y) on a nonvertical Graph lines in a plane.
a. Understand that solutions of solutions to a linear equation with line are the solutions of the Use graphs and tables and relate
to a system of two linear two variables. equation y = mx + b. them to equations.
equations in two variables Linear equations graph a straight The relationship between Interpret a point as an ordered pair
correspond to points of line. equivalent forms of linear (x, y).
intersection of their graphs, Solutions of an equation are the equations. Identify the point of intersection of
values of the variables that make the Three solutions to systems of two two lines as the solution to the
because points of
equation true. linear equations: one solution, no system.
intersection satisfy both
A system of linear equations is two solution, and infinitely many Verify by computation that a point
equations simultaneously. or more linear equations that solutions. of intersection is a solution to each
represent constraints on the When there is no solution, the lines equation in the system.
variables used. are parallel, the slopes are the Determine the number of solutions
The point of intersection is the point same, and the y-intercepts are using the slope and y-intercepts.
where two lines intersect. different. Write a second equation to create a
How to reason abstractly and When there are an infinite number specified solution.
quantitatively. of solutions, the lines are the same,
and both the slopes and y-
intercepts are the same.
When there is only one solution,
the lines intersect, and both the
slopes and y-intercepts are
different.

GRADE 8
8.EE.8b Desired Student Performance

Analyze and solve pairs of
simultaneous linear A student should know A student should understand A student should be able to do
equations.
A system of linear equations is two Pairs of lines in a plane intersect, Decide whether two quantities are
b. Solve systems of two linear or more linear equations that are parallel, or are the same line. in a proportional relationship, and
equations in two variables represent constraints on the The relationship between linear identify the constant of
algebraically, and estimate variables used. equations in two variables and proportionality.
solutions by graphing the Solutions of an equation are the lines in a plane. Use algebraic and mathematical
equations. Solve simple values of the variables that make the The relationship between reasoning.
equation true. equivalent forms of linear Solve pairs of simultaneous linear
cases by inspection. For
Expressions in different forms can equations. equations using various methods
example, 3x + 2y = 5 and 3x + be equivalent. Three solutions to systems of two such as substitution.
2y = 6 have no solution because Coordinates are ordered pairs of linear equations: one solution, no Use properties of equality.
3x + 2y cannot simultaneously numbers used to locate a point on a solution, and infinitely many Use technology to graph two linear
be 5 and 6. coordinate grid. solutions. equations to estimate the solution
How to solve linear equations with Point-slope form: of the system.
one variable. y - y1 = m (x - x1). Perform operations with a zero
How to look for and make use of Standard form: Ax+By = C. coefficient, and with non-zero
structure. Slope-intercept form: y = mx + b. rational coefficients.
Substitution is an algebraic model
that can be used to find the exact
solution of a system of equations.

GRADE 8
8.EE.8c Desired Student Performance

Analyze and solve pairs of A student should know A student should understand A student should be able to do
simultaneous linear
equations. Analyze the relationship between
A line represents the infinite number Algebraic expressions and
the dependent and independent
of solutions to a linear equation with equations are used to model real-
variables.
c. Solve real-world and two variables. world problems and represent
Use variables to represent two
mathematical problems The x-intercept is the point where quantitative relationships.
quantities in a real-world problem.
leading to two linear the graph crosses the x-axis. In the equation y = mx + b, m is the
Write an equation to express one
equations in two variables. The y-intercept is the point where slope of the line as well as the unit
rate of a proportional relationship quantity in terms of the other
the graph crosses the y-axis.
For example, given coordinates quantity.
Coordinates are ordered pairs of (in this case, b = 0).
for two pairs of points, The slope of a line is a constant Represent proportional
numbers used to locate a point on a
determine whether the line rate of change. relationships by equations.
coordinate grid.
Explain what a point on the graph
through the first pair of points The slope is the ratio of the vertical The relationship between the slope of a proportional relationship means
intersects the line through the change to the horizontal change formula and point-slope form of a in terms of the situation.
second pair. between any two points on a line. linear equation.
Interpret solutions in the context of
The slope formula: m = (y2 y1) / (x2
the problem.
x1).
Graph two linear equations on the
How to look for and make use of coordinate grid and find their
structure. intersection point.

GRADE 8
Functions
Define, evaluate, and compare functions
8.F.1 Desired Student Performance

Understand that a function is
a rule that assigns to each
input exactly one output. The
graph of a function is the set
of ordered pairs consisting of Input is the number or piece of data Functions are useful in making Determine functions from non-
an input and the that is put into a function. sense of patterns and making numerical data.
corresponding output. Output is the number or piece of predictions. Graph inputs and outputs as
data that is the result of an input of a Functions describe situations ordered pairs in the coordinate
function. where one quantity determines plane.
A rule is a summary of a predictable another. Graph functions in the coordinate
relationship that tells how to find the A function represents a relationship plane.
value of a variable. between an input and an output, Read inputs and outputs from the
This standard extends the where the output depends on the graph of a function in the
understanding of constant rate. input; therefore, there can be only coordinate plane.
How to reason abstractly and one output for each input. Tell whether a set of points in the
quantitatively. How to graph ordered pairs. plane represent a function.
The parts of the coordinate plane. How to name ordered pairs from a
graph.

GRADE 8
Functions

Compare properties of two
functions each represented in
a different way (algebraically,
graphically, numerically in
tables, or by verbal Rate of change is the amount of The slope (m) of a line is a Translate among representations
descriptions.) For example, change in the dependent variable constant rate of change. and partial representations of
given a linear function produced by a given change in the Functions can be represented in functions.
represented by a table of values independent variable. a table, as a rule, as a formula or Determine the properties of a
and a linear function A function is a rule that assigns to equation, as a graph, or as a function from a verbal description,
represented by an algebraic each input exactly one output. verbal description. table, graph, or algebraic form.
expression, determine which A linear function is a function whose Functions describe situations Make comparisons between the
function has the greater rate of graph is a line. where one quantity determines properties of two functions
change. The y-intercept is the point where another. represented differently.
the graph crosses the y-axis. How to determine the rate of
How to reason abstractly and change (slope) from an equation,
quantitatively. a graph, a table, and a verbal
description.
How to find the y-intercept.

GRADE 8
Functions

Interpret the equation y = mx
+ b as defining a linear
function, whose graph is a
straight line; give examples of
functions that are not linear. A linear function graphs a straight Functions are described in terms Identify the rate of change between
For example, the function A = s2 line. of their inputs and outputs. input and output values.
giving the area of a square as a In the equation y = mx + b, m is the Linear functions may not always Provide examples of relationships
function of its side length is not slope of the line, and b is the y- be in the form y = mx + b. that are non-linear functions.
linear because its graph intercept of the line. The slope and y-intercept in Create a table of values that can be
contains the points (1,1), (2,4), Functions that are not linear will not relation to the function defined as non-linear functions.
and (3,9), which are not on a graph straight lines. represented by the equation y = Analyze rates of change to
straight line. Interpretation means to mx + b. determine linear and non-linear
communicate symbolically, Constant rates and proportional functions.
numerically, abstractly, and/or with a relationships can be described Determine rate of change from
model. by a function. equations in forms other than the
How to look for and make use of Non-linear functions do not have slope-intercept form.
structure. a constant rate of change.
A function machine may use y as
an input and x as an output or
vice versa.

GRADE 8
Functions
Use functions to model relationships between quantities

Construct a function to model
a linear relationship between
two quantities. Determine the
rate of change and initial
value of the function from a The equation y = mx + b defines a Functions describe situations Use variables to represent
description of a relationship linear function whose graph is a line. where one quantity determines quantities in a real-world or
or from two (x, y) values, Rate of change is the amount of another. mathematical problem.
including reading these from change in the dependent variable Functions are useful in solving Analyze a variety of function
a table or from a graph. produced by a given change in the problems involving quantitative representations such as verbal
Interpret the rate of change independent variable. relationships. description, table, two (x,y) values,
and initial value of a linear The y-intercept is the point where In the linear equation y = mx + b, graph, and equation.
function in terms of the the graph crosses the y-axis. the slope m represents the rate Write a linear function modeling a
situation it models, and in The initial value of a linear function is of change and the y-intercept b situation.
terms of its graph or a table of the value of the y-variable when the represents the initial value. Find the initial value of the function
values. x value is zero. Linear functions can have in relation to the situation.
How to reason abstractly and discrete rates and continuous Find the rate of change in relation
quantitatively. rates. to the situation.
How to model with mathematics. Find the y-intercept in relation to
the situation.
Explain constraints on the domain
in relation to the situation.

GRADE 8
Functions
Use functions to model relationships between quantities

Describe qualitatively the
functional relationship
between two quantities by
analyzing a graph (e.g., where
the function is increasing or Qualitative graphs are graphs used Functions describe situations Match the graph of a function to a
decreasing, linear or to represent situations that may not where one quantity determines given situation. For example, the
nonlinear). Sketch a graph have numerical values or graphs in another. speed of a school bus on its route
that exhibits the qualitative which numerical values are not The slope of a line can provide to school.
features of a function that has included. useful information about the Create a graph of a function that
been described verbally. A positive rate of change indicates functional relationship between describes the relationship between
that a linear function is increasing. the two types of quantities. two variables.
A negative rate of change indicates The graph of a function can be Write a verbal description of the
that a linear function is decreasing. used to help describe the functional relationship between two
A linear function graphs a straight relationship between two variables depicted on a graph.
line. quantities.
A non-linear function does not graph The information represented on
a straight line. the axes of the graph.
How to reason abstractly and How to interpret the y-axis.
quantitatively.
How to look for and make use of
structure.

GRADE 8
Geometry
Understand congruence and similarity using physical models, transparencies, or geometry software
8.G.1a Desired Student Performance

Verify experimentally the
properties of rotations,
reflections, and translations:
a. Lines are taken to lines, A transformation is a geometric Ideas about how distance Identify lines and line segments in
and line segments to line operation that relates each point of a behaves under transformations two-dimensional figures.
segments of the same length. figure to an image point. are used to describe and analyze Measure and compare lengths of a
Symmetry transformations produce two-dimensional figures. figure and its image.
images that are identical in size and Translations do not change the Verify that after a figure has been
shape to the original figure. orientation. translated, reflected, or rotated,
How to verify means to demonstrate Reflections reverse the corresponding lines and line
something is true, accurate, or orientation. segments remain the same length.
justified. Rotations change the orientation. Determine the change in orientation
How to look for and express Geometric attributes of lines to isolate the transformations used.
regularity in repeated reasoning. provide descriptive information
about an objects properties and
position in space.
Reflections, rotations, and
translations are symmetry
transformations.

GRADE 8
Geometry
8.G.1b Desired Student Performance

b. Angles are taken to angles A transformation is a geometric Ideas about how angles behave Identify angles in two-dimensional
of the same measure. operation that relates each point of a under transformations are used figures.
figure to an image point. to describe and analyze two- Measure and compare angle
Symmetry transformations produce dimensional figures. measures of a figure and its image.
images that are identical in size and Geometric attributes of angles Verify that after a figure has been
shape to the original figure. provide descriptive information translated, reflected, or rotated,
How to verify means to demonstrate about an objects properties and corresponding angles have the
something is true, accurate or position in space. same measure.
justified. Reflections, rotations, and
An angle is a figure formed by two translations are symmetry
rays or line segments that have a transformations.
common vertex.
How to look for and express
regularity in repeated reasoning.

GRADE 8
Geometry
8.G.1c Desired Student Performance

c. Parallel lines are taken to A transformation is a geometric Ideas about how distance Identify parallel lines in two-
parallel lines. operation that relates each point of a behaves under transformations dimensional figures.
figure to an image point. are used to describe and analyze Measure and compare parallelism
Symmetry transformations produce two-dimensional figures. of a figure and its image.
images that are identical in size and Geometric attributes of lines Verify that after a figure has been
shape to the original figure. provide descriptive information translated, reflected, or rotated,
How to verify means to demonstrate about an objects properties and corresponding parallel lines remain
something is true, accurate or position in space. parallel.
justified. Reflections, rotations, and
Parallel lines are lines in a plane that translations are symmetry
never meet. transformations.
How to look for and express
regularity in repeated reasoning.

GRADE 8
Geometry
8.G.2 Desired Student Performance

Understand that a two-
dimensional figure is
congruent to another if the
second can be obtained from
the first by a sequence of A transformation is a geometric Transformations can be used to Perform a series of transformations
rotations, reflections, and operation that relates each point of a prove that two figures are to prove or disprove that two given
translations; given two figure to an image point. congruent. figures are congruent.
congruent figures, describe a A rigid motion is a sequence of one Geometric attributes of figures Describe a sequence of
sequence that exhibits the or more rotations, reflections, and/or provide descriptive information transformations that exhibit
congruence between them. translations. about an objects position in congruence of two figures.
Understand means to know how space.
something works or happens. The connection between
How to identify corresponding sides congruence and transformations.
and angles from congruency Ideas about congruence can be
statement and/or figures. used to describe and analyze
How to look for and make use of two-dimensional figures and to
structure. solve problems.
Two plane figures are congruent
if one can be obtained from the
other by rigid motion.
Matching tick marks and arcs
may be used to show
congruency of sides and angles.

GRADE 8
Geometry

Describe the effect of
dilations, translations,
rotations, and reflections on
two-dimensional figures
using coordinates. A transformation is a geometric The relationship between x- and Name an ordered pair as the
operation that relates each point of a y- coordinates and the x- and y- coordinates of a point in a
figure to an image point. axes. coordinate plane.
Symmetry transformations produce In a dilation, each coordinate of Graph coordinates in a coordinate
images that are identical in size and the original image is multiplied by plane.
shape to the original figure. the scale factor. Describe the changes occurring to
Dilations move each point along the In a translation, the x and y coordinates of a figure after
ray through the point emanating from coordinates of the original image transformations and dilations.
a fixed center and multiply distances change by the value of the Determine the new coordinates of
from the center by a common scale horizontal and vertical changes. an image given the original
factor. In a rotation, each point of the coordinates and a series of
A similarity transformation is a rigid original figure and its new image transformations and/or dilations to
motion followed by a dilation. are the same distance from the be applied.
Coordinates are ordered pairs of center of rotation.
numbers used to locate points on a In a reflection, each point of the
coordinate grid. original image and its new image
How to reason abstractly and are the same distance from the
quantitatively. line of reflection.

GRADE 8
Geometry

Understand that a two-
dimensional figure is similar
to another if the second can
be obtained from the first by a
sequence of rotations, A transformation is a geometric Transformations and dilations Perform a series of transformations
reflections, translations, and operation that relates each point of a can be used to prove that two and dilations to prove or disprove
dilations; given two similar figure to an image point. figures are similar. that two given figures are similar.
two-dimensional figures, A rigid motion is a sequence of one Geometric attributes of figures Describe a sequence of
describe a sequence that or more rotations, reflections, and/or provide descriptive information transformations and dilations that
exhibits the similarity translations. about an objects position in exhibit similarity of two figures.
between them. Understand means to know how space.
something works or happens. Dilations create similar figures.
Two polygons are similar when their Ideas about similarity can be
corresponding angles are congruent used to describe and analyze
and the measures of their two-dimensional figures and to
corresponding sides are solve problems.
proportional. Similarity transformation is a rigid
Dilations move each point along the motion followed by a dilation.
ray through the point emanating from
a fixed center and multiply distances
from the center by a common scale
factor.
A similarity transformation is a rigid
motion followed by a dilation.
How to look for and make use of
structure.

GRADE 8
Geometry

Use informal arguments to
establish facts about the
angle sum and exterior angle
of triangles, about the angles
created when parallel lines An exterior angle is an angle at a The angle-angle criterion for Construct triangles from three
are cut by a transversal, and vertex of a polygon where the sides similarity of triangles states that measures of angles.
the angle-angle criterion for of the angle are one side of the two triangles with two pairs of Construct viable arguments.
similarity of triangles. For polygon and the extension of the equal angles are similar. Make conjectures regarding
example, arrange three copies other side meeting at the vertex. The sum of any triangles interior relationships and measurements of
of the same triangle so that the An interior angle is the angle inside a angles will have the same the angles created when two
sum of the three angles appears polygon formed by two adjacent measure as a straight angle. parallel lines are cut by a
to form a line, and give an sides of the polygon. The measure of an exterior angle transversal.
argument in terms of Parallel lines are lines in a plane that of a triangle is equal to the sum Apply proven relationships to
transversals why this is so. never meet. of the measures of its two establish properties to justify
A transversal is a line that intersects remote interior angles. similarity.
two or more lines. The relationships and Show that the sum of the angles in
measurements of the angles a triangle is the angle formed by a
created when two parallel lines straight line.
are cut by a transversal.

GRADE 8
Geometry
Understand and apply the Pythagorean Theorem

Explain a proof of the
Pythagorean Theorem and its
converse.
Legs are the sides of a right Visual models can be used to Use algebraic reasoning to relate a
triangle that are adjacent to the demonstrate the relationship of visual model to the Pythagorean
right angle. the three side lengths of any Theorem.
The hypotenuse is the side of a
right triangle. Explain why the Pythagorean
The converse of the Theorem holds.
right triangle that is opposite the Pythagorean Theorem can be
right angle. used to determine if a given
The hypotenuse is the longest triangle is a right triangle.
side of a right triangle. There are various proofs of the
The Pythagorean Theorem Pythagorean Theorem.
states that if a and b are the The Pythagorean Theorem and
lengths of the legs of a right its converse can be used to
triangle and c is the length of the solve problems.
hypotenuse, then a2 + b2 = c2.
The converse of the
Pythagorean Theorem states
that if side lengths of a triangle a,
b, c satisfy a2 + b2 = c2, then the
triangle is a right triangle.

GRADE 8
Geometry

Apply the Pythagorean
Theorem to determine
unknown side lengths in right
triangles in real-world and
mathematical problems in two Legs are the sides of a right triangle The Pythagorean Theorem Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to
and three dimensions. that are adjacent to the right angle. relates to work in irrational find an unknown side length of a
The hypotenuse is the side of a right numbers. right triangle.
triangle that is opposite the right The Pythagorean Theorem is Use the Pythagorean Theorem in a
angle. useful in practical problems. diagram to solve real-world
The hypotenuse is the longest side problems involving right triangles.
of a right triangle. Find right triangles in a three-
Irrational numbers cannot be written dimensional figure.
as a quotient of two integers where Use the Pythagorean Theorem to
the denominator is not 0. calculate various dimensions of
How to decompose polygons into right triangles found in a three-
triangles. dimensional figure.
The Pythagorean Theorem states Provide answers as whole numbers
that if a and b are the lengths of the and irrational numbers
legs of a right triangle and c is the approximated to three decimal
length of the hypotenuse, then a2 + places with the use of a calculator.
b2 = c2.

GRADE 8
Geometry

Apply the Pythagorean
Theorem to find the distance
between two points in a
coordinate system.
Legs are the sides of a right triangle Geometric attributes of figures Connect any two points on a
that are adjacent to the right angle. provide descriptive information coordinate grid to a third point so
The hypotenuse is the side of a right that support visualization. that the three points form a right
triangle that is opposite the right Applying the Pythagorean triangle.
angle. Theorem to find the distance Use a right triangle built from two
The Pythagorean Theorem states between two points is related to original points connecting a third
that if a and b are the lengths of the finding lengths and analyzing point in a coordinate grid and the
legs of a right triangle and c is the polygons. Pythagorean Theorem to find the
length of the hypotenuse, then a2 + distance between the two original
b2 = c2. points.

GRADE 8
Geometry
Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving volume of cylinders, cones, and spheres

Know the formulas for the
volumes of cones, cylinders,
and spheres and use them to
solve real-world and
mathematical problems. Volume is the capacity of a three- The volume is the number of unit Use the formulas to find the
dimensional shape. cubes that will fit into a three- volumes of cylinders, cones, and
Recognize three-dimensional dimensional figure. spheres.
shapescone, cylinder, and sphere. The similarity between finding Solve real-world problems involving
The formulas used to find the the volume of a cylinder and the the volumes of cylinders, cones,
volumes of cones, cylinders, and volume of a right prism. and spheres.
spheres. The relationship between the
This is the culminating standard of volume of a cylinder and the
acquiring a well-developed set of volume of a cone with the same
geometric measurement skills. base.
The relationship between the
volume of a sphere and the
volume of a circumscribed
cylinder.

GRADE 8
Statistics and Probability
Investigate patterns of association in bivariate data
8.SP.1 Desired Student Performance

Construct and interpret
scatter plots for bivariate
measurement data to
investigate patterns of
association between two A Scatter plot is a graph in the A pattern in a scatter plot Plot ordered pairs on a coordinate
quantities. Describe patterns coordinate plane representing a set suggests that there may be a grid representing the relationship
such as clustering, outliers, of bivariate data. relationship between the two between two data sets.
positive or negative Bivariate data are pairs of linked variables used to construct the Describe patterns in the context of
association, linear numerical observations. scatter plot. the measurement data.
association, and nonlinear A positive linear association is one A scatter plot may show a linear Interpret patterns of association in
association. that would be modeled using a line association, a nonlinear the context of the data sample.
with a positive slope. association, or no association.
A negative linear association is one The variable not changed by
that would be modeled using a line other variables or the
with a negative slope. independent variable is
A cluster is a group of numerical represented on the horizontal
data values that are close to one axis.
another. The variable to be predicted by
An outlier is a value that does not the independent variable or the
seem to fit the general pattern in a dependent variable is
scatter plot. represented on the vertical axis.

GRADE 8

Know that straight lines are
widely used to model
relationships between two
quantitative variables. For
scatter plots that suggest a A scatter plot is a graph in the A good line for prediction is one Draw a straight trend line to
linear association, informally coordinate plane representing a set that goes through the middle of approximate the linear relationship
fit a straight line, and of bivariate data. the points in a scatter plot for between the plotted points of two
informally assess the model A line can be used to represent the which the points tend to fall close data sets.
fit by judging the closeness of trend in a scatter plot. to the line. Make inferences regarding the
the data points to the line. Linear association is when the data A trend line on a scatter plot reliability of the trend line by noting
on a scatter plot show an upward or shows the association more the closeness of the data points to
downward trend. clearly. the line.
Whether or not data plotted on a A line of best fit is the most
scatter plot have a linear accurate trend line on a scatter
association. plot showing the relationship
between two sets of data.

GRADE 8

Use the equation of a linear
model to solve problems in
the context of bivariate
measurement data,
interpreting the slope and Bivariate data are pairs of linked A trend line on a scatter plot Determine the equation of the trend
intercept. For example, in a numerical observations. shows the association more line that approximates the linear
linear model for a biology The y-intercept is the point where clearly. relationship between the plotted
experiment, interpret a slope of the graph crosses the y-axis. A line of best fit is the most points of two data sets.
1.5 cm/hr as meaning that an Slope of a line is a constant rate of accurate trend line on a scatter Use a linear equation to describe
additional hour of sunlight each change between the two variables. plot showing the relationship the association between two
day is associated with an The initial value of a linear function is between two sets of data. quantities in bivariate data.
additional 1.5 cm in mature the value of the y-variable when the The equation of the trend line Interpret the slope of the equation
plant height. x value is zero. can be used to summarize the in the context of the collected data.
given data and make predictions Interpret the y-intercept of the
How to model with mathematics. regarding additional data points. equation in the context of the
How to reason abstractly and The slope and y-intercept in collected data.
quantitatively. relation to the function
represented by the equation y =
mx + b.

GRADE 8

Understand that patterns of
association can also be seen
in bivariate categorical data
by displaying frequencies and
relative frequencies in a two- Categorical data are non-numerical Rules of probability can lead to Create a two-way table to record
way table. Construct and data sets. more valid and reliable the frequencies of bivariate
interpret a two-way table Bivariate data are pairs of linked predictions about the likelihood categorical values.
summarizing data on two numerical observations. of an event occurring. Compute marginal sums or
categorical variables A two-way table organizes data Categorical data can have marginal percentages.
collected from the same about two categorical variables into patterns of association. Determine the relative frequencies
subjects. Use relative rows and columns. Venn diagrams can also be used for rows and/or columns of a two-
frequencies calculated for Frequency is the number of times a to display data from a two-way way table.
rows or columns to describe given data value occurs in a data table. Use the relative frequencies and
possible association between set. context of the problem to describe
the two variables. For example, Relative frequency is the ratio of the possible associations between the
collect data from students in your number of desired results to the total two sets of data.
class on whether or not they have a number of trials.
curfew on school nights and
whether or not they have assigned
chores at home.
Is there evidence that those who
have a curfew also tend to have
chores?

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Mississippi College and Career Readiness Standards for

Mathematics Scaffolding Document

8.NS.1 Desired Student Performance

A decimal is called terminating if its

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8.NS.2 Desired Student Performance

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8.EE.1 Desired Student Performance

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8.EE.3 Desired Student Performance

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8.EE.4 Desired Student Performance

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8.EE.6 Desired Student Performance

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8.EE.7a Desired Student Performance

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8.EE.7b Desired Student Performance

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8.EE.8a Desired Student Performance

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8.EE.8b Desired Student Performance

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8.EE.8c Desired Student Performance

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8.F.1 Desired Student Performance

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8.F.3 Desired Student Performance

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8.F.4 Desired Student Performance

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8.G.1a Desired Student Performance

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8.G.1b Desired Student Performance

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8.G.1c Desired Student Performance

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8.G.2 Desired Student Performance

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8.G.3 Desired Student Performance

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8.G.6 Desired Student Performance

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8.G.7 Desired Student Performance

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8.G.8 Desired Student Performance

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8.G.9 Desired Student Performance

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8.SP.1 Desired Student Performance