University of Surrey Lecture EEEE3033 Filters 2016

EEE3033: Basic Microwave Filter Design
Peter H. Aaen
Department of Engineering and Physical Sciences

University of Surrey, Guildford
Surrey, United Kingdom, GU2 7HX
p.aaen@surrey.ac.uk
Oct 26, 2015
University of Surrey 2016 EEE3033 Dr. P. H. Aaen

Overview
Introduction to filters
Insertion loss method
Low-pass
High-pass
Band-pass
Examples & demonstration design
University of Surrey 2016 EEE3033 Dr. P. H. Aaen 2

Primary
Secondary
SERVICE
FIXED
MOBILE
current status of U.S. allocations.

AMATEUR
SATELLITE
SATELLITE
Mobile
FIXED
ACTIVITY CODE
AERONAUTICAL
BROADCASTING
BROADCASTING
AERONAUTICAL
AERONAUTICAL
EXAMPLE
FIXED SATELLITE
RADIONAVIGATION
MOBILE SATELLITE
August 2011
AMATEUR SATELLITE
EARTH EXPLORATION
GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE
NON-GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE
Capital Letters
DESCRIPTION
MOBILE
MARITIME
Office of Spectrum Management

SATELLITE
SATELLITE
SATELLITE
ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATION

LAND MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
INTER-SATELLITE
METEOROLOGICAL
METEOROLOGICAL
MOBILE SATELLITE
RADIONAVIGATION
1st Capital with lower case letters

MARITIME MOBILE
MARITIME MOBILE
NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e. footnotes and recent changes made to the Table
of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult the Table to determine the
This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by the FCC and
RADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGEND
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Facsimile: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone toll free (866) 512-1800; Washington, DC area (202) 512-1800
SATELLITE
National Telecommunications and Information Administration

STATES
GOVERNMENT/NON-GOVERNMENT SHARED
RADIOLOCATION
SPACE RESEARCH
AND TIME SIGNAL

SPACE OPERATION
RADIONAVIGATION
RADIO ASTRONOMY
UNITED
THE RADIO SPECTRUM
RADIODETERMINATION
STANDARD FREQUENCY
TIME SIGNAL SATELLITE

RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE
ALLOCATIONS
STANDARD FREQUENCY AND

FREQUENCY
RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE
30.0 3.0 300.0 30.6 3.0 300 3
MARITIME FIXED MOBILE AERONAUTICAL
FIXED - MOBILE - RADIONAVIGATION RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation FIXED MOBILE 30.56 MOBILE (OR)
SATELLITE SATELLITE 3.1 3.155
(Earth-to-space)
and
(Earth-to-space) 328.6 MOBILE
Satellite
Space research
3 kHz
RADIOLOCATION FIXED LAND MOBILE FIXED
Time Signal
31.0
Earth
Radiolocation AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
3MHz
except aeronautical mobile (R)
(active)
satellite
(space-to-Earth)
exploration-
3 GHz
3.23
MARITIME
FIXED MOBILE (active) 335.4
Standard Frequency
30GHz
Aeronautical
300 kHz
(radiobeacons)
(radiobeacons)
Radionavigation
30 MHz
3.3 32.0
3GHz
SPACE EARTH
31.3 FIXED MOBILE
RADIONAVIGATION
300 MHz
RADIO RESEARCH EXPLORATION -
BY
ASTRONOMY (passive) SATTELLITE (passive) Radiolocation Radiolocation 399.9 FIXED MOBILE 325
Amateur MOBILE SATELLITE
mobile
Maritime AERONAUTICAL
FIXED
31.8 RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE Aeronautical

SPACE RESEARCH (Earth-to-space) RADIONAVIGATION
MOBILE
33.0 Radionavigation
Radiolocation
RADIONAVIGATION 3.5 400.05 Mobile
except aeronautical
(deep space) (space-to-Earth) (radiobeacons) (radiobeacons)
32.3 AERONAUTICAL STANDARD FREQUECY AND TIME SIGNAL - SATELLITE 3.4 335
RADIONAVIGATION RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation FIXED
(ground based) (400.1 MHz) AERONAUTICAL
** EXCEPT AERONAUTICAL MOBILE

RADIONAVIGATION INTER-SATELLITE 3.6 400.15 LAND MOBILE
AERONAUTICAL MET. AIDS MOBILE SPACE RES. Space Opn. MET. SAT. MOBILE (R)
* EXCEPT AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)

FIXED-SATELLITE (Radiosonde) SAT (S-E) (S-E) (S-E) (S-E)
RADIONAVIGATION RADIOLOCATION 34.0
JUNE 1, 2011
33.0 (ground based) (space-to-Earth) Radiolocation 401.0 3.5
RADIONAVIGATION MET-SAT. EARTH Met-Satellite
3.65 MET. AIDS SPACE OPN. EXPL Earth Expl Sat
33.4 FIXED-SATELLITE (Radiosonde) (S-E) (E-S) SAT. (E-S) (E-S) (E-S) FIXED MOBILE
RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation MOBILE** (space-to-Earth) FIXED 402.0
3.7 MET. AIDS MET-SAT. EARTH EXPL Met-Satellite Earth Expl Sat 35.0
34.2 (Radiosonde) (E-S) SAT. (E-S) (E-S) (E-S)
Space research
(deep space) Radio- SPACE RESEARCH RADIO- 403.0
(Earth-to-space) location (deep space) (Earth-to-space) LOCATION METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (RADIOSONDE) FIXED
34.7 406.0 LAND MOBILE
DELMON C. MORRISON
RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation MOBILE SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
Mobile
35.5 406.1 36.0

(radiobeacons)
Earth EARTH RADIO

AERONAUTICAL
FIXED MOBILE
Aeronautical
AMATEUR
EXPLORATION -
RADIONAVIGATION
exploration - ASTRONOMY
THIS CHART WAS CREATED

(active)
SPACE
RADIO
Radio
Space
FIXED MOBILE
LOCATION
(active)
location
RESEARCH
SATTELLITE (active) 410.0
research
sattellite (active)
SPACE EARTH EXPLORATION -
36.0 SPACE RESEARCH
FIXED MOBILE (space-to-space) 37.0
FIXED MOBILE RESEARCH SATELLITE 420.0 LAND MOBILE
FIXED
(passive) (passive) 37.5
SPACE RESEARCH
37.0
FIXED-SATELLITE Radio astronomy LAND MOBILE
MOBILE FIXED (space-to-Earth)
(space-to-Earth)
(space-to-Earth) RADIOLOCATION Amateur 38.0
37.5
FIXED-SATELLITE
RADIO ASTRONOMY MOBILE FIXED 4.0
MOBILE FIXED SPACE RESEARCH 38.25
(space-to-Earth) 450.0 FIXED MARITIME MOBILE 405
38.0 LAND MOBILE FIXED MOBILE 4.063 Aeronautical Mobile RADIONAVIGATION
454.0 39.0
NOT ALLOCATED
MOBILE FIXED FIXED-SATELLITE FIXED LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE 415

(space-to-Earth) 455.0 40.0
38.6 4.2 LAND MOBILE 456.0 AERONAUTICAL MARITIME
MOBILE FIXED-SATELLITE FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE
(space-to-Earth) 460.0 FIXED MOBILE RADIONAVIGATION MOBILE
39.5 AERONAUTICAL LAND MOBILE FIXED
462.5375 435
FIXED-SATELLITE MOBIL-ESATELLITE
MOBILE
MOBILE FIXED RADIONAVIGATION LAND MOBILE

MARITIME
(space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) 462.7375 42.0

40.0 LAND MOBILE FIXED
467.5375
Earth exploration EARTH EXPLORATION
Satellite
satellite SATELLITE
4.4 LAND MOBILE
FIXED-
Mobile-
SPACE
satellite
467.7375
SATELLITE
4.438
RESEARCH
Meteorological
(space-to-Earth) (Earth-to-space)
(space-to-Earth)
(space-to-Earth)
(Earth-to-space)
(space-to-Earth)
40.5 FIXED MOBILE LAND MOBILE FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE
470.0
BROADCASTING-
4.5 MOBILE
BROADCASTING except aeronautical mobile (R)
FIXED
MOBILE-
SATELLITE
SATELLITE 43.69
(space-to-Earth)
(space-to-Earth)
FIXED-SATELLITE
Mobile
41.0 4.65
ISM - 40.68 .02 MHz

Maritime
Aeronautical
FIXED
FIXED- BROADCASTING-
BROADCASTING
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)
Radionavigation
LAND MOBILE
SATELLITE BROADCASTING
(TV CHANNELS 14 - 20)
FIXED
SATELLITE LAND MOBILE 4.7
Fixed FIXED
MOBILE
(space-to-Earth)
Mobile MOBILE
(space-to-Earth)
512.0
FIXED-SATELLITE
42.0 AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)
BROADCASTING SATELLITE BROADCASTING MOBILE FIXED 4.8 4.75
42.5 46.6 MOBILE
RADIO ASTRONOMY FIXED-SATELLITE FIXED
(EARTH-to-space)
MOBILE** FIXED FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE except aeronautical mobile (R) 495
43.5 4.94 47.0 4.85
MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
MOBILE (distress and c alling)
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) FIXED MOBILE**
45.5 FIXED MOBILE 505
RADIONAVIGATION- 4.99 MARITIME MOBILE
SATELLITE MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) MOBILE
46.9 RADIO ASTRONOMY Space Research (Passive) LAND MOBILE 4.995 510
RADIO- 5.0
NAVIGATION- MOBILE-SATELLITE RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL (5 MHz) AERONAUTICAL
MOBILE FIXED AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION 5.005 9
SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space) MARITIME MOBILE
47.0 5.01 49.6 FIXED RADIONAVIGATION
AMATEUR AMATEUR-SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE (ships only)
47.2 (space-to-Earth)(space-to-space) FIXED MOBILE 5.06 (radiobeacons)
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) MOBILE FIXED 5.03 50.0
48.2 525
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL
BROADCASTING
MOBILE FIXED
50.2 MOBILE RADIONAVIGATION
mobile
(TV CHANNELS 21-36)

SPACE RESEARCH EARTH EXPLORATION- 5.15
FIXED
MOBILE
(passive) SATELLITE (passive) AERONAUTICAL FIXED-SATELLITE 535

except aeronautical
50.4 (Earth-to-space)
RADIONAVIGATION 5.25
MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) 5.45
AMATEUR
FIXED
MOBILE
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) RADIOLOCATION 608.0 54.0
Earth
51.4 LAND MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)
(active)
(active)
EARTH
(medical telemetry and
SATELLITE
exploration-
MOBILE FIXED medical telecommand)
RADIO ASTRONOMY
Radiolocation
satellite (active)
Space research
SPACE RESEARCH
52.6 614.0
EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive) SPACE RESEARCH (passive) 5.255 5.68
SPACE RESEARCH
(passive) INTER- SATELLITE EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive)
55.78 5.73
RADIOLOCATION
Earth
EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive)
(active)
(active)
(active)
EARTH
INTER- MOBILE
exploration-
RADIONAVIGATION
SATELLITE
MOBILE FIXED
Radiolocation
Space research
satellite (active)
SATELLITE SPACE RESEARCH (passive) 5.59
56.9 5.35
INTER-
SPACE RESEARCH (passive) SATELLITE
Earth
BROADCASTING
(active)
(active)
(active)
EARTH
exploration-
57.0
SATELLITE
AERONAUTICAL
RADIOLOCATION
Space research
satellite (active)
Radiolocation
RADIONAVIGATION
INTER- 5.46
SPACE RESEARCH (passive)
6.2 14
SATELLITE
(TV CHANNELS 38-51)
BROADCASTING
58.2
SPACE
Earth
EARTH EXPLORATION-
(active)
(active)
(active)
EARTH
RESEARCH
exploration-
SATELLITE
SATELLITE (passive)
FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED
MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE

RADIOLOCATION
Space research
satellite (active)
Radiolocation
(passive) MARITIME MOBILE
SPACE RESEARCH SPACE RESEARCH SPACE RESEARCH
RADIONAVIGATION
EXPLORATION- EXPLORATION- EXPLORATION- EXPLORATION-
59.0 5.47 698.0
RADIO- INTER- MARITIME BROADCASTING
LOCATION SATELLITE RADIONAVIGATION FIXED MOBILE
MOBILE
FIXED
(TV CHANNELS 52-61)
6.525
Earth
(active)
59.3
(active)
EARTH
(active)
763.0
exploration-
SATELLITE
ISM 5.8 .075 GHz

INTER- RADIOLOCATION
Space research
satellite (active)
SPACE RESEARCH
EXPLORATION-
MOBILE FIXED RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE 5.57 FIXED MOBILE 6.85
64.0 RADIOLOCATION MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION
BROADCASTING
5.6 775.0 AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)

Fixed
MARITIME METEOROLOGICAL
(TV CHANNELS 2-4)
INTER- 6.765
FIXED
RADIONAVIGATION AIDS RADIOLOCATION

MOBILE** FIXED SATELLITE 5.65 FIXED MOBILE BROADCASTING MOBILE
65.0 RADIOLOCATION Amateur
EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE
INTER- Amateur-satellite
5.83 793.0 except aeronautical mobile (R) FIXED
MOBILE ** FIXED RADIOLOCATION
ISM - 61.25 0.25 GHz

SATELLITE Amateur
MARITIME MOBILE
SPACE RESEARCH (space-to-Earth) 7.0

66.0 FIXED-SATELLITE
5.85 FIXED MOBILE
RADIO RADIOLOCATION MOBILE Amateur AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE
MOBILE- RADIO INTER- (Earth-to-space)
ISM - 6.78 .015 MHz
MOBILE SATELLITE NAVIGATION- NAVIGATION 5.925 805.0 7.1

SATELLITE SATELLITE FIXED SATELLITE
71.0 FIXED (Earth-to-space) FIXED MOBILE BROADCASTING
6.425 19.95
FIXED-SATELLITE AMATEUR
(Earth-to-space) MOBILE 806.0
LAND MOBILE
Earth)
6.525 STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL (20 kHz)
MOBILE
FIXED
Earth)
809.0
(space-to-
FIXED-
MOBILE
SATELLITE
FIXED-SATELLITE 72.0
(space-to-
(Earth-to-space) FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE 7.3
74.0 6.7 849.0 FIXED MOBILE 20.05
BROADCASTING FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)(space-to-Earth) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE 73.0 BROADCASTING
FIXED 6.875 851.0 7.4
BROADCASTING
Earth)
Space
Earth)
MOBILE FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)(space-to-Earth) LAND MOBILE
research
FIXED-
FIXED RADIO ASTRONOMY
(space-to-
SATELLITE FIXED
MOBILE
(space-to-
854.0
SATELLITE
SATELLITE 7.025 74.6
76.0 MOBILE FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE FIXED MOBILE
Space research RADIO 7.075 894.0
(space-to-Earth)
RADIOLOCATION Amateur AERONAUTICAL MOBILE 74.8
ASTRONOMY MOBILE FIXED
77.0 7.125 896.0 AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
mobile (R)
FIXED
Space research RADIO 75.2

MOBILE
(space-to-Earth)
RADIOLOCATION Amateur-satellite Amateur FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE MOBILE
ASTRONOMY FIXED
except aeronautical
77.5 7.145 901.0 75.4

Space research RADIO FIXED SPACE RESEARCH (deep space)(Earth-to-space) FIXED MOBILE
Amateur-satellite AMATEUR 902.0 FIXED MOBILE 8.1
(space-to-Earth) ASTRONOMY 7.19 76.0
78.0 RADIOLOCATION MARITIME MOBILE FIXED
Space research RADIO FIXED SPACE RESEARCH (Earth-to-space)
RADIOLOCATION Amateur- Amateur 7.235 928.0 8.195
(space-to-Earth) ASTRONOMY satellite 81.0 FIXED FIXED
7.25 929.0
(AM RADIO)
FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) Fixed FIXED LAND MOBILE MARITIME MOBILE
930.0
BROADCASTING
Space
7.3
RADIO
FIXED-
research
FIXED
MOBILE
MOBILE-
FIXED 8.815
MOBILE
SATELLITE
SATELLITE
(Earth-to-space)
FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) Mobile-satellite (space-to-Earth)
ASTRONOMY
FIXED
(space-to-Earth)
931.0
ISM - 915.0 .13 MHz
84.0 METEOROLOGICAL
7.45 FIXED LAND MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)
Mobile-satellite 932.0 8.965
FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) FIXED
SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)
RADIO 7.55 FIXED 9.04
FIXED-
935.0
ASTRONOMY FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE
FIXED
SATELLITE FIXED
MOBILE
(Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space)
7.75 940.0 9.4
86.0 METEOROLOGICAL-
BROADCASTING
FIXED FIXED MOBILE

(TV CHANNELS 5-6)
SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) 7.85 941.0

FIXED FIXED
7.9 944.0 BROADCASTING
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) Fixed FIXED
RADIO
960.0
SPACE
EARTH
8.025 88.0
(passive)
(passive)
Mobile-satellite
SATELLITE
RESEARCH
EARTH EXPLORATION- 9.9
ASTRONOMY
FIXED SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
EXPLORATION-
SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (Earth-to-space) FIXED FIXED

92.0 (no airborne) 9.995
METEOROLOGICAL- Mobile-satellite
8.175 STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL (10 MHz)
SATELLITE
FIXED-SATELLITE EARTH EXPLORATION-
(Earth-to-space)
1.005
RADIO- RADIO (Earth-to-space) SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) FIXED AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)
FIXED MOBILE LOCATION (space-to-Earth) (no airborne) 1.01
ASTRONOMY 8.215 AMATEUR
94.0 Mobile-satellite
EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) 10.15
(space-to-Earth) (Earth-to-space) FIXED
(no airborne)
FIXED

8.4
RADIO FIXED SPACE RESEARCH (deep space)(space-to-Earth) Space research (deep space)(space-to-Earth)
AERONAUTICAL
(R)
8.45
(active)
EARTH
(active)
SPACE
except
RADIONAVIGATION
ASTRONOMY
(FM RADIO)
RADIO-
SATELLITE
SPACE RESEARCH (space-to-Earth) FIXED

RESEARCH
FIXED
Mobile
LOCATION
EXPLORATION-
8.5
BROADCASTING
94.1 RADIOLOCATION
aeronautical mobile
Radiolocation
8.55 1164.0 11.175
RADIO
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED MOBILE RADIO- RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL

Earth
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)

EARTH
(active)
(active)
satellite
Space
RADIO-
LOCATION ASTRONOMY
Radio-
SPACE
SATELLITE
(active)
(active)
(space-to-Earth)(space-to-space) RADIONAVIGATION
research
location
exploration -
LOCATION
EXPLORATION-
RESEARCH
95.0 1215.0 11.275

8.65 RADIONAVIGATION-
RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)
Earth
(active)
EARTH
satellite
(active)
(active)
(active)
SPACE
RADIO-
9.0 (space-to-Earth)
SATELLITE
exploration-
RESEARCH
LOCATION
Space research
AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
EXPLORATION-
Radiolocation (space-to-space)
11.4
RADIO
RADIO-
RADIO-
FIXED
RADIO-
9.2 108.0
MOBILE
FIXED
SATELLITE
1240.0
ASTRONOMY
NAVIGATION-
LOCATION
MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION
NAVIGATION
Radiolocation 11.6
100.0 9.3
Earth
RADIONAVIGATION
(active)
(active)
Meteorological Aids Radiolocation

EARTH
satellite
RADIO -
(active)
RADIO-
EARTH
SPACE
Amateur
(active)
SATELLITE
exploration-
SPACE
NAVIGATION
BROADCASTING
LOCATION
Space research
AERONAUTICAL
EXPLORATION-
9.5
RESEARCH
RESEARCH RADIO EXPLORATION-

ASTRONOMY SATELLITE 1300.0 12.1
Earth
EARTH
(active)
(active)
satellite
(passive)
Space
RADIO-
Radio-
SPACE
SATELLITE
(active)
(active)
location
exploration -
research
(passive) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION Radiolocation FIXED

LOCATION
EXPLORATION
RESEARCH
102.0 1350.0
9.8 12.23
RADIO RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation FIXED MOBILE RADIOLOCATION
MOBILE FIXED 10.0 1390.0
ASTRONOMY RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation Amateur FIXED MOBILE ** Fixed-satellite (Earth-to-space)
MARITIME
105.0 10.45 1392.0
AERONAUTICAL
RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation Amateur Amateur-satellite MOBILE ** MOBILE

SPACE FIXED
RADIONAVIGATION
10.5 1395.0
RESEARCH RADIO MOBILE RADIOLOCATION LAND MOBILE (medical telemetry and medical telecommand)
ASTRONOMY
FIXED 10.55 1400.0 117.975 13.2
(passive) FIXED EARTH EXPLORATION - SATELLITE SPACE RESEARCH AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)
109.5 10.6 (passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY (passive)
AERONAUTICAL
EARTH SPACE RESEARCH (passive) EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive) 1427.0 13.26
SPACE EXPLORATION-
FIXED MOBILE (R)
RADIO 10.68 LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE Fixed AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)
Non-Federal Travelers Information Stations (TIS), a mobile service, are authorized in the 535-1705 kHz band.
RESEARCH SATELLITE RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH (passive) EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive) (medical telemetry and 121.9375 13.36
ASTRONOMY 10.7 medical telecommand (telemetry and telecommand) (telemetry) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE
(passive) (passive) 1429.5 123.0875 RADIO ASTRONOMY
111.8 FIXED FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) FIXED (telemetry and 13.41
LAND MOBILE (telemetry & telecommand) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE
SPACE 11.7 telecommand) 123.5875 FIXED Mobile
RESEARCH
RADIO FIXED (telemetry and Fixed-satellite
1430.0 except aeronautical mobile (R)
FIXED MOBILE FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) LAND MOBILE
ASTRONOMY telecommand) (telemetry & telecommand) (space-to-Earth)
AERONAUTICAL 13.57
(passive) 12.2 1432.0
114.25 BROADCASTING-SATELLITE FIXED FIXED MOBILE **
BROADCASTING
SPACE EARTH 12.7 1435.0 MOBILE (R) 13.87
RADIO EXPLORATION- FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) MOBILE FIXED 59
RESEARCH 13.25 MOBILE (aeronautical telemetry) 128.8125 FIXED Mobile
ASTRONOMY SATELLITE 1525.0
(passive) Aeronatuical AERONAUTICAL except aeronautical mobile (R) STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL (60 kHz)
(passive)
Earth
116.0 MOBILE SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

(active)
(active)
EARTH
satellite
14.0
Space
SPACE
(active)
(active)
SATELLITE
exploration -
research
EARTH MOBILE (R) 61

EXPLORATION -
RESEARCH
SPACE Radionavigation 1559.0 132.0125 AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE

INTER- EXPLORATION- 13.4 RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL
RESEARCH SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) 14.25
SATELLITE (passive) (space-to-Earth)(space-to-space) RADIONAVIGATION
Earth
(passive)
Earth
136.0 AMATEUR
(active)
satellite
(active)
satellite
SPACE
Radio-
Space
exploration -
location
1610.0
RADIO -
exploration -
research
122.25
RESEARCH
LOCATION
FIXED MOBILE INTER-SATELLITE Amateur RADIODETERMINATION- AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) 14.35
ISM - 122.5 0.500 GHz
Spectrum Allocation
123.0 13.75 SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space) 137.0 Mobile

ISM - 13.560 .007 MHz
RADIONAVIGATION MET. SATELLITE FIXED

MOBILE-SATELLITE SPACE RESEARCH SPACE OPERATION except aeronautical mobile (R)
satellite
1610.6 (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth)

RADIO
FIXED
RADIODETERMINATION- AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE 14.99

MOBILE
and time signal

Space
RADIO -
FIXED-
(Earth-to-space)
Space
(Earth-to-space)
research
SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL (15 MHz)

Radio -
MARITIME
LOCATION
location
ASTRONOMY
research
Mobile-satellite SPACE RESEARCH SPACE OPERATION MET. SATELLITE

SATELLITE
MOBILE-
FIXED-
Standard frequency
Radio
RADIO-
RADIO-
SATELLITE
(Earth-to-space)
15.01
SATELLITE
1613.8 (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth)

SATELLITE
(space-to-Earth)
(space-to-Earth)
(space-to-Earth)
NAVIGATION
astronomy
14.0
NAVIGATION-
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE

(space-to-Earth)
Space Mobile-satellite RADIODETERMINATION- 137.175 AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) 70

130.0 FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) (space-to-Earth) SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) RADIONAVIGATION (Earth-to-space) MOBILE-SATELLITE SPACE RESEARCH SPACE OPERATION MET. SATELLITE 15.1
Mobile-satellite (Earth-to-space)
EARTH research (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth)
EXPLORATION- RADIO 14.2 1626.5 137.825
Mobile-satellite (space-to-Earth) FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) MOBILE SATELLITE(Earth-to-space) Mobile-satellite SPACE RESEARCH SPACE OPERATION MET. SATELLITE 1605
SATELLITE ASTRONOMY
INTER-
FIXED
(space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) BROADCASTING

MOBILE
SATELLITE
(active) 14.4 1660.0 138.0 MOBILE BROADCASTING

134.0 Mobile-satellite FIXED-SATELLITE 1615
Fixed Mobile (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space) MOBILE SATELLITE
Radio astronomy AMATEUR AMATEUR - SATELLITE 14.5 RADIO ASTRONOMY (Earth-to-space) FIXED MOBILE 15.8
136.0 FIXED Mobile Space research 1660.5
RADIO RADIO 14.7145 144.0
Amateur Amateur - satellite MOBILE Fixed Space research
RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH (passive) AMATEUR AMATEUR- SATELLITE
LOCATION ASTRONOMY 146.0 FIXED
141.0 1668.4
FIXED
14.8 AMATEUR
FIXED MOBILE RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIOLOCATION Fixed SPACE RESEARCH MOBILE METEOROLOGICAL AIDS 148.0
EARTH EXPLORATION-
148.5 15.1365 (radiosonde) RADIO ASTRONOMY MOBILE-SATELLITE
SPACE RESEARCH FIXED SPACE RESEARCH Mobile 1670.0 (Earth-to-space) FIXED MOBILE 16.36
Radiolocation
RADIO ASTRONOMY SATELLITE 15.35 149.9

(passive) (passive) RESEARCH EARTH EXPLORATION - FIXED MOBILE **
Federal TIS operates at 1610 kHz.
151.5 RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE(passive) SATELLITE (passive) 1675.0 RADIONAV-SATELLITE MOBILE-SATELLITE MARITIME
MARITIME MOBILE
BROADCASTING
FIXED MOBILE RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIOLOCATION 15.4 METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (Earth-to-space) MOBILE
155.5 AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (radiosonde) 150.05
EARTH EXPLORATION- SPACE 15.43 17.41 90
RADIO SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL FIXED-SATELLITE 1700.0 FIXED MOBILE FIXED
MOBILE RESEARCH METEOROLOGICAL 150.8
(Earth-to-space) Fixed FIXED 1705
FIXED
ASTRONOMY (passive) (passive) RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) FIXED LAND MOBILE 17.48
158.5 15.63 1710.0 152.855
MOBILE- FIXED- AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
15.7 LAND MOBILE
BROADCASTING
FIXED MOBILE 154.0 17.9
FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE SATELLITE Radiolocation RADIOLOCATION 1755.0 AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)
(space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth)
16.6 SPACE OPERATION (Earth-to-space) MOBILE FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE
Space research (deep space)(Earth-to-space)
FIXED
17.97
RADIO-
Radiolocation RADIOLOCATION 156.2475

MOBILE

LOCATION
164.0 17.1 MARITIME MOBILE Radiolocation

EARTH RADIO SPACE RESEARCH Radiolocation RADIOLOCATION MOBILE FIXED 156.725 FIXED
18.03
EXPLORATION- 17.2 2000.0 MARITIME MOBILE (distress, urgency, safety and calling) 1800
SATELLITE (passive) ASTRONOMY (passive) 18.068
MOBILE SATELLITE 156.8375 AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE
167.0 MOBILE FIXED MARITIME MOBILE
Earth
(active)
EARTH
(Earth-to-space)
Space
RADIO-
SPACE
(active)
(active)
SATELLITE
Radio-
research
exploration-
FIXED-
location
157.0375
LOCATION
EXPLORATION-
satellite (active)
RESEARCH
INTER- 2020.0 MARITIME MOBILE FIXED 18.168

FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE 17.3 Mobile AMATEUR
SATELLITE FIXED-SATELLITE FIXED MOBILE 157.1875 110
(space-to-Earth) BROADCASTING-SATELLITE Radiolocation 2025.0 MOBILE except aeronautical mobile MARITIME MOBILE 18.78
(Earth-to-space)
174.5 17.7 157.45 18.9
INTER- FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) FIXED BROADCASTING
FIXED MOBILE 17.8 SPACE OPERATION FIXED LAND MOBILE 19.02 1900
SATELLITE FIXED FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (Earth-to-space) 161.575 FIXED
EARTH
SPACE
174.8 18.3
RSEARCH
SATELLITE
(space-to-space) MARITIME MOBILE

FIXED
MOBILE
(Earth-to-space)
EXPLORATION-
19.68
(space-to-space)
(Earth-to-space)
FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)
(space-to-space)
INTER- SPACE RESEARCH EARTH 161.625 MARITIME MOBILE

EXPLORATION- 18.6 2110.0 LAND MOBILE 19.8
SATELLITE (passive) SATELLITE (passive) SPACE RESEARCH FIXED-SATELLITE EARTH EXPLORATION - FIXED RADIOLOCATION
(passive) MOBILE FIXED 161.775
FIXED
182.0 (space-to-Earth) SATELLITE (passive) 19.99

MOBILE except aeronautical mobile
MOBILE
EARTH SPACE RESEARCH

18.8 2180.0 161.9625 STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL (20 MHz)
RADIO
MARITIME
EXPLORATION- FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) MOBILE SATELLITE MARITIME MOBILE (AIS) 20.01

(passive) 19.3 MOBILE FIXED 2000
Radiolocation
ASTRONOMY SATELLITE (passive) (space-to-Earth) FIXED Mobile

185.0 FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) FIXED 2200.0 161.9875
19.7 MOBILE except aeronautical mobile 21.0 MARITIME
SPACE RESEARCH INTER- EARTH AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE MOBILE FIXED 130
EXPLORATION- FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) SPACE OPERATION 162.0125 MOBILE
(passive) SATELLITE SATELLITE (passive) 20.2 (space-to-Earth) MARITIME MOBILE (AIS) 21.45
EARTH
SPACE
190.0 163.0375 BROADCASTING 2065

SATELLITE
FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-space)

FIXED
RESEARCH
(line of sight only)
(space-to-Earth)
MOBILE
EXPLORATION-
(space-to-space)
21.85
(space-to-Earth)
(space-to-space)
MARITIME MOBILE
SPACE RESEARCH
and
EARTH EXPLORATION- FIXED

Earth)
satellite
Standard
frequency
2107
(space-to-
SATELLITE (passive)
time signal
(passive) MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) SPACE RESEARCH

2290.0 FIXED MOBILE 21.924
191.8 21.2 (space-to-Earth) FIXED AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) MOBILE
RADIONAVIGATION SPACE RESEARCH EARTH EXPLORATION - (deep space)
MOBILE** 22.0 FIXED MOBILE except aeronautical mobile
(passive) SATELLITE (passive) MOBILE FIXED 173.2 MARITIME MOBILE
INTER- MOBILE 2300.0 2170
FIXED
RADIONAVIGATION- 21.4 FIXED Land mobile

MOBILE
SATELLITE SATELLITE Amateur 173.4 22.855

FIXED
FIXED FIXED
MARITIME
MOBILE
MOBILE
SATELLITE 22.0 2305.0 MARITIME MOBILE

200.0 Amateur RADIOLOCATION MOBILE** FIXED FIXED MOBILE Mobile 23.0 MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED MOBILE** 174.0 FIXED
(telephony)
RADIO EARTH SPACE RESEARCH 22.21 2310.0
BROADCASTING Radio- except aeronautical mobile (R)
EXPLORATION- RADIOLOCATION MOBILE FIXED SATELLITE location Mobile Fixed 2173.5
ASTRONOMY SATELLITE (passive) (passive) SPACE 2320.0 23.2 160
RADIO AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) MOBILE (distress and calling)
EARTH
209.0 RESEARCH
(passive)
Radiolocation Fixed BROADCASTING - SATELLITE

SATELLITE
ASTRONOMY
FIXED
EXPLORATION-
23.35
MOBILE**
FIXED- (passive) 2345.0 MOBILE 2190.5

RADIO BROADCASTING Radio- FIXED
22.5 RADIOLOCATION MOBILE FIXED SATELLITE location Mobile Fixed
FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE except aeronautical mobile
(Earth-to-space) ASTRONOMY FIXED MOBILE 2360.0 24.89
22.55 MOBILE Fixed RADIOLOC ATION MARITIME MOBILE
217.0 FIXED MOBILE INTER-SATELLITE 2390.0 AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) 23.55 MOBILE AMATEUR 24.99 (telephony)
RADIO
FIXED
FIXED MOBILE 2395.0 STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (25 MHz)
MOBILE
ASTRONOMY 23.6 25.01

FIXED
SPACE RESEARCH (passive) 2194

MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
MARITIME
RADIO SPACE RESEARCH EARTH EXPLORATION - AMATEUR

226.0 ASTRONOMY (passive) SATELLITE - (passive) MARITIME MOBILE
25.07
BROADCASTING
24.0 2417.0
Radiolocation 25.21 190
RADIO AMATEUR AMATEUR-SATELLITE Amateur 2450.0 LAND MOBILE

24.05 25.33
SPACE
EARTH
ASTRONOMY
(Passive)
(Passive)
Radiolocation MOBILE FIXED MOBILE except aeronautical mobile

SATELLITE
FIXED
RESEARCH
RADIO- Radio- 2483.5 216.0 AERONAUTICAL

EXPLORATION-
Amateur MOBILE
Earth
231.5 location RADIODETERMINATION- 25.55

(active)
MOBILE SATELLITE
satellite
LOCATION except aeronautical

MOBILE
FIXED
FIXED Fixed RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIONAVIGATION

exploration -
MOBILE
FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) mobile

Land mobile
Radiolocation 24.25 2495.0 BROADCASTING 25.67 200
232.0 FIXED RADIODETERMINATION- MOBILE SATELLITE
217.0
MOBILE** MOBILE except
except aeronautical mobile
FIXED- 24.45 SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) FIXED Land mobile FIXED aeronautical mobile FIXED MARITIME MOBILE 26.1
RADIONAVIGATION INTER-SATELLITE 2500.0 219.0
FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE Radiolocation 24.65 26.175
MOBILE except LAND MOBILE
SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.
INTER-SATELLITE RADIOLOCATION-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) MOBILE** FIXED Mobile FIXED 2495

(space-to-Earth) 24.75 Fixed aeronautical mobile Amateur 26.48
FIXED-SATELLITE 2655.0 MOBILE
ISM - 2450.0 .50 MHz
235.0 RADIONAVIGATION 220.0 FIXED except aeronautical mobile

FIXED-SATELLITE SPACE RESEARCH EARTH (Earth-to-space) FIXED LAND MOBILE
EXPLORATION- FIXED-SATELLITE
25.05 222.0 26.95 STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (2500kHz)
(space-to-Earth) (passive) FIXED
satellite
SATELLITE (passive) AMATEUR

(passive)
(passive)
FIXED
Radio
FIXED
(Earth-to-space) 225.0
Space research
238.0 26.96
Earth exploration-
MOBILE**
MOBILE
astronomy
25.25
FIXED INTER-SATELLITE MOBILE 2690.0 except aeronautical mobile 2505
RADIO- RADIO- 25.5 27.23
Mobile
FIXED-
FIXED MOBILE except aeronautical mobile

RADIO-
NAVIGATION NAVIGATION-
ISM FIXED
SPACE RESEARCH
ISM - 245.0 1 GHz
SATELLITE
LOCATION
MOBILE
SATELLITE
(space-to-Earth)
EARTH
(passive)
RADIO
(passive)
ISM - 27.12 .163 MHz
SATELLITE
27.41
Aeronautical
EXPLORATION-
240.0
ASTRONOMY
EARTH
SPACE
FIXED LAND MOBILE

Inter-satellite
FIXED
SATELLITE
RESEARCH
(Earth-to-space)
MOBILE
AERONAUTICAL
2700.0
(space-to-Earth)
MOBILE
time signal satellite
FIXED
(space-to-Earth)
EXPLORATION -
RADIOLOCATION 27.54
Standard frequency and
INTER-SATELLITE
FIXED
MOBILE
RADIONAVIGATION
METEOROLOGICAL AERONAUTICAL MOBILE

24.125 0.125
Amateur-satellite
241.0
FIXED
RADIOLOCATION RADIOASTRONOMY Amateur 27.0 Radiolocation AIDS RADIONAVIGATION 28.0

MOBILE
248.0 Inter-satellite FIXED MOBILE INTER-SATELLITE AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE

Radioastronomy AMATEUR-SATELLITE AMATEUR 2900.0
except aeronautical mobile
SPACE RESEARCH
250.0 27.5 29.7 275
EARTH EXPLORATION- LAND MOBILE
FIXED
RADIOASTRONOMY (passive) FIXED-SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL Aeronautical Maritime

MOBILE
SATELLITE (passive) FIXED MOBILE 29.8 Radionavigation

252.0 (Earth-to-space) FIXED RADIONAVIGATION Mobile
RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE MOBILE-SATELLITE 2850 (radiobeacons)
RADIO 29.5 29.89 285
FIXED
RADIO-
(Earth-to-space) MOBILE
FIXED
ASTRONOMY
MOBILE
RADIO NAVIGATION
MARITIME
MOBILE-SATELLITE 29.91 AERONAUTICAL MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION Aeronautical Radionavigation

NAVIGATION
FIXED-SATELLITE
Radiolocation
RADIOLOCATION
FIXED MOBILE RADIO ASTRONOMY (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space) MOBILE (R)

300 GHz
275.0 (Earth-to-space) FIXED (radiobeacons) (radiobeacons)

30 GHz
300 kHz
3 GHz
300 MHz
NOT ALLOCATED
3 MHz
30 MHz
PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPECTRUM
30.0
SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNT OF
300.0 3000.0 300.0 30.0 3000 300

3
M
ON Radiolocation FIXED MOBILE RADIOLOCATION
ON
NCY
LITE
10.0 1390.0
Fixed-satellite (Earth-to-space)
TELLITE
adiolocation
S
NCY AND
Amateur FIXED MOBILE **
SATELLITE
10.45 1392.0
TICAL
diolocation Amateur Amateur-satellite FIXED MOBILE **
GATION
10.5 1395.0
ADIOLOCATION LAND MOBILE (medical telemetry and medical telecommand)
10.55 1400.0 117.975
FIXED EARTH EXPLORATION - SATELLITE SPACE RESEARCH
10.6 (passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY (passive)
AERONAUTICAL
30.0 3.0 300.0 30.6
EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive) MARITIME FIXED MOBILE AERO
RADIOLOCATION
FIXED FIXED - MOBILE - RADIONAVIGATION
1427.0 Radiolocation FIXED MOBILE 30.56 MOB
SATELLITE
LAND MOBILE (Earth-to-space)
SATELLITE 3.1
MOBILE (R)
and
(Earth-to-space) 328.6 MOBILE
Satellite
10.68 LAND MOBILE FixedSpace research
RADIOLOCATION FIXED LAND MOBILE
Time Signal
31.0
Earth
(medical telemetry and Radiolocation AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
3MHz
(active)
satellite
SEARCH (passive) EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive)
(space-to-Earth)
exploration-
3 GHz
MOBILE (active) 335.4
121.937
Standard Frequency
30GHz
medical telecommand telecommand)
(telemetry andFIXED (telemetry)
30 MHz
3.3 32.0
3GHz
10.7 SPACE EARTH
31.3 FIXED MOBILE
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE
300 MHz
RADIO RESEARCH EXPLORATION -
BY
ASTRONOMY Radiolocation Radiolocation Amateur (passive) SATTELLITE (passive)
1429.5 MOBILE SATELLITE
399.9 FIXED MOBILE
123.087
mobile
FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) FIXED (telemetry and 31.8 RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE

SPACE RESEARCH (Earth-to-space) 33.0
Radiolocation
LAND MOBILE (telemetry & telecommand)

RADIONAVIGATION 3.5 400.05
except aeronautical
(deep space) (space-to-Earth)

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE

telecommand) 32.3 AERONAUTICAL STANDARD FREQUECY AND TIME SIGNAL - SATELLITE 123.587
11.7 RADIONAVIGATION RADIOLOCATION
(ground based) (400.1 MHz) FIXED
AERO
** EXCEPT AERONAUTICAL MOBILE

RADIONAVIGATION INTER-SATELLITE 1430.0 Radiolocation 3.6 400.15 LAND MOBILE
FIXED (telemetry and Fixed-satellite AERONAUTICAL MET. AIDS MOBILE SPACE RES. Space Opn. MET. SAT. MO
* EXCEPT AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)

LAND MOBILE FIXED-SATELLITE (Radiosonde) SAT (S-E) (S-E) (S-E) (S-E)
-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) RADIONAVIGATION RADIOLOCATION 34.0
JUNE 1, 2011
33.0 Radiolocation (ground based) (space-to-Earth) 401.0
RADIONAVIGATION (space-to-Earth) 3.65 MET. AIDS SPACE OPN. MET-SAT. EARTH Met-Satellite Earth Expl Sat
telecommand) (telemetry & telecommand)
33.4 EXPL
FIXED-SATELLITE (Radiosonde) (S-E) (E-S) SAT. (E-S) (E-S) (E-S) AERONAUTICAL FIXED MOBILE
12.2 RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation MOBILE** (space-to-Earth) 1432.0 FIXED
MET-SAT. EARTH EXPL Earth Expl Sat
402.0
35.0
3.7 MET. AIDS Met-Satellite
ELLITE 34.2 (Radiosonde) (E-S) SAT. (E-S) (E-S) (E-S)
Space research
FIXED FIXED MOBILE ** (deep space) Radio- SPACE RESEARCH RADIO- MOBILE (R) 403.0
(Earth-to-space) location (deep space) (Earth-to-space) LOCATION METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (RADIOSONDE) FIXED
12.7 34.7 1435.0 406.0 LAND MOBILE
DELMON C. MORRISON
pace) MOBILE FIXED RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation MOBILE SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
406.1
35.5 36.0
EARTH
13.25 MOBILE (aeronautical telemetry) Earth
exploration - EXPLORATION -
RADIO
ASTRONOMY FIXED MOBILE 128.812
THIS CHART WAS CREATED

(active)
SPACE
RADIO
Radio
Space
FIXED MOBILE
LOCATION
(active)
RESEARCH
location
SATTELLITE (active)
1525.0 410.0
research
sattellite (active)
SPACE EARTH EXPLORATION -
36.0 SPACE RESEARCH
FIXED MOBILE (space-to-space) AERONAUTICAL 37.0
FIXED MOBILE RESEARCH SATELLITE 420.0 LAND MOBILE
FIXED
(passive) (passive) 37.5
Earth
MOBILE SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)37.0 SPACE RESEARCH FIXED-SATELLITE
(active)
(active)
EARTH
satellite
Radio astronomy LAND MOBILE
Space
MOBILE FIXED (space-to-Earth)
(space-to-Earth)
(space-to-Earth)
SPACE
RADIOLOCATION Amateur
(active)
38.0
SATELLITE
exploration -
research
37.5
FIXED-SATELLITE
MOBILE (R) RADIO ASTRONOMY MOBILE FIXED
EXPLORATION -
SPACE RESEARCH
RESEARCH
(space-to-Earth) 1559.0 FIXED MOBILE FIXED
132.012
38.0 LAND MOBILE 39.0
13.4 RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE FIXED-SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL 454.0
MOBILE FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE
(space-to-Earth)
AERONAUTICAL 455.0 40.0
38.6 4.2 LAND MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)
(space-to-Earth)(space-to-space) RADIONAVIGATION 456.0
FIXED-SATELLITE MOBILE FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE
Earth
460.0
Earth
136.0
(active)
(space-to-Earth)
satellite
FIXED MOBILE
(active)
satellite
SPACE
LAND MOBILE FIXED
Radio-
39.5 AERONAUTICAL
exploration -
1610.0 462.5375
RADIO -
exploration -
FIXED-SATELLITE MOBIL-ESATELLITE
RESEARCH
LOCATION
(space-to-Earth)
MOBILE FIXED LAND MOBILE 462.7375 42.0
RADIODETERMINATION- AERONAUTICAL (space-to-Earth) MOBILE SATELLITE RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)
40.0 LAND MOBILE FIXED
467.5375
Earth exploration EARTH EXPLORATION
Satellite
13.75 SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) satellite SATELLITE
(Earth-to-space) 4.4 LAND MOBILE
137.0
FIXED-
Mobile-
SPACE
satellite
SATELLITE
RESEARCH
(space-to-Earth) (Earth-to-space) Meteorological
(space-to-Earth)
(space-to-Earth)
(Earth-to-space)
LAND MOBILE
(space-to-Earth)
40.5 FIXED MOBILE MOBILE-SATELLITE SPACE RESEARCH SPACE FIXED OPERATION
LAND MOBILE FIXED MET. SATELLITE
1610.6 470.0
4.5 MOBILE
BROADCASTING (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) except aeronautical mobile (R)
MOBILE-
SATELLITE
RADIO SATELLITE
RADIODETERMINATION- BROADCASTING- AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE 43.69
(space-to-Earth)
(space-to-Earth)
FIXED-SATELLITE
41.0
ISM - 40.68 .02 MHz
Space
RADIO -
FIXED
FIXED-
Space
FIXED- (Earth-to-space)
research
SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)BROADCASTING-
BROADCASTING
AERONAUTI
LOCATION
ASTRONOMY SPACE OPERATION
research
LAND MOBILE
SATELLITE BROADCASTING MET. SATELLITE

SPACE RESEARCH
FIXED
Mobile-satellite
SATELLITE
SATELLITE LAND MOBILE
Fixed FIXED
MOBILE
(space-to-Earth)
Mobile MOBILE
(space-to-Earth)
512.0
(Earth-to-space)
FIXED-SATELLITE
42.0 1613.8 (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) AERONAUTI
14.0 BROADCASTING SATELLITE BROADCASTING MOBILE FIXED 4.8 (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth)
Mobile-satellite RADIODETERMINATION- AERONAUTICAL
42.5 MOBILE SATELLITE 46.6 MOBILE
RADIO ASTRONOMY FIXED-SATELLITE 137.175
(EARTH-to-space)
MOBILE** FIXED FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE except aeronautical mobile (R)
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) (space-to-Earth) SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) RADIONAVIGATION
43.5 (Earth-to-space) 4.94 MOBILE-SATELLITE SPACE RESEARCH SPACE OPERATION 47.0
MET. SATELLITE
(Earth-to-space) MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) FIXED MOBILE**
RADIONAVIGATION-
45.5 4.99 (space-to-Earth) FIXED
SATELLITE MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) MOBILE RADIO ASTRONOMY 1626.5 Space Research (Passive)
(space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth)
LAND MOBILE
14.2 RADIO- 46.9 5.0
MOBILE-SATELLITE RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE
NAVIGATION-
SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) MOBILE FIXED AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
(Earth-to-space) MET. SATELLITE
137.825
STANDARD FREQUENC
th) FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) 47.0 5.01 Mobile-satellite SPACE RESEARCH SPACE OPERATION 49.6 FI
MOBILE SATELLITE(Earth-to-space) AMATEUR AMATEUR-SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE
47.2 (space-to-Earth)(space-to-space) FIXED MOBILE
14.4 FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) MOBILE FIXED 5.03 (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) 50.0
(space-to-Earth)
48.2 1660.0
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION 138.0
BROADCASTING
Mobile-satellite FIXED-SATELLITE MOBILE FIXED

50.2
mobile
(TV CHANNELS 21-36)
SPACE RESEARCH EARTH EXPLORATION- 5.15

MOBILE
bile (passive) SATELLITE (passive)

MOBILE SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL FIXED-SATELLITE
except aeronautical
(Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space) 50.4 (Earth-to-space)

RADIO ASTRONOMY (Earth-to-space) RADIONAVIGATION 5.25
MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
AMATEUR
14.5 FIXED MOBILE
FIXED
MOBILE
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) RADIOLOCATION
1660.5 608.0 54.0
Earth
Space research 51.4 LAND MOBILE AERONAUTI
(active)
(active)
EARTH
Mobile SATELLITE (medical telemetry and
exploration-
MOBILE FIXED medical telecommand)

RADIO ASTRONOMY
Radiolocation
satellite (active)
Space research
SPACE RESEARCH
14.7145 52.6 614.0
144.0
EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive) SPACE RESEARCH (passive)
SPACE RESEARCH (passive) 5.255
RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH
54.25 AMATEUR AMATEUR- SATELLITE AERONAUTI
Fixed Space research (passive) INTER- SATELLITE EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive)
55.78 RADIOLOCATION 146.0
Earth

(active)
(active)
(active)
EARTH
INTER- MOBILE
exploration-
SATELLITE
MOBILE 1668.4
Radiolocation
except aeronautical mobile (R

Space research
satellite (active)
14.8 SATELLITE SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

5.35
AMATEUR
CE RESEARCH MOBILE EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive)
56.9 148.0
METEOROLOGICAL AIDS INTER-
15.1365 SPACE RESEARCH (passive) SATELLITE
Earth
BROA
(active)
MOBILE-SATELLITE
(active)
(active)
EARTH
RADIO ASTRONOMY
exploration-
57.0
SATELLITE
(radiosonde)
AERONAUTICAL
RADIOLOCATION

Space research
satellite (active)
Radiolocation
RADIONAVIGATION
CE RESEARCH Mobile INTER- 5.46 (Earth-to-space) FIXED MOBILE
SATELLITE
1670.0
(TV CHANNELS 38-51)
15.35
BROADCASTING
58.2 149.9
SPACE
Earth
EARTH EXPLORATION-
(active)
EARTH EXPLORATION -
(active)
(active)
EARTH
ACE RESEARCH FIXED RESEARCH MOBILE **

exploration-
SATELLITE
SATELLITE (passive)
FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED
MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE

RADIOLOCATION
Space research
satellite (active)
Radiolocation
(passive) MARITI
SPACE RESEARCH SPACE RESEARCH SPACE RESEARCH
RADIONAVIGATION
EXPLORATION- EXPLORATION- EXPLORATION- EXPLORATION-
(passive) SATELLITE (passive) 59.0 1675.0 5.47 698.0 MOBILE-SATELLITE

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive) RADIONAV-SATELLITE
RADIO- INTER- MARITIME BROADCASTING
LOCATION SATELLITE RADIONAVIGATION FIXED MOBILE
MOBILE
15.4
FIXED
METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (TV CHANNELS 52-61)
(Earth-to-space)
Earth
(active)
59.3
(active)
EARTH
(active)
763.0
exploration-
SATELLITE
ISM 5.8 .075 GHz

INTER-
Space research
satellite (active)
AERONAUTI
SPACE RESEARCH
EXPLORATION-
ICAL RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

FIXED RADIOLOCATION MOBILE (radiosonde) RADIOLOCATION
SATELLITE 5.57 FIXED
150.05 MOBILE
15.43 64.0 RADIOLOCATION MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION
BROADCASTING
5.6 775.0 AERONAUTI

MARITIME METEOROLOGICAL 1700.0
(TV CHANNELS 2-4)
INTER- RADIOLOCATION
FIXED MOBILE
FIXED-SATELLITE MOBILE** FIXED RADIONAVIGATION AIDS
L SATELLITE 5.65 BROADCASTING
METEOROLOGICAL RADIOLOCATION Amateur FIXED MOBILE
150.8 MOBILE
65.0
EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE 5.83 except aeronautical mobile (R)
(Earth-to-space) Fixed INTER- FIXED Amateur-satellite 793.0
SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)
FIXED MOBILE ** RADIOLOCATION
ISM - 61.25 0.25 GHz

N SPACE RESEARCH SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)
Amateur FIXED LAND MOBILE
15.63 66.0 FIXED-SATELLITE
5.85 FIXED MOBILE
RADIO RADIOLOCATION MOBILE Amateur AMATEUR
MOBILE- RADIO (Earth-to-space)
INTER-
1710.0 152.855
ISM - 6.78 .015 MHz
MOBILE SATELLITE NAVIGATION-

NAVIGATION 5.925 805.0
ICAL RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE SATELLITE FIXED SATELLITE
71.0 FIXED (Earth-to-space) FIXED LAND MOBILE MOBILE BROADCASTING
15.7 FIXED MOBILE 6.425
FIXED-SATELLITE
(Earth-to-space) MOBILE 806.0
RADIOLOCATION LAND MOBILE 154.0 AM
Earth)
on MOBILE 6.525
FIXED
Earth)
809.0
(space-to-
FIXED-
1755.0
MOBILE
FIXED-SATELLITE
SATELLITE
72.0
(space-to-
(Earth-to-space) FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE
16.6 74.0 6.7 FIXED LAND MOBILE 849.0 FIXED MOBILE
SPACE OPERATION (Earth-to-space) BROADCASTING FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)(space-to-Earth) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE 73.0 BROA
Space research (deep space)(Earth-to-space) MOBILE FIXED FIXED 6.875 851.0
BROADCASTING
Earth)
Space
OCATION 156.247
Earth)
MOBILE FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)(space-to-Earth) LAND MOBILE

research
FIXED-
(space-to-
FIXED RADIO ASTRONOMY
SATELLITE FIXED
MOBILE
(space-to-
854.0
SATELLITE
SATELLITE 1850.0 7.025 74.6

17.1 76.0 MOBILE FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE FIXED MOBILE
Space research RADIO 7.075 MARITIME MOBILE 894.0
(space-to-Earth)
RADIOLOCATION Amateur AERONAUTICAL MOBILE 74.8
ASTRONOMY MOBILE FIXED
MOBILE 77.0 7.125 896.0 AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
mobile (R)
RADIOLOCATION Space research RADIO

FIXED 156.725 75.2
MOBILE
(space-to-Earth)
RADIOLOCATION Amateur-satellite Amateur FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE MOBILE
ASTRONOMY FIXED
except aeronautical
77.5 7.145 901.0 75.4

17.2 Space research RADIO FIXED SPACE RESEARCH (deep space)(Earth-to-space) 2000.0 FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE (distress, urgency, safety and calling) MOBILE
Amateur-satellite AMATEUR 902.0 FIXED MOBILE
(space-to-Earth) ASTRONOMY 7.19 76.0
78.0 RADIOLOCATION MARITIME MOBILE
Space research RADIO FIXED
MOBILE SATELLITE SPACE RESEARCH (Earth-to-space) 156.837
RADIOLOCATION Amateur- Amateur 7.235 928.0
(space-to-Earth) ASTRONOMY
University of Surrey 2016

MOBILE FIXED satellite 81.0 FIXED MARITIME MOBILE FIXED
Earth
(active)
929.0
EARTH
RADIO-
SPACE
MARITI LAND MOBILE
(active)
FIXED
SATELLITE
FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) Fixed
exploration-
157.037 930.0
LOCATION
Space
7.3
RADIO
EXPLORATION-
FIXED-
research
satellite (active)
FIXED
MOBILE
MOBILE-
FIXED
RESEARCH
MOBILE
SATELLITE
SATELLITE
(Earth-to-space)

2020.0
ASTRONOMY
FIXED
(space-to-Earth)
931.0
ISM - 915.0 .13 MHz
17.3 84.0 METEOROLOGICAL Mobile-satellite

7.45 MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED AERONAUTI LAND MOBILE
FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) FIXED 932.0
FIXED-SATELLITE SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) 157.187 AERONAUTI
FIXED RADIO MOBILE 7.55 FIXED
935.0
FIXED-
LITE Radiolocation ASTRONOMY FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) Mobile-satellite (space-to-Earth) FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE
FIXED
SATELLITE
FI
MOBILE
(Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space)
(Earth-to-space) 2025.0 7.75 MOBILE except aeronautical mobile 940.0

86.0 METEOROLOGICAL-
BROADCASTING
FIXED FIXED MOBILE

(TV CHANNELS 5-6)
17.7 SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) 7.85 941.0

FIXED 157.45
performance from one another

ace) FIXED 944.0 BROAD
FIXED 7.9 FIXED
SPACE OPERATION FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) Fixed
RADIO
960.0
SPACE
FIXED
EARTH
8.025
LAND MOBILE88.0
(passive)
(passive)
Mobile-satellite
17.8
SATELLITE
RESEARCH
EARTH EXPLORATION-
ASTRONOMY
FIXED SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

EXPLORATION-
FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (Earth-to-space) FIXED 161.575 F

(no airborne)
EARTH
SPACE
METEOROLOGICAL- Mobile-satellite
8.175 STANDARD FREQUENC
FIXED-SATELLITE EARTH EXPLORATION-
18.3
RSEARCH
SATELLITE
(space-to-space) SATELLITE
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
RADIO- RADIO (Earth-to-space) AERONAUTI

FIXED MOBILE (Earth-to-space) SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) FIXED
(space-to-Earth)
MOBILE
(no airborne)
(Earth-to-space)
EXPLORATION-
(space-to-space)
LOCATION
(Earth-to-space)
TELLITE (space-to-Earth) ASTRONOMY 8.215

(space-to-space)
94.0 Mobile-satellite 161.625 AM

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
18.6 (space-to-Earth) (Earth-to-space) FIXED
(no airborne)
8.4 2110.0 LAND MOBILE
SATELLITE RADIO FIXED SPACE RESEARCH (deep space)(space-to-Earth) Space research (deep space)(space-to-Earth)
AERONAUTICAL
EARTH EXPLORATION -
(R)
8.45
(active)
EARTH
(active)
SPACE
except
RADIONAVIGATION
(FM RADIO)
RADIO-
SATELLITE
SPACE RESEARCH (space-to-Earth) FIXED 161.775

RESEARCH
Mobile
LOCATION
EXPLORATION-
MOBILE ASTRONOMY FIXED 8.5

BROADCASTING
e-to-Earth) 94.1 RADIOLOCATION

aeronautical mobile
SATELLITE (passive) Radiolocation

8.55 1164.0
18.8 RADIO- RADIO RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE
MOBILE except aeronautical mobile
AERONAUTICAL
FIXED MOBILE
Earth
2180.0 AERONAUTIC
EARTH
(active)
(active)
satellite
Space
RADIO-
LOCATION ASTRONOMY
Radio-
SPACE
SATELLITE
(active)
(active)
(space-to-Earth)(space-to-space) RADIONAVIGATION
research
location
exploration -
LOCATION
EXPLORATION-
RESEARCH
ELLITE (space-to-Earth) 95.0 MOBILE SATELLITE 8.65 RADIONAVIGATION-

1215.0
161.962
RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation SATELLITE AERONAUTI
Earth
(active)
EARTH
satellite
(active)
MARITIME MOBILE (AIS)

(active)
(active)
SPACE
RADIO-
SATELLITE
exploration-
19.3
RESEARCH
MOBILE FIXED
LOCATION
Space research
AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
EXPLORATION-
Radiolocation (space-to-space)
RADIO
(space-to-Earth)
RADIO-
RADIO-
FIXED
RADIO-
9.2 108.0
MOBILE
F
SATELLITE
1240.0
ASTRONOMY
NAVIGATION-
LOCATION
MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION
NAVIGATION
FIXED Radiolocation 161.987

E (space-to-Earth) 100.0 9.3
Earth
(active)
(active)
Meteorological Aids Radiolocation

EARTH
satellite
RADIO -
(active)
RADIO-
SPACE
EARTH
Amateur
(active)
SATELLITE
exploration-
SPACE
NAVIGATION
BROA
LOCATION
Space research
AERONAUTICAL
EXPLORATION-
9.5
RESEARCH
19.7 RESEARCH RADIO EXPLORATION- MOBILE except aeronautical mobile

ASTRONOMY SATELLITE 1300.0
Earth
EARTH
(active)
(active)
satellite
(passive)
Space
RADIO-
Radio-
SPACE
SATELLITE
(active)
(active)
location
exploration -
research
(passive) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION Radiolocation F

LOCATION
EXPLORATION
RESEARCH
rth) MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) 102.0 1350.0

162.012
SPACE OPERATION 9.8
RADIO RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation FIXED MOBILE RADIOLOCATION
MARITIME MOBILE (AIS)
ASTRONOMY RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation Fixed-satellite (Earth-to-space)
EEE3033 Dr. P. H. Aaen

20.2 (space-to-Earth) Amateur 10.45 FIXED MOBILE **
105.0 1392.0
AERONAUTICAL
EARTH
RADIOLOCATION
SPACE
Radiolocation Amateur Amateur-satellite FIXED MOBILE ** 163.037MAM

SPACE
RADIONAVIGATION
10.5 1395.0
SATELLITE

RADIO RADIOLOCATION
FIXED
RESEARCH
RESEARCH MOBILE FIXED LAND MOBILE (medical telemetry and medical telecommand)
10.55 117.975
(space-to-Earth)
MOBILE
ASTRONOMY
EXPLORATION-
1400.0
(space-to-space)
(passive)
(space-to-Earth)
FIXED EARTH EXPLORATION - SATELLITE SPACE RESEARCH

(space-to-space)
RADIO ASTRONOMY AERONAUTIC

109.5 10.6 (passive) (passive)

AERONAUTICAL
EARTH SPACE RESEARCH (passive) EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive) 1427.0
SPACE EXPLORATION-
FIXED MOBILE (R)
RADIO 10.68 LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE Fixed AERONAUTI
RESEARCH SATELLITE RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH (passive) EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive) (medical telemetry and 121.9375
ASTRONOMY 2290.0 10.7 medical telecommand (telemetry and telecommand) (telemetry) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE
MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) SPACE RESEARCH (passive) (passive) 1429.5 123.0875 RADIO AS
111.8 FIXED FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) FIXED (telemetry and
FIXED
LAND MOBILE (telemetry & telecommand)
MOBILE
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE
SPACE 11.7 telecommand) 123.5875 FIXED
(space-to-Earth) RESEARCH
RADIO FIXED (telemetry and Fixed-satellite
1430.0
21.2 FIXED MOBILE FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) LAND MOBILE
ASTRONOMY (space-to-Earth)
EARTH EXPLORATION - (deep space)
MOBILE** (passive)
FIXED 12.2 telecommand) (telemetry & telecommand)
1432.0 AERONAUTICAL BROAD
114.25 BROADCASTING-SATELLITE FIXED FIXED MOBILE ** MOBILE (R)
MOBILE FIXED SPACE EARTH 12.7 1435.0
RADIO EXPLORATION- FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) MOBILE FIXED
SATELLITE (passive) RESEARCH SATELLITE
2300.0 13.25 MOBILE (aeronautical telemetry) 128.8125
173.2 FIXED
ASTRONOMY 1525.0
(passive) (passive) Aeronatuical AERONAUTICAL
Earth
116.0 MOBILE SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

(active)
(active)
EARTH
satellite
FIXED Land mobile

Space
21.4
SPACE
(active)
(active)
SATELLITE
exploration -
research
EARTH MOBILE (R)

EXPLORATION -
RESEARCH
Amateur SPACE Radionavigation 1559.0 132.0125 AMATEUR

INTER- EXPLORATION- 13.4 RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL
173.4
MOBILE RESEARCH SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)
SATELLITE (passive) (space-to-Earth)(space-to-space) RADIONAVIGATION
Earth
(passive)
Earth
136.0 AM
(active)
satellite
(active)
satellite
2305.0
SPACE
Radio-
Space
exploration -
location
1610.0
RADIO -
exploration -
research
122.25
RESEARCH
LOCATION
22.0 FIXED MOBILE INTER-SATELLITE Amateur RADIODETERMINATION- AERONAUTICAL FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE MOBILE
ISM - 122.5 0.500 GHz
123.0 13.75 SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space) 137.0

ISM - 13.560 .007 MHz
RADIOLOCATION RADIONAVIGATION MET. SATELLITE FIXED

Amateur MOBILE** FIXED MOBILE-SATELLITE SPACE RESEARCH SPACE OPERATION
satellite
MOBILE** 1610.6 (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth)

RADIO RADIODETERMINATION- AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE 174.0
and time signal
Space
RADIO -
FIXED-
(Earth-to-space)
Space
(Earth-to-space)
research
SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) STANDARD FREQUENCY

Radio -
LOCATION
location
ASTRONOMY
research
MET. SATELLITE
2310.0 Mobile-satellite SPACE RESEARCH SPACE OPERATION
SATELLITE
MOBILE-
FIXED-
Standard frequency
Radio
RADIO-
RADIO-
SATELLITE
(Earth-to-space)
22.21 BROADCASTING
SATELLITE
1613.8 (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth)

SATELLITE
Radio- (space-to-Earth)
(space-to-Earth)
(space-to-Earth)
NAVIGATION
astronomy
14.0
NAVIGATION-
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE

(space-to-Earth)
RADIOLOCATION MOBILE FIXED Mobile Space Mobile-satellite RADIODETERMINATION- 137.175 AERONAUTIC

SATELLITE 130.0 Fixed FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) (space-to-Earth) SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) RADIONAVIGATION (Earth-to-space) MOBILE-SATELLITE SPACE RESEARCH SPACE OPERATION MET. SATELLITE
location Mobile-satellite (Earth-to-space)
EARTH research (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth)
CE EXPLORATION- RADIO 14.2 1626.5 137.825
Spectrum Allocation
SATELLITE ASTRONOMY Mobile-satellite (space-to-Earth)

2320.0 FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) MOBILE SATELLITE(Earth-to-space) Mobile-satellite SPACE RESEARCH SPACE OPERATION MET. SATELLITE
INTER-
FIXED
(space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) BROAD

MOBILE
SATELLITE
(active) 14.4 1660.0 138.0

Mobile-satellite FIXED-SATELLITE
EARTH
ARCH 134.0
(passive)

Fixed Mobile (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space) MOBILE SATELLITE
SATELLITE
Radio astronomy AMATEUR AMATEUR - SATELLITE RADIO ASTRONOMY (Earth-to-space) FIXED

FIXED
14.5 1660.5 MOBILE
EXPLORATION-
136.0 Mobile Space research

MOBILE**
sive) RADIO
FIXED 2345.0 14.7145 144.0
RADIO RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH (passive)
BROADCASTING
Amateur Amateur - satelliteRadio- MOBILE Fixed Space research AMATEUR AMATEUR- SATELLITE
LOCATION ASTRONOMY 146.0 FIX
RADIOLOCATION MOBILE FIXED 141.0 Mobile Fixed 14.8 1668.4 AMATEUR
22.5 SATELLITE
FIXED MOBILE RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIOLOCATIONlocation Fixed SPACE RESEARCH MOBILE METEOROLOGICAL AIDS 148.0
EARTH EXPLORATION-
148.5 15.1365 (radiosonde) RADIO ASTRONOMY MOBILE-SATELLITE
SPACE RESEARCH FIXED SPACE RESEARCH Mobile 1670.0 (Earth-to-space) FIXED MOBILE
RADIO ASTRONOMY SATELLITE 15.35
MOBILE (passive) (passive) ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH
2360.0 EARTH EXPLORATION - FIXED MOBILE ** 149.9
MA
151.5
RADIOLOCRADIO
ATION (passive) SATELLITE (passive) 1675.0 RADIONAV-SATELLITE MOBILE-SATELLITE
22.55 MOBILE FIXED MOBILE RADIO ASTRONOMY Fixed RADIOLOCATION 15.4 METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (Earth-to-space) M
155.5 AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (radiosonde) 150.05
EARTH EXPLORATION- SPACE 15.43
RADIO SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL
2390.0 FIXED-SATELLITE 1700.0 FIXED MOBILE
MOBILE INTER-SATELLITE MOBILE RESEARCH METEOROLOGICAL 150.8
(Earth-to-space) Fixed FIXED
FIXED
ASTRONOMY (passive) (passive) RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) FIXED LAND MOBILE

MOBILE 158.5 15.63 1710.0 152.855
23.55 MOBILE- FIXED-
AMATEUR AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
15.7 LAND MOBILE
BROA
FIXED MOBILE 154.0
FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE SATELLITE Radiolocation 2395.0 RADIOLOCATION 1755.0 AERONAUTI
(space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth)
16.6 SPACE OPERATION (Earth-to-space) MOBILE FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE
Space research (deep space)(Earth-to-space)
MOBILE 164.0 Radiolocation RADIOLOCATION
17.1 1850.0 MARITIME MOBILE
156.2475 AERONAUTI
23.6 EARTH RADIO SPACE RESEARCH Radiolocation RADIOLOCATION MOBILE FIXED 156.725
EXPLORATION- 17.2 2000.0 MARITIME MOBILE (distress, urgency, safety and calling)
SATELLITE (passive) ASTRONOMY (passive)
MOBILE SATELLITE 156.8375 AMATEUR
167.0 MOBILE FIXED MARITIME MOBILE
Earth
EARTH EXPLORATION -
(active)
EARTH
AMATEUR (Earth-to-space)
Space
RADIO-
SPACE
(active)
(active)
SATELLITE
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LOCATION
EXPLORATION-
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RESEARCH
INTER- 2020.0 MARITIME MOBILE

FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE 17.3 Mobile
SATELLITE - (passive) SATELLITE FIXED-SATELLITE FIXED MOBILE 157.1875
ssive) (space-to-Earth) BROADCASTING-SATELLITE Radiolocation MARITI
BROADCASTING
(Earth-to-space) 2025.0 MOBILE except aeronautical mobile

174.5 2417.0 17.7 157.45
INTER- FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) FIXED BROA
SPACE OPERATION LAND MOBILE
24.0 FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE FIXED FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)
FIXED
161.575
EARTH
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FIXED
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EXPLORATION-
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Radiolocation FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

(space-to-space)
EARTH
AMATEUR-SATELLITE Amateur INTER- SPACE RESEARCH
EXPLORATION- 18.6 2110.0 LAND MOBILE
161.625 MARITI
SATELLITE (passive) SATELLITE (passive) SPACE RESEARCH FIXED-SATELLITE 2450.0 EARTH EXPLORATION -
24.05 (passive) (space-to-Earth) SATELLITE (passive) MOBILE FIXED 161.775
182.0 18.8 MOBILE except aeronautical mobile
RADIO EARTH SPACE RESEARCH 2180.0 161.9625 STANDARD FREQUENC
EXPLORATION- FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) MOBILE SATELLITE MARITIME MOBILE (AIS)
Radiolocation ASTRONOMY SATELLITE (passive) MOBILE (passive) FIXED 19.3 MOBILE FIXED (space-to-Earth) FIXED
Radio- 185.0 FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) FIXED 2200.0 161.9875 216.0
EARTH 19.7 MOBILE except aeronautical mobile
IO- SPACE RESEARCH INTER- FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)
2483.5 162.0125 AMATEUR
EXPLORATION- MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) SPACE OPERATION
MOBILE
Amateur (passive) SATELLITE SATELLITE (passive) 20.2 (space-to-Earth) MARITIME MOBILE (AIS)
EARTH
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FIXED
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RADIODETERMINATION- MOBILE190.0SATELLITE
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and
EARTH EXPLORATION-
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FIXED Fixed
Standard
frequency
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(passive) SATELLITE (passive) MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) SPACE RESEARCH

2290.0
SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) FIXED Land mobile MOBILE
191.8 21.2 (space-to-Earth) mobile
MOBILE** FIXED AERONAUTI
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24.25 (passive) SATELLITE (passive) MOBILE 2495.0 FIXED 173.2 MARITI
INTER- MOBILE 2300.0
RADIONAVIGATION- 21.4 Amateur FIXED Land mobile
SATELLITE SATELLITE 173.4
FIXED
FIXED MOBILE 217.0

MOBILE
SATELLITE 22.0 2305.0

FIXED RADIODETERMINATION- MOBILE SATELLITE 200.0 Amateur RADIOLOCATION MOBILE** FIXED MOBILE except FIXED MOBILE
RADIO EARTH SPACE RESEARCH MOBILE** FIXED MOBILE** 2310.0 174.0 FIXED
EXPLORATION-
22.21 RADIOLOCATION MOBILE FIXED
BROADCASTING Radio-
Mobile Fixed
24.45 SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) ASTRONOMY
(space-to-Earth) SATELLITE (passive) (passive)
FIXED RADIO SPACE Land mobile SATELLITE location
FIXED
2320.0 aeronautical mobile FIXED AERONAUTIC
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(passive)

SATELLITE
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BROADCASTING Radio-
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RADIO 2500.0 22.5 RADIOLOCATION MOBILE FIXED SATELLITE location Mobile Fixed
219.0 FIXED
(Earth-to-space) ASTRONOMY FIXED MOBILE 2360.0
22.55 MOBILE Fixed RADIOLOC ATION MOBILE except
RADIOLOCATION-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) MOBILE** 217.0
FIXED FIXED MOBILE INTER-SATELLITE 2390.0 AMATEUR
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) 23.55 MOBILE
Fixed Mobile
AMATEUR FIXED
24.75 RADIO FIXED MOBILE 2395.0 aeronautical mobile Amateur STANDARD FREQ. AN
Filters are required to separate frequency bands and circuit
ASTRONOMY 23.6
FIXED

MOBILE
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2655.0 EARTH EXPLORATION - AMATEUR LAN
SPACE RESEARCH
ISM - 2450.0 .50 MHz
226.0 ASTRONOMY (passive) SATELLITE - (passive)

220.0 MARITI
BROADCASTING
24.0 2417.0
Radiolocation
(Earth-to-space) RADIO AMATEUR AMATEUR-SATELLITE Amateur 2450.0 LAN

24.05 FIXED
SPACE
EARTH
ASTRONOMY LAND MOBILE

(Passive)
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Radiolocation MOBILE FIXED

SATELLITE
FIXED
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25.05 RADIO- Radio- 2483.5 216.0

EXPLORATION-
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222.0
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FIXED-SATELLITE MOBILE SATELLITE

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SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) Land mobile

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24.25 2495.0
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SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.
INTER-SATELLITE
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24.75 MOBILE** FIXED Fixed Mobile FIXED aeronautical mobile Amateur
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ED INTER-SATELLITE MOBILE 235.0 RADIONAVIGATION 220.0 FIXED

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25.05 FIXED LAND MOBILE 222.0
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24.125 0.125
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27.0 Radiolocation FIXED MOBILE (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space)
300 GHz
AIDS (Earth-to-space)
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3 GHz
300 MHz
NOT ALLOCATED
30 MHz
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30.0
SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNT OF
300.0 3000.0 300.0

MOBILE INTER-SATELLITE 2900.0
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RADIOL
NAVIG
Introduction to Filter Types
Filters named by their frequency response
LPF: low-pass filter
HPF: high-pass filter
BPF: band-pass filter
Many different circuits can be used as filters We are

focused on:
Passive circuits
Lumped element representations
Reactive components only

Low-Pass Filter
L
|S21|
1
0.707 C
fc Frequency
Ideal filter response passes all signals below fc and nothing

above it. Ideal response is not physically possible
Realized by a series inductance and shunt capacitor
Cut-off frequency is defined by half power or -3 dB
10log(0.7072) = -3 dB

High-Pass and Band-Pass Filters
|S21|
1
fc Frequency
|S21|
1
fc Frequency
High-pass rejects low frequency

Band-pass allows a band of frequencies to pass.

Question
What is the circuit for a bandpass filter?
What is the circuit for a bandstop filter?

Insertion Loss Method
Ideal filter has: infinite attenuation Zero insertion
loss, Linear phase
Not possible to build an ideal filter.
The insertion loss method allows control over the
pass-band and stop-band characteristics
PLR = power loss ratio Pinc 1

PLR = =
Pdel 1 |S11 |2
recall: 1 = |S11 |2 + |S21 |2
Insertion loss = 10 log(PLR)

Insertion Loss Method
Pinc 1
PLR = =
Pdel 1 |S11 |2
|S11|2 is an even function this allows us to write the power loss as:
M (! 2 )
PLR =1+
N (! 2 )
For physically realizable filter (you can built it) it the power loss
ratio must be of this form.
Depending on the polynomials used this will dictate the filter

response.

or order. For a low-pass filter, it is specified by
hysically realizable its power ! loss "2N ratio must be of the form in (8.52).
ing the powerPloss
LR =ratio
1 + ksimultaneously constrains the magnitude
(8.53)of the
2
Filter Types
,
nt, |!()|. We now discuss some c practical filter responses.
der of the filter and
is characteristic c is
is also the cutoff
called frequency.
the binomial The passbandresponse,
or Butterworth extends and
= c ; at theitband edge the
the power loss 2
1 + k . Ifresponse
ratio ispassband we choose this
sense that Maximally
provides flat: Binomial
flattest possible or Butterworth
nt, as is common, we have k = 1, which we will assume from now on. response
for a given for a given
or order. For
ttenuation order
increasesof
a low-passfilter
filter,this
it is gives
specified the
by maximally flat response:
monotonically with frequency, as shown in Figure
PLR k 2 (/c )2N , which shows ! that"2N the insertion loss increases at the
2
PLR = response
cade. Like the binomial 1 + k for multisection, quarter-wave matching(8.53)
first (2N 1) derivatives of (8.53) are c zero at = 0.
der of theEqual
Chebyshev filter ripple:
and
polynomial isc is A toChebyshev
the
used cutoff polynomial
specifyfrequency. Theloss
the insertion of an is
passband used to specify the filter
extends
N th-
=er insertion
asc ; at the band edgeloss:the power loss ratio is 1 + k 2 . If we choose this
t, as is common, we have k = ! 1, "which we will assume from now on.
ttenuation increases with frequency, as shown in Figure
PLR = 1monotonically
+ k 2 TN2 , (8.54)
2 2N
PLR k (/c ) , which shows c that the insertion loss increases at the
cade.
ff willLike Results
thealthough
result, inthearesponse
binomial sharper
passband for cutoff
multisection
response quarter-wave
will have matching
ripples of ampli-
first
own(2N 1) 8.21,
in Figure derivatives
since Tof (8.53)
N (x) are zero
oscillates at =
between 10.for |x|2 1. Thus,
but results in pass band
Chebyshev polynomial is used to specify the insertion loss of an N th-
er as
ripples
! "

PLR = 1 + k 2 TN2 , (8.54)
c
ff will result, although the passband response will have ripples of ampli-
own in Figure 8.21, since TN (x) oscillates between 1 for |x|2 1. Thus,
Figure from: Pozar p. 400, Fig. 8.21, copied under CLA

Filter Types
Elliptic filters: specific a minimum stopband attenuation for
better cut-off rate
Linear phase filters: avoids signal distortions for wideband

signals.

General Filter Design Methodology
Many variations of filters required

General method normalized frequency and
impedance to simplify the design method
Implementation depends on the circuit and filter
technology available
In this course well design with lumped elements
with a bit of microstrip in the CAD laboratories

for arbitrary frequency, impedance, and type (low-pass, N (high-pass,
) bandpass, or ba
mpedance, and type
(low-pass,2RThe low-pass
For a filter
high-pass,
prototypes
bandpass,
to be physically
or
are thenrealizable
bandstop).
scaled to its thepower
desiredloss frequency
ratio must andbeimpedance,
of the for
in +two-element
Z =
Design Approach
nsider Zthe
s are then scaledinto the 1+ desired
low-pass
2lumped-element
R2C
,
2 Notice
frequency
filter prototype
components
thatimpedance,
and specifying shown
andthe
replacedin Figure with 8.24; we will
distributed derive
circuit
thepower loss ratio simultaneously constrains the mag
elements for implem
Consider
normalized the two-element
element low-pass
values,atcircuit
microwave filterC,
Lreflection
and prototype
for
frequencies.
coefficient,
' shown |!()|.
aimplementation
maximally in Figure
This flat 8.24;
(response.
designWe we discuss
process
now will
Weisderive
assumesomeapractical
illustrated source
in Figurefilter8.23.
responses.
nents replaced with distributed
% elements
& for 2
the normalized element values, L and C, for
2 a maximally flat response. 2 We assume a source
pedance
es. This |Z of+11|process
design !,2 andisaillustrated R
cutoff frequency in+Figure
1 +c8.23. L c = C R
1 rad/sec. From (8.53), the desired power
impedance in of 1 !,=and1a+cutoff 2 2 Maximally
frequency
2 =flat:
1 This
rad/sec. characteristic
1+ R C From
2 2 (8.53),
2
, the isdesired
also calledpowerthe binomial or Butterworth r
sloss
ratio will be, for N = 2,R C
Maximally flat design:
ratio will be, for N = 2, Two elements
is optimum in the sense that it provides the flattest possible N =passband
2 respons
K =1
filter PLR P=LR 1=
complexity, + 14+ . or 4order.
. For a low-pass filter, (8.57)it is specified
(8.57) by
nt low-pass filter prototype Consider the two-element
1 shown in LFigure 8.24; we will derive low-pass filter prototype shown in Figure 8.24; we wi
the normalized element ! "
eThe input
input
values, impedance
Limpedance
and of
ofthis
C, for a maximally this filterflatisresponse.
filter is We assumevalues,
a sourceL and C, for a maximally flat
2Nresponse. We assume
a cutoff frequency c = 1 rad/sec. impedance From (8.53), of 1R(1 !,
the and
desired a cutoff
power frequency PLR = 1= + 1k 2rad/sec. From , (8.53), the desire

C R(1 jj RC) R. RC)
c
= 2, loss = jL
Z in ratio will+ be, for N = 2, (8.58) c
Z in = jL 1++ R C 2 2 2 . August 25, 2011 18:16
2 2 2 (8.58)
P = 1 + 4
. where N is the 1 +
order R of C
(8.57) the filter and c is the cutoff Normalized The passb
frequency.
Because 4 frequency =1
LR
P =
from = 0 to = c ; at the band edge the power loss ratio is 1 + k 2 . If we
LR 1 + .
cause
this filter is Zin Z in 1
as the
The input impedance# = 3 dB point,, of this as is common,
filter is we have k = 1, which we will assume fr
j RC)For
R(1 prototype, Z in +Z 1
in 1
c , the attenuation
RE 8.24 Low-pass filter
Z in = jL + N =
. 2. # >= , (8.58) increases monotonically with frequency, as show
the power loss ratio can 1 +be 2
written2 2
R C 8.21. as For Z in+c ,1PLR k 2 (/c )2N , which R(1 shows j RC) that the insertion loss inc
8.3 Filter Design by the Insertion Loss = jL +
Z inMethod .
power loss ratio 1 can be written rateas of 20N 1dB/decade. Like the binomial |Z in + +
1response 2 2 C 2 multisection quarter-wa
1|2 R for
LR =
(8.59)Pbecomes = 1 !"
2Z in
# "
transformers, #$!"
the first # "
(2N 1) #$ = "
derivatives #.
(8.53) are zero at = 0.
of
1 #= |#| 1 Z
Because
in 1 / Z in + 1 Z 1 / Z + 1 2 Z in + Z
1 Z in +#1 , $ % 1 in in
& 2
in
|Z in + 1|2
PLR = 1 + 2 R22 C=2 !" R Equal# ripple: " 2
If #$!"
a Chebyshev
C
R 2 # polynomial
" Z#$in= 1" to specify
(8.59)
is used
# . the insertion los
P =
LR 1as
be written |#| 4R
1 1 + Z2inR 2 1 / Z in + 1 1 +
+ 1
C 2 low-pass
+ L Z in 1 / Z in
2 R 2 C 2

#+ =1 2 ,Z in + Z in
Now order filter as Z in + 1
1 |Z in + 1| 2
!" 1# " 2 #$!" the 2R # " #$ = " # . ! (8.59)
"
=
Z in 4R 1Z / inZ+
(R +
in +
2R + 1 + 2power
2
Z in1 = Z in 21 /2 Z2in, + 1
R C 2
+ loss
2
L 2 ratio
+ 4
Lcan
2
C 2 be
R 2
2 Z in + Z in written
2 2
LC Ras2
)
1 + R C PLR = 1 + k 2 TN2Polynomial, form
w c
= 1+
1 2%
[(1 R) + (R P 2 2
CR += 2
L 2LC R )1& 2 '2
+ L !"
(8.59)
2 2 2 4
C RC R].2 # (8.60)
(2 1 |Z in +
4R 2 = 2RLR
2
= " #$!" # "
1response +will
#$ = "
Z|Zinin++ Z1|in = 1 + then +
a21sharper
, 1 |#|+ 2cutoff
L1 willZresult,
in / Z,in +the
1Calthough 1 passbandZ in / Z in 1 have 2 Zripp
in
1 +
22R 2 C
R 2 C 2
2 2 1 + 2 R 2 2
serve that this expression is a polynomial
2R tude 1 + k , ofasSurrey
in . Comparing to the
shown EEE3033 desired
in Figure 8.21, since TN (x) oscillates between 1 for
response of
57) shows that R ,= 1, since PLR = 1 for =University
= 0. In addition,2016 the'coefficient Dr. P.of 2 must
H. Aaen
(2 14
Design Approach
Capacitor or
Generator inductor
resistance or
conductance
Computing the coefficients for all terms with multiple sections

gets difficult quickly
Prototypes and design tabulated element values (gk)

For Maximally Flat Filter
Cutoff frequency specified and at a frequency outside the band the

attenuation
Example: fc = 2 GHz, 30 dB attenuation at f=6 GHz, |6/2|-1 = 2
Scaled design complete by just reading table!
Figures from: Pozar p. 404-405, Fig. 8.26, copied under CLA

Equal Ripple Filters
Pozar c08MicrowaveFilters
August 25, 2011 Pozar
18:16 September 14, 2011
8.3 Filter Design by the Insertion Loss Method Chapter 8: Microwave Filters
70 TABLE 8.4 Element Values for Equal-Ripple Low-Pass Filter Prototypes (g0 = 1, c =
1, N = 1 to 10, 0.5 dB and 3.0 dB ripple)
60
0.5 dB Ripple
50
N g1 g2 g3 g4 g5 g6 g7 g8 g9 g10 g11
1 0.6986 1.0000
n = 10
n= 9
Attenuation (dB)
n= 8
n=
40 2 1.4029 0.7071 1.9841

n= 7
6
n=
5
3 1.5963 1.0967 1.5963 1.0000
4 1.6703 1.1926 2.3661 0.8419 1.9841
30 4
n=
5 1.7058 1.2296 2.5408 1.2296 1.7058 1.0000
3
=
n
6 1.7254 1.2479 2.6064 1.3137 2.4758 0.8696 1.9841
20 2
n= 7 1.7372 1.2583 2.6381 1.3444 2.6381 1.2583 1.7372 1.0000
8 1.7451 1.2647 2.6564 1.3590 2.6964 1.3389 2.5093 0.8796 1.9841
10
9 1.7504 1.2690 2.6678 1.3673 2.7239 1.3673 2.6678 1.2690 1.7504 1.0000
1
n= 10 1.7543 1.2721 2.6754 1.3725 2.7392 1.3806 2.7231 1.3485 2.5239 0.8842 1.9841
0
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.50 0.70 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 10.0 3.0 dB Ripple
! 1
!c N g1 g2 g3 g4 g5 g6 g7 g8 g9 g10 g11
(a) 1 1.9953 1.0000
70 2 3.1013 0.5339 5.8095
3 3.3487 0.7117 3.3487 1.0000
60 4 3.4389 0.7483 4.3471 0.5920 5.8095
The above plots and filter coefficients are for 0.5 dB
1.0000 ripple. 5 3.4817 0.7618 4.5381 0.7618 3.4817
n 10
n == 9
n=
0.6033 5.8095 6 3.5045 0.7685 4.6061 0.7929 4.4641

n= 8
50
Additional charts and tables for different ripple amounts

n= 7
0.7723 3.5182 1.0000 7 3.5182 0.7723 4.6386 0.8039 4.6386

6
Attenuation (dB)
0.8018 4.4990 0.6073 5.8095 8 3.5277 0.7745 4.6575 0.8089 4.6990

5
n=
40
4
9 3.5340 0.7760 4.6692 0.8118 4.7272 0.8118 4.6692 0.7760 3.5340 1.0000
n=
3
= 10 3.5384 0.7771 4.6768 0.8136 4.7425 0.8164 4.7260 0.8051 4.5142 0.6091 5.8095
30 n
2 Source: Reprinted from G. L. Matthaei, L. Young, and E. M. T. Jones, Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching
n= Networks, and Coupling Structures, Artech House, Dedham, Mass.,1980, with permission.
20
1 Figure from: Pozar p. 406-407, Fig. 8.27, copied under CLA

n=
10 can be corrected with a quarter-wave transformer, or by using an additional filter element
to make N odd. For odd N , it can be shown that R = 1. (This is because there is a unity 17
Completing the Design Example
g1 = 0.7654, g2 = 1.8478, g3 = 0.1878, g4 = 0.7654

These filters meet the specifications for filters that have
Ro & RL = 1 and c = 1 rad/s

The low-pass filter prototypes of the previous section were normalized des
Filter Transformations
source impedance of Rs = 1 # and a cutoff frequency of c = 1 rad/sec. H
how these designs can be scaled in terms of impedance and frequency, and
give high-pass, bandpass, or bandstop characteristics. Several examples wil
The filter was o designed
to illustrate
L for
the design R & R = 1 and = 1
procedure.
c
rad/s.
Need to scale impedances and frequencies
Impedance scaling: In the prototype design, the source and load resistances
cept for equal-ripple filters with even N , which have nonunity load resistan
Impedanceresistance
scaling, of Rscale the impedance
0 can be obtained bytheRimpedances
by multiplying all o of the pro
by R0 . Thus, if we let primes denote impedance scaled quantities, the new filt
Z0 = R Z values are given by
o
Capacitor Scaling Inductor Scaling L = R0 L ,

C Summary of
j jRo 0
C = , impedance scaling
= j!L = Ro j!L
!C 0 !C R0
0 0
L = Ro L Rs = R0 ,
C = C/Ro
R L = R0 R L ,
Primed values are scaled
where L, C, and R L are the component values for the original prototype.
LR
is the new cutoff frequency; cutoff occurs when /c = 1, or = c . This c
ation can be viewed as a stretching, or where
expansion, of the original passband, as
c is the new cutoff frequency; cutoff occurs when /c = 1, or
Filter Transformations
in Figure 8.28a, b. transformation can be viewed as a stretching, or expansion, of the original
ew element values are determined by applying
illustratedthe 8.4 b.Filter
substitution
in Figure 8.28a, Transformations
of (8.65) to the
tances, jL k , and shunt susceptances, jCThek , ofnew
theelement
prototype filter.
values are Thus,
determined by applying the substitution of
series reactances, jL , and shunt susceptances, jC , of the prototype filte
y scalingFrequency
for low-pass scaling for
filters: Tolow-pass
change

filters
the k
we
cutoff set
frequency / c
of=a for
k
the pro-
low-pass
m unity normalized
to c requires =that
j X kfrequency.
j weLk = jLthe
scale k , frequency dependenceof the filter
c j X k = j L k = jL k , by the
c
Scaling
c , which to the operational
is accomplished by frequency
replacing

by / wec : need to
j Bk = j Ck = jCk , j Bk = j

Ck = jCk ,
c c

ws that the new element values are givenwhich
.
by shows
(8.65)
c that the new element values are given by
This gives: Lk Lk
new power loss ratio will L k=
be , L k =
(8.66a) ,
c c
Ck ! " Ck =
Ck
.
Ck = . (8.66b) c
PLR () c = PLR ,
c
When both impedance and frequency scaling are required, the results of (8
Scaling
h impedance both frequency
and frequency and impedance
scaling arecombined
required, the(8.66)
with results offor
to give lowcan
(8.64) pass
be filters
with (8.66)
is the new cutoff frequency; cutoff occurs when /c = 1, or =
to give
R0 L k c . This

ation can be viewed as a stretching, or expansion, of the k =
Loriginal
c passband, as
,
R0 L k
in Figure 8.28a, b. L k = c , (8.67a)
Ck
Ck = .
new element values are determined
Ck by applying the substitution R 0 c (8.65) to the
of

Ck = . (8.67b)
ctances, jL k , and shunt susceptances,
R0 c jCk , of the prototype filter. Thus,
veFilters Pozar Chapter 8: Microwave Filters August 25, 2011 18:16
Low-pass to high-pass transformation: The frequency substitution
Transformation to High-Pass Filter

c

(8.6
can be used to convert a low-pass response to a high-pass response, as shown

A8:frequency
Chapter transformation
Microwave Filters Figure 8.28c.can be usedmaps
This substitution toconvert
= 0 to = , the and
low-vice versa; cutoff occu
pass into high pass filter:
when = c . The negative sign is needed to convert inductors (and capacitors) to re
Low-pass to high-pass transformation: The frequency substitution
izable capacitors (and inductors). Applying (8.68) to the series reactances, jL k , and t
shunt susceptances, jCk , of the prototype filter gives
c
c 1
(8.68)

j Xk = j Lk = ,
jCk
After
can transformation
be used the cutoff
to convert a low-pass responseoccurs whenresponse,
to a high-pass = +/- in
as shown
1 c
c
Figure 8.28c. This substitution maps = 0 to = , Bk =vice
jand
A negative j versa;
Ck =cutoff ,occurs
jL k
when = c . The negative sign is needed to convert inductors (and capacitors) to real-
inductance isnt
izable capacitors (and inductors). shows c
Applying !
(8.68) to the possible
seriesLreactances, jL k , and the 1
Z = j!L
k k
which
shunt susceptances, jCk , of thepacitors
prototype j L
that
filter
series
k
begives
inductors k must be replaced with capacitors C k , and shunt c
replaced with inductors L . The new 0component values are given b
Ck must
! k j!Ck
c 1 1
j Xk = j Lk = ,
A negative
C k = , (8.69
jCcapacitance
k isnt c L k
!cc 1
possible
L k =
1 1
Yk = j!Ck j Bk =j j C Ckk= , c Ck
. (8.69
! jL k j!L0k
Impedance scaling can be included by using (8.64) to give
which shows that series inductors L k must be replaced with capacitors Ck , and shunt ca-
Combined frequency and
. The new 1
pacitors Ck must be replaced with inductors
impedanceLscaling
k component
C = values are
, given by (8.70
k
R0 c L k
1 R0
Ck = , L k = . (8.69a) (8.70
c L k c Ck
1
21
imally flat response has a flatter attenuation characteristic in the passband but a
slightly lower cutoff rate. The linear phase filter has the worst cutoff rate but a
very good group delay characteristic.
Transformation to Band Pass-Filter 8.4 Filter Transformations
8.4 Filter Transformations
otype filter designs can also be transformed to have the bandpass or bandstop
low-pass response of Figure 8.31a asthe
follows:
The
trated in Figure
low-pass
8.31. If 1 and
low-pass prototype
2 denote
response of Figure
! 8.31a filter
edges
can be again
of the passband, then a
as"follows: scaled
onse Low-pass
can be obtained
prototypeusing
filter the following
designs can alsofrequency
be substitution:
transformed to have the bandpass or bandstop
differently
responses for
illustrated in When
Figure =bandpass
8.31.
1
, and 1denote
0If filter
0!
= 0. design
1 0 2 theedges 0
"
of the passband, then a
! "
When "!!0 ,
= "" # = 0. $
bandpass response
0 canbe obtained
0 using
1 1 thefollowing
" 0 0frequency
0! 1 "12 substitution:
02 # $
=
When =1 , 1 =, = 1.
(8.71)
2 2
2 1 0 When!" =
" 0 "
10,0
!" 0 0="11 1 0 = 1.

0
! "= "10 # 20 ",2 $ 0 1 (8.71)
1 0 " 1 2 0 # $
When2 =
1 2, 0 ! = 0 " =21. 2
" 0 1 " 0 0 21 2 0
When = 2 , = = 1.
where
2 1
" 0 " 0 2
The new" filter
= elements are determined by using (8.71) in the expressions
(8.72) for the series
reactance andThe
shunt
newsusceptances.
0 elements
filter Thus,2
are 1
determined
Bandby edges
using (8.71) in the expressions for the series
! " =
" (8.72)
reactance and j shunt
susceptances.
0 0 Thus,
L k 0 L k 1
j Xk =
al bandwidth of the passband. The center
! k = j"
Lfrequency, j0 , could be kchosen
= jL j ,
" 0 j 0 " 0 "
L k 0 L k C k 1
is theof
ic mean fractional
1 and bandwidth
2 , but the jofXequations
the passband. The
are center
L k =if jfrequency,
simpler j 0 ,ascould
it is chosen thejLbe chosen
For a series k =
" " "
= k j
C ,
n: as theinductor
arithmetic meanthat
which shows 1 andinductor,
of aseries 2 , but0Lthe
k , isequations
transformedaretosimpler
a0 series ifLC
it circuit
is chosen
withas the k
element
geometricvalues
mean:
which showsthat a series inductor, L k , is transformed to a series LC circuit with element
0 = 1 2 .
values L = L k , (8.73)
transformed 0 = k 1 2 .
"0
(8.74a)
(8.73)
formation of (8.71) maps
into
the
a seriescharacteristics
bandpass " L
of =
Lk
Figure ,8.31b to the (8.74a)
L &ofC circuit k
Then the transformation (8.71) Ck =
maps the bandpass "
characteristics
. 0 of Figure 8.31b to(8.74b)
the
0 L k
"
Similarly, C k = . (8.74b)
0 L k
! "
University
0 of Surrey 2016 C
EEE3033 Dr.
P. H.C
0 Aaen 22
Similarly, j k k 1
which shows that a series inductor, L k , is transformed to a series LC circuit with element
Lk
values L = k , (8.74a)
"L0
Transformation to Band Pass-Filter
k
, L k = (8.74a)
"" 0
C = . k (8.74b)
0 L"
k
Ck = . (8.74b)
Similarly for the shunt capacitor
Similarly, 0 L k
Similarly, ! "
j ! 0 " Ck 0 C k 1
j Bk = j C
0k
= j Ck j 0 C k = jC k j 1 ,
"
j Bk = 0 Ck "
= j 0 j " = jCk j L
" 0 "0 " k, L k
which shows that a shunt capacitor, Ck , is transformed to a shunt LC circuit with element
values which shows that a shunt capacitor, Ck , is transformed to a shunt LC circuit with element
values
"
transformed L k L= = ", , (8.74c)
(8.74c)
k 0 C k
into parallel L 0 Ck
& C circuit C kC k
Ck C=k = . . (8.74d)
(8.74d)
""0 0
The low-pass
The low-pass filter elements
filter elements are thusare thus converted
converted to toseries
seriesresonant
resonant circuits
circuits (having
(havinga alowlow
impedance at resonance)
in theinseries
the series arms,
andand
to to parallelresonant
resonant circuits
circuits (having
(havinga ahigh
Can also use the inverse of this transform to create a
impedance at resonance) arms, parallel high
impedance at resonance) in the shunt arms. Notice that both series
impedance at resonance) in the shunt arms. Notice that both series and parallel resonatorand parallel resonator
band
elements stop
elements have ahave filter
a resonant
resonant frequency of 0 .
frequency of 0 .
The inverse transformation can be used to obtain a bandstop response. Thus,
The
The prototype low-pass filter is"very
inverse transformation can be used to obtain a bandstop response. Thus,
! 1
useful
! "
0 1
" 0 , (8.75)
" 0 , (8.75)
0
where " and 0 have theUniversity
same definitions as in Dr.
of Surrey 2016 EEE3033 (8.72) and (8.73). Then series inductors of
P. H. Aaen 23
Filter Transformations Summary
Chapter 8: Microwave Filters
! "
1
TABLE 8.6 Summary of Prototype Filter Transformations ! = 2
0
Low-pass High-pass Bandpass Bandstop
L
1 L 1
L 0
cL 0 0 L

0L
1
1 C
C 0C
cC 0C 0
C
0
The table summarizes all of the prototype filter transformations

The shunt capacitor of the low-pass prototype is converted to series LC circuits having
element values given by
Table from: Pozar p. 414, Table. 8.6, copied under CLA

n
3
=
n
Design
= 2 Example
n
Design a maximally flat low-pass filter with a cutoff of
2 GHz, impedance of 50 Ohm, 1
and at least 15 dB
=
insertion loss at 3 GHz. n
1. Determine the number of filter elements

7 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.50 0.70 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 10.0
! 1 = 3/2 -1 = 0.5
!c
(b)
n=5
sus normalized frequency for equal-ripple filter prototypes.
The filter will have
level. (b) 3.0 five
dB ripple level.
elements
. Matthaei, L. Young, and E. M. T. Jones, Microwave Filters, Impedance-
s, and Coupling Structures, Artech House, Dedham, Mass., 1980, with

Ck = , (8.70a)
R0 c L k
R0
L k = . (8.70b)
c Ck
Design Example EXAMPLE 8.3 LOW-PASS FILTER DESIGN COMPARISON

Design a maximally flat low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 2 GHz, imped-
Use the table to look up the element values

ance of 50 ", and at least 15 dB insertion loss at 3 GHz. Compute and plot the
2. amplitude response and group delay for f = 0 to 4 GHz, and compare with an
equal-ripple (3.0 dB ripple) and linear phase filter having the same order.
Solution
First find the required order of the maximally flat filter to satisfy the insertion loss
specification at 3 GHz. We have that |/c | 1 = 0.5; from Figure 8.26 we see
that N = 5 will be sufficient. Then Table 8.3 gives the prototype element values as
g1 = 0.618,
g2 = 1.618,
g3 = 2.000,
g4 = 1.618,
g5 = 0.618.
3. Pick either filter pro-type. Initial filter design

complete
4. Frequency and impedance scaling remain
Table from: Pozar p. 404, Table 8.3, copied under CLA

and at least 15 dB insertion loss at 3 GHz. Compute and plot the
ponse and group delay for f = 0 to 4 GHz, and compare with an
3.0 dB ripple) and linear phase filter having the same order. C 1' C 3' C 5' RL = 50
Design Example
FIGURE
equired order of the maximally flat filter 8.29 the
to satisfy Low-pass, maximally
insertion loss flat filter circuit for Example 8.3.
at 3 GHz. We 5. have
Complete
that |/c | frequency and8.26
1 = 0.5; from Figure impedance
we see scaling
ll be sufficient. Then Table 8.3 gives the prototype
Then (8.67)element values
can be used as the scaled element values:
to obtain
g1 = 0.618, C1 = 0.984 pF,

g2 = 1.618, L 2 = 6.438 nH,
Filters Pozar August 25, 2011 18:16
g3 = 2.000, C3 = 3.183 pF,
g4 = 1.618, L 4 = 6.438 nH,
g5 = 0.618. C5 = 0.984 pF.
The final filter circuit is shown in Figure 8.29; the ladder circuit of Figure 8.25
8.4 Filter Transformations
was used, but that of Figure 8.25b could have been used just as well.
The component values for the equal-ripple filter and the linear phase filte
RS = 50 L 2' L 4'
for N = 5, can be determined from Tables 8.4 and 8.5. The amplitude and grou
delay results for these three filters are shown in Figure 8.30. These results clearl
show the trade-offs involved with the three types of filters. The equal-ripple re
RL = 50
C 1' C 3' C 5'
sponse has the sharpest cutoff but the worst group delay characteristics. The max
imally flat response has a flatter attenuation characteristic in the passband but
slightly lower cutoff rate. The linear phase filter has the worst cutoff rate but
Design completed.
FIGURE 8.29 Low-pass, maximally
veryflatgood
filtergroup
circuit delay
for Example 8.3.
characteristic.
Then (8.67) can be used to obtain the scaled element values: Figure from: Pozar p. 411, Fig. 8.29, copied under CLA

Comparison of Filter Types
It is important to consider magnitude and phase changes in a

filter design

Study Aid
Filters using the insertion loss method are very easy
to learn but require some practice.
Problems are very easy to construct and solve
Use ADS to understand how to build and scale

Summary Points
Introduction to filters and how to construct low-pass,
high-pass, and band pass filters using the insertion
loss method.
Attenuation and tabulated coefficients allow easy

design of prototype scaled circuits.
Scaling is necessary to realize the performance at

desired frequency.
From Section 8.3, Pozar, 4th ed.

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EEE3033: Basic Microwave Filter Design

Department of Engineering and Physical Sciences

Oct 26, 2015

University of Surrey 2016 EEE3033 Dr. P. H. Aaen

University of Surrey 2016 EEE3033 Dr. P. H. Aaen 2

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THIS CHART WAS CREATED

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RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation Amateur Amateur-satellite MOBILE ** MOBILE

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SPACE Radionavigation 1559.0 132.0125 AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE

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Mobile-satellite SPACE RESEARCH SPACE OPERATION MET. SATELLITE