TKSCT/ Mechanical Engineering/V semester/ ME6505 Dynamics of Machines

THENI KAMMAVAR SANGAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

KODUVILARPATTI, THENI - 625 534

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME6505 DYNAMICS OF MACHINES
PART- A (Questions and Answers)

UNIT I - FORCE ANALYSIS AND FLYWHEELS

1. What is free body diagram?

It is a sketch which shows all the external forces, couples, moments and reactions on the body
when all the supports are isolated.
Examples:

2. Define static force analysis.

If components of a machine accelerate, inertia is produced due to their masses. However, the
magnitudes of these forces are small compared to the externally applied loads. Hence inertia effects
due to masses are neglected. Such an analysis is known as static force analysis.

3. Differentiate between static & dynamic equilibrium. (Or) What are the conditions for Static and
Dynamic equilibrium?
Static Equilibrium Dynamic Equilibrium
The conditions for Static equilibrium are The conditions for Dynamic equilibrium are
1. Sum of all the forces acting on a body is 1. Sum of all the forces acting on a body is
zero. zero.
F = 0 F = 0
2. Sum of all the moments of all the forces
acting about any point or axis is zero.
M =0

4. Define applied and constraint forces.

Applied Forces:
The external force acting on a system of body from outside the system is called applied force.
Constraint forces:
The constraint forces are the forces existing internally within the body.

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5. Define Inertia and Inertia force.

Inertia:
The property of system offering resistance to change of its state of rest or of uniform motion
is known as inertia.
Inertia force:
The inertia force is an imaginary force, which when acts upon a rigid body, brings it in an
equilibrium position.
Inertia force = -Accelerating force
F = - m. a

6. State DAlemberts principle. And mention its significance.

D'Alembert's principle states that the inertia forces and torques, and the external forces and
torques acting on a body together give statical equilibrium.
F m.a= 0
Significance: This principle is used to reduce a dynamical problem into an equivalent static problem.

7. State the principle of virtual work.

The principle of virtual (imaginary) work can be states as the work done during a virtual
displacement from the equilibrium is equal to zero.

8. What are the requirements of equivalent dynamical system? (Or)

Write down the conditions for any distributed mass have the same dynamical properties.
The distributed mass can be replaced by two point masses to have the same dynamical properties
if the following conditions are fulfilled:

The sum of the two masses is equal to the total mass.

m1 + m2 = m
The combined center of mass coincides with that of the rod.
m1 l1 = m2 l2
The Moment of inertia of the two point masses about the perpendicular axis through their
combined center of mass is equal to that of the rod.
m1 (l1 )2 + m2 (l2)2 = m (k)2

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9. What are the conditions for a body to be in equilibrium under the action of two forces?
A body will be in equilibrium under the action of two forces only when the two forces are of
1. Same magnitude but in opposite direction (F1 = - F2) and
2. The forces act along the same line.

10. What are the conditions for a body to be in equilibrium under the action of two forces and a
torque?
A body will be in equilibrium under the action of two forces and a torque only when
1. The forces are equal in magnitude, parallel in direction and opposite in sense, (F1 = - F2) and
2. The forces from a couple, which is equal and opposite to the applied torque (T = - C).

11. What are the conditions for a body to be in equilibrium under the action of three forces?
A body will be in equilibrium under the action of three forces if the resultant of the forces is
zero and the line of action of the forces intersects at a point.
F = 0

12. What is engine shaking force?

The force produces in an engine due to the mass of the piston, and mass of the connecting rod
on the main bearings is called engine shaking force.

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13. Define the significance of inertia force analysis.

Inertia force analysis reduces the dynamic analysis problem into an equivalent static analysis
problem by determining the required torque and the direction.

14. Distinguish between piston effort and crank effort.

Piston Effort:
Piston effort is defined as the net force acting on the piston or crosshead pin, along the line of
stroke.
Piston effort, Fp = Net load on the piston Inertia force
Fp = FL FI
Crank effort:
Crank effort is the turning moment produced on the crank shaft.
, =
Where FT is the crank pin effort
r is the crank radius

15. Define crank effort and crank pin effort.

Crank effort:
Crank effort is the turning moment produced on the crank shaft.
, =
Where FT is the crank pin effort
r is the crank radius
Crank pin effort:
The component of force acting on the connecting rod perpendicular to the crank is known as
crank-pin effort.

16. The lengths of crank and connecting rod of vertical reciprocating engine are 300 mm and 1.5 m
respectively. If the crank rotates at 200 rpm, find the velocity of piston at = 40.
Given:
Length of crank, r = 300 mm = 0.3 m
Length of connecting rod, l = 1.5 m
Speed, N = 200 rpm
= 40
To find:
Velocity of piston at = 40, Vp =?
Solution:
Velocity of piston at = 40, Vp
sin 2
= sin +
2
n = l/r = 1.5/0.3 = 5
2 N 2 200
= = = 20.95 rad/sec
60 60

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sin 2
= sin +
2
sin 80
= 0.3 20.95 sin 40 +
25
Vp = 4.659 m/sec
Result:
Velocity of piston at = 40, Vp = 4.659 m/sec

17. What is meant by turning moment diagram or crank effort diagram?

It is the graphical representation of the turning moment or crank effort for various position of
the crank.
In turning moment diagram, the turning moment is taken as the ordinate (Y-axis) and crank
angle as abscissa (X-axis).

18. Explain the term maximum fluctuation of energy in flywheels.

The difference between the maximum and the minimum kinetic energies of the flywheel is
known as maximum fluctuation of energy.
Maximum fluctuation of energy = Maximum energy - Minimum energy.

19. Draw turning moment diagram or crank effort diagram for single cylinder 4 stroke IC engine.

20. Define coefficient of fluctuation of energy.

Coefficient of fluctuation of energy is the ratio of maximum fluctuation of energy to the work
done per cycle.
Maximum fluctuation of energy E
Coefficient of fluctuation of energy, CE = =
Workdone per cycle W

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21. Define maximum fluctuation of speed and coefficient of fluctuation of speed.

Maximum Fluctuation of Speed
The difference between the maximum and the minimum speeds during a cycle is known as
maximum fluctuation of speed.
Coefficient of Fluctuation of Speed
Coefficient of fluctuation of speed is the ratio of maximum fluctuation of speed to the mean
speed.

=

1 2
=

Where, N1= maximum speed,
N2= minimum speed,
N = mean speed = (N1+N2)/2.

22. Draw turning moment diagram or crank effort diagram for single cylinder double acting steam
engine.

23. Flywheels are needed in forging and pressing operations. Why?

In both forging and pressing operation, flywheels are required to control the variations in
speed during each cycle of an engine.

24. What flywheels are used in a punching machine?

In punching machines, flywheels are required to control the variations in speed during each
cycle of an engine.

25. Why single cylinder needs large size flywheel?

In single cylinder, there is only one power stroke per revolution of the crank shaft. Hence,
large amount of energy is to be stored in the flywheel. Thus, a larger size flywheel is needed.

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26. What is the function of flywheel? (or)

What is the purpose of flywheels in engine?
The function of flywheel is to control the speed variations caused by the fluctuation of the
engine turning moment during each cycle of operation.

27. How does flywheel differ from that of a governor?

GOVERNOR
It regulates the mean speed of an engine
when there are variations in load on engine
increases it acts in such a way to increase the
fuel supply.
It works intermittently, i.e., only when there
is change in load.
FLYWHEEL
It does not maintain the constant speed. It
simply reduces the fluctuation of speed caused
by the variation in turning moment.
It works continuously from cycle to cycle.

28. Define windup and spring surge.

Windup:
Twisting effect produced in the crank shaft during the raise of heavy load on the follower is
known as Windup.
Spring surge:
Spring surge means vibration of retaining spring.

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