(1) Ehiowemwenguan, G., Emoghene, A. O. and Inetianbor, J.E.

,2014 Antibacterial and phytochemical

analysis of Banana fruit peel, IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy (e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 4, Issue 8 (August 2014), PP. 18-25

ABSTRACT: The in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extract of banana (Musa
sapientum) peels was investigated on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria using agar well
diffusion technique. The ethanolic extract of the peels had MIC values ranging from 16mg/ml to
512.5mg/ml. The least MIC was 16mg/ml against Salmonella typhi while Bacillus subtilis and
Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest MIC of 512.5 mg/ml. In the aqueous extract the MIC ranged
between 512.5mg/ml to >1025mg/ml. Salmonella typhi, Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus
were not inhibited by the water extract. Phytochemical result showed ethanol to be a better solvent for
the extraction of the bioactive agents in banana peels which include: glycosides, alkaloids, saponins,
tannins, flavonoids and volatile oil.

(2) Fagbemi, J.F., Ugoji, E., Adenipekun, T., & Adelowotan, O. 2009 Evaluation of the antimicrobial
properties of unripe banana (Musa sapientum L.), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus S.) and turmeric
(Curcuma longa L.) on pathogens African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 8 (7), pp. 1176-1182, 6 April,
2009 Available online at http:// www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 16845315 2009 Academic
Journals

ABSTRACT: The antibacterial properties of ethanol extracts of green and yellow Cavendish banana peels
was done against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using the agar disc diffusion method. The
study revealed that the peel extract of yellow banana did not inhibit the growth of S. aureus but it
inhibits the growth of E. coli with 9.3mm zone of inhibition. On the other hand, the peel extract of green
Cavendish banana could inhibit the growth of both S. aureus (12.3mm) and E. coli (9.0mm) but only in
minimal measurement indicating that S. aureus is intermediate and E. coli is resistant to the extract. The
Gentamicin as the positive control showed a maximum antibacterial activity against the two bacteria
showing that the bacteria are susceptible to this antibiotic. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
of the two extracts against S. aureus and E. coli were also performed to determine if the extracts are
bacteriostatic. The data shown that at 100% down to .19% concentration exhibited no antibacterial
effect on S. aureus and E. coli, hence all the test tubes showed observable growth of bacteria that made
the solution very turbid. Since all the tubes were turbid, the determination of MBC was not prepared.
The extracts were neither bacteriostatic nor bactericidal against S. aureus and E. coli.

(3) K.C L. Alsula, L.A. A. Bullecer, R.C M. Calo, M. M. Claros, R. F. O. Lomongo, N.M. Mama, (2013)
Antibacterial Properties of Cavendish Banana Peel (Yellow and Green) on Pathogens Escherichia coli
and Staphylococcus aureus Peer Reviewed Journal Vol. 1 Advancing Medical Technology Research ISSN:
2094-957X doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/amtr.v1i1.475

Abstract: Various parts of banana have been shown to have antibacterial effect. Therefore, a
comparative study on the antibacterial activity of the pulp extract of three different banana species,
namely, Pisang Berangan (Musa acuminate AA/AAA), Pisang Mas (Musa acuminate AA) and Pisang Nipah
(Musa balbisiana BBB) by different extraction methods was conducted against selected microorganisms
(Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). The
acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of banana pulp were tested using agar disc diffusion method
for antibacterial sensitivity testing. The solvent extraction data showed that acetone had the highest
mean of banana pulp extract yield (15.16%), followed by methanol (13.73%) and aqueous solution
(5.403%). The acetone and methanol extracts of all banana types showed an average with almost similar
zone of inhibition activity at 10 mg/disc concentration against gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) ranging between 7 to 8.5 mm while no difference was seen in the case
of gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans). With regard to aqueous
extracts, all banana types did not show any inhibitory action against the tested microorganisms. In
conclusion, the results implied that the pulp extracts of the three different banana species could be a
potential source of antibacterial agents. However, further studies are needed to identify the bioactive
components responsible for their antibacterial activity to maximize its therapeutic effect.

(4) T. Kokila, P. S. Ramesh, D. Geetha 2015, Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Cavendish banana
peel extract and its antibacterial and free radical scavenging assay: a novel biological approach Appl
Nanosci (2015) 5:911920 DOI 10.1007/s13204-015-0401-2

Abstract: Biosynthesis of metallic silver nanoparticles has now become an alternative to physical and
chemical approaches. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from
Cavendish banana peel extract (CBPE) and characterized by UVvisible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction
(XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Field emission
scanning electronic microscope (FESEM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential (ZP). The
AgNPs formation was conrmed by UVvisible spectroscopy through color conversion due to surface
plasma resonance band at 430 nm. The effect of pH on nanoparticle synthesis was determined by
adjusting the various pH of the reaction mixtures. The crystalline nature of nanoparticles was conrmed
from the XRD pattern, and the grain size was found to be around 34 nm. To identify the compounds
responsible for the bioreduction of Ag ion and the stabilization of AgNPs produced, the functional group
present in Cavendish banana peel extract was investigated using FTIR. AFM has proved to be very
helpful in determining morphological features and the diameter of AgNPs in the range of 2330 nm was
conrmed by FESEM. DLS studies revealed that the average size of AgNPs was found to be around 297
nm. Zeta potential value for AgNPs obtained was -11 mV indicating the moderate stability of synthesized
nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles was studied against Gram-positive and
Gram-negative bacteria. Biosynthesized AgNPs showed a strong DPPH radical and ABTS scavengers
compared to the aqueous peel extract of Cavendish banana.

(5) Mokbel, M., Saif, F. and Hashinaga, F. (2005). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of banana
(Musa, AAA cv. Cavendish) fruits peel. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology 1 (3): 125-
131, 2005 ISSN 1553-3468 2005 Science Publications

Abstract: The fresh green and yellow banana peel of, (Musa, cv. Cavendish) fruits were treated with 70%
acetone, which were partitioned with chloroform (CHCl3) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc), sequentially. The
antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated by using the thiocyanate method, -carotene
bleaching method and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical elimination. While,
antimicrobial activities of the extracts and isolated components were evaluated using paper disc
methods and Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC). The EtOAc and water soluble fractions of green
peel displayed high antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, respectively. Antioxidant activity of water
extracts was comparable to those of synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole and
butylated hydroxytoluene. Among all isolated components -sitosterol, malic acid, succinic acid,
palmatic acid, 12-hydroxystrearic acid, glycoside, the d-malic and 12-hydroxystrearic acid were the most
active against all the Gram-negative and positive bacterial species tested. The MIC of d-malic and
succinic acid was varying between 140-750 ppm, respectively.

(6) Fairuz Fadhilah Mohd Jalani, Suharni Mohamad1, Wan Nazatul Shima Shahidan 2014, Antibacterial
effects of banana pulp extracts based on different extraction methods against selected
microorganisms, Asian Journal Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science ISSN: 2249-622x

Abstract: Various parts of banana have been shown to have antibacterial effect. Therefore, a
comparative study on the antibacterial activity of the pulp extract of three different banana species,
namely, Pisang Berangan (Musa acuminate AA/AAA), Pisang Mas (Musa acuminate AA) and Pisang Nipah
(Musa balbisiana BBB) by different extraction methods was conducted against selected microorganisms
(Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). The
acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of banana pulp were tested using agar disc diffusion method
for antibacterial sensitivity testing. The solvent extraction data showed that acetone had the highest
mean of banana pulp extract yield (15.16%), followed by methanol (13.73%) and aqueous solution
(5.403%). The acetone and methanol extracts of all banana types showed an average with almost similar
zone of inhibition activity at 10 mg/disc concentration against gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) ranging between 7 to 8.5 mm while no difference was seen in the case
of gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans). With regard to aqueous
extracts, all banana types did not show any inhibitory action against the tested microorganisms. In
conclusion, the results implied that the pulp extracts of the three different banana species could be a
potential source of antibacterial agents. However, further studies are needed to identify the bioactive
components responsible for their antibacterial activity to maximize its therapeutic effect.

(7) Chinnappan Ravinder Singh. et al., Evaluation of Microbial Potential of Different Colored Banana
Peels, International Journal of Preclinical & Pharmaceutical Research, 4(2), 2013, 62-64. Journal
homepage: www.preclinicaljournal.com, e-ISSN 2249-7552, Print ISSN 2229-7502

ABSTRACT: This study analysed the anti-bacterial potential of yellow, green and red coloured peels from
banana against 10 clinical pathogens in comparison with standard antibiotics. Three different colored
banana peels were dried separately for 30 days. The powdered material was extracted independently
with methanol chlorofarm (8:2) at room temperature. Among the peels, the red one exhibited the
highest antibacterial activity with the maximum zone of inhibition of 27 mm against Psuedomonas citrii,
followed by 18 mm against Staphylococcus aureus. The green banana peel showed inhibition zone of 19
mm against Salmonella typhi and Aeromonas hydrophila. The yellow banana peel exhibited 20 mm
against Aeromonas hydrophila followed by 13 mm against Staphylococcus aureus. Interestingly all three
extracts of banana peels not showed the activity against the normal flora of human body. The banana
peel is the potential source of anti-bacterials, with promise for making waste material into wealth.

(8) Saleh Mansour Salah, 2012 Antibacterial Activity and UV Protection Property of Some Egyptian
Cotton Fabrics Treated with Aqueous Extract from Banana Peel, International Journal of Clothing
Science 2012, 1(1): 1-6 DOI: 10.5923/j.clothing.20120101.01

Abstract: The alkaline fractions of banana peel (Musa, cv. Cavendish) of fruits have been used as a
natural dye for cotton fabrics. In the current study, banana peel was evaluated as a multi-functional
antibacterial and UV protective agent on the cotton substrate. The extracted solution using 0.1% NaOH
was analyzed by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis technique. The extracted
dye was applied to the perforated bleached and mercerized Egyptian cotton fabrics made from Giza 89
and Giza 80 cotton varieties. Ferric sulphate was used as mordent. Antibacterial activity was analyzed
qualitatively in terms of zone of inhibition and quantitatively in terms of percentage reduction in
bacteria. Dyeing performance in terms of color parameters K/S, L*, a*, b* and E were studied.
Effectiveness of banana peels against ultraviolet radiation was evaluated in terms of ultraviolet
protection factor value (UPF). The data obtained showed that the mercerized fabrics have excellent
antibacterial activity, high dye uptake with high UV protection properties among the control and the
unmercerized cotton fabrics. The data obtained revealed that Giza 89 had the higher antibacterial
activity, dye uptake with high UV protection properties than Giza 80. These results are very important
for industrial application with the production of a natural dye, antibacterial, and UV protected as an
inexpensive source from waste banana peel as a byproduct. The optimum treatment and dyeing
conditions were applied on 620 g fabric (about 5 m) and matched results were obtained to the research
samples.

(9) Zainab Adil Ghani Chabuck1, Alaa H. Al-Charrakh, Nada Khazal Kadhim Hindi and Shatha Khazal
Kadhim Hindi, 2013 Antimicrobial Effect of Aqueous Banana Peel Extract, Iraq Research Gate:
Pharmaceutical Sciences www.iresearch.in

Babana, Peel extract, Antibacterial effect, Inhibition zone, Musa sapientum.

Fruit peels have been a valuable source for maintaining human health. The use of fruit peels extracts for
antimicrobial properties can be of great significance in therapeutic treatments. This study aimed to
evaluate the antibacterial activity of banana's peel. The antibacterial effect of aqueous extracts of fresh
yellow banana peels against 2 Gram-positive and 4 Gram-negative bacterial and one yeast isolates,
including S. aureus, S. pyogenes, E. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, M. catarrhalis and candida
albicanis, was carried out by the well-agar diffusion method. The water extract of fresh banana peel
showed a various inhibitory effect against various microbial isolates. Highest inhibitory effect against
both M. catarrhalis and S. aureus with 30 mm inhibition zone, followed by S. pyogenes, E. aerogenes and
K. pneumoniae with no effect against E. coli and candida albicanis. Aqueous extracts of fresh yellow
banana peels could be considered as a good antibacterial agent against both Gram positive and negative
bacteria to replace the synthetic medicines in tratment of diseases caused by these bacteria.

(10) Ramakrishnan Baskar, Selvaraj Shrisakthi, Babu Sathyapriya, Radhakrishnan Shyampriya,

Radhakrishnan Nithya, Palanisamy Poongodi 2011 Antioxidant Potential of Peel Extracts of Banana
Varieties (Musa sapientum) Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2011, 2, 1128-1133
doi:10.4236/fns.2011.210151 Published Online December 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/fns)

ABSTRACT: The study has been aimed to evaluate and compare phytochemical content and the
antioxidant activity in peel extracts of nine local varieties of banana, i.e. Musa sapientum species.
Ethanolic extract of peels of these varieties were subjected to in vitro free radical scavenging assays like
DPPH, ABTS and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay. Total antioxidant capacity assay to confirm the
antioxidant potential and phytochemical content such as total phenols, flavonoids were also
determined. The results obtained were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and DMRT analysis. The peel
extracts of all the nine varieties of banana exhibited significant antioxidant and phytochemical activities
with Musa spp. - Blueggoe (Monthan) - AAB and Musa spp. - Rasthali - AAB showing highest free radical
scavenging activity and Musa spp. - Karpooravalli - ABB, Musa spp. - Rasthali - AAB, Musa spp. - Ney
Poovan (Kadali) - AB and Musa spp. - Mysore (Poovan) - AAB having highest phytochemical content. The
study suggests that peel extracts of these banana varieties could be useful to combat free radical
mediated diseases

(11) Aline Pereiran, Marcelo Maraschin 2014 Banana (Musa spp) from peel to pulp:
Ethnopharmacology, source of bioactive compounds and its relevance for human health, Journal of
Ethnopharmacology http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.008

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Banana is a fruit with nutritional properties and also with
acclaimed therapeutic uses, cultivated widely throughout the tropics as source of food and income for
people. Banana peel is known by its local and traditional use to promote wound healing mainly from
burns and to help overcome or prevent a substantial number of illnesses, as depression. Aim of the
study: This review critically assessed the phytochemical properties and biological activities of Musa spp
fruit pulp and peel. Materials and methods: A survey on the literature on banana (Musa spp, Musaceae)
covering its botanical classication and nomenclature, as well as the local and traditional use of its pulp
and peel was performed. Besides, the current state of art on banana fruit pulp and peel as interesting
complex matrices sources of high-value compounds from secondary metabolism was also approached.
Results: Dessert bananas and plantains are systematic classied into four sections, Eumusa,
Rhodochlamys, Australimusa, and Callimusa, according to the number of chromosomes. The fruits differ
only in their ploidy arrangement and a single scientic name can be given to all the edible bananas, i.e.,
Musa spp. The chemical composition of bananas peel and pulp comprise mostly carotenoids, phenolic
compounds, and biogenic amines. The biological potential of those biomasses is directly related to their
chemical composition, particularly as pro-vitamin a supplementation, as potential antioxidants
attributed to their phenolic constituents, as well as in the treatment of Parkinsons disease considering
their contents in Ldopa and dopamine. Conclusion: Bananas pulp and peel can be used as natural
sources of antioxidants and pro-vitamin A due to their contents in carotenoids, phenolics, and amine
compounds, for instance. For the development of a phytomedicine or even an allopathic medicine, e.g.,
banana fruit pulp and peel could be of interest as raw materials riches in benecial bioactive
compounds.

(12) Zuvairea Nazren Mohd Sirajudin1, Qamar Uddin Ahmed2*, Ahmed Jalal Khan Chowdhury1, El
Zawane Kamarudin1, Abdul Viqar Khan3, ABM Helal Uddin2 and Najiah Musa 2014 Antimicrobial
Activity of Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) Peels against Food Borne Pathogenic Microbes, JOURNAL OF
PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, October 2014. Vol. 8(5), p. 3627-3639

ABSTRACT: Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) peels are usually considered as wastes and are discarded
during the processing, which eventually contribute to polluting the environment. Hence, this study was
aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of two different varieties of M. paradisiaca peels, i.e.,
Nangka (M. paradisiaca variety Nangka) and Tanduk (M. paradisiaca variety Tanduk) with regard to
generate safe and cheap antimicrobials as well as address pollution related issues due to such wastes.
Antimicrobial study was carried out on the extracts using disc diffusion and broth micro-dilution
methods. The best activity through disc diffusion method for bacteria and fungi was demonstrated by
Tanduk peels ethanol and dichloromethane extracts against S. aureus (30 mm) and C. krusei (10 mm),
respectively. However, the least active bacteria and fungi were found to be V. parahaemolyticus and C.
albicans, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 6.25 to 100
mg/mL. Tanduk peels ethanol extract exhibited the lowest MIC and minimum bactericidal
concentration (MBC) values against B. cepacia (6.25 mg/mL) whereas for fungi, Tanduk peels
dichloromethane extract exhibited lowest MIC and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values
against C. albicans (25 mg/mL). The results of MBC or MFC showed that some extracts were bactericidal
or fungicidal while others were bacteriostatic or fungistatic against certain microbes. Banana peel
wastes extracts could be potential antimicrobial alternatives and may be effective to utilize as a natural
source of antimicrobial agent in pharmaceutical industries.

(13) BASHIR ADO AHMAD1, KHAMSAH SURYATI MOHD, MUHAMMAD ABDURRAZAK, U. S MAHADEVA
RAO, THANT ZIN 2015 PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PURE SYRINGIN IN
COMPARISON TO VARIOUS SOLVENTS EXTRACTS OF MUSA PARADISIACA (BANANA) (FRUIT AND
FLOWER) AND TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENTS, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, ISSN- 0975-1491, Vol 7, Issue 5, 2015

ABSTRACT: The study concentrated on exploring the radical scavenging activity of various banana
extracts in comparison to pure syringin and the total phenolic contents of the extracts. The banana parts
were prepared and extracted by cold extraction technique and the extracts obtained were used to carry
out some phytochemical screening by Trease and Evans method. The ability of the extract to scavenge
free radicals was measured using 2, 2-diphenyl-1pcrylhydrazyl radical using quercetin as a reference
radical scavenger by the method of Gyamfi. Further analysis of total phenolic contents present in the
extracts was carried out using Singleton and Rossi method. Tepal methanol extract was found to have
the highest radical scavenging activity compared to others, such as tepal ethanol, tepal aqueous, skin
methanol, flesh methanol and pure syringin. The IC value of the tepal methanol extract was found to be
22.5 g/ml. The highest total phenolic contents (expressed as microgram of Gallic acid equivalent per
gram of the extracts) were found in tepal methanol extract (8000 g/g) and the least in Flesh methanol
extract (2150 g/g). The results generated from this study showed that tepal banana extracts possess
very good radical scavenging activity and as well the largest amount of phenolic contents, which could
introduce phenols as the main scavenger in banana extract and offering free protection from radicals.

(14) N. Mallikarjuna Rao, S.h.k.r. Prasad and N. Jyothirmayi 2012 Efficacy of Ripened and Unripened
Fruit Extracts of musa x paradisiaca l. (bontha cultivar) against human pathogens, International Journal
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 4, Issue 1, 2012.

ABSTRACT: Musa x paradiasaca L. var. Bontha, the plantain banana, one of the locally cultivated and the
leading culinary banana in India1 has been shown traditionally to have certain pharmaceutical uses but,
its beneficial effects have never been attributed to the presence of antibiotic substances. The
antibacterial activities of solvent extracts (aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic) of Musa spp. were
evaluated by Kirby-Bauer method against bacteria viz, Micrococcus flavus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Phyto-chemical analysis revealed the presence of Phytochemicals that
maybe responsible for the activities displayed by the extracts. This signifies the potential of banana plant
as a source of therapeutic agents and may provide focus in the ongoing search for antimicrobial agents.
The present investigation was undertaken to study antibacterial activity of aqueous, methanolic and
ethanolic extracts of pulp of Musa x paradisiaca L. var Bontha.
(15) S. Chanda, Baravalia Y, Kaneria M and Rakholiya K., Fruit and vegetable peels strong natural
source of antimicrobics, author for correspondence email:svchanda@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Infectious diseases are leading cause of death worldwide due to multidrug resistant strains
of bacteria, reduced susceptibility to antimicrobics and increase in untreatable bacterial infections.
Natural products provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched
availability of chemical diversity. Because of increasing threat of infectious diseases, the need of the
hour is to find natural agents with novel mechanism of action. Fruit and vegetable peels are thrown into
the environment as agro waste which can be utilized as a source of antimicrobics. It will be economic,
eco-friendly and reduce pollution. Here we report the antimicrobial activity of peels of seven fruit and
vegetables against 11 microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion
method. The Mangifera indica peel showed best and promising antimicrobial activity. This study will
definitely open, scope for future utilization of the waste products for therapeutic purpose.

(16) Sonia Parashar, Hitender Sharma, Munish Garg, 2014 Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activities of
fruits and vegetable peels, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2014; 3 (1): 160-164, ISSN
2278-4136, ISSN 2349-8234,

ABSTRACT: Peels of various fruits and vegetables are generally considered as waste product and are
normally thrown away by us. But different studies conducted on peels revealed the presence of
important constituents, which can be used for pharmacological or pharmaceutical purpose. Number of
components having activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antiproliferative etc.
have been isolated from different peels. The present paper reviews the role of fruits and vegetable peels
as therapeutic agent. Banana is a tropical plant and one of the most popular fruits of world [13]. Banana
peel is rich in dietary fiber, proteins, essential amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and potassium
[14]. The antioxidant activities of the extracts obtained from fresh green and yellow banana peel fruits
were evaluated by using the thiocyanate method, -carotene bleaching method and 1,1diphenyl-2-
picrylhydrazyl free radical elimination method. The fresh green and yellow banana peel fruits were
treated with 70% acetone, which was then partitioned with chloroform and ethyl acetate. The
antimicrobial activities of the extracts and isolated components were evaluated using paper disc
methods for minimum inhibition concentration. The water soluble and ethylacetate fractions of green
peel displayed high antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity of water extracts was
more pronounced and comparable to those of synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole
and butylated hydroxytoluene. Among all isolated components succinic acid, -sitosterol, palmitic acid,
malic acid, 12-hydroxystrearic acid, glycoside, d-malic and 12hydroxystrearic acid were the most active
against all the gramnegative and positive bacterial species tested.

(17) Mohammad Zafar Imam and Saleha Akter 2011 Musa paradisiaca L. and Musa sapientum L. : A
Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 01 (05); 2011:
14-20, ISSN: 2231-3354.

ABSTRACT: Musa paradisiaca L. and Musa sapientum L. (Musaceae) are mainly grown in the tropical and
subtropical countries and are widely used for its nutritional values all over the world. The fruits as well
as the other parts of the plant are used to treat different diseases in human in traditional medicine. This
review presents the scientific information on the traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of
these two species. Both M. paradisiaca and M. sapientum are traditionally used in diarrhoea, dysentery,
intestinal lesions in ulcerative colitis, diabetes, sprue, uremia, nephritis, gout, hypertension and cardiac
disease. This review reports the phytochemicals isolated and identified from fruit pulp, peel, seeds and
flowers. A comprehensive assessment of the biological activities of different extracts is included and
possible mechanisms and phytochemicals involved have been correlated

(18) HOE SENG TIN, BIRDIE SCOTT PADAM, CHARLES S. VAIRAPPAN, MOHD ISMAIL ABDULLAH & FOOK
YEE CHYE 2015 Effect of Preparation and Extraction Parameters of Banana (Musa balbisiana cv. Saba)
Inflorescence on their Antibacterial Activities Sains Malaysiana 44(9)(2015): 13011307.

ABSTRACT: The study aimed to determine the influence of sample preparation and extraction
parameters on the antibacterial activity of inflorescences from banana (Musa balbisiaba cv. Saba).
Banana inflorescences were extracted using various solvent extractions and tested for antibacterial
activity using agar-well diffusion assay against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus
cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Brochothrix thermosphacta) and gram-negative bacteria
(Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Enterobacter sakazakii,
Yersinia enterocolitica and Vibrio parahaemolyticus) The effects of geographical origin, drying methods
and extraction parameters (sample-to-solvent ratio, extraction time and temperature as well as
methanol to solvent ratio) on antibacterial activity of the banana by-product were carried out. Among all
the extracts evaluated, methanolic extract from the buds showed significant higher inhibitory against all
gram positive bacteria ranging from 12.56-13.54 mm. interestingly, no significant different (p>0.05) was
observed on the effect of geographical origin as well as extraction methods on the antibacterial
capacity. Meanwhile, the extracts produced from 50C oven dried sample seem to have comparable
antibacterial activity with the freeze dried samples. Extraction parameters (sample-to-solvent ratio,
extraction time and temperature as well as methanol to solvent ratio) were found responsible in
determining the efficacy of the antibacterial. In conclusion, methanolic extracts from banana
inflorescence buds could be a new source of natural antibacterial and further bioassay guided
fractionation should be carried out to determine the bioactive compounds and their biological activities.

(19) Bijan Kumar Karmaker, M. Mominul Islam and Ekramul Haque 2013 Antidiarrheal Potentiality of
Methanolic Extract of Different Parts of Musa sapientum Fruits European Journal of Applied Sciences 5
(4): 134-141, 2013 ISSN 2079-2077 IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ejas.2013.5.4.8189

Abstract: To investigate the antidiarrheal activities of the methanolic extract of peel (MSPL) and pulp
(MSPP) of Musa sapientum fruits, the extract was studied for antidiarrheal property using castor oil and
magnesium sulphate induced diarrheal model and charcoal induced gastrointestinal motility as well as
PGE -induced 2 enterolooping test in mice. In addition, activities against some causative diarrheal
pathogenic bacteria were also determined. At the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight, both
extracts significantly reduced the frequency and severity of diarrhea in test animals throughout the
study period. Both extracts also showed a significant (p<0.001; p<0.05) reduction in the gastrointestinal
motility in charcoal meal test as well as PGE -induced 2 intrafluid accumulation. MSPL extract also
displayed strong antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella
dysenteriae and Escherichia coli. Altogether, these results suggest that the Musa sapientum fruit
extracts could be used as a potential antidiarrheal agent.

(20) Preeti Jain, Mahmood Hasan Bhuiyan, Khondker Rufaka Hossain and Sitesh C. Bachar 2011,
Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of local seeded banana fruits African Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmacology Vol. 5(11), pp. 1398-1403, 22 September, 2011 Available online
http://www.academicjournals.org/ajpp DOI: 10.5897/AJPP11.294 ISSN 1996-0816 2011 Academic
Journals

ABSTRACT: The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of different parts of local seeded banana fruit
were investigated in vitro. Dried peels, pulps and seeds of the fruit were extracted with hexane, ethyl
acetate and ethanol. Antibacterial property of the extracts was evaluated against four Gram positive and
four Gram negative bacteria using disc diffusion technique. Ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of both
pulp and peel exhibited antibacterial activity with zone of inhibition ranging from 9 to 24 mm. On the
other hand, only ethyl acetate extract of seeds showed antibacterial activity and the zone of inhibition
ranged from 8.5 to 10 mm; interestingly, none of the hexane extracts of the three banana parts
exhibited zone of inhibition. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by total phenolic content
determination and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Total phenolic
content expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) was found to be highest in ethyl acetate extract of
banana seed (19.46 mg GAE/g extract) followed by the same extract of banana pulp (15.78 mg GAE/g
extract) and peel (11.23 mg GAE/g extract). High free radical scavenging activity was observed with ethyl
acetate extracts of banana seed, peel and pulp with an ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity
(AEAC) value of 1238.33, 1011.43 and 588.03 mg AA/ 100 g extract, respectively.

(21) Naikwade P.V., Salavi Gaurav, Dalavi Sharayu and Jadhav Kailas 2014, Evaluation of antibacterial
properties of Musa paradisiaca L. Leaves, Proceeding of the National Conference on Conservation of
Natural Resources & Biodiversity for Sustainable Development -2014

ABSTRACT: The antibacterial activity of plants have been screened because of their great medicinal
relevance with the recent years, infections have increased to a great extent and resistant against
antibiotics, becomes an ever increasing therapeutic problem. Musa paradisiaca L. cv. Puttabale is very
common plant known as banana plant belonging to Musaceae family. Traditionally leaves of banana
plant are used to serve food. Aim of present study is to evaluate Musa paradisiaca L. (banana) leaves for
antibacterial study. Solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol are used to prepare leaf extract
of Musa paradisiaca L. with the help of Soxhlet apparatus. Antibacterial activity of leaf extract was
screened against four different bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis (NCTC8236), Escherichia coli
(ATCC25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853) and Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC25953) by agar
diffusion method and compared with standard drug Ciprofloxacin a well-known broad-spectrum
antibacterial agent. The ethanol extracts of Musa paradisiaca showed the broad spectrum of
antibacterial activity on the tested microorganisms with high inhibitory potency against Escherichia coli
and Staphylococcus aureus.

(22) Jyotsna S. Waghmare and Ankeeta H. Kurhade 2014, GC-MS analysis of bioactive components from
banana peel (Musa sapientum peel) European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2014, 4(5):10-15 ISSN:
2248 9215 CODEN (USA): EJEBAU

ABSTRACT: Banana belongs to the family of Musaceae and scientifically known as Musa Sapientum. The
present study was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components from ethanolic extract of
banana peel using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Eight compounds were identified
which included estragole (11.18%), hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (9.76%), epicatechin (9.97%),
gallocatechin (8.58%), p-coumaric acid ethyl ester(4.2%) , 1,2 benzenedicarboxylic acid mono (2-
ethylhexyl) ester (13.47%) , beta-tocopherol (11.37%) and vitamin E (31.35%).
(23) VENKATESH, KRISHNA V, GIRISH KUMAR K, PRADEEPA K, SANTOSH KUMAR S R. 2013,
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF MUSA PARADISIACA CV. PUTTABALE AND MUSA
ACUMINATE CV. GRAND NAINE Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research Vol 6, Suppl 2,
201,ISSN - 0974-2441

ABSTRACT: Banana is one of the most popular fruits distributed all over the world. Traditional, the fruit,
Stem juice, flowers of banana plants were used for treating diarrhoea (unripe), dysentery, menorrhagia,
diabetes, antilithic, antiulcerogenic, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic , antioxidant actions and
inflammation, pain & snakebite. In order to justify the ethnomedicinal claims. The corm ethanol extracts
of Musa acuminate cv. Grand naine and Musa paradisiaca cv. Puttabale were screened for potential
antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method against 8 clinical strains. Extracts of M. paradisiaca
showed a significant level of bacterial inhibition against Proteus vulgaris (19.780.40), Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (19.670.41) and Staphylococcus aureus (17.440.50), moderate activity against Salmonella
typhi (16.890.48), Salmonella paratyphi (16.670.37), Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.560.50), Bacillus
subtilis (15.110.42) and very less against Escherichia coli (09.110.39). The extract of M. acuminate
showed a significant level of bacterial inhibition against Proteus vulgaris (18.890.42), P. aeruginosa
(13.440.47), Staphylococcus aureus (15.560.38), moderate activity against Salmonella typhi
(15.670.44), Salmonella paratyphi (20.440.56), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.330.33), Bacillus subtilis
(14.000.41) and the very less against Escherichia coli (12.440.53).

(24) Franz R. Novak, Joo Aprgio Guerra de Almeida,Rosana de Souza e Silva 2003 Banana peel: a
possible source of infection in the treatment of nipple fissures, 0021-7557/03/79-03/221 Jornal de
Pediatria Copyright 2003 by Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria

Abstract: Objective: the objective of the present investigation is to study the microbiology of banana
peel being sold in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in an attempt to determine the possibility that the peel may
represent a source of infection for women who use it to treat nipple fissures.

Methods: the following microorganisms were studied in 20 banana peel samples: mesophiles, total
coliforms, fecal coliforms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, lipolytic and proteolytic microorganisms, molds
and yeasts, lactic bacteria, and coagulase-positive staphylococcus.

Results: the microbiological analyses revealed the occurrence of several typical groups of
microorganisms, with the following distribution of positive results being detected in banana peel
samples: mesophiles, 100%; total coliforms, 20%; coagulase-positive staphylococcus, 25%; molds and
yeasts, 30%; proteolytic microorganisms, 70%; lipolytic microorganisms, 30%, and lactic bacteria, 95%.
Fecal coliforms and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not isolated.

Conclusion: the results show the presence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms in levels which
could compromise the microbiological quality of the banana peel. Its use for the treatment of nipple
fissures can initiate an infectious process.

(25) Bisht Satpal Sigh et., al 2012, Antimicrobial Properties of few plants used in traditional system of
medicine, Research article IJRAP 3 (4).