Study To Ancient Royal Bureaucracies in Indonesian Archipelago

StudytoAncientRoyalBureaucraciesin
IndonesianArchipelago

ArdianMaulana HokkySitungkir
[ai@compsoc.bandungfe.net] [hs@compsoc.bandungfe.net]
Dept.ComputationalSociology Dept.ComputationalSociology
BandungFeInstitute BandungFeInstitute

Abstract
There are many royal states ever been established in this region, spread across the Nusantara
archipelagofrom northern Sumatrato inland Papua,sinceits early history. However, beside of their
varioussizes,Indonesianancientroyalshavingvariousmodelofgovernmentalsystemwhichisfeatured
in its bureaucratic structure. As the artifact of ancient human organization, the ancient royal
bureaucraciesisemergingstructuresthatrepresenthowthepeopleorganizingtheirlifeasanattempt
to fitwith its environmentas well astheircognitive conceptabout power. In thiswork, we outlinea
network analytical framework for the study the ancient bureaucracies and showing some empirical
findingrelatedtonetworkcharacteristicofIndonesianancientroyalbureaucracies.However,bysuggest
some interesting direction for further research; we open the door for the study of ancient royal
governmentinmorequantifiedwayt hatcanbegivingnewinsighttogovernmentalstudies.

1.Introduction
Indonesia was once lands of thousand kin gs [1]. There were many royal states have ever been
establishedin this region, spreadingacross thearchipelago, from northern Sumatrato the inlands of
Papuasinceitsearlie rhistory.Someofthemsuccessfullygrewintobecominglargeempirewithlarger
territoriescoveredthepresentdayIndonesianregion,e.g.:Srivijayai n7thCenturyandMajapahitinthe
lateof13thcentury. Our recognition today celebratestheir worldly knowninheritance like the grand
religiousmonuments of Sailendra's Borobudur TempleandMataram's PrambananTemplebuilt inthe
inlandsideofJavabetweenthe8thand10thcenturiesrespectively.Nevertheless,mostofthemwere
lesserroyalsthatgovernsmallterritories.Regardlesshowsmallitssizeorhowprimitivetheirsociety,
we could consider each of those royal bureaucracies oreven each ethnicbased social group that
inhabited Indonesianarchipelago inancient timesasa governmentalstate inits very primitive term
simply because they havesocial rules, customs and political institutions regulating their daily life.
Today, some of those kingdoms still exist and somehow transformed into cultural institutions. The
diverse social systems reflected by the kingdoms remain challenges to modern social sciences
enhanced with complexity sciences for further understanding of how social living has evolved
throughoutspatialandtemporalscales.
Beside its various sizes and complexities, Indonesian ancient royals have various models of
governmentalsystem. Humanorganizationemerges fromcomplex relationamong manyfactors that
constructhumanrespondtotheirenvironmentalchallengeaswellastheircognitiveconceptionsabout
ordera ndpower[2].Humanbeingevolvesthiswayonthesameneedsfororderincommunallife.
The main idea of organizational bureaucracy is to achieve coordinated behavior through exercising
authorityandcontrolbyoneindividual(s)orsocialfunctionoverthebehaviorofothers.Inthiscontext,
hierarchicalstructureshaveb eenconventionallyrecognizedastheformofformalbureaucracybecause
itsimplyvisualizesthepracticeoftaskdelegations,collectivebehaviorsandevensolvingtheconflicting
interests as well as the amplification of collectivity and togetherness to respond the complexity of
environmentandsocialsurroundings.In[3],Yamexplainedqualitativelytheemergenceandevolution
ofhierarchicalstructureofhumanorganizationasselfconsistencerelatedtotheincreasingcomplexity
of theirinternal and environmental challenges. Here, the need upon hierarchicalstructure inhuman
organization increases when the complexity of environment increases. Thus it is logical, that if the
complexityofthesedemandsexceedsthecomplexityofanorganization,theorganizationwillbelikely
todecease.
Here, we straightforwardly think the organization as networks. Through network perspective,

hierarchical structure of ancient bureaucracies represented as a network of individuals that are
connectedthrough bureaucraticand functional relations. In widerperspective,those relations can be
defined as authority relationships (who reports to whom) which further categorized as the level of
authorization such as commands, coordination, aspirations, etc., or simply the informal relationship
definedbyactualcommunication,informationexchanges(whocommunicateswithwhom),andflowof
work(whodependso nwhom).
Network analysis is a relevant and highly useful tool for describing and measuring the effects of
organizational systems [10]. Thereal usefuln ess ofnetwork thinking becomes most apparent in cases
where the novel insightsthat we can gain when we observe the entire network far outstrip what we
learn fromananalysis of its parts [4]. In this paper,weemploysomemeasuring methodsinnetwork
analysis to capture thesalient feature in network ofancient royal bureaucracies,as wellas bring new
insightstostudyofgovernmentalsystem.Thisworkisanearlystepembeddedwithinabroaderproject
that seeks to contribute new theoretical and empiricalanswers to the puzzle of the emergence of
settlement system and governing structure in ancient society, as well as its longterm evolution,
incorporating computationalapproachesin general. This paperorganized as follows, in section 2 we
definedthewayofthedataofhierarchicalstructureconstructeda ndthetransformationi nstructureof
networkandgraph.Section3introducesthemeasuringmethodonwhichweappliedtothedatathatis
followed by someanalysis. The paper ends by outlining some further researches based onthe data
collection.
2.AncientRoyalBureaucraciesinIndonesianArchipelago
Divisions of administrative functionand formal hierarchicalrelations,insucha way thatthelevel of
authority and status of royal officials are differentially distributed, are typical in the bureaucratic
structure.Here,wereconstructthebureaucraticstructureofancientroyalsthatislocatedinIndonesian
archipelagofromthevarioussourcesandtexts,andsofar,thepaperreportstheb ureaucraticstructure
oftenancientroyals(figure1).Adetailofeachhighlightedbureaucracyinthepaperisintheappendix.
Pagaruyung
Ternate Ondoafi
NorthSentani
Amaradiang Sailolof
Balanipa
Majapahit
GowaTallo
Yogyakarta
Mataram
Gianyar Bima
Islam
Figure1thegeographicalpositionsoftheroyalbureaucraciesinthearchipelago
Weseethestructureofancientroyalbureaucracyasthepatternofconnectionsamongagentswhorole
positions and functions in the presented governmental structure. Through this perspective, we
transformt hehierarchicaltreeofa ncientroyalbureaucraciesintonetworkofactorsinbureaucracyby
conceivingthe hierarchical nature within.Despite theimportance ofthedirections ofrelationaledges
andtheweightingnodes,relatedtothetypeofoccupationattachedtonodesandkindsofinteraction
representedbyedges,wed osomesimplifyinginbuildingt henetwork.Oursimplemodelofundirected
andunweightedgraph G (V , E ) whereVdenotedasthesetofverticesV , E asedges.Itmeansthe
relationsofactorswithinnetworkaresolelydeterminedbythepropertyofactor,regardlessparticular
features of the persons engaged in such relations and positions in the whole network. Thus, the
proposedmodel of relations impli es thateachactor is in mutual interdependent position toothers
attaining collective and organizational goal. It isapparent that the bureaucraticnetwork here is nota
conventionalrepresentation ofhierarchical positions in royal offices. Instead, wesee the bureaucratic
network as a kind of social subgroup in whichgovernmental functionsare working togetherin the
frameofroyalorganization,whereinrelationofactordetermineagentsinfluenceandpoweroverone
another.
Weconstructthenetworkbasedons omecriteria,asfollows:
1. The vertex represents in dividuals whooccupiedspecific bureaucraticpositionand governmental
function like king, vizier, minister or governor. It means that institution within government
bureaucraciesthathaveparticula rfunctione.g.:BatharaSaptaPrabuinMajapahitKingdomshould
representedbyitsmember.
2. Theedgesinnetworkofbureaucraciesregardedasbureaucraticrelations,beitdirections,chainof
commands,controlling,actuating,oranyothermanagerialactionsbetweenvertices.Thus,roughly
speaking, a governmental function (nodes) is not connected to another for there is no direct
bureaucraticrelationaspresentedinthehierarchicaltree.
3. We distinguished two type of institutions within bureaucraticnetwork basedonits structure, as
shown in figure2. The first (figure2.a)is institution which functionedas consultativeassembli es,
suchasAdatCouncil1 orBatharaSaptaPrabuinMajapahit.Thisinstitutionrequirestheequalityof
positionamongits membersintermof decisionmaking. Therefore, we assume that members of
AdatCouncilhavebureaucraticrelationseachother.Thesecond(figure2.b)isinstitutioninwhich
itsmembershaveexplicithierarchicalposition,suchasPancaRiWilwatikainMajapahit.Moreover,
weassumethattherealwaysexistsaheadofAdatCouncilrepresentingthisinstitutionalelementin
its relationtoother bureaucratic elements. Oftentimes, the Kingoccupies thispositionallat once
likeinMajapahitorSailolofRoyal.
4. Thelackofdataa ndwritteninformationofbureaucraticstructureofancientroyalisaproblemthat
commonlyfacedinthiswork.Itis verydifficulttomineaccuratei nformationrelatingto,asexample,
number of region powered by Majapahit Royal or number of villages under the jurisdiction of
SailolofRoyal.Itc ertainlyimpliestheincompletenessofnetworkthatconstructed.Therefore,wedo
data normalization by uniformly adding a number of nodes, for example, representing head of
villageatanydistrictregionwithinroyaljurisdiction.
a. b.

Figure2Twotypeofins titution:a.Adatcouncil.b.Otherscouncil
thathaveexplicithierarchicalpositionamongitsmember

1
Inthis paper, termAda t Coun cil gene rally refe rs to the consultative assemblies w herein its member is also
occupied some spe cific function in governmental adm inis trationlike thehead of districte tc. This councilhas
variousform,nameandfunctionwithinroyal bureaucracies ineachofIndonesianroyalssuchasGamRah aand
Bobato NyagiMoi Setufkangein Ternate Sultanate, Bathara Sapta Prabuin royalMajapahit, SaraSara in royal
Bima,AppeBan uaKaiya nginAmaradiangBalanipa,BatteSalapa nginRoyalGowa,RatHadatinroyalSailolof,and
Yonow in Ondoafi. Hence forth, we used this word interchangeably with its traditional name in each royal.
Furtherm ore,wealsodis tinguishbetween PrivyCouncil(e.g.Crown CouncilinMataramIslamicSultanateorFala
RahainTe rnateSultanate)andAdat Council.Thete rmprivycouncil refers totheadvisorycouncil ofkingwhich
doesnothaverepresentativenesscharacterassuchAda tCou ncil
3.NetworkAnalysisofRoyalBureaucracyNetwork
Ourmathematicalobservationtothebureaucraticnetworkis presentedintwoways;thefirstisrelated
tothegeneralpropertiesofthenetworkasa wholewhiletheotheranalyzesthecentralityoftheroyal
bureaucracies.Thelatestisunderstoodforgovernmentisoftensimplyrelatedtopoliticalpowerinthe
verysuperficialviewofbureaucraticsystem.

a.NetworkGlobalCharacteristics
9 Clusteringcoefficient.Clusteringcoefficientdefinedastheproportionoflinksbetweenvertices
withinitsneighborhooddividedbythenumberoflinksthatcouldpossiblyexistbetweenthem.
In other words, it measures the average fraction of pairs of neighbors ofa node thatarealso
neighborsofeachother.Mathematicallyspeaking,theclusteringcoefficiento feachcomponent
i ,thuscanbewrittenas

1 N
Ci = eij e jk (1)
i j= 1
ki ; j< k

where

ki ( ki 1)
i = C (k i , 2) = (2)
2

sincethetopologyrepresentedhereisanundirectedgraphofwhichi dentical eij and eji .Thus,
thegeneralclusteringcoefficientofthenetworkcanbewrittenastheaverageoverallplayers
AS ,

N
1
C=
N
C
i =1
i (3)

Table1:TheGlobalPropertiesofAncientRoyalBureaucracies
coefficie ntcluste ring diameter
MINANG 0.761295 4
ONDOAFI 0.712256 6
TERNATE 0.669538 6
IRIAN 0.463492 4
BIMA 0.463009 7
GOWA 0.25313 4
MATARAMISLAM 0.17019 8
MANDAR 0.126848 5
MAJAPAHIT 0.116602 8
GIANYAR 0.0409154 7
YOGYA 0 8

9 Diameter ofthe Network. This variableis frequentlyunderstood as theaverageshortest path
length between vertices ina network. Letus denote (i , j ) = min(dij ) asthe minimumpath
lengththatlinkstwoplayers ai , a j AS ,theaveragepathlengthofaplayertoanothercanbe
writtenas

1 N
di = min (i, j )
N j =1 (4)
andt husthetotala veragepathlengthinthenetwork,

N
1
d=
N
d
i= 1
i (5)

Bureaucraticsysteminthetermsofclusteringcoefficientisrelatedtothewaythegovernmentsmanage
toservetasksforthepublicandthekingdomaswell.Roughlyspeaking,thelessclusteredabureaucracy
themoreitis wellcategorizedregardingtogovernmentalfunctionsa ndforces.WecouldseeinTable1
thattheclustering coefficient of six royal bureaucracies, i.e.: Yogyakarta,Mataram Islam, Majapahit,
Gianyar, Mandarand Gowa,are rela tivelysmaller than the othersare.Interestingly, the first three of
thoseroyalsarelocatedinJavaIsland,whilethelasttwoaretheCelebes.Moreover,theroyalGianyar,
whichlocatedinBaliIsland,istheroyalthatwellknownhasacloserelationwithJavaneseroyals.The
coefficient clustering of each royal closely associated with the presence of Adat Council in its
bureaucraticstructure. Theequality positionamong the memberof Adat Councilscausesitsstructure
representedas fullconnected network. However, the number and position of itsmember withinthe
bureaucratic structure in the means of how clear the separation between this council and other
governmental positio n determined how clustered its bureaucracy is. As we see in table 1, the
bureaucracy in Yogyakarta Sultanate, that does not attached Adat Council in its structure, has the
small est value of clustering coefficient and at the same time well categorized structurethat clearly
visualizedinfigure3.
Anotherinterestingpropertyofbureaucraticnetworkisitsdiameterthatdirectlyrelatedtothesizeof
thebureaucracyneeded todo thecompletely governmental function. Asweseein table1 we could
knowthatthediameterpropertiesofthethreeJavaneseroyalsbureaucraciesaregreaterthantheother
royalsare.Thisisassociatedwiththedivisionofgovernmentlevelbelowthecentralgovernment.The
morespecific theselevel thelonger the distance regarding theshortestpathamongits royal official.
However,thepresenceofAdatCouncilinthegovernmentbureaucracies,especiallyin theroyalslocated
outsideJavaIsland,makethedistanceamongroyalofficialsgovernmenttobecloser.
Therichobservationbetweentheclusteringcoefficientandthediametercanbringususefulinsightsto
understandhowthe government worked. The twoaresomehow frequently usedin alotof network
based modelsandanalyticalapproach [cf.5]. From these two properties we couldsee that thereisa
closelyrelationbetweenthedifferentnatureoftheAdatCouncilineachroyalandtheglobalproperties
ofitsbureaucraticnetwork.Furthermore,itcouldprobablycamefromthedifferenceinperceivingthe
power relation between King and its people in considering that Adat Council is a reflection of
representativeinstitutionsinthecontextofmoderngovernmentals ystem.

b.CentralitiesinNetwork
Centralityisa fundamentalconceptinnetworkanalysis[6].Thecentralitymeasurestheimportanceofa
singlenoderelativetotheotherinthewholenetwork.Themorecentralanode,themoreimportantit
mustbe.Therearesomewaystoquantifythecentralityofverticesinnetworks[11].However,weuse
threeasexplainedbelow.
CentralitybasedonDamage
Theideaofnetworkcentralit ybasedondamagecamefromsomebiologicalaspectsinlivingorganis m.
For instance, one missing enzymein our body can disturbthemetabolism, e.g.:production of other
enzyme,proteins,oranyotherbiochemicalthingsthatcouldbringintocriticalconditionsinfluencingall
parts of thebody [7]. The damage centrality measureaims to quantifythe effectof the omissionofa
particularnodetothenetwork.Themoreimportantaconnectedvertextotheother,themorecentralit
issinceitsremovalcouldaffectthewholenetwork.Wecanwritethisas
d vi vi
(6)
where vi isthenumberofconnectedcomponentsinagraphconnectedtovertex i and vi thelargest

connectedcomponentafter theremoval ofthe node i . Thus, from this definitionwecanunderstand
thatthismeasurecanbedirectlyrelatedtothestrengthofanodetotheothercomponentsasawhole
connectingbureaucracyingovernmentalsystem.Thestrongercanbeakingortheheadandsourceof
commandrulinganddirectingoutthesystemgoingwell.
BetweenessCentrality
Betweenessi sacentralitymeasurethatoftenusedtocharacterizesocialnetworking.Nodesthatoccur
on many shortest pathsamong other nodes havehigherbetweeness than other those do not.The
vertexthathasthehighestbetweenesscanbeconsideredtobethevertexwithhighercentralityfora
lot of other nodes could use it as shortest paths We define thebetweeness centrality measure by
dividingthenumber ofshortest geodesic paths from x to y through vertex i with thetotal shortest
pathsavailablefrom x to y .
dixy
bi xy
i x y d
x y
(7)
EigenvectorCentrality
Eigenvectorcentralit y measures how important a node is in a graph regarding the principles that
connections toimportant node(s) contribute directly to the importance of itself in the network.The
commonsearchengineintheinternet,e.g.:GooglesPageRank[8]usesthismeasuretorankthesearch
resultforkeywordssubmittedbyusers.Thus,byincorporatingthisconcept,weassumethatthebetter
connection a component of the bureaucracy has, the more important it is in the completely
governmental network. This is in facta very simple understanding,as we know that bureaucracy is
somehow aclosed network, the more importantanelementof government,the moreit is closedfor
many reasons, for instance security, focus, and more. The Eigen vector centrality has also been
discussedandimplementedinotherplacesasdepictedindetailinSitungkir[9].Wecanwritetheeigen
valuecentralitymeasureas,

1
ci = Ec j (8)
j
where isaconstantand E theadjacencymatrixwhile eij E thusinmatrixnotation,wehavethe

wellknownequation,
c=Ec (9)

where c istheeigenvectorof E .
The concept human organization entails the concept of power in a wide range of interpretations.
However, basically,power is a property of the social relation that resides implicitly in the others
dependency[10].Someactorsarepowerfulbecausetheyhasabilitytogetthingsdoneortoinfluence
andcontrolothers throughvarioussources of power e.g.personalappeal, traits, skill, norm or la w,
depending upon the relation in question. Generall y, power in organization has both structural and
cognitivebasesasitssource[11].Ins tructuralview,regardlessthehierarchicalpositionofactor,power
can emerge solely from structural design of the organization which resulting unequal access in
information, resources anddecisionmaking processamongactors. In thispoint of view,thepolitical
power can be directly related to the concept of node centralityin verysuperficial view of ancient
bureaucraticsystem.However,thecentralitymeasuremaygiveanewinsightabouttheimportanceof
an actor innetwork regardless centralityitself comes in many different forms and interpretation in
relatingtopower.Here,toshowthehierarchicalpowerofactorbasedonthreecentralitymeasures,we
visualizethenetworkofancientroyalbureaucraciesanditsimportantbureaucratconsecutivelyinthe
figure312andtable211.
Let us begin to evaluate the power of actors in bureaucratic network through its betweeness and
damagevalue.Asweknow,bothnaturallyhavedifferentperspectiveonpower.Theformergivessome
sense of the capabil ity of a node in to serveas communication hub that facilitates andcontrolthe
transmission of information within bureaucratic network, while the latter concerns to aspect and
capabilitytocausenetworkdamagewhenremoved.However,thesamepersoncouldpossessbothof
powerall at once, as we find in Ternate, Yogyakarta, Mataram, Majapahit , Gowa, Sailolof and Bima
bureaucratic network. Interestingly, with exceptions of Ternate Sultanate, each of those royal
unvaryingly put the Premier2 as the most important actor, despite they have different bureaucratic
structures. In Yogyakarta Sultanate, as shown in figure 3 and table 2, the Premier hasthe highest
betweenessanddamagecentralityallatonce.Thisisdirectlyrelatedtohisfunctionasarepresentation
of Sultaninrunningthe daytodaygovernance. Through his position, the Premierplaysanimportant
coordinatingrolewithinorganizationsbybridgingbetweenmanyspecializedgovernmentalfunctionand
byprovidingalinkwithwhichanactorinonedistantpartoftheorganizationcanexchangeinformation
from another distant functional part of theorganization. Moreover,thearrangement of government

2
Inthispaper,weusete rmP remierasageneralw ordthatrefe rstope rsonw horeprese ntstheKinginleadingand
coordinating many governmental functions in daily governance. There are many traditional title ofthis actor in
eachIndonesianRoyalslikePa tih DaleminYogyakarta,Patih Jaw iinMataramIslam,MahapatihinMajapahit,Ra ja
BicarainBima,Jogu guinTernate,Pab bica rrabu tta in Gowa,Pemadein Gianyar,Maradia MatoainAmaradiang
Balanipa,andJojau inSailolof.He nceforth,we used thiswordinterchangeablywithitstraditionalnameineach
royal.
functionintreelikebureaucraticstructuremadetheomissionofthePremierpositioncouldd amagethe
Yogyakartabureaucracystructure heavily. Thesame factsalso findin MataramIsla mic bureaucracies
thath aveastructurelookalotlikeYogyakarta,asshowninfigure4andtable3.
ThepresenceofAdatCouncilwithintheroyalgovernmentbringsthebureaucraticstructuretobemore
complicated.However,itseffectdependsonwhoarethemembersofthecouncilandhowthiscouncil
embedded in government bureaucracies. Generally, the domination of Premier position related to its
betweeness and damage value in bureaucratic network persis tently discovered even in royal
bureaucracies wherein Adat Councilattachedto its structure such as Majapahit, Gowaand Bima. In
Majapahit,thelocalrulersfromeachcentralprovincesofMajapahitcomprisetheAdatCouncilnamed
BatharaSaptaPrabu.ItspresencemakestheKingpossibletoreachtheentirelocalbureaucratswithout
involvingthe Premier. Nevertheless,it has notaffectedthe centrality of royalPremiersimply because
thelo calPremierswhorunninggovernanceineachofMajapahitcentralprovinceshavedirectrelation
toroyalPremier,whilethereisnotanygovernmentalpartexclusivelyrelatedtotheKing.Therefore,as
shown in figure 5 and table 4, the local rulers as well as the King has less power in term of its
betweeness and damage value than the Premier within bureaucratic structure of Majapahit
government.
InGowabureaucracies(figure6andtable5),theKinghasmanywaystoreacheachroyalbureaucratsin
local level. However, as is the King position in Majapahit, there is no government officials that are
exclusivelyrelatedtotheKingofGowa.ThisiscausingthePremier,asthecoordinatorofroyalofficial,
remainsthem ostcentralactorwithinGowabureaucraticnetwork.
In Bima Sultanate,the local rulers in district level together with some other royal highest official
comprisetheAdatCouncilnamedSaraSara.However,asshowninfigure7andtable6,thepresenceof
Adat Council does not have an effect on the Premier power simply because the Premier led the
government and this council all at once. This is similar with Sailolof Royal that has a bureaucratic
structurelookalotlikeBima.Generally,asshowninfigure8,allroyalofficialsincentralgovernmentare
alsomember of Adat Councilthatis directly led bythe King Sailolof. However,asshon intable 7,the
Premier persistently dominates the Sailolof bureaucracy in the term of network damage and
betweenesscentrality because he has bureaucratic relations directlytoall local rulers within Sailolof
territory.
Interestingly, large difference with the property of others royal above, the unique arrangement of
TernatebureaucracyemergedSultanTernateasthemostpowerfulactorrelatedtoit shighestcentrality
(be it betweeness and damage) inTernate bureaucratic network,asshownin figure 9 and table 8.
Obviously, this property is relatedto the direct connection endowedto the Sultantowards some of
governmental parts of which the Premier is not connected to, e.g: royal judicial, royal household
administration,thePrivyCouncil.Intheotherhand,theSultanalsocanreachthelocalrulersindistrict
andvillagesorclanlevelinfewerstepsthroughtheAdatcouncilnamelyGamRahaandBobatoNyagi
MoiSetufkange.Inshort,thepresenceanduniquearrangementofTernatesAdatCouncilincreasesthe
betweenesscentrality of Sultan Ternate while it reducesthe damageand betweeness of thePremier.
However, the lethal position of Sultan related to the number of governmental function that is
exclusivelyunderhisauthority.
Interestingly, in some royal bureaucracies such as Gianyar, Amaradiang Balanipa and Ondoafi
governmental system, the informationdirecting capability of an acting person within bureaucratic
structureisnotproportionaltohercapacityaslethalpowerinthecaseoftheabilitytoinitiateserious
damage to the structure when removed. As shown in figure 10 and table 9, Balanipa bureaucratic
networkendowedtheKinginpositionofwhichresponsibletokeepnetworkintegrated.Thisissimply
because, inone hand, the King could reach almost all governmental functions coordinated by the
Premier through the Adat Counciland Pabicara Kenje3 , while, in the other hand, it also has direct
authoritytowardssomegovernmentalfunctionswhichisolatedfromotherfunctions,e.g.:militaryand
religiousaffairs.Thesamepropertiesareals ofoundinRoyalGianyar.However,asshowninfigure11
andtable 10, the mostcentral bureaucratic position regarding topossible damage whenremovedin
Royal Gianyar is the Punggawa Ubud4 . The absence of Adat Council and the completeness of
bureaucratic structure in local level indicated the autonomous nature of each local government
regardlesssome localaffairs like financeand justicewhichis under thecentral governmentauthority.
Therefore,thelocalrulersinRoyalofGianyarhavehighdamagepowerthanothersroyalbureaucrats
especiallyonerulingrelativelywiderterritorieslikeUbudandGianyar.Nonetheless,inboththePremier
persistently has higher betweeness centrality simply because it occupies an intermediary position
connectingallpairsofactorinnetworkinonlyafewpathsofseparationdegrees.
Another interesting fact als o found in Papuan Ondoafi governmental system. The confederation
characterembeddedinOndoafibureaucracy,asobviouslyshowninfigure12andtable11,hasplaced
the Hu Ondoafi as the most important person rela ted to the exchange of information (betweeness
centrality) among the confederation government officials. However, from the damage centrality
measure,thefiveofYoOndoafiaret hemostdamagepersonsamongothersOndoafibureaucrat.Thisis
simplybecauseYoOndoafi,a stheheadofconfederatevillage,representedhisvillageinrelationwith
confederationgovernment,whilethereistheAbuAkhoinconfederationgovernmentwhoconnecting
alltheheado fconfederateinsteadofHuOndoafi.
As stated before, we define networkof bureaucraciessimply asarrangementof relationamongroyal

officialinsuchawaytheoutcomeofnetworkcouldbeinconformitywiththeorganizationgoal.Onthat
ground,thepowerofactorinnetworkcouldbesimplyunderstoodastheabilityofanactorinfluence
theoutcomeofnetwork.However,theabilitytoinfluencenotonlydependonanumberofneighbors
thatanactorhavebutalsothequali tyofitsneighborbecauseafewconnectionscanprovideaccessto
valuable resourcesas wellas economizingon timetoinfluencethe networkif theyare toprominent
actors. Therefore, in this work, weuseeigen value centrality measure to examine this kind of power
simplybecause thiscentrality describe theimportance of noderegarding an overall viewof network.
Technicallyspeaking,anactorthatis connectedtomanyactorswhoarethemselveswellconnectedis
assigned a high score by this measure, but an actor who is connected only to near isolates is not
assigneda highscore,evenifshehashighdegree.
Theevaluation output of this centrality measuresshown in table211.Itisinteresting to see thatin

most royal bureaucracies, the Premier positions in each royal persistently are the very influential
person,withexceptionsinTernate,BimaandOndoafisystem.Thisis canbeexplainedforthefunction
conferringhimhavingmanyrelationtootherimportantgovernmentvertex(inwhichsomeofthemare
alsoawellconnectedperson).Inotherwords,thehighestauthorityofroyalPremierstronglyassociated
with theabsolute support of manyleavesas wellas the direct nexus to other highauthority nodes.

3
MemberofgovernmentorganizingcommitteenamedSappuloSokkoAdatwhohavefunctiontoconnectingthe
Maradiaw iththeothersmembers ofcommittee.
4
Headof districtte rritorywithintheRoyalGianyarjurisdiction
10
Hence,asshownintable2and3,itcouldbeunderstoodthatinroyalbureaucracieswhichhavetreelike
bureaucracystructurelikeYogyakartaandMataramIslamSultanate,themostbetweenessactortendto
beemergeda sthemostinfluentialactor.
However,thepresenceofAdatCouncilwithinroyalbureaucracymakesthelocalrulerands omeother
royal official belongs to this councilare directly connectedeachother.It means that the members of
AdatCouncilcoulddirectlyinfluenceeachotheraswellascausingsomeactorsuchasPremierorKing
nolongerhavinginflu encepowerabsolutelyoverthem.Interestingly,despitethenatureofAdatCouncil
that raising the influence power of its member over the network, the Premier remains the most
influentialactorinsomebureaucraticnetworksucha sMajapahit,Gowa,AmaradiangBalanip a,Sailolof,
Gianyar,asapparentintable5,6,8,10,and11.ThisisbecausetheP remierhasdirectrelationtomany
leafnodesinnetworkandhencemonopolizestheinfl uencepoweroverthem.
However, there are three royal bureaucracies where the Premier does not emerge having highest
influenceoverthegovernmentalnetwork,i.e.:royalBima,Ondoafi,andTernate.Asshownintable7,
RatoParentabecomethemostinfluentialpersonwit hinbureaucraticstructureofroyalBima.Generally,
thepremierof Bima has lowerinfluencethan the Rato Parentasince,in oneside, thePremier isnot
relatedtoany leavesinthenetwork,and onthe other side,the existenceof AdatCouncilthatatthe
same timeisa governanceinstitution makesthe Premierlosesadvantageas thehead of government
official.InOndoafi,asshownintable12,eachmembersofAdatcouncilthatalsobecometheheadof
clans familyhave higher influence than the Hu Ondoafi. This is because, inonesid e,they relatedto
someofleafnodesin thenetworkmorethantheHuOndoafihas,whileinotherside,therei sAbuAkho
position that makestheinfluence power over each Yo Ondoafi isnotabsolutely monopolized by Hu
Ondoafi. In Royal Ternate,asshown in table 9, the head ofdistrict Cim isthe most influential person
within Ternate bureaucracy. Thisisbecause, in oneside, the presence of Adat council in district level
raisingtheauthorityofitsmembers, whileintheotherside,t heheadofdistrictCimhavedirectrelation
to some of head of family clan, which is not a member of Adat council in clan level, as well as
monopolizingtheinfluencepoweroverthem.
11
Figure3:TheNetworkofYogyakartaSultanateBureaucracy
Table2:CentralityValueofYogyakartaSultanateBureaucracy
EIGENVECTOR DAMAGE BETWEENESS

1PEPATIHDALEM PEPATIHDALEM PEPATIHDALEM
2PENGHULU SULTAN SULTAN
KANAYAKAN(SITIS EWU,
KANAYAKAN(SITIS EWU,PANUMPING, KANAYAKAN(SITIS EWU,PANUMPING,
3PANUMPING,NUMBAKANYAR,
NUMBAKANYAR,BUMIJO) NUMBAKANYAR,BUMIJO)
BUMIJO)
4SULTAN PENGHULU PENGHULU
KANAYAKAN(KEPARAKTENGEN, KANAYAKAN(KEPARAKTENGEN,
KANAYAKAN(KEPARAKTENGEN,KEPARAK
5KEPARAKKIWO,GEDHONG KEPARAKKIWO,GEDHONGTENGEN, KIWO,GEDHONGTENGEN,GEDHONGKIWO)
TENGEN,GEDHONGKIWO) GEDHONGKIWO)
12
Figure4:TheNetworkofIslamicMataram RoyalBureaucracy

Table3:CentralityValueofIslamicMataram Royal Bureaucracy

1PEPATIHJAWI PEPATIHJAWI PEPATIHJAWI
2SULTAN SULTAN SULTAN
3PENGHULU PATIHLEBET PATIHLEBET
WEDANA(SEWU,PASEKAR,
WEDANA(SEWU,PASEKAR,PANUMPING, WEDANA(SEWU,PASEKAR,PANUMPING,
PANUMPING,NUMBAK,BUMIJO,
4 NUMBAK,BUMIJO,BUMI,AGENGTENGEN, NUMBAK,BUMIJO,BUMI,AGENGTENGEN,
BUMI,AGENGTENGEN,AGENG
AGENGKIWA) AGENGKIWA)
KIWA)
5PATIHLEBET PENGHULU PENGHULU
13
Figure5:TheNetworkofMajapahitRoyalBureaucracy

Table4:CentralityValueofMajapahitRoyalBureaucracy

1 RAKRIYANMAHAPATIH RAKRIYANMAHAPATIH RAKRIYANMAHAPATIH
PATIH(SINGASARI,PAWANUHAN,PAJANG,
RAKRIYAN(DEMUNG,KANURUHAN, RAKRIYAN(DEMUNG,KANURUHAN,
2 PAGUHAN,MATARAM,MANAHUN,LASEM,
RANGGATUMENGGUNG) TUMENGGUNG,RANGGA)
KAHURIPAN,DAHA)
WEDANA(SINGASARI,PAWANUHAN,PAJANG,
PAGUHAN,MATARAM,MANAHUN,LASEM, PATIH(SINGASARI,PAWANUHAN,
3 RAJA KAHURIPAN,DAHA),RAKRIYAN(DEMUNG, PAJANG,PAGUHAN,MATARAM,
KANURUHAN,TUMENGGUNG,RANGGA), MANAHUN,LASEM,KAHURIPAN,DAHA)
RAJA
PATIH(SINGASARI,LASEM,DAHA, AKUWU(SINGASARI,LASEM
4 PAWANUHAN,PAJANG,PAGUHAN, PAWANUHAN,PAJANG,DAHA,PAGUHAN, RAJA
MATARAM,MANAHUN,KAHURIPAN) MATARAM,MANAHUN,KAHURIPAN)
BRHE(SINGASARI,LASEM
BRHE(SINGASARI,PAWANUHAN,PAJANG, WEDANA(SINGASARI,PAWANUHAN,
PAWANUHAN,PAJANG,DAHA,
5 PAGUHAN,MATARAM,MANAHUN,LASEM, PAJANG,PAGUHAN,MATARAM,DAHA,
PAGUHAN,MATARAM,MANAHUN,
KAHURIPAN,DAHA)etc. MANAHUN,LASEM,KAHURIPAN)
KAHURIPAN)
14
Figure6:TheNetworkofGowaSultanateBureaucracy
Table6:CentralityV alueofGowaSultanateBureaucracy

1PABBICARABUTTA PABBICARABUTTA PABBICARABUTTA
2SABBANARATOWA DAENGTAKALIYA DAENGTAKALIYA
GALARANG(SUDIANG,BORISALLO,MANUJ
U,BOTOMANAI,SUDIANG,SAUMATA,
3SOMBAYARIGOWA SABBANARATOWA
PACELLEKANG,PATTASSANG,MANGASA),
LOMPONATUKAJANNANGANG
MATOWA(SUDIANG,BORISALLO,MANUJ
4SABBANARALOLO U,BOTOMANAI,PACELLEKANG,PATTASS A SABBANARALOLO
NG,SAUMATA,MANGASA)
BATTES ALAPPANG(SUDIANG,SUDIANG, GALARANG(SUDIANG,BORISALLO,MANUJU,BOT
BORISALLO,MANUJU,BOTOMANAI,
5DAENGTAKALIYA OMANAI,SUDIANG,PACELLEKANG,PATTASSANG
PACELLEKANG,PATTASSANG,SAUMATA ,
,SAUMATA,MANGASA)
MANGASA
15
Figure7:TheNetworkofBimaRo yalBureaucracy
Table6:CentralityValueofBimaRoyalBureaucracy

1RATO_PARENTA RAJA_BICARA RAJA_BICARA
2KADI_KHALIF SULTAN KADI_KHALIF
3RAJA_BICARA RATO_PARENTA SULTAN
JENELI(PARADO,WOHA,BOLO,
4 KADI_KHALIF RATO_PARENTA
MONTA,SAPE,RASANA E)
GALARANG(PARADO,WOHA, GALARANG(PARADO,WOHA,BOLO, JENELI(PARADO,WOHA,BOLO,MONTA,SAPE,
5
BOLO,MONTA,SAPE,RASANA E) MONTA,SAPE,RASANAE) RASANAE)
16
Figure8:TheNetworkofSailolofRoyalBureaucracy

Table1:CentralityValueofSailolofRoyalBureaucracy

1JOJOU JOJOU JOJOU
2FUN_KALANA FUN_KALANA FUN_KALANA
UKUM,SEDAHSAMORO,MIRINO, MARINPNU(SORONGSELATAN,SEGET, MARINPNU(SORONGSELATAN,SEGET,MISOL,
3
DUMLAHA MISOL,BERAU) BERAU)
4MARINPNU(SEGET,SORONG ULISION(SORONGSELATAN,SEGET, ULISION(SORONGSELATAN,SEGET,MISOL,
SELATAN,MISOL,B ERAU) MISOL,BERAU),etc. BERAU),etc.
ULISION(SORONGSELATAN,
5
SEGET,MISOL,B ERAU)
17
Figure9:TheNetworkofTernateSultanateBureaucracy
Table8:CentralityValueofTernateSultanateBureaucracy

1KEPALA_DISTRIK_HEKU SULTAN SULTAN
2KADHI KADHI KADHI
3KEPALA_DISTRIK_CIM KEPALA_DISTRIK_HEKU JOGUGU
4JOGUGU KEPALA_DISTRIK_CIM KEPALA_DISTRIK_HEKU
5SULTAN JOGUGU KEPALA_DISTRIK_CIM
18
Figure10:TheNetworkoftheAmaradiangBalanipaBureaucracy
Table9 CentralityValueofAmaradiangBalanipaBureaucracy

1MARADIAMATOA ARAJANGBALANIPA MARADIAMATOA
2SOKKOADATLIMBORO KADHI SOKKOADATLIMBORO
SOKKOADAT(LAMBE,LAKKA,RUI,LUYO,
TENGELANG,LEMBANG,KOYONG,KENJE,
KAIYANG,LIMBORO),PAPPUANGAN
3SOKKOADATKENJE (LOMBOK,PALLIS,PAMBUSUANG,BANUAARAJANGBALANIPA
BALANIPA,RENGGEANG,LEMOSUSU,
JAMARRANG,SALARI,TIMBO,LEMBA
LEMBANG,PENDULANGAN,BATULAJA)
4ARAJANGBALANIPA MARADIAMATOA SOKKOADATKENJE
5KAIYANGMOSSO MARADIAMALOLO KADHI
19
Figure11:TheNetworkofGianyarRo yalBureaucracy
Table10:CentralityValueofGianyarRoyalBureaucracy

1PEMADE PUNGGAWAUBUD PEMADE
2PEDANDAKERTA PEMADE SEDAHANAGUNG
3PUNGGAWAUBUD PUNGGAWABLANBATUH PEDANDAKERTA
4PUNGGAWABLANBATUH PUNGGAWATEGALLALANG PUNGGAWAUBUD
5SEDAHANAGUNG PUNGGAWAPELIATAN PUNGGAWABLANBATUH
20
Figure12:TheNetworkofOndoafiPapuan Bureaucracy

Table11:CentralityV alueofOndoafiPapuan Bureaucracy
EIGENVECTOR DAMAGE BETWEEN ESS

PHUYOPHALAYUM,YAYO,WAI
ONDOFOLO,FIYO,UWFOI,DALI
ONDOFOLO,BUYOKAYO,ANIYO YO_ONDOAFI(WAENA,AYAPO,YOKA ,
1 HU_ONDOAFI
ERAYO,BUROYO,A YAFONOLOFA ASEIKECIL,A SEI)
KAMPUNG(WAENA,ASEIA YAPO,
YOKA,ASEIKECIL)
YO_ONDOAFI(WAENA, YOKA
2 AYAPO,,AS EIKECIL,A SEI) HU_ONDOAFI ABU_AKHO_(PUSAT)
PHUYOPHALAYUM,YAYOWAI,FI YO,
ABUAKHOKHANDIN,ABUAKHO ONDOFOLO,UWFOI,DALIONDOFOLO,
YO_ONDOAFI(WAENA, AYAPO,YOKA ,
3 KHABAM BUYOKAYO,BUROYOANIYO ERAYO, ASEIKECIL,A SEI)
AYAFONOLOFAKAMPUNG(WAENA,
AYAPO,YOKA,A SEIKECIL, ASEI)
PHUYOPHALAYUM,YAYOWAI,FI YO,
ONDOFOLO,UWFOI,DALIONDOFOLO,BUYO
4 HU_ONDOAFI ABU_AKHO_(PUSAT),etc. KAYO,BUROYOANIYOER AYO,A YAFO
NOLOFAKAMPUNG(WAENA,AYAPO,YOKA,
ASEIKECIL,A SEI)
ABUAKHOKHANDIN,ABUAKHOKHABAM
5 ABU_AKHO_(PUSAT)
(WAENA,AYAPO, YOKA,AS EIKECIL,AS EI)
21
Figure12:TheNetworkofPagaruyungBureaucracy

Table13:CentralityValueofPagaruyungBureaucracy

BENDAHARO BENDAHARO
1BENDAHARO

RAJAALAM
2RAJAALAM RAJA_ALAM
3PENGHULUKEPALADUSUNTUO BASAEMPATBALAI PENGHULUKEPALA(DUSUNTUO,KUBURAJO)

PENGHULUKEPALA(LANGGAMNAN
4PENGHULUKEPALAPILIANG TUJUAHANDALLHEADOFNAGARI) PENGHULUKEPALASANDIKOTONANAMPEK

PENGHULUKEPALA(SANDIKOTO
NANAMPEK,PENGHULUKEPALA
5 RAJAIBADAT,RAJAADATetc. PENGHULUKEPALAHULUGUNUANGSAGO
HULUGUNUANGSAGO)

22

4.Discussions
Theancientroyalsin Indonesiahave variousmodels of governmental systemin whicheach of them
haveuniquecharacteristicsasrepresentedin itsbureaucracystructure.Inthiswork,weshowhowthe
incorporatednetworkmodelextractsbasicpropertiesofancientbureaucraticnetworkassociatedwith
politicalconceptofpoweranditsglobalpropertysuchasdiameterandclusteringcoefficient.Inthecase
ofpowerinnetwork,weappliedthreecentralitymeasurestoourdataandthen,asshownbefore,we
findthedominanceofPremierpositioninalmostroyalbureaucracies.Insomeroyalbureaucraciessuch
as Yogyakarta, Mataram, Majapahit, Gowa and Sailolof, the Premier absolutely becomes the most
important actors in terms of three concept of power in network. Nevertheless, there are clearly
differencesamongthosefiveroyalsregardingthepresenceofAdatCouncilinitsbureaucracystructures.
As wesee before, the Adat Councildoes not appears in Yogyakartaand MataramIslam government
whicharrange itsroyal officialin treelike bureaucraticnetwork, while thelastthree royals attached
AdatCouncilinitsstructurei nsucha wayhavingclosedandclusteredbureaucraticnetwork.However,
inotherroyalsburreacucray,thepresenceofAdatCouncilwithingovernmentbureaucracychangesthe
powerconstellationsand emergesthe variation ofimportantactorin terms of thethreeconcepts of
centralityused.ThisismoreclearlyappearsinTernateSultanatewheretheuniqueattachmentofAdat
Council in government bureaucracyemerged. In onehand,the Sult an asthe mostimportantactorin
termsofbetweenessanddamagecentrality,whileintheotherhand,thehighestauthorityintermof
power to influencethe network is possessed by the local rulers. Generally speaking, there is strict
differencesbetweenthe Yogyakartaand Mataram sultanateinone side,and Ternatesultanate inthe
other side, while the others royal structures are placed between those two sides, regarding the
centralityofa ctorsandthebureaucraticnexusemergingthatproperty.
What we have observed previously give sense related to different conceptions on powerin each of
ancientroyals.Inoneside,itcouldbedescribedbythepresenceofAdatCouncilandhowitisattached
intogovernment bureaucracies. This is becausethe nature of Adat Councilas consultative assemblies
thatcouldbeinterpretedasrepresentativei nstitutioninourmodernpracticalrealms.However,inthe
otherside,theconceptofdivineking,whichdeeprootedinthecognitivesystemofthepeople,brings
other dimension of power.Here, at least we have reveale d some basic properties of ancient royal
bureaucracies that further indicate the existence of a dynamic interaction between polycentric
authorities,which embedded in small communities such as clan or villages and further represented
through AdatCouncil, andsacredauthority that isembeddedinaKing. Thisisinterestingtoseethat
bothauthoritieshaveastronglegitim acywithinsociety,andofcourse,thisisgivinganopportunityto
further research about the emergence of various unique structure of governance regarding the
coexistence between both. Furthermore, comprehensive understanding on how a particular ancient
socialstructureandworksthroughrevealingtheirfundamentalpropertiesmakesitispossibletooutline
newinsightsintomodernpoliticalstructuresrelatedtopowerorganizationsthatisgrownina ccordance
tothecognitivesystem.
5.ConcludingRemarks
This paper first proposes the way to transform ancient royal bureaucracies to the network of
bureaucracyandthenevaluatesthesegraphsbyusingmethodologiestoextractbasic propertiesrelated
topoliticalpowerandinfluenceconstitutingthegovernmentalsystemascommunitystructure.Weuse
three basic concepts of centrality to examine the importance of nodes related to three different
concepts ofpowerin bureaucraticnetworks. The betweeness centrality hassimply interpretation as
23
ability of actor directing information in network that guarantees the network working and
communicating well. The damage centrality related to the actor ability to keep the integrity of the
bureaucraticnetwork,whiletheeigencentralitystrictlyisrelatedtoabilityofactortoinfluenceother
vertexwithinthenetworkasawhole.
Thisworkreturnsseveralfindingsrelatedthemostimportantactorsineachroyalbureaucraciesaswell
assomeglobalcharacteristicofitsstructure.Thisgivessenseregardingdifferentconceptionsonpower
regarding to the centralityof actors and the bureaucratic network thatemerging that property. In
advance, this is closely related to the presence of various form of Adat Council and the way of it
attachedtogovernmentalbureaucracy.
Asanartifactofhumancivilization,theancientgovernmentbureaucraciesemergesfromvariousaspect
human locality that construct their respond to environmental challenges as well as shaping their
cognitiveconceptionaboutorderandpower.Inthisperspective,thisworkisanearlystepthatopensan
opportunity to further research about the emergence of various unique structure of governance.
Further work onmore datain order to getmore pictureof ancient royal bureaucraciesin Indonesian
archipelagobyrelatin gittos omeotherimportantthingsthatisneededtograspcompletedescription
ofthebureaucraciesnetworksuchasdirectionalityofrelationandtheweighingfactorsofnodes.Thisis
leftforfurtherworksofresearch.
Acknowledgement
Both authors thank Surya Research International for support in the period of the research, BFI
colleaguesfordiscussionsandIACIfellowsforjoyfuldiscussionsandmoralsupport.
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25
APPENDIX
1. YogyakartaSultanate
TheYogyakartaSultanateisa royallocatedinthesouthofcentraljavaJawaTengah.Itformedin1755
whentheSultanateofMataramwasdividedintwobasedontheTreatyofGiyanti,thatisYogyakarta
Sultanatea ndSurakartaSultanate.
I. Territory
TheterritoryofYogyakartadividedintofourterritorialgroups,asfollow:
Keraton:a reaaroundtheroyalpalacethatisusedfort heofficialresidenceofSultan.
Nagaringayogyakarta:capitalcityofYogyakartasultanatewhereistheseatofroyalgovernment.
Nagaraagung:TheterritoriesoutsideNagariNgayogyakartathatisrule dbyroyalfamil y.
Mancanegara:ThevassalregionsofYogyakartasultanatethatisconferredarighttogovernedits
selfautonomously.
II. GovernmentalBureaucracies
ThegovernmentalofficialsofearlyYogyakartaSultanateareasfollow:
CentralGovernment
o Sultan:therulerofYogyakartasultanatetitledHamengkuBuwono.
o Patih Dale m: the highest ranking minister and in practic e representedSultan as the chief
executiveofYogyakartabureaucracy.
o Ministryofhomeaffairs
The ministry of homeaffairs comprises four departments whicheachof headedbya royal
minister,namelyKanayakankeparaktiwo(ministerofroyalfoundation),Kanayakankeparak
tengen(ministerofpublicwork),Kanayakangedongtengen(ministerofroyalrevenue)and
Kanayakan gedong kiwo (minister of royal financial). Each ministers had a number of
assistants uchasKliwon(viceminister),Kebayan(royalpolice)andMantriJajar.
o Ministryofforeignaffairs
The ministry of foreign affairscomprises four department which each of headed by a royal
minister,namelyKanayakanSitiSewu(ministerofroyalland),Kanayakanbumijo(ministerof
royalofficers),KanayakanPanumping(min isterof royaljustice)andKanayakanNumbakanyar
(ministerof royal military). Each ministers hada numberof assistantsuchas Kliwon (vice
minister),Kebayan(royalpolice)andMantriJajarandalsogovernedaspecificregionwit hin
nagaraa gungterritory.
o Lawandreligiousaffairs
Theroyaljudiciarysystemcomposedoffourtypeofcourt,asfollow:
Pradotocourt:thecourtofciviliana ffairss uchasc riminalandpublicorder.
BaleMangucourt:courtthathandledlandissuesa ndroyalofficialaffairs.
AlMahkamahAlKabirahorSurambicourt:thecourtofIslamiclaw.
DarahDalemcourt:thecourtthathasauthoritytohandlednobleaffairs.
Jaksaistheheadofthoseroyalcourtwhichinperformedhisduty,hewasassistedbycourt
officialsnamelyMartolulutandSingonegoro.
o Wedana Bupati: royal official who held responsible to supervised the Yogyakartas vassal
regions.
o Resident:adiplomaticofficialrepresentedDutchgovernmentinYogyakartas ultanate.
LocalGovernment
Hierarchically,therewerefourgovernmentallevelsbelowthecentralgovernmentofYogyakarta
sultanate. The head of local government in each level successively were ministers of foreign
affairs (head of regency), Panji (Head of district area), Demang (head ofsubdistrictarea) and
Bekel(headofvillage).

Figure14:BureaucracystructureofYogyakartaSultanate
III. References
1. Moertono,S.,(1968).,StateandStatecraftinOldJava:AStudyofLaterMataramPeriod,16th
to 19th Century., Ithaca, N.Y., Modern Indonesia Project, Southeast Asia Program, Dept of
AsianStudies,CornellUniversity.
2. Proyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan Kebudayaan Daerah., (1977)., Sejarah Daerah D.I.
Yogyakarta.,DepartemenPendidikandanKebudayaan.
3. Suwarno,P.j., (1994)., Hamengku Buwono IX dansistem birokrasipemerintahan Yogyakarta,
19421974.,Kanisius.

2. MataramIsl amSultanate
MataramsultanatewasthemajorJavaneseIs lamicroyallocatedinCentralJava.ThepowerofMataram
encompassedalmostentireJavaIslandfromt helate1 6 th centuryuntilthebeginningofthe18 th century.
I. Territory
TheterritoryofMataramdividedintofourterritorialgroups,a sfollow:
Keraton:a reaaroundtheroyalpalacethatisusedfort heofficialresidenceofSultan.
Kutanagara:capitalcityofMataramsultanatewhereistheseatofroyalgovernment.
Nagara agung: The territories outside kutanagara that is governed by monarch families.
Administratively,thekutanagaraconsistingeightregionscalledkawedanansuchasBumi,Bumijo,
SitiAgengKiwa,SitiAgengTengen,Sewu,NumbakAnyar,Panumpinga ndPasekar.
Mancanegara: The vassal regions of Mataram sultanate that autonomously have own
government.TheMancanegaraofMataramadministrativelycategorizedintofourmainregions,
namelywestMancanegara,eastMancanegara,westPasisiranandeastPasisiran.
II. GovernmentBureaucracies
CentralGovernment
o Sultan:therulerofMataramsultanate.
o Crown Board: a groupof important peoples whohad theauthorizationtoadvised King on
politicalaffairs.UnderthegovernmentofPakuBuwonoII,CrownBoardofMataramconsist
mainly of Sultanclose families namely Ratu Eyang (king grandmother),Ratu Kencana (king
mother),AdipatiAnom(crownprince)andWedanaMiji(headofkutarajaregion).
o Patih Lebet: highranking royal official who held responsible to coordinated four royal
ministerconcernedin royal homeaffairs, namely Wedanan gedong kiwa (minister of royal
finance), Wedana gedong tengen (minister of royal treasury), Wedanan keparak kiwa
(ministerofroyalmilitary),Wedanakeparaktengen(ministerofroyaljustice).Eachministers
hadanumberofassistantsuchasKliwon(viceminister),Kebayan(royalpolice)andMantri
Jajar.
o WedanaMiji:thepersonw hoinchargedtogovernedKutarajaregion.
o Lawandreligiousaffairs
TherearetwotypesofroyalcourtinMataramSultanate,namelysurambicourtasacourtof
religiousaffairs and civil court as a court of civil affairs. The head of Surambi court was
Penghulu who in played his role was assisted by several court officials namely Penghulu
(judge), khatib (preacher), marbot (muazzin), suronoto (clergy) and naib (court official in
marriageaffairs). Jaksa was the head of civil court which in performed his duty, he was
assistedbycourto fficialsnamelyMartolulutandSingonegoro.
o Military
AtthetimeofSultanAgung,themilitarytroopsofMataramSultanatedirectlyundersultans
authority.TheroyalofficialwhowereappointedtoleadthosetroopsareKyaiTumenggung
PrawiraMantriandKyaiTumenggungPrawiraguna.
NagaraAgunggovernment
o PepatihJawi:the highestrankingroyalofficial who hada wideauthorization to supervis ed
kawedanan inside of Nagara Agung territory, collected royal tax, mobilized the military
troopsandcoordinatedroyalofficialsinmancanagaraterritory.
o WedanaBupati:theroyalofficialswhoheldresponsibletosupervisedseveralregionswithin
Mancanegaraterritory.TherewerefourWedanaBupatiinMataramSultanateaccordingto
the administrative division of Mancanegara such as Wedana Bupati West Mancanegara,
WedanaBupatieastMancanegara,KiaiW iraandKiaiWirajaya.
Localgovernment
o Wedana:TheroyalofficialswhohadauthorizationtoruledkawedananregionwithinNagara
Agung territory. There are eight wedana in Mataram sultanate namely Wedana Bumi,
WedanaBumija,WedanaAgengkiwa,Wedanaagengtengen,WedanaPanumping,Wedana
Sewu, Wedana Pasekar, and Wedana Numbak Anyar. Each wedana were assisted by a
number of palaceservantsnamely Kliwon (vice regent),Kebayan (royal police) andMantri
Jajar.
o The head of local government belowthe kawedanan level successively arePanji (head of
districarea),Demang(headofsubdistrictarea)andBekel(headofvillage).

Figure15:BureaucracystructureofMataramIslamSult anate
III. Refereces
1. Hardjasaputra,S.,(2004).,BupatidiPriangan:KedudukandanPeranannyaAbadke17sampai
Abadke19.,
http://resources.unpad.ac.id/unpadcontent/uploads/publi kasi_dosen/bupati_di_priangan.pdf
2. Kasdi,A.,(2003).,PerlawananPenguasaMaduraatasHegemoniJawa.,RelasiPusatDaerahpada
PeriodeAkhirMataram(17261745)(Yogyakarta:Jendela,2003)
3. Nurhajarini,DwiRatna.,(1999).,SejarahkerajaanTradisionalSurakarta.,Departemen
PendidikandanKebudayaanRI,Jakarta.
4. Purwadi.,(2006).,SistemTataNegaraMataram.,JurnalKonstitusiVol.4nomor1Maret2007
5. Suwarno,P.j.,(1994).,HamengkuBuwonoIXdansistembirokrasipemerintahanYogyakarta,
19421974.,Kanisius.
6. Moertono,S.,(1968).,StateandStatecraftinOldJava:AStudyofLaterMataramPeriod,16th
to19thCentury.,Ithaca,N.Y.,ModernIndonesiaProject,SoutheastAsiaProgram,D eptofAsian
Studies,CornellUniversity.
3. Majapahitempire
Majapahit was the Javanese maritimeempirelocated in Eastern Java. It is consideredasone ofthe
greatestancientstatesinIndonesianhistorybecauseitsdominationpracticallycoveredthepresentday
overIndonesiafromabout13 th totheearly16 th century.
I. Territory
TheterritoryofMajapahitclassifi edintot wogroups,a sfollows:
BhumiMajapahit:thecapitalcityofMajapahit.
Central provinces: administrative region of Majapahit that were administrated by monarch
familie s.Atthebeginningofthecenturyto14 thcentury,Majapahithaselevencentralprovinces,
namely Daha, Wengker, Matahun, Lasem, Pajang, Paguhan, Kahuripan, Singasari, Mataram,
WirabumiandPawanuhan.
Mancanegara provinces: thevassalstates of Majapahit that located outsideJavaIsland. Those
stateshadarighttoruletheirownregionunderthesupervis ionofMajapahitmilitaryenvoy.In
general, the mancanegara provinces of Maja pahit comprise of four main regions,as follows:
MelaypeninsulaandSumatera,TanjungNegara,TumasikandregionstotheeastofJavasuchas
Bali,NusaTenggara,Sulawesi,MalukuandIrian.
Majapahitgovernmentals ystemclassifiedintotwolevels,asfollows:
CentralGovernment
o King:rulerofMajapahitEmpire.
o BatharaSaptaPrabu:anassemblyofroyalfamilieswhohadtheauthorizationtoadvisedthe
King onany royal matters. Thiscouncilwasledby thekinghimselfand its members were
came from the kings families such as kings mother and the ruler of Majapahit central
provinces.
o Rakyan Mahamentri Kartini: royal ministrycouncilthat held responsible to deliveredand
monitoredtheimplementationofkingsorder.Thiscouncilconsistofthreeroyalministers
namelyRakriyanMahamentriIHalu,RakriyanMahamentriIHinoandRakriyanMahamentri
ISirikan.
o Pasangguhan: the honorary position that wasconferredto them for meritoriousservices.
Thereare twoPasangguhan duringthe RadenWijaya regime,namelyArya Pranarajaand
AryaNayapati.
o Panca Ri Wilwatikta: royalexecutive council ofMajapahitempires. Thiscouncil wasled by
MahapatihHamangkubumiasroyalprimeministerandwasassis tedbyfourroyalministers
namely RakriyanDemung (head of royal homeaffairs),Rakriyan Kanuruhan (head ofroyal
protocol and governance quality), Rakriyan Rangga (head of business logistics and
weaponry) and Rakriyan Tumenggung (head of security affairs). This council also
coordinatedanumberofroyalofficialswithdifferentfunctionsnamelyAryaPatipati,Arya
Wangsaprana,AryaRajapati,AryaRajaparakrama,AryaSuradhiraja,AryaRajhadikara,Arya
DewarajaandAryaDhiraja.
o Juru Pengalasan: military officials who was appointedas commander of Majapahit royal
armedforces.
o Royalambassador:royalofficialswhohadtheauthorizationtosupervisedMajapahitvassal
states.
o Royalcourt
ThecourtinstitutioninMajapahit governmentwasbasedontworeligionlawthatareSyiwa
andBudha.TheheadofeachcourtswereDharmaDyaksaRingKasiwaanashighjudgeon
HinduSyiwa law andDharma Dyaksa Ring Kasogatan as high judge on Buddha law. Both
were assistedby Sapta Uppapati institution that comprise of fiveHindus Pepatisandtwo
Buddhapepatis.
LocalGovernment
o Bhre:apersonwhowasappointedbythekingtorule dMajapahitprovince.
o Panca ri Propinsi: the council who held responsible to run governmental system in
Majapahitprovincewhereinitsstructureandfunctio nsamewithroyalexecutivebodyin
centralgovernment.Inperformingitsfunction,thiscouncili sdirectlyundertheauthority
ofPancariWilwatiktaincentralgovernment.
o Hierarchically,therewerefourgovernmentallevelsbelowthelocalgovernmentin each
province.TheheadoflocalgovernmentineachlevelsuccessivelywereWedana(headof
distric t),Akuwu(headofsubdistrict)andBuyut(headofvillage).

Figure16:BureaucracystructureofMajapahitempire
III. References
1. Darban,AA.,(1998).,BangsawanDalamStrukturBirokrasiMajapahit.,JurnalHumaniora
2. Purwadi.,(2006).,SistemTataNegaraMajapahit.,JurnalKonstitusiVol.3nomor4Desember2006
3. Hermanislamet, Bondan.,(2002)., Tata Ruang WilayahKerajaanMajapahit., Forum Teknik Jilid
26Nomor1 Maret2006
4. Muljana,Slamet.,(2006).,TafsirSejarahNegarakertagama.,LKIS.,November2006
5. Noorduyn,J.,(1978).,Majapahitinthefifteenthcentury.,http://www.kitlvjournals .nl
6. Suwarno,P.J.,(1993).,PancasilabudayabangsaIndonesia:PenelitianPancasiladengan
7. PendekatanHistoris,Filosofis&SosioyuridisKenegaraan,Yogyakarta:PenerbitKanisius,1993.

4. GowaSultanate
GowawasoneofpowerfulroyalstatesintheeastIndonesia.Itlocatedinthesouthwestcornerofthe
islandofCele bes.Thisroyalestablishedaround13 thcenturyandthentransformedtoIslamicsultanate
inearlyof16th century.
I. Territory
TheterritoryofGowasultanategroupedintofivecategories,a sfollow:
Bate Sallapang: a group ofregions that constituted earlyGowa, namely Mangasa, Tombolo,
Saumata,Pattassang,Pacellekang,Bontomanai,Manuju,BorisalloandSudiang.
PaliliAtaMatene:vassalregionthatwasconferreda utonomyrightwiththeobligationtogive
tributestoGowasultanate.
PaliliataRikaleregion:vassalregiont hatwasruledbyaroyalofficerw horepresenteds ultan.
BataAnakaraengregion:vassalregionthatwasgoverneda utonomouslybySultanfamilies.
Centralgovernment
o Sultan:rulerofGowasultanatetitledSombayariGowa.
o Pabbicara Butta: highestranking royal official below the Sultan who held responsible on
dailygovernment.
o TuMailalang Towa: royal official who held responsibleto conveyedsultans ordertoward
anyroyalofficersinlocallevel.
o TuMailalangLolo:royalofficialwhofunctionedtoreceivedpeoplesappealstoKingaswell
asmanagedthep alacehousehold.Inwarsituation,hewasinvolvedtopreparedGowaarmy
togetherwiththecommandersofGowaa rmedforces.
o LomponaTuKaja nnangang:royalministerwhoheldresponsibleonhomesecurityaffairsas
wellasledGowaarmedforcesinwartime.
o Lomo TuKajannangang: vice commander of Gowa armed forces who functioned to
conveyedLomponaTuKajannangangsorder.
o Sabannara: royal officials whohad the authorization to supervised and to administered
generalactivitiesofGowaport.Therearetwoofficialsinthisposition,namelySabannara
TowaandSabannaraLolo.
o BateSalapangcouncil:anassemblyofdelegationsfromBatteSalapangregion.Thiscouncil
had theauthorizationtoinaugurated,depositedand advisedsultanaswell asmaderoyal
law.
o DaengtaKaliya:royalofficialwhoheldresponsibleonreligiousmatters.D aengtaKaliyahad
severalassistantsineachroyalregion,namelyDaengImang(imam),Katte(preacher),Bilala
(muezzin)andJannangMasigi.
Localgovernment
o BateSalapangregion:
Gallarang:headofdistrictregion.
Matowa:headofvilla gewhowasappointedb ythepeoplesoncertainperiod.
o In Paliliata Mateneand Bata Anakaraeng region,the head of district was occupied bythe
localrulerwhowasconferredarighttogovernedhisregionautonomously.
o Jannang:royalofficialwhowasappointedbysultantoruleddistrictwithinPaliliataRikale
region.

Figure17:BureaucracystructureofGowasultanate
III. References
1. Susmihara,(2002).,Masyarakatmadani:kajiantentangkeadaanssosialpolitikkomunitas
MakassarpadamasapemerintahanSultanAlauddin,15931639,Makassar,Program
PascasarjanaUniversitasNegeriMakassar
2. Abbas,Irwan.,(2001).,Bula ns abitdiPulauPinisi:suatus tudipengaruhIslamterhadap
masyarakatdiKerajaanGowa16051669.,Yogyakarta,ProgramPascaSarjanaUniversitas
GadjahMada

5. BimaSultanate
Bima wasasultanatethat lo cated ontheeastern seaboard oftheisland of Sumbawa, West of Nusa
Tenggara.ItwasestimatedthatroyalofBimahadexistedaround13th centuryandthentransformedto
Islamicroyala fter1620.
I. Territory
In the15 th century, the Bima royalsterritory bounded on thenorth by Island of Flores untilthe
IslandofTengahandSailus,onthesouthbyIndonesiaSea(south),ontheeastbySolor,Sumba,
Timor, and Sawu islands and on the west by the royal of Dompu. Administratively, the Bima
sultanatecomposedofseveralmaindistrictsnamelyBelo,Bolo,Sape,Rasanae,P aradoMonta,and
anumberofvassalregionssuchasSawu,Sumba,PotaandReo.
Thegovernmentals tructureoftheroyalo fBimaduringthes ultanateerain16 th century,asfollow:
CentralGovernment
o Sultan:headofroyalgovernmenttitledRumaSangajiBojo.Inperforminghisrole,sultanis
assistedbyanumberofpalacestaff,namelyRatoorBumiParenta(headofthepalacestaff),
Ompu Toi (head of household affairs), Bumi Ngeko (adjutant of sult an), Bumi Neandi
(regulatio n officers), Bumi Pareka (head of palace treasury), Bumi Roka (head of pala ce
weaponry), Bumi Ndakatau (head of palace logistic), Bumi Ndora and Bumi Sari Tonggu
(headofsecurity).
o SaraSara:agroupofpeoplethathadtheauthorizationtoelectedsultanaswell asadvised
himonroyalaffairs.Thiscouncilalsoplayedaroleasgovernmentexecutivebodythatwas
ledbyRumaBicaraandc omprisedof24royalnoble,asfollow:
Ruma Bicara: the prime mister of Bima who had the authorization to ran daily
governmentaswella shaddirectauthoritytowardotherroyalfunctionoutsidethesara
councilsucha sroyalmilitary,foreignaffairsandSaraHukumcouncil.
Tureli council: the council of six royal ministers who came from the same traditional
class with sultan, namely Tureli Belo, Tureli Donggo, Tureli Sakuu, TureliBolo, Tureli
Woho,andTureliParado.
Jenelicouncil:thecouncilofsixheadofdistrictwithinBimajurisdiction,namelyJeneli
Rasanae, Jeneli Sape, Jeneli Monta, JeneliBolo, Jeneli Woha and Jeneli Parado. The
membersofJ enelicouncilcamefromdifferenttraditionalclasswithsultan
Bumicouncil:thecounciloftwelveBuminamelyBumiLumaRasanae,BumiLumaBolo,
Bumi Sari Mbojo, Bumi Luma Kae, Bumi Ngampo, Bumi Nata, Bumi Baralau, Bumi
Cenggu, Bumi Waworado, Bumi Punti, Bumi Tenteand BumiLawiu,in whicheach of
them camefrom indigenous groups outsidethe JeneliandTureli traditionalclass.This
councilfunctionedasroyalmagistratecouncilinwhichcouldbefurthercategorizedinto
threegroupsbasedontheirjurisdiction.EachofthosegroupswereledbyBumiLuma
Rasanae(northofBimabay),BumiLumaBolo(westofBimabay)andBumiLumaKae
(Kaeregion). In local level,head ofregion playedas judgeunder theauthorization of
Bumicouncil.
o SaraHukumcouncil:thecouncilthatheldresponsibleinreligiousmattersaswellasreligion
law.Thiscouncilcompris eofKadi(headofcouncil),imam,khatib,lebe,bilal,andrebo.In
local,KadiappointedLebeandCepelebeasreligiousofficers.
o BumiRenda:royalofficerwhoinchargedtoledroyalarmedforces.
o BumiPrisiKae:royalofficialwhoheldresponsibleonforeignaffairs.
o Naib:representationofs ultaninvassalregionofBimasultanate.
LocalGovernment
The local governmental bureaucracy of Bima Sultanate hierarchically composed of three
administrativelevels,namelydistrict,subdistrictandvillage.Indistriclevel,theGalarangKepala
headed bureaucracy asarepresentationof Jeneli authority. Inperforming hisrole, Galarang
kepalaisassistedbyCepewekiasaviceofGalarangKepala ,Lebai, andanumberofGalarangas
theheadofsubdistrictregion.Asisindistrictlevel,eachGalarangisalsoassistedbyCepeweki
asaviceofGalarang,Cepelebea ndanumberofDaluastheheadofvillage.

Figure18:BureaucracystructureofBimaSultanate

III. References
1. Ismail, M.H., (1992)., Peranan Kesultanan Bima dalam perjalanan Sejarah Nusantara.,
DepartemenPendidikandanKebudayaan
2. Haris, Tawalinuddin., (2006)., Kesultanan Bima di Pula u Sumbawa., Wacana Jurnal Ilmu
PengetahuanBudaya,Vol.8 ,No.1,pp.173 1.
6. RoyalSailolof,Papua
The royalSailolofthat locatedinSailolofvillage,southof Salawati wasone ofthe four royal in Raja
AmpatIsland,Papua.
I. Territory
TheterritoryofroyalofsailolofencompassedseveralareasinKepalaBurung(KatiminIsland,along
Sele Strain, Seget, Gisim, Kalabar), Salawati Is land, west ofBatantaIsland,Meoskapal Islandand
Kofiauisland.In presenttime, theexterritory of royal of Sailolof overwhelmed district ofSeget,
southSorong,MisolandBerau.
II. Governments tructure
Centralgovernment
o Fun Kalana: traditionaltitle used by Sailolofsmonarch. In performing his role, Kalana was
assisted by a number of palace staff, namely Sawoi (king guard), Kapitin (head of palace
logistic),P unta(specialassistantincommunicationaffairs).
o Rat adat: instit utions that had the authorization to decided and supervised the
implementationof the royal policy, to made the law, to advised Kolano and to arranged
religiousmatters.ThisinstitutionisheadeddirectlybyKolanoandcomprisewithanumberof
royalofficials,asfollow:
Jojou: Kalana assistant who held responsib le to implemented the royal policy and
coordinatedroyalofficials.
Ukum:royalofficialwhoinchargedonlawaffairs.
Dumlaha:royalofficialwhoheldresponsibletoa rrangedcustomaryceremony.
Mirino:royalofficialwhohadauthorizationtocollectedtax.
Sudasmoro:royalofficialswhoinchargedonsomespecialdutiesconcernedinsupernatural
matters.
Localgovernment
TheheadoflocalgovernmentconsecutivelyareMarinpnuasheadofvillagesandUlisonashead
ofclan.

Figure19:BureaucracystructureofSailolofroyal
III. References
Mansoben, J.R., (1947), Sistem Politik Tradisional di Irian Jaya, Indonesia : Studi Perbandingan,
Leiden
7. Ternatesultanate
TernatewhichalsopopularasroyalofGapiwaslocatedinNorthofMaluku.Fromthe13 thtothe17 th
century,Ternatesultanateplayedas ignificantroleincommercialsectorandconstit utedasoneofthe
oldestkingdominNusantarahistory.
I. Territory
Initsearlyperiod,theterritoryofTernatesultanateonlycomprisesfourmainregions,asfollow:
Soasio, comprise of nine soa or villages, i.e. Marsaoly, Tomaito, Tomagola , Tomaidi,
Payahe,J iko,Jawa,Tolongaraa ndTabala.
Sangadji,compriseofninevillages,i.e.Tomajiko,MalayuKonora,Limatahu,Kulaba,Mala yu
Cim,Toboleu,Tafamutu,TafagaandTakofi.
Heku,compriseo ftwelvevillages,i.e.Labuha,Takome,Sula,GamCim,Tabanga,Siko,Toma
afu,DorariIsa,Mado,Togolobe,FauduandTomajiko.
Cim, comprise of 12 villa ge, i.e. Tobona, Talangame, Mayau, Tafure, Maitara,Koloncucu,
Wucu,Tamao,Doi,TaakeandTomahutu.
Later, royal of Ternate reached the glorius period in the 16 th century and erlarged his territory
encompassesMaluku,southSulawesi,eastSulawesi,NusaTenggara,MindanaoandMarshalisland
inPacific.
Centralgovernment:
o Sultan:rulerofTernatesultanatetitledKolano.
o FalaRaha:royalPrivyCouncil.Themembersofthiscouncilarefourclanheadrepresented
four Momole who constituted early royal Ternate, namely Marasaoli, Tomagola , Tomaito,
Tamadi.
o Sadahakodato:headofroyalpalacehousehold.
o BobatoMaDopolo:governmentexecutivecouncil.Thiscouncilconsistoffiveroyalofficial
inwhicheachofh aves pecificfunction,asfollow:
Jogugu: thehighestranking minister who held responsibleto managed governmental
work.
KapitaLao:commanderofroyala rmedforces.
HukumSoaSio:royalministerofhomeaffairs.
HukumSangadji:royalministerofforeignaffairs.
TuliLamo:royalsecretary.
o BobatoNyagiMoiSeTufkange:peoplerepresentativecouncil.Thiscouncilconsistedof18
head ofclan in ternate,that were ninedelegations from Soa Sio regionand 9delegations
fromSangadjiregion.
o GamRaha:anassemblyofheadofdistrictfromfourmainregionsnamelySoasio,Sangadji,
HekuandKim.Thiscouncilhadauthorizationtoelectedandinauguratedsultan.
o JouLebe:thecouncilthatheldresponsibleonreligiousaffairs.Thiscouncilwasheadedby
KadhiashighestofficialonreligiousaffairsandwereassistedbyfiveroyalImam,i.e.Imam
Jiko,ImamJawa,ImamSangadji,ImamMoti,ImamBangsa,andsixKhatib(preacher).,i.e.
Khatib Jiko,Khatib Jawa,Khatib Sangaji, KhatibMoti, Khatib bangsaandKhatib Juru Tulis.
Eachofthemwasassistedbyamodim.
o Salahakan:therepresentationofsultani nvassalregionofTernatesultanate.
o Utusansultan:theroyalambassadorwhowasassignedintheborderlandofTernate.There
were three Utusanin Ternate sultanate,namely Utusan Kayoa, Utusan Galelaand Utusan
Dodinga.

LocalGovernment
Kampung is the smallestadministrative in Ternate sulatanate,comprises with one or more
kinship group or clan (soa). Each soa was headed by Kepala Soa titled Kimelaha, Fanyira or
Sangadji.Inthehigheradministrativelevel,therearefourdistrictcomprisesofagroupofSoain
oneregionwhichheadedbyheado fdistrict.

Figure20:BureaucracystructureofTernatesultanate

III. References
1. Abdullatif,B.,(2008).,MenelusuriAsalUsuldanJeja kSejarahOrangTernate
http://ternate.wordpress.com/2008/01/22/menelusuriasalusuldanjejaksejarahorang
ternate/
2. Abdullatif,B.,(2008).,StatifikasiSosialMasyarakatAdatTernate
http://ternate.wordpress.com/2008/01/17/stratifikasisosialmasyarakatadatditernate/
3. deClercq,F.S.A.,().,TernateTheResidencyandItsSultanate.,TranslatedfromtheDutchbyPaul
Michael Taylor and Marie N. Richards.,Smithsonian Institution Libraries Digital Edition
Washington,D.C.,1999
4. Ellen,R.F.,().,ConundrumsaboutPanjandrums:OntheUseofTitlesintheRelationsofpolitical
SubordinationintheMoluccasandalongthePapuanCoast.,Indonesia,Vol.41,(Apr.,1986),pp.
4762.,JSTOR

8. AmaradiangBalanipa
Amaradiang Balanipa was an ancient royal located in Mandar region of south Sulawesi. This royal
emerged from the alliance ofseveral lesserroyalnamely Amaradiang Napo, Samasundu, Todatodang
andMosso.
I. Territory
TheregionthatunderthepowerofAmaradiangBalanipacategorizedintotwoterritorialgroups,as
follow:
Appe Banua Kaiyang and Sappulo Tallu Ana Banua were the main region of Amaradia ng
Balanipa.AppeBanuaKaiyangwastheregionthatconstitutedearlyAmaradiangBalanipathat
encompassedfourmainregionwhicheachconsistedofseveralsmallregions,asfollow:
Banua1 KaiyangNapocomprisedthreeAnaBanua2 ,namelyRenggeang,AnaBanuaBalanipa
andAnaBanuaLemosusu.
BanuaKaiyangSamasunducomprisedthreeAnaBanua,namelyAnaBanuaLembalembang,
AnaBanuaSalariandAnaBanuaJamarrang.
BanuaKaiyangTodatodangcomprisedfourAnaBanua,namelyPambusuang,Lombok,Batu,
andPallis .
Banua Kaiyang Mosso comprised three Ana Banua, namely Batulaja, Timbo and
Pendulangan.
Sappulo Tallu Ana Banuawas teenregionthat was governedby royalofficialbelong Sappulo
SokkoAdatcouncil.
Palili regions: autonomousregionunder the Amaradiang Balaniparealm of power whichwas
conferredarighttogovernedthemself.TheseregionsencompassedsevenBanuanamelyAllu,
Taramanu, Tubi, Tomadio, Mapili, Nepoand eight Banua Arua namely Sabura, Daala, Lenggo,
Batu,Rea,BungaBunga,Paku,BeluaandTobone.
II. Government
Centralgovernment
o MaradiaBalanipa:headofBalanipagovernmenttitledArajang.
o MaradiaMalolo:highestrankedmilitaryofficialwhofunctionedascommanderofBalanipa
armedforces.
o Maradia Matoa: royal officers who represented Maradiang in almost all governmental
activity as wellas held responsible to coordinated royal offic ials inlocal level such as
SappuloSokkoAdata ndh eadofAnaBanuainAppeBanuaKaiyangandPaliliregion.
o Appe Banua Kaiyang: the council of four regions that constituted early Amaradiangan
Balanipa, namely Napo, Samasundu, Todatodang dan Mosso. This council had the
authorizationtoe lecteda ndinauguratedkingBalanipa.
o SappuloSokkoAdat:thecouncilofteenheadofAnaBanuawhosemembersinchargedon
somespecificgovernmentalfunction,a sfollow:
PabicaraKaiyang:royalofficia lwhoheldresponsiblet oassistedMaradiainlawa ffairs.
Pabicara Kenje: royal official who held responsible to connected Maradia with other
SappuloSokkoAdat.
PappuanganLimboro:headofSappuloSokkoAdat.
PappuanganBiringLembang:royalofficialwhoheldresponsibletoassistedMaradiaon
royalhomeaffairs.

1
TermBanuacouldbedeciphere dasdistrictregion.
2
SmallregionwithinBanuaterritory
Pappuangan Lambe: royal official who held responsible to connected Amaradiangan
Bala nipawithotherkingdom.
PappuanganKoyong:royalfinancialofficer.
Pappuangan Lakka: royal official who held responsible to connected Amaradiangan
Bala nipawithotherkingdomwithinPituBabanaBinangaterritory.
PappuanganRui:royalinformationofficer.
Pappuangan Tenggelang: royal official who held responsible in forestry agriculture
matters.
Pappuangan Luyo: royal official who held responsible to connected Amaradia ngan
Bala nipawithPituBabanaBinangaconfederationandPituUlunaSaluconfederation.
o Sawanar:royalofficialswhoheldresponsibilitytosupervisedandadministeredthegeneral
activitie sofBalanipaport.
o MaradiaSyara:royalofficialwhoheldresponsibleinreligiousmatters.Inperformedhisrole,
Maradia Syara wasassistedsome royal officers, namely Imang (imam), Katte (preacher),
DojaandBidal(muezzin).
Localgovernment
Royal official titled Pappuangan or Maradia ruled each Ana Banua within Balanipa main
territory. Inplayed hisrole ,eachhead of Ana Banua wasassisted by two royal officials titled
Tomabubeng and Punggawa. In Palili region, the viceroy titled Maradia headed the local
governmentofBanua.

Figure21:BureaucracystructureofAmaradiangBalanipa

III. References
1. Mahmud,M.,(2001).,Kontribusi nilai islam dalam struktur organisasi dan nilai pengawasan
pemerintahan amara'diang balanipa pada abad XVIIXVIII M., Program Pascasarjana
UniversitasNegeriMakassar.,Makassar.

9. KerajaanGianyar
ThekingdomofGianyarwasestablishedinthelate18thcenturyandlaterbecamethemostpowerfulof
thesouthernstatesofBali.
I. Territory
TheterritoryofGianyarKingdomhierarchicallycomposedofthreeterritorialgroups,asfollow:
JeroKuta:themainterritoryofGianyarkingdomthatisdirectlyruledbytheKingofGianyar.This
region consist ofseveral lesserregioncalled kemancaan suchas Gia nyar, Angkling, Bahbahan,
Tegal,Samplangan,Srongga,Lebih,Cebaang.Eachkemancaanconsistofoneormorevillage.
Kepunggawaan: the local territory of Gianyar kingdom that encompassed twelve region as
follow:
- KepunggawaanSidanconsistsoft wokemancaannamelySidanandPegesangan.
- KepunggawaanTulikupconsistsofkemancaanTulikup.
- KepunggawaanSianganconsistso ftwokemancaan,namelySianganandP etak.
- KepunggawaanBebitraconsistsofthreekemancaanBebitra,SoatdanSemita.
- KepunggawaanAbianbaseconsistsofkemancaanAbianbase
- KepunggawaanBlahbatuhconsistsofsevenkemancaan,namely(Blanbatuh,Buruan,Blege,
Bona,PasDalem,PringandSaba).
- KepunggawaanKramasconsistsofkemancaanKramas.
- KepunggawaanSukawaticonsistsoftwokemancaan,namelySukawatiandBatuan.
- Kepunggawaan Peliatanconsists of five kemancaan,namelyPeliatan, Mas, Delod Tunduh
andPetulu.
- Kepunggawaan Tegallalang consists of five kemancaan, namely Tegallalang, Manuaba,
Kenderan,KedisanandPejengaji.
- Kepunggawaan Ubud consists of eight kemancaan, namely Ubud, Ketewel, Batu bulan,
Angantaka,Sedang,Singapadu,Sayana ndPejeng.
Village
II. Pemerintahan
JeroKutagovernment
o King:headofgovernmenttitledAnakAgung.
o PrivyCouncil:acouncilthatfunctionedtoadvisedtheKingonroyalmatters.Themembers
ofthiscouncilarethepriestsofSiwaandBudhanamedBhagawantaa ndtheKingsfamily.
o KancaUter:theofficialwhoinchargedofroyaladministration.
o PemekelKakandel:Kingsprivatesecretary.
o Pemade: the highest ranked royal official whoheld responsible to led the governmental
bureaucracyaswellascoordinatedalllocalrulers.Inmilitaryaffairs,thePedandaplayeda
rolea scommanderofroyalarmedforces.
o SedahanAgung:royalofficialwhoheldresponsibleonroyalfinanceandassetsaffairssuch
astaxcollectedandcoordinatedthefinanceofficersineachkepunggawaanregions.
o Subandar:royalofficialsw hoheld responsibilityt osupervisedandadministeredt hegeneral
activitiesofGianyarportundertheauthorizationofSedahanAgung.
o PedandaKerta:highestrankingcourtofficialinGianyarjudiciarysystemwhofunctionedas
headofGianyarcentralcourtandhadtheauthorizationtocoordinatedlawofficerineach
Kepunggawaancourt.IncentralcourtofGianyar,PedandaKertawasassistedbyfiveroyal
presecutora ndothercourtofficersnamedKenca.

Kepunggawaangovernment
KepunggawaangovernmentinGianyarkingdomhadacompletestructureofbureaucraciesasin
central government. In performing his role as the the ruler of Kapunggawaan region, each
punggawaw asassis tedbya numberofkapunggawaanofficials,asfollow:
- Manca:headofkemancaana reawithinkepunggawaanregion.
- BhagawantaSiwaa ndBhagawantaBudhawhohadresponsibleonreligiousmatters.
- Sedahan:financeofficers.Invillagelevel,theSedahanwasassistedbyanumberofPekaseh
whoinchargedtomanageds ubaksystem.
- PedandaKerta: head of kepunggawaan court. The royal court in each Kapunggawaanalso
hadasameformandstructureasisint hecentralcourt.
- Perbekel:headofvillage

Figure22:BureaucracystructureofRoyalGianyar

III. References
1. Sidemen, Ida Bagus.,(1986).,Struktur birokrasi danmobilitas sosial di Kerajaan Gia nyar,
18561899.,Yogyakarta, Fakultas Pasca Sarjana Universitas Gadjah Mada

10. Ondoafio fEast Sentani
TheOndoafi of east Sentani was one of the five royalconfederationslocatedaround Sentani Lakein
Papua.
I. Territory
The territory of the Ondoafi east Sentani encompassed several villages around Lake of Sentani.
Generally, that village couldbegroupedinto five mainregions, namely Asei, Ayapo, Yoka, Waena
andlesserAsei.
Confederationgovernment:
o Hu Ondoafi: head of confederation government. In performed his role, Hu Ondoafi was
assistedb yseveralconfederationstaff,asfollow:
AbuAfa:royalofficialwhofunctionedtogaveadvicetoHuOndoafi.TherearetwoAbu
Afa in Ondoafi of east Sentani, namely Ayafo Nolofa as vice of Hu Ondoafi and
MeakhbanNolofaasfinancialofficerofconfederation.
AbuAkho: royal officer who functioned tomanagedthe householdaffairsas well as
conveyedtheorderofHuOndoafitoeachconfederates.
Villagegovernment
o YoOndoafi:headofvillage.Inperforminghisrole,HuOndoafiwasassistedbyanumberof
specialstaff namely Abu Afa and Abu Akho. Those both positions hadsame function with
the Abu Afa and Abu Akho in confederation level, despite there were two Abu Akho in
villagegovernmentnamelyAbuKhabama ndAbuAkhoKhandin.
o Villageexecutivecouncil
Thefunctionariesofvillagegovernmentarealsotheheadofeachclanwithinthevillage,as
follow:
Uwfoi:villageofficialwhoheldresponsibletoprotectedvillageinparticularrelatedto
supernaturalmatters.
PuloPhalayum:villageofficialhadauthorizationinvillagedefensesystemaswellasled
thepeoplesinwaragainsttheenemy.
Fiyo: village official who had authorization to managed fishing activityin the la ke
aroundthevillage.
Buyo Kayo: village official who held responsible to managed and supervised the
utili zationofforest.
AniyoErayo:villageofficialw hoheldresponsibletomanageda nimalhusbandry.
Yayo:villageofficialwhoinchargedoncommunityhealthaffairs.
Burayo:villageofficialwhoh eldresponsibletoassistedthebirthofb aby.
Dali ondofolo: village officia l whohadauthorizatio n to maintained public orderand
ensuredthecustomarylawa reobeyedaswellasledthepeopleincommunitywork.
Waiondofolo:villageofficialwhohadauthorizationtomaderelationwithotherroyals.
o Yonow: an assembly that functioned as a place to discussed allimportant issues
concerningthevillage.ThisassemblycompriseofYoOndoafiandheadofeachclanwithin
thevilla gewhoalsooccupiedspecificpositioninvillagegovernment.

Clangovernment
o Khoselo :heado fclan(imea).Inperformedhisrole,KhoselowasassistedbyAkhonafafaas
clantreasurerandAbuAkhowhohadresponsibletoarrangedtheclanrituality.

Figure23:BureaucracystructureofOndoafiofeastSentani

III. References
1. Mansoben,J.R.,(1947),SistemPolitikTradisionaldiIrianJaya,Indonesia:StudiPerbandingan,
Leid en

11. RoyalPagaruyung
Pagaruyungwasaroyalthatestablis hedin1347ADandthentransformedtoIslamicSultanatein16 th
century. This royal located in west Sumatra and could be seen as a continuance of confederation
politicalsystemthath adbeene xistedinMinangkabausociety.
I. Territory
The territorial concept of Pagaruyung kingdom could be seen from two perspectives, which is
geographical and cultural perspective. From geographical perspective, territory of royal of
Pagaruyungcomposedofthreeterritorialgroups,namelyDarek,Rantaua ndPesisir.
The Darek region was the main regionof Pagaruyungthat located inthe highland area of Bukit
Barisan mountain range. The nagarinagari inside of the Darek region was classified into three
groupsofregioncalledLuhaknanTigo,asfollow:
Luhak Tanah Data encompassed nine groups of nagari3 , namely Tampuak Tangkai Pariangan
SalapanKoto(Pariangan,PadangPanjang,Guguak,Sikaladi,KotoTuo,TanjuangLimau,Sialahan,
Batu Basa), Tujuah Langgam di Hilia (Turawan, Padang Lua, Padang Magek, Sawah Kareh,
Kinawai,Balimbiang,BukikTamusu),LimoKaumDuoBalehKoto(DusunTuo,BalahLabuah,Balai
Batu, Kubu Rajo, Piliang, Ngungun, Panti, Silabuak Ampalu, Parambahan, Cubadak, Supanjang,
Pabalu tan,SawahJauah,Rambatan,TabekSawahTangah),SambilanKotodiDalam(TabekBoto,
Salagondo,Baringin,Koto,Baranjak,LantaiBatu,BukikGombak,SungaiAmeh,AmbacangBaririk,
RajoDani),TanjuangNanTigoLubuakNanTigo(TanjuangAlam,TanjuangSungayang,Tanjuang
Barulak, Lubuak Sikarah, Lubuak Simauang, Lubuak Sipurai), Sungai Tarab Tujuah Batu (Limo
Batu,TigoBatu,IkuaKapaloKapak,RandaiGombakKatitiran,KotoTuoPasiaLaweh,KotoBaru,
RaoRao,SaloPatirSumaniak,Supayang,Situmbuak,GurunAmpalu,SijangekKotoBadampiang),
LanggamNanTujuah(Labutan,SungaiJambu,BatipuahNagariGadang,TanjuangBali kSulikAia,
Singkarak, Saniang Baka, Silungkang, Padang Sibusuak, Sumaniak, Suraso, Simawang, Bukit
Kandung), Batipuah Sapuluah Koto (Batipuah, KotoBaru Aia Angek, Koto Laweh Pandai Sikek,
Panyalaian, Bukik Suruangan, Gunuang, Paninjauan,Jaho Tambangan, Pitalah Bungo Tanjuang,
Sumpu Malalo, Singgalang),and LintauBuoSambilan Koto (Batu Bulek, Balai Tangah, Tanjuang
Bonai,TapiSeloLubuakJantan,Buo,Pangian,TaluakTigoJangko).
Luhak Agam encompasses three groups of nagari, namely AmpekAmpek Angkek (Bia ro,
Balaigurah, Lambah, Panampuang, Canduang, Kotolaweh, Kurai, Banuhampu, Sianok, Koto
Gadang,Guguak,TabekSarajo,Sariak,Sungaipua,Batagak,BatuPalano),LawangNanTigoBalai
(MatuaPalembayan,Malalak,SungaiLandie),andNagariSakaliliangDanauManinjau(Maninjau,
Sungai Batang, Sigiran, Tanjuang Sani, Bayua, Koto Kaciak, Koto Gadang Koto Malintang,
Paninjauan,BatuKambiang,LubuakBasuang,Manggopoh).
LuhakLimapuluahKotoencompassesfivegroupsofnagari,namelySandi(KotoNanGadang,Koto
Nan Ampek), Luhak (Suayan, Sungai Balatiak, Sariak Laweh, Tambun Ijuak, Batuhampa, Koto
Tangah, Babai, Durian Gadang, Aia Tabik, Sungai Kamuyang, Sit ujuah, Limbukan, Padang
Karambia, Sicincin, Aua Kuniang, Tiaka Payobasuang, Mungo, Andale h, Taram, Bukik Limbuku,
Batu Balang, Koto Nan Ampek, Koto Nan Gadang), Lareh (Sitanang Muaro Lakin, Ampalu,
Halaban,LabuahGunuang,TanjuangGadang,Unggan,GunuangSahilan),Ranah(Gantiang,Koto
Laweh, Suliki, Sungai Rimbang, Tiakar, Balai Mansiro, Balai Talang, Balai Kubang, Taeh,

3
Nagari is a group of villages that have met certain requirements, such as has had perfectly
governmentals ystema ndwasinhabitedbyatleastfourtribes.
Simala nggang,Piobang,SungaiBaringin,Gurun,LubuakBatingkok,Tarantang,SariLamak,Solok),
Hulu(PadangLaweh,SungaiPatai,Suliki,GunuangSago,LabuahGunuang,Bala iKotoTinggi).
Rantau and Pesisir region was the royal vassal region that obliged to paid tax to the king of
Pagaruyung.Rantauregionencompassedanumberofnagarithatlocatedinseveralplacessuchas
in east coast ofSumatra (Pasaman, Lubuk Sikaping and Rao),south andsoutheast side of Luhak
TanahData(SolokSilayo,MuaroPaneh,AlahanPanjang,MuaroL abuah,AlamSurambiSungaiPagu,
Sawah lunto Sijunjung), along a several of huge riverlike Batangsangir river (Rantau 12 Koto),
Batanghaririver(NagariCatinanBatigo),Darehriver(Siguntue,RantauNanKurangAsoDuopuluah),
SungaiTapuang(Bandaronan44),RantauJuduhanandNegeriSembilan. Pasisirregionencompasses
anumberofnagarilikeMeulaboh,TapakTuan,Singkil,Sibolga,Sikilang,AieBangih,Tiku,Pariaman,
Padang, Bandar Sapuluah (Air Haji, Balai Salasa, Sungai Tunu, Punggasan, Lakitan, Kambang,
Ampiang Parak,Surantiah, Batang kapeh, Painan), Bayang nan Tujuah, Indrapura, Kerinci, Muko
muko,andBengkulu.
Fromculturalperspective,eachnagariinPagaruyungterritoriescouldbefurtherclassifiedintothree
groups of nagari based on itscustomary system (lareh), namely lareh KotoPiliang, lareh Bodi
Chaniago and la reh nan Panjang. The three of lareh, however, followed the principality of
deliberationandconsensusindecisionmaking.
The Bodi Caniago system is based uponegalitarianprinciples whereinallPenghulu (headof tribe)
belong to thissystem haveequal position. Theterritory of lareh Bodi Chaniagocomprisedthree
groupsofnagariinluhakTanahData(LimoKaumDuoBalehKoto,Sambila nKotodiDalam,Tanjuang
NanTigoLubuakNanTigo),twogroupsofnagariinluhakAgam(LawangNanTigoBalaiandNagari
SakaliliangdanauManinja u)andtwogroupsofnagariinluhakLimapuluahKoto(HuluandLuhak).
Inthecontraryside,therewasKotoPiliangsystemthathadmoreautocraticsensewithhierarchcal
positionof Penghulu. The Territory of la reh Koto Piliang comprised five groups of nagari inluhak
Tanah Data (Tujuah Langgam di Hilia, Sungai Tarab Tujuah Batu, Langgam Nan Tujuah, Batipuah
Sapuluah Koto,and Lintau BuoSambilan Koto), groups of nagari AmpekAmpek Angkek in luhak
AgamandLarehi nluhakLimapuluahKoto.
Furthermore, there wasalso Lareh nan Panjang which originated from the combination of Bodi
Chaniago and Koto Piliang system. However, as was Koto Piliang, Lareh nan Panjang also
distinguis hed Penghulu position in hierarchical manner. The territory of lareh Nan Panja ng
comprisedseveralgroupsofnagari,namelyTampuakTangkaiParianganSalapanK otoinlarehTanah
DataandRanahi nluhakL imapuluahKoto.
Centralgovernment
o RajaTigoSelo:HeadofGovernment.
There were three kings reign in Pagaruyung kingdom, namely Raja Alam seated in
Pagaruyung,RajaAdatseatedinSumpurKudusandRajaIbadatseatedinBuo.Togetherthey
werecalledRajaTigaSelo.TheRajaAlam,astheheadofRajaTigaSelo,hadauthorizationto
runtheroyalgovernmentwhilethelasttwokingswerepositionedasthefinalauthoritiesin
theirrespectivefield,suchastheRajaAdatdecidedthecustomarylawaffairsandtheRaja
Ibadat in charged in religious matter. However, if there was undecided proble m; it then
broughttotheRajaAlam.
o DatuknanBatujuh:sevenkingsviceroy,whowereofficialycalledDatuknanBatujuh.
In the Luhakregio ns, the kingshipinstitution functionedas a social arbitrationbut didnot
have much authority over the village internal affairs. The Raja Alam only has absolute
auhtorithy toward the rantau nagari through the viceroy whowere act for the king.The
viceroy ruled the rantau regionnamely, Rantau nan kurang aso duo puluah, Rantau duo
balehkoto,RantauJuduhan,RantauBandaronan44,NagariSembilan,BandarX,Bayangn an
Tujuh.
o DatukNanBarampek:fourroyalofficerswhoheldresponsibleonp alacehouseholdaffairs.
o Basa Ampek Bala i: royal ministry council that functioned as executive body who held
responsibilitytorandailygovernment.
TheBasaAmpekBalaicouncilcomposedoffourmembersasfollow:
Bandaharo: royal prime minister andtheleader of Basa Ampek Balai, seated in nagari
SungaiTarab
Makhudum:royalminis terofforeignaffairs,seatedinnagariSumanik.
Indomo:royalministerofcustomarylaw,seatedinnagariSaruaso.
TuanKadi:royalministerofreligiouslaw,seatedinPadangGanting.
o Special region: groups of nagari namely Langgam Nan Tujuh and Tanjuang Nan Ampek,
LubuakNanTigothatwereplaceddirectlyunderthekinga uthority.
LanggamNanTujuhwassevenheadofKotoPiliangsnagarilocatedinLuhakTanahDatathat
heldresponsibleons omes pecialmatters,asfollows:
DatukBandaroPutihtitledPamuncakKotoPiliang:headofnagariSungaiTarabwhoheld
responsiblea sa primeministerofroyalPagaruyungandledthelarehKotoPiliangatonce.
Tuan Gadangtitled Harimau Compo Koto Piliang: head of nagari Batipuh X Koto who
playedaroleasa commandero fPagaruyungarmedforces.
PasakKungkungKotoPiliang:headofnagariSungaiJambuwhoinchargedonculturaland
educationa ffairs.
PerdamaianKotoPiliang:headofnagariSupayanghada uthorizationonjudiciaryfunction.
CemetiKotoPiliang:headofnagariSuli kAiewhohadauthorizationonp olicefunction.
CaminTaruiKotoPiliang:headofnagariSingkarakwhoheldresponsibleoninvestigating
matters.
GajahTonggaKotoPiliang:theheadofnagariSilungkangwhofunctionedasgovernment
advisor.
TanjuangNanAmpek,LubuakNanTigowassevenheadofBodiChaniagosnagarilocatedin
Luhak Tanah Data, namely head of nagari Tanjuang Alam, head of nagari Tanjuang
Sungayang,headofnagariTanjuangBarulak,headofnagariLubuakSikarah,headofnagari
LubuakSimauangandheadofnagariLubuakSipurai.
LocalGovernment
ThelocalgovernmentstructureinPagaruyungkingdom,wereasfollow:
o Penghulucouncil:anassemblyofPenghuluoftribeswithinnagari,thatfunctionedasapla ce
todiscussedallimportantissuesconcerningnagari.
o PenghuluKepala:headofnagariandPenghulucouncilatonce.
o Penghulu of tribe: head of tribe within nagari. In played his role, Penghulu of tribe was
assisted by three tribe officials,namely Montias tribeintellectual, Dubalangastribe police
andMalinastribejudge.
o Tua Kampuang: head ofthe village. In perfomed his role, TuaKampuang wasassisted by
Panditowhoheldresponsibilityonreligiousmatters.
o Tungganai:headoffamilyclan.

Considering their customary system and the luhak where the nagari located, there was a
differenceinhierarchyofauthorityamongthenagariwithinPagaruyungkingdom.Formally,the
hierarchy of authority in nagari Koto Piliang composed with six levels successively were as
follow:Penghulucouncil,headofnagari,headofnagariine achluhak,BasaAmpekBalai,Raja
Duo Selo (Raja Adat and Raja Agama), and Raja Alam. However, there was Datuk Bandaro
Panjang who seatedin Biaro that headed traditionally KotoPiliangcustomarysysteminluhak
Agam. Whereas Raja who seated in Lareh Sitanang Muaro Lakin headed the Koto Pilia ng
customarysysteminluhakLimapuluahKoto
The hierarchy of autorithyin Bodi Chaniago traditional system, successively were Penghulu
council,LuhakcouncilandBodiChaniagocouncil.ThePenghulucouncilconsistsofanumberof
Penghulufromeachtribewithinnagari.Luhakcouncilconsistsofthreedelegationsfromeach
nagariinthesameluhak.BodiChaniagocouncilconsistsofentirememberoftheLuhakcouncil
andthe delegation fromnagari of Bodi Chaniago which located outside the territory ofLuhak
nanTigo.TherewereanumberofPenghuluactedastheheadofBodiChania gocouncilineach
level,a sfollow:
o DatukBandaroKuniangGajahGadangPatahGadiang:thegreatestleaderofBodiChania go
traditionals ystem,seatedinnagariKubaRajo.
o DatuakNanBatigo:traditionaltitleofthreeDatuknamelyDatuknanDusunTuo,Datuknan
Paliang,andDatuknanKubuRajowhoactedastheleaderofnagariBodyChaniagoinLuhak
TanahData.
o Dt. Bandaro Kunia ng:leader of Bodi Chaniago traditionalsystem in luhak Agam,seated in
nagariBaso.
o TheBodiChaniagotraditionalsysteminluhakLimapuluahKotowereledbyRajoLuhakinAir
Tabik Minyak Salabu, Rajo Hulu in Situjuh Bandanyo Dalam and Rajo Sandi in Sando
Payokumbuah.
Furthermore, therewere Datuk Bandaro KayoandMarajoBasain Pariangan Padang Panja ng
whoactedastheleaderofLarehnanPanjangcustomarysysteminluhakTanahData.Whereas
LarehnanPanjanginluhakLimapuluahKotow asledb yRajoinRanahTalagoGanting.

III. References
1. Abidin,HM.,().,MinangkabaudanSistemKekerabatan:HubunganKekeluargaanMinangkabau,
bersuku keibu, bersako ke mamak, dan bernasab ke ayah., Draft sumbangan Pikiran untuk
KompilasiABSSBK
2. Navis ,A.A., (1984)., Alam Takambang menjadi Guru; ADat dan Kebudayaan Minangkabau.,
Jakarta:PT.GrafitiPress
3. Salim,A.,().,SejarahyangTercecer.,
http://www.s umbarprov.go.id/home/detail.asp?iData=498&iCat=480&iChannel=32&nChannel=
Artikel
4. Yakub,Nurdin.,(1987).,Minangkabautanahp usaka:tamboMinangkabau.,PustakaIndonesia
5. Sati,Rajo.,().,TamboAdatMinangkabautentangUndangundangNo20HukumAlamdan
UndangUndangno.21tentangHukumAdat
6. Sairin,S.,(1995).,DemokrasidalamPerspektifKebudayaanMinangkabau.,JurnalHumaniora
7. http://ukm.unit.itb.ac.id/
8. http://www.a ngelfire.com/id2/adyan/minang/tambo.html

Figure24:BureaucracystructureofroyalPagaruyung

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9. Krackhardt,David.,(1990).,Assessingthe Political Landscape: Structure, Cognition,and Power

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