See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11518031

Influence of Posts and Cores on Light

Transmission Through Different All-Ceramic
Crowns...

Article in The International journal of prosthodontics January 2001

Source: PubMed

CITATIONS READS

36 206

6 authors, including:

Stefano Lombardo Paolo Pera

6 PUBLICATIONS 93 CITATIONS Universit degli Studi di Genova
83 PUBLICATIONS 874 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE

SEE PROFILE

Massimo Corsalini
Universit degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro
58 PUBLICATIONS 113 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Paolo Pera on 22 March 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document
and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.
 Influence of Posts and Cores Stefano Carossa, MD, DDSa
on Light Transmission Through Stefano Lombardo, DDSb
Different All-Ceramic Crowns: Paolo Pera, MD, DDSc
Massimo Corsalini, MD, DDSd
Spectrophotometric and Maria Luisa Rastello, PhDe
Clinical Evaluation Giulio Preti, MD, DDSf

Purpose: The influence of different types of posts and cores on light transmission through
all-ceramic crowns was assessed by spectrophotometric analysis and clinical evaluation.
Materials and Methods: Three extracted natural teeth were replicated in acrylic resin, with
roots prepared to receive standardized posts and cores. Using a silicone impression material
as a template, various prosthodontic reconstructions were obtained by combining four types
of posts and cores (polished and matte-finished gold alloy, all-ceramic, and ceramized
metal alloy) and three types of all-ceramic crowns (IPS-Empress 2 surface-colored, IPS-
Empress 2 stratified, and In-Ceram). The spectrophotometric analysis was performed in the
dark at 25C. The teeth were backlit with an incandescent lamp at the color temperature of
A illuminant and shielded to avoid spurious light entering the spectrophotometer. The
transmitted light was analyzed in terms of luminance at four points of the sample surface
(cervical, middle, incisal, and proximal). Twelve measurements were performed for the
natural teeth, and 144 were performed for the artificial teeth. Results: Natural teeth had the
highest luminance. Among all-ceramic crowns, surface-colored IPS-Empress 2 had the
highest luminance, and stratified IPS-Empress 2 had the lowest. Regarding posts and cores,
the luminance was highest with the all ceramic, lower with the ceramized and the polished
gold alloy (which had very similar luminance), and lowest with the matte-finished gold
alloy. No significant difference among prosthodontic combinations was detected under
clinical observation. Conclusion: The surface-colored glass ceramic (IPS-Empress 2) was the
most translucent crown. At the standard crown thickness used, there were small, significant
spectrophotometric, but not clinical, differences among the combinations tested. These
findings show no esthetic contraindications for the use of polished gold alloy posts and
cores with all-ceramic crowns. Int J Prosthodont 2001;14:914.

T he appearance of the natural dentition is largely

determined by the effects of incident light.
aFull Professor and Lecturer, Prosthodontic Department, University
of Torino Dental School, Italy.
bLecturer, Prosthodontic Department, University of Torino Dental
School, Italy.
cProfessor and Chairman, Prosthodontic Department, University of
Genova Dental School, Italy.
dAssistant Professor, Prosthodontic Department, University of Bari
Dental School, Italy.
eAssistant Professor in Physic, National Electrotechnical Institute
G. Ferraris, Torino, Italy.
fProfessor and Chairman, Prosthodontic Department, University of
Torino Dental School, Italy.
Reprint requests: Prof Giulio Preti, Prosthodontic Department,
University of Turin Dental School, Corso Dogliotti 14,
10126 Torino, Italy. Fax: + 39/011/6636489. e-mail:
preti@molinette.unito.it
Various tissues with different indices of reflection, re-
fraction, and absorption constitute the natural tooth.
In anterior teeth, the light is refracted almost linearly
near the margins, where there is more enamel, giv-
ing a translucent effect, while in the central zone,
where reflection and absorption prevail, there is
greater opacity.15
Among the various materials used in prosthodon-
tics, ceramics closely reproduce the appearance of
the natural dentition, having an optical behavior very
similar to that of dental hard tissues. The presence of
a metallic substructure, which is a total barrier to the
transmission of light, gives the metal-ceramic crown
an unfavorable chromatic aspect. For this reason,
the esthetically most important teeth often demand
restoration with ceramics alone without any metal-
lic substructure. The most commonly used materials
are glass ceramics, whose chromatic characteristics

COPYRIGHT 2000 BY QUINTESSENCE PUBLISHING CO, INC. PRINTING

OF THIS DOCUMENT IS RESTRICTED TO PERSONAL USE ONLY. NO PART OF
THIS ARTICLE MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM WITH- Volume 14, Number 1, 2001 9 The International Journal of Prosthodontics
OUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHER.
 Influence of Posts and Cores on Light Transmission
Fig 1 Different prosthodontic combinations: canines (top row),
lateral incisors (middle row), and central incisors (bottom row).
Posts and cores: ceramized metal alloy (first column from left),
all-ceramic IPS-Empress 2 (second column), polished gold alloy
(third column), and matte-finished gold alloy (fourth column). All-
ceramic crowns: In-Ceram (fifth column), stratified IPS-Empress
2 (sixth column), and surface-colored IPS-Empress 2 (seventh
column).
Fig 2 (right) Spectrophotometric analysis zones: cervical (1),
middle (2), incisal (3), and proximal (4).
are obtained by surface coloration or stratification,
and aluminous ceramics.68
The material used for the reconstruction is partic-
ularly important in endodontically treated teeth,
which frequently need extensive subcoronal foun-
dations. At present, the cast alloy post and core is the
most widely adopted method. This kind of recon-
struction is highly reliable; besides marginal preci-
sion, it fulfills two important biomechanical princi-
ples, that is, a shape of the post that is suitable for
preparation and structural homogeneity between in-
traradicular and extraradicular portions. Recently, to
improve light transmission, de Rouffignac and de
Cooman9 proposed the technique of cast metal posts
and cores with a ceramized core that consists of a cast
post, with one or two thin metallic tags in the coro-
nal portion bearing the ceramic for the core. This kind
of post and core has the precision and strength of the
metal post and the esthetic characteristics of a ce-
ramic core. All-ceramic posts and cores have been re-
cently introduced for optimizing esthetic recon-
struction, thanks to their translucency. However, this
type of reconstruction has not yet been subjected to
long-term follow-up.
The aim of this study was to assess, by spec-
trophotometric analysis, the influence of different
types of posts and cores on light transmission through
various all-ceramic crowns. Subjective clinical eval-
uation of the different prosthodontic combinations
was performed by clinicians.
The International Journal of Prosthodontics
Carossa et al
Materials and Methods
To obtain morphologically correct crowns, three nat-
ural teeth (maxillary right central and lateral incisor
and canine) were used as models. The teeth were ex-
tracted because of periodontal disease and were kept
in distilled water with 0.2% thymol for 7 days before
the analysis.10 The gingiva was reproduced by a resin
simulator (Gingifast elastic, Zhermak). For each nat-
ural tooth, an acrylic resin copy (Sr Ivocron, Ivoclar)
whose root was prepared to receive standardized
posts and cores was created. Using a silicone im-
pression material (Zeta Labor, Zhermak) to form a
template, four types of posts and cores and three
types of all-ceramic crowns were constructed for
each tooth, each having identical shape and size and
a crown thickness ranging from 1.5 to 1.8 mm.
Of the four types of posts and cores, two were cast
in gold alloy (one polished and one matte finished),
one was pressure die cast in lithium disilicate glass
ceramic (IPS-Empress 2, Ivoclar), and one was cast in
palladium alloy and ceramized according to the
method proposed by de Rouffignac and de Cooman9
(Fig 1). Among the three types of all-ceramic crowns,
two were made of glass ceramic (IPS-Empress 2), one
surface colored and one stratified with feldspathic ce-
ramic (Noritake) on the IPS-Empress 2 core; the third
crown was in aluminous ceramic (In-Ceram, Vita) and
was stratified with feldspathic ceramic reinforced
with alumina crystals (Vitadur N, Vita) (Fig 1).
COPYRIGHT 2000 BY QUINTESSENCE PUBLISHING CO, INC. PRINTING
OF THIS DOCUMENT IS RESTRICTED TO PERSONAL USE ONLY.
NO PART OF
10 Volume 14, Number 1, 2001 THIS ARTICLE MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM WITH-
OUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHER.
 Carossa et al
Fig 3a Complete denture under clinical evaluation: polished
gold alloy posts and cores.
Twelve different prosthodontic combinations were
analyzed for each artificial tooth, for a total of 36 sam-
ples. Each tooth underwent spectrophotometric analy-
sis on four zones of the facial surface: two were directly
influenced by the underlying posts and cores (cervi-
comiddle) and two were indirectly influenced (in-
cisoproximal) (Fig 2). The same zones were examined
in the three control natural teeth. Thus, 144 measure-
ments were made in the artificial teeth and 12 were
made in the natural ones. The analysis was performed
in a dark room at 25C. The samples, positioned on a
firm base, were shielded with silicone, leaving only the
clinical crowns exposed to avoid spurious light enter-
ing the instrument. The teeth were backlit with an in-
candescent lamp and placed in a black box 20 cm
away, having a steady and controlled power supply
(500 W, 120 V) to generate the color temperature of
A illuminant (2,856 K). An adjustable diaphragm
placed halfway between the lamp and the model
shielded the light produced by the lamp. The analysis
was performed using the Spectro Pritchard Photometer
1980 B/SX (Photo Research) with additional lens OL-
7Q. The spectrophotometer was placed 150 cm away
from the sample tooth using a visual angle of 2 degrees,
so that the transmitted light was measured on four
points of the tooth surface, each having an area of
about 1 mm2. Each measurement lasted 2 minutes
and consisted of scattering the visible spectrum (380
to 780 nm) at 5-nm intervals.11 The instrument gives
automatically the following data: radiance (W/sterad
m2), luminance (candles/m2), and color coordinates
according to the CIE system 1931 (X, Y, Z), the CIE sys-
tem 1960 (u, v), and the CIE system 1976 (uv ). Each
value represented the mean of three consecutive mea-
sures performed in rapid sequence.
The clinical evaluation was performed by ten experts
in fixed prosthodontics and by five dental students, all
COPYRIGHT 2000 BY QUINTESSENCE PUBLISHING CO, INC. PRINTING
OF THIS DOCUMENT IS RESTRICTED TO PERSONAL USE ONLY.
NO PART OF
THIS ARTICLE MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM WITH- Volume 14, Number 1, 2001
OUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHER.
Influence of Posts and Cores on Light Transmission
Fig 3b Stratified IPS-Empress 2 crowns.
with good eyesight. The samples were included in a
maxillary complete denture that was placed in the
mouth of an edentulous patient (Fig 3). The observers
were invited to compare side by side, in single blind,
the chromatic appearance of each all-ceramic crown
when varying the post and core, using the Vita 3D
Master criteria for tooth color detection. In brief, they
stood about 50 cm from the patients oral cavity using
either natural or artificial diffuse light.
The data were analyzed using the Students t test
for paired or unpaired data. The comparisons of lu-
minance values among prosthodontic reconstruc-
tions, namely types of posts and cores and types of
ceramic, were performed with the Bonferroni multi-
ple comparisons test.
Results
At clinical examination, no difference in the chro-
matic aspect of each prosthodontic combination was
noticed by all the observers but one, who detected
just a small difference in the central and lateral incisor
brightness with surface-colored IPS-Empress 2 crowns
placed on gold alloy and on all-ceramic posts and
cores.
Spectrophotometric analysis showed that colori-
metric data, like clinical evaluation, gave no signifi-
cant difference in the chromatic aspects of the re-
constructions. The spectral data showed no significant
difference in the wavelengths of the different samples.
By contrast, photometric data showed significant dif-
ferences among prosthodontic combinations; thus, lu-
minance best represents both the quantity of light
crossing the sample and the visual effect on human
observers. The tooth was thus considered as a source
of transmitted light and characterized in terms of lu-
minance. In other words, the luminance values in the
11 The International Journal of Prosthodontics
 Influence of Posts and Cores on Light Transmission Carossa et al

Table 1 Luminance of All-Ceramic Crowns and Natural Teeth (Irrespective of Post

and Core, Zone, and Tooth)

IPS-Empress 2 IPS-Empress 2
Natural teeth (A) surface colored (B) In-Ceram (C) Stratified (D)
Mean SEM Mean SEM Mean SEM Mean SEM

Luminance 159 29 107 11 77 10 59 8

Significance of A vs P < 0.02 P < 0.001 P < 0.001
Significance of B vs P < 0.05 P < 0.001
Significance of C vs NS
SEM = standard error of the mean; NS = not significant.

Table 2 Comparison of Luminance Values of All-Ceramic Crowns by Type of Post

and Core (Irrespective of Zone and Tooth)

All-ceramic Ceramized Polished gold Matte-finished gold

post and core (A) post and core (B) post and core (C) post and core (D)
Mean SEM Mean SEM Mean SEM Mean SEM

IPS-Empress 2 110.5 22.6 106.8 22.7 106.6 22.7 104.3 22.7

surface colored
Significance of A vs P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001
Significance of B vs NS P < 0.05
Significance of C vs P < 0.05
In-Ceram 79.7 22.2 77.3 21.7 75.9 21.5 75.6 21.3
Significance of A vs P < 0.05 P < 0.001 P < 0.001
Significance of B vs NS NS
Significance of C vs NS
IPS-Empress 2 63.1 18.4 60.4 17.9 55.9 15.1 54.6 15.0
stratified
Significance of A vs NS NS NS
Significance of B vs NS NS
Significance of C vs NS
SEM = standard error of the mean; NS = not significant.

Table 3 Comparison of Luminance Values by Type of Post and Core and by Zone
(Irrespective of Ceramic and Tooth)

All-ceramic Ceramized Polished gold Matte-finished gold

post and core (A) post and core (B) post and core (C) post and core (D)
Mean SEM Mean SEM Mean SEM Mean SEM

Cervicomiddle 26.2 6.2 24.0 5.9 23.5 5.7 22.4 5.6

Significance of A vs P < 0.01 P < 0.001 P < 0.001
Significance of B vs NS NS
Significance of C vs NS
Incisoproximal 142.7 13.7 139.0 13.6 135.5 13.1 133.7 13.1
Significance of A vs NS NS P < 0.01
Significance of B vs NS NS
Significance of C vs NS
SEM = standard error of the mean; NS = not significant.

tables represent the photometric measurements ob-
tained considering natural and artificial teeth as opal
glass illuminated by a known level of illuminance and
with a reference lamp of known color temperature.12
Artificial teeth had a luminance significantly lower
than that of the three natural samples. Among all-ce-
ramic crowns, surface-colored IPS-Empress 2 had
the highest luminance, and the stratified IPS-Empress
2 had the lowest (Table 1).
The influence of different posts and cores on the
luminance of the three all-ceramic crowns is re-
ported in Table 2. With all-ceramic posts and cores,
the luminance of both surface-colored IPS-Empress
2 and In-Ceram crowns was significantly higher than
with the other types of post and core, particularly the
matte-finished gold alloy one. The different posts
and cores had no significant influence on the strati-
fied IPS-Empress 2.

COPYRIGHT 2000 BY QUINTESSENCE PUBLISHING CO, INC. PRINTING

OF THIS DOCUMENT IS RESTRICTED TO PERSONAL USE ONLY.
NO PART OF
The International Journal of Prosthodontics 12 Volume 14, Number 1, 2001 THIS ARTICLE MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM WITH-
OUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHER.
 Carossa et al
As shown in Table 3, the different posts and cores
had greater influence on the luminance of the cervi-
comiddle zone than on that of the incisoproximal
one. In the cervicomiddle zone, the all-ceramic post
and core had significantly greater luminance than the
other three types. In the incisoproximal zone, the
only significant difference was between the all-ce-
ramic and the matte-finished post and core.
Discussion
The results of this study show that the luminance of
artificial teeth is significantly influenced by the ma-
terial used for crowns and posts and cores. The com-
parison among the three all-ceramic crowns showed
that surface-colored glass ceramic (IPS-Empress 2)
had the highest luminance, whatever the post and
core (Tables 1 and 2). The lower luminance of the
stratified IPS-Empress 2 and In-Ceram crowns might
depend on their composition.8,1317
The all-ceramic post and core had significantly
greater luminance than the other three, with the
matte-finished one being the lowest. The difference
was significant for surface-colored IPS-Empress 2
and In-Ceram, but not for the stratified IPS-Empress
2 (Table 2). It can be supposed that the low translu-
cency of this ceramic limited the effect of the un-
derlying reconstruction. Unfortunately, because of
their hardness, the all-ceramic posts and cores may
induce biomechanical stress to residual radicular
structures.18
No significant difference appeared between ce-
ramized and polished gold alloy posts and cores with
all types of crown and in the zones. The greater lu-
minance with polished gold alloy posts and cores, as
compared to the matte-finished one, may be because
of reflection of incident light on the lingual surfaces
of posts and cores. The light, reflected in many di-
rections and transmitted inside the crown, may reach
the facial surface, increasing the luminance detected
by the spectrophotometer. However, these reflec-
tions have the colorimetric features of the metal alloy
from which they are produced. Thus, it seems advis-
able to use metal alloy posts and cores cast with a
high-gold fineness, not only for biomechanical ad-
vantages and biocompatibility, but also for the hue
most similar to the natural teeth.
As expected, the luminance was significantly in-
fluenced by zone, being highest in the incisoproximal
one and lowest in the cervicomiddle zone, where
light transmission is interfered with by the presence of
posts and cores and by the greater tooth thickness
(Table 3). Artificial teeth had significantly lower lu-
minance than natural teeth, although the comparison
was done with only three natural samples.
COPYRIGHT 2000 BY QUINTESSENCE PUBLISHING CO, INC. PRINTING
OF THIS DOCUMENT IS RESTRICTED TO PERSONAL USE ONLY.
NO PART OF
THIS ARTICLE MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM WITH- Volume 14, Number 1, 2001
OUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHER.
Influence of Posts and Cores on Light Transmission
At variance with photometric data, no significant dif-
ference among the four posts and cores was detected
by clinical observation. The disagreement between
objective and subjective evaluation might depend on
the different conditions of observation because tooth
appearance is not usually evaluated under intraoral ar-
tificial transillumination. Moreover, as observed in the
literature, a wide range of factors influence tooth es-
thetics, such as hue,5,10,1820 tooth shape,5,19,20 phys-
iochemical influences of materials,6,7,15,16,1922 strati-
fication and firing technique,19,2325 type of ceramic
and cementation system, and particularly thick-
ness.6,19,26,27 In this regard, a ceramic thickness lower
than that used in this study (1.5 to 1.8 mm, as recom-
mended by the manufacturer), may accentuate the in-
fluence of the post and core, making discrimination by
the human eye easier.
Conclusions
The surface-colored glass ceramic IPS-Empress 2
had the highest luminance because of the greater
translucency of the material.
Among posts and cores at the standard crown
thickness used, the matte-finished gold alloy had
the lowest luminance, the all-ceramic had the
highest, and ceramized metal and polished gold
alloy posts and cores had intermediate values of
luminance that were very similar to each other.
No relevant clinical difference was detected
among the different prosthodontic preparations.
Despite the fact that all-ceramic posts and cores
showed the luminance most similar to natural teeth,
because of their hardness and their high cost, they can-
not be recommended for clinical practice. In these re-
gards, the polished gold ones seem more suitable for
routine use, at least at the thickness used in this study.
It has to be evaluated if at lower ceramic thickness this
type of post and core assumes a greater influence on
both luminance values and clinical observation.
Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully acknowledge the excellent technical sup-
port of Mr Biagio Ciancio.
References
1. Douglas RD. Precision of in vivo colorimetric assessments of
teeth. J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:464470.
2. ten Bosch JJ, Coops JC. Tooth color and reflectance as related to
light scattering and enamel hardness. J Dent Res 1995;74:374380.
3. Johnston WM, Kao EC. Assessment of appearance match by visual
observation and clinical colorimetry. J Dent Res 1989;68:819822.
4. Wasson W, Schuman N. Color vision and dentistry. Quintessence
Int 1992;23:349353.
13 The International Journal of Prosthodontics
 Influence of Posts and Cores on Light Transmission Carossa et al

5. Goodkind RJ, Schwabacher WB. Use of a fiber-optic colorime- 567572.

ter for in vivo color measurements of 2830 anterior teeth. J
Prosthet Dent 1987;58:535542.
6. Jacobs SH, Goodacre CJ, Moore BK, Dykema RW. Effect of porce-
lain thickness and type of metal-ceramic alloy on color. J Prosthet
Dent 1987;57:138145.
7. Brewer JD, Akers CK, Garlapo DA, Sorensen SE. Spectrometric
analysis of the influence of metal substrates on the color of
metal-ceramic restorations. J Dent Res 1985;64:7477.
8. de Rouffignac M, de Cooman J. Aesthetic all-porcelain anterior
restorations. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1992;4:913.
9. de Rouffignac M, de Cooman J. Reconstruction cramo-met-
alliques des dents dpulpes destines recevoir des coiffes sans
alliage. 2 partie. Rev Fr Prothes Dent 1990;21:2937.
10. Strawn SE, White JM, Marshall GW, Gee L, Goodis HE, Marshall
SJ. Spectroscopic changes in human dentine exposed to various
storage solutionsShort term. J Dent 1996;24:417423.
11. Schneider WE. Spectroradiometry methods. In: de Cusatis C (ed).
Handbook of Applied Photometry. New York: AIP, 1997:239264.
12. Ohno Y. Photometric standards. In: de Cusatis C (ed). Handbook
of Applied Photometry. New York: AIP, 1997:9193.
13. Seghi R, Johnston WM, OBrien WJ. Spectrophotometric analy-
sis of color differences between porcelain systems. J Prosthet
Dent 1986;56:3540.
14. Davis BK, Johnston WM, Saba RF. Kubelka-Munk reflectance
theory applied to porcelain veneer systems using a colorimeter.
Int J Prosthodont 1994;7:227233.
15. Seghi R, Hewlett ER, Kim J. Visual and instrumental colorimet-
ric assessments of small color differences on translucent dental
porcelain. J Dent Res 1989;68:17601764.
16. Davis BK, Aquilino SA, Lund PS, Diaz-Arnold AM, Denehy GE.
Subjective evaluation of the effect of porcelain opacity on the re-
sultant color of porcelain veneers. Int J Prosthodont 1990;3:
17. Davis BK, Aquilino SA, Lund PS, Diaz-Arnold AM, Denehy GE.
Colorimetric evaluation of the effect of porcelain opacity on the
resultant color of porcelain veneers. Int J Prosthodont 1992;5:
130136.
18. Kwiatkowski S, Geller W. A preliminary consideration on the glass-
ceramic dowel post and core. Int J Prosthodont 1989;2:
5155.
19. Jorgenson MW, Goodkind RJ. Spectrophotometric study of five
porcelain shades relative to the dimensions of color, porcelain
thickness, and repeated firings. J Prosthet Dent 1979;42:96105.
20. Barghi N, Richardson JT. A study of various factors influencing
shade of bonded porcelain. J Prosthet Dent 1978;39:282284.
21. Crispin BJ, Okamoto SK, Globe H. Effect of porcelain crown sub-
structures on visually perceivable value. J Prosthet Dent 1991;
66:209212.
22. Esquivel JF, Chai J, Wozniak WT. Color stability of low-fusing
porcelains for titanium. Int J Prosthodont 1995;8:479485.
23. Crispin BJ, Hewlett E, Seghi R. Relative color stability of ceramic
stains subjected to glazing temperatures. J Prosthet Dent
1991;66:2023.
24. Barghi N. Color and glaze: Effect of repeated firings. J Prosthet
Dent 1982;47:393395.
25. Barghi N, Goldberg J. Porcelain shade stability after repeated fir-
ing. J Prosthet Dent 1977;37:173175.
26. Eliades T, Johnston WM, Eliades G. Direct light transmittance
through ceramic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1995;
107:1119.
27. OBrien WJ, Fan PL, Groh CL. Color differences coefficients of
body-opaque double layers. Int J Prosthodont 1994;7:5661.

IJP Goes Online in 2001

The International Journal of Prosthodontics offers a new benefit to subscribers in 2001:

You can now enjoy an online subscription to this valuable resource, with full access to
all the articles and images in the print version, at no additional cost.

Just log on to the Quintessence website,

www.quintpub.com
and follow the simple, step-by-step instructions for registering your online subscription to
IJP. Its as easy as that.

Access to the IJP Web Edition is free for a limited time to anyone who visits the site, so
please encourage your colleagues to visit.

COPYRIGHT 2000 BY QUINTESSENCE PUBLISHING CO, INC. PRINTING

OF THIS DOCUMENT IS RESTRICTED TO PERSONAL USE ONLY.
NO PART OF
The International Journal of Prosthodontics 14 Volume 14, Number 1, 2001 THIS ARTICLE MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM WITH-
OUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHER.

View publication stats