Hydraulics

Engineering
Fundamentals of
Fluid Flow
 INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
The term hydraulics is generally used
to specify that branch of mechanics which
is concerned with the laws controlling the
behavior of water and other liquids in the
states of rest and motion. The three
branches into which hydraulics is subdivided
are
1. Hydrostatics which is the study of liquids
at rest,
2. Hydrokinetics which deals with the
geometry of motion of liquids without
considering the forces causing that
motion, and
3. Hydrodynamics which deals with the
forces exerted by or upon liquids in
motion including relations between
velocities and accelerations involved in
such fluid motion.
 Fundamentals of Fluid Flow

Principles Involved:
Conservation of Mass
Energy Principle
Principle of Momentum
 Discharge or flow rate, Q

is the amount of fluid passing through a section

per unit of time.

Expressed as:
Mass flow rate (kg/sec) Q = AV
Weight flow rate (kN/sec) M = Q
Volume flow rate (m3/sec) W = Q
Where:
Q = discharge in m3/s or ft3/s
A = cross-sectional area of flow m2 or ft2
V = mean velocity of flow in m/s or ft/s
= mass density in kg/m3 or slug/ft3
= weight density in N/m3 or lb/ft3
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Steady flow this occurs when the discharge Q

passing a given section is constant with time. If the
flow Q at the cross section varies with time, the flow
is unsteady.
 Uniform flow this occurs if the
discharge Q passing a given cross section
has steady flow for a given length of a
stream, the average velocity of the flow is
the same, this usually occurs when an
incompressible fluid flows through a stream
with uniform cross-section. In stream
where the cross-section and velocity
changes, the flow is said to be non-uniform.
 Continuous flow this occurs when at
any time, the discharge Q at every section
of the stream is the same (principle of
conservation of mass)
Continuous Flow
 Continuity Equation:
For incompressible fluids
Q = A1V1 = A2V2 = A3V3 = constant

For compressible fluids

1A1V1 = 2A2V2 = 3A3V3 = constant
1A1V1 = 2A2V2 = 3A3V3 = constant
CONTINUITY EQUATION
 Laminar flow the flow is said to be
laminar when the of individual fluid particles
do not cross or intersect. The flow is laminar
when the Raynolds number, Re , is less than
(approximate ) equal to 2,100.
Laminar Flow
LAMINAR FLOW
 Turbulent flow is said to be turbulent
when path of individual particles are irregular
and continuously cross each other. Turbulent
flow normally occurs when Ra exceeds 2,100
(although the most common situation is when it
exceed 4,000)
LAMINAR VS TURBULENT
 One dimensional flow this occurs when in an
incompressible fluid the direction and magnitude of
the velocity at all points are identical.

Two dimensional flow this occurs when the

fluids particles move in planes or parallel planes and
the streamline patterns are not identical in each
other.
 Path Lines is a line made by a single particle as it
moves during a particular period of time.
 Stream lines these are imaginary curves drawn
through a fluid to indicate the direction of motion in
various sections of the flow the fluid system.
 Stream tubes these represents elementary
portions of a flowing fluid bounded by a group of
stream lines which confine flow.
 Flow nets these are drawn to indicate flow
patterns in case of two dimensional flow or three
dimensional flow.

Energy and Head the energy possessed by a

flowing fluid consist of the kinetic and the potential
energy.
Potential energy ( 2 divisions )
Due to position
Due to pressure
 Kinetic energy ability of the fluid mass to do
work by the virtue of its velocity.
Kinetic or velocity

For circular pipe of diameter D flowing full

 Elevation energy (Potential energy) the
energy by the fluid by the virtue of its position or
elevation with respect to datum plane.

Elevation Energy = wz = mgz

 Pressure energy consider a closed tank filled
with a fluid which has a small opening at the top
without pressure at the top, the fluid practically will
not flow the equivalent head (pressure head) for a
pressure, P is . Hence, pressure energy is equivalent
to:
Where:
z = position of the fluid above (+) or below (-) the
datum plane
p = fluid pressure
v = mean velocity of flow
 Total flow energy the total energy or head in a
fluid flow is the sum of K.E. and P.E.
 Power and Efficiency power is the rate at
which work is done for a fluid of unit weight,
(N/m3) and moving at a rate of Q (m3/s) with a total
energy E (m) the power in N-m/s or Joule/s or watt
is:
Note:
1 horse power (hp) = 746 watt
1 horse power (hp) = 550 ft-lb/sec
1 watt = 1 N-m/s
1 watt = 1 Joule/s
 Bernoullis Energy Theorem this theorem
results from the application of the principles of
conservation of energy.

Summarized by equation:

E@section1 + Eadded - Eloss = E@seaction2

Bernoullis Energy Theorem
BERNOULLIS THEOREM
 Bernoullis Principle
The concept that as the speed of moving fluid
(Liquid or Gas) increases, the pressure within that
fluid decreases. Originally formulated in 1783, by
Swiss Mathematician & Physicists Daniel Bernoulli, it
state that the total energy in a steady flowing fluid
system is constant along the flow path an inc. in fluid
speed must therefore be matched by decrease in its
pressure.
 Energy Equation Without HeadLost
If the fluid experiences no head lost in moving
from section 1, must be equal to section 2 then the
total energy at section 1 is the same to the total
energy at section 2. Neglecting head lost in the fluid
flow, the values that we get are called: Ideal or
Theoretical values with reference to:

E1=E2
Energy Equation without Head Lost
 Energy Equation with Head Lost
Considering head lost, the values that we can
attain are called actual values with reference to the
figure:

E1-HL1-2=E2

HL1-2
Energy Equation with Head Lost
WATER PUMP
 Energy Equation with Pump
Pump is used basically to increase the head
(usually to raised water from a lower to a higher
elevation). The input power (Pinput) of the pump is
electrical energy and its output power (Poutput) is the
flow energy.

E1 + HA - HL1-2 = E2

HL1-2
Energy Equatiion with Pump
ENEGRY EQUATION WITH
PUMP
WATER
TURBINE
 Energy Equation with Turbine or Motor
Turbines or Motors extract from energy to do
mechanical work which in turn converted to electrical
energy for turbines.

E1 - HE - HL1-2 = E2

HL1-2
Energy Equation with Turbine or Motor
 Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines

Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)

Graphical Representation of the total potential
energy of flow. It is the line that connects the water
levels in successive peizometer tubes placed at
intervals along the pipe. Its distance from the datum
is
 Characteristics of HGL

HGL slopes downward in the direction of flow but it

may rise or fail due to changes in velocity or pressure.

For uniform pipe cross-section, HGL is parallel to the

EGL

For horizontal pipes with uniform diameter, the drops

in pressure head between any two points is equal to the
head loss between these points.
 Energy Grade Line (EGL)
A graphical representation of flow (the sum of
kinetic and potential energies) its distance from
datum plane is
 Characteristics of EGL

EGL always slope downward in direction of flow, and it

will only rise with the presence of pump.

The drop of EGL between any two points is the head

lost between those points.
 For uniform pipe cross-section, EGL is parallel to HGL

EGL is always above the HGL by any amount equal to the

velocity head,

Neglecting head loss, EGL is horizontal.

Behavior of Energy and Hydraulic Grade
Lines
 SAMPLE
PROBLEMS
 1. A standpipe 5m in diameter and 10m high is filled with
water. Calculate the potential energy of the water if the
elevation datum is taken 2m below the base of the
standpipe.

GIVEN:
D = 5m
H = 10m
Z = 2m
Solution:

________________________ Answer
 2. Neglecting air resistance, determine to what height
a vertical jet of water could rise if projected with a
velocity of 20 m/s?

GIVEN:
V = 20m/s
Solution:
As the jet rises, its kinetic energy is transformed into
potential energy.
Neglecting air resistance:

________________________ Answer
 3. Water is flowing in an open channel at a depth of 2m
and a velocity of 3 m/s. it flows down a chute into
another channel where the depth is 1m and the velocity is
10m/s. neglecting friction, determine the difference in
elevation of the channel floors.

GIVEN:
V1 = 3m/s,
V2 = 10m/s,

= 2m,

= 1m
Solution:
Neglecting friction (head loss):

______________ Answer
 4. A pipe carrying oil of specific gravity 0.877 changes in
size from 150mm at section 1 and 450mm at section 2.
Section 1 is 3.6m below section 2 and the pressures are 90
kPa and 60 kPa respectively. If the discharge is 150
lit/sec, determine the head loss and the direction of flow.

GIVEN:
P1 = 90KPa
P2 = 60KPa
Solution:

Taking 1 as datum:
Since E1 > E2, the flow is from 1 to 2
Head loss, HL = E1 E2 = 14.135 10.62

Head loss, HL = 3.515 m Answer

__________________________
 5. Oil flows from a tank through 150 m of 150 mm
diameter pipe and then discharges into air as shown in
the figure. If the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 600
mm, determine the pressure needed at point 1 to cause 17
lit/sec of oil to flow.

GIVEN:

Z1 = 20m
Z2 =30m
Q = 17lit/sec
HL1-2 =600mm
L = 150m
d = 150mm
Solution:
Energy equation between 1 and 2:

______________ Answer
 6. Gas flowing through a square conduit whose section
gradually changes from 150 mm (section 1) to 300 mm
(section 2). At section 1, the velocity of flow is 7 m/s and
the density of gas is 1 kg/m3 while at section 2 the
velocity of flow is 2 m/s. Calculate the mass flow rate and
the density of the gas at section 2.

GIVEN:

d@ sec.1 = 150mm; V1 = 7m/s

d@ sec.2 = 300mm; V2 = 2m/s
= 1kg/m3
Solution:
________________________ Answer
 7. Water enters a motor through a 600 mm diameter
pipe under a pressure of 14 kPa. It leaves through a 900
mm diameter exhaust pipe with a pressure of 4 kPa. A
vertical distance of 2.5m separates the centers of the two
pipes at the sections where the pressures are measured.
If 500 liters of water pass the motor each second,
compute the power supplied to the motor.

GIVEN:

d1 = 600mm ; P1 = 14 kPa
d2 = 900mm ; P2 = 4 kPa
Z1 = 2.5m
Q = 500lit/sec.
Solution:
Energy Equations between 1 and 2
(neglecting heads lost and taking point 2 as datum)
E1 HE = E2
HE = 3.647 m

Power, P = Q

Power, P = 23.98 horsepower Answer

____________________________
 8. A 20-hp suction pump operating at 70% efficiency
draws water from a suction line whose diameter is 200
mm and discharges into air through a line whose diameter
is 150 mm. the velocity in the 150 mm line is 3.6m/s. If
the pressure at point A in the suction pipe is 34 kPa below
the atmosphere, where A is 1.8 m below B on the 150mm
line, determine the maximum elevation above B to which
water can be raised assuming a head loss of 3m due to
friction.

GIVEN:

Power = 20hp P@ pt. A = 34kPa

d1 = 200mm Z1 = 1.8m
d2 = 150mm ; V = 3.6m/s HL = 3.0m
Solution:
=

vA = v1 = 2.025 m/s
 20 x 746 = 0.0636(9810)HA
HA = 23.91m

Energy Equation between A and C (datum at A):

EA + HA HL = EC
 h = 15.19 m Answer
______________
 9. For the pipe shown in the Figure =
Determine the total head lost between 1 and 2.

GIVEN:

P1 = 280 KPa
P2 = 200 KPa
Solution:
Energy equation between 1 and 2:

E1 HL = E2

Since =
_______________ Answer
 10. Water flows freely from the reservoir shown through
a 50-mm diameter pipe at the rate of 6.31 lit/sec. If the
head lost in the system is 11.58 Joule/N, determine the
elevation of the water surface in the reservoir if the
discharges end is at elevation 4m.

GIVEN:

d = 50mm
Q = 6.31lit/sec
HL = 11.58 J/N
Z2 = 4m
Solution:
Energy equation between 1 and 2:
E1 HL = E2

z1 = 16.11m Elevation Answer

_______________________
 REFERENCE
Hydraulicsin Civil and Environmental Engineering
by: Chadwick, Andrew

Hydraulics
by: Ruben A. De la Fuente,
Ma. Trinidad E. De la Rosa, Pedro T. Templo, Jr.