Fracture Mechanics - 2nd Ed - Solution Manual

Chapter 1 Fracture Mechanics, 2nd ed.
(2015) Solution Manual
CHAPTER 1
THEORY OF ELASTICITY
1.1 A thin sheet made of an aluminum alloy having E = 67 GPa, G = 256 GPa and also v = 1/3
was used for two dimensional surface strain measurements. The measurements provided
xx 10.5 x10 5 , yy 20 x10 5 , and xy 240 x10 5. Determine the corresponding stresses.
Solution:
xx E xx v yy 2.89 MPa
2
yy (1 v ) yy v xx 12.44 MPa
E xy
xy 60.45 MPa
2(1 v)
1.2 Determine (a) the principal stresses and strains and (b) the maximum shear stress for the case
described in Problem 1.1.
Solution:
xx yy xx yy
2

(a) 1, 2 xy2 4.28 MPa 60.60 MPa
2 2
1 56.32 MPa
2 64.88 MPa
The principal strains are
xx yy xx yy xy
2 2
1, 2 4.75 x10 5 1.20 x10 3

2 2 2
1 1.15 x10 3
2 1.25 x10 3
(b) The maximum

xx yy
2

max xy2 60.60 MPa
2
1
Chapter 1 Fracture Mechanics, 2nd ed. (2015) Solution Manual
1.3 Calculate the diameter of a 1-m long wire that supports a weight of 200 Newton. If the wire
stretches 2 mm, calculate the strain and the stress induced by the weight. Let E = 207 GPa.
Solution:
l 2 mm
3 2 x10 3 0.20%
l o 10 mm
4P
d 0.78 mm

E 414 MPa
P A ( / 4)d 2 200 N
1.4 Derive an expression for the local uniform strain across the neck of a round bar being loaded
in tension. Then, determine its magnitude if the original diameter is reduced 80%.
Solution:
Volume constancy:
AL Ao Lo
L
lnL / Lo ln d o / d
dL
zz
2
Lo
L
zz 2 ln d o / d
If d 0.80d o , then
zz 2 ln 1 / 0.80 0.4463
zz 44.63%
1.5 The torsion of a bar containing a longitudinal sharp groove may be characterized by a
warping function of the type [after F.A McClintock, Proc. Inter. Conf. on Fracture of Metals,
r
Inst. of Mechanical Eng., London, (1956) 538] w z ( ydx xdy ) . The displacements are
0
x 0 and y rz , where and r are the angle of twist per unit length and the crack tip
radius, respectively. The polar coordinates have the origin at the tip of the groove, which has a
radius (R). Determine w, the shear strains rz and z . In addition, predict the maximum of the
shear strain z .
2
Solution:
y 1 z
Let x R cos and y R sin so that z
z r
R 2
r R 2 r
1
dx R sin d and dy R cos d z
r r
r
z ( ydx xdy) R 2 d If r 0 then z max
0 0
rz 0
1.6 A cantilever beam having a cross-sectional area of 1.5 cm2 is fixed at the left-hand side and
loaded with a 100 Newton downward vertical force at the extreme end as shown in the figure
shown below. Determine the strain in the strain gage located at 8 cm from the fixed end of the
shown steel cantilever beam. The steel modulus of elasticity of is E = 207 GPa.
- + P = 100 N
Strain gage
h = 0.5 cm
8 cm b = 3 cm
X = 20 cm
Solution:

M 0 ( Moments ) MC
FBD: M I
P X X 1 M 0 Ch
2
M P X X 1 bh 3
X X1 I
12
Thus,
6P X X 1
P( X X13)( h / 2 ) 2
nh bh
12
Using Hookes law yields the elastic strain

E
6P X X (6)(100 N )(20 m 8 m) x10 2
1
4.64 x10 4
Ebh 2 (207 x10 6 N / m)(3 x10 2 m)(0.50 x10 2 m) 2
9
3
1.7 The stress-strain behavior of an annealed low-carbon steel (ys = 200 MPa and E = 207 GPa)
obeys the Hollomon equation with k = 530 MPa and n =0.25. (a) Plot the true and engineering
stress-strain curves. Calculate (b) the tensile strength ( ts ) and (c) the strain energy density up to
the instability point.
Solution:
(a) Plots
t 1 t k t n k ln 1
n

t ln 1 1 k ln1 n 1
t n 0.25
1000 @ Instability point
True
t 1200 t
0.25
Stress
750 Engineering
1200ln 1
0.25

500 1 0.25
Yield Point
250
ts 0.25
ys , ys 0.0043, 305.81 MPa
00
00 0.05
0.05 0.10
0.1 0.15
0.15 0.20
0.2 0.25
0.25 0.30
0.3
Strain
(b) The engineering yield strain and the true strain at the instability point on the true stress-strain
curve are, respectively
ys 900 MPa
ys 3
4.3478 10- 3
E 207 x10 MPa
t n 0.25 @ Instability point
At the instability or ultimate tensile strength point (maximum),
max k tn 1,200 MPa 0.250.25 848.53 MPa

t ln 1
1 exp( t ) 1 exp(0.25) 0.28403
4
max 1 ts
ts max / 1
ts 374.77 MPa / 1 0.28403 291.87 MPa
(c) The strain energy density (W) is just the area under the stress-strain curve. In general, the true
and engineering strain energy densities are
ys ts

Wt d d
0
Elastic ys Plastic
ys ts
Wt Ed k d
E ys2
2
n

k
1 n

ts 1 n ys 1 n
0 ys
207,000 4.3478 10- 3

2
Wt
1,200
0.284031 0.25 4.3478 10-3 1 0.25 335.50 MPa
2 1 0.25
MN m
Wt 335.50 2 335.50 MJ /m3
m m
and
ys ts

W d d
0
Elastic ys Plastic
k ln 1
ys ts
E ys2

ln ts 1 ys 1
n
k
W E d
n 1
d
0 ys
1 2 n 1
207,000 4.3478 10- 3

2
W
1,200

ln 0.28403 - 4.3478 10
- 3 0.25 1
2 0.25 1
W 0.99932 0.95718i
Therefore, the engineering strain energy density can not be determined analytically using the
modified Hollomon equation. Instead, the solution can be achieved numerically. Thus,
1200ln 1
0.0043478 0.28403 0.25
W 0 207000 d 0.0043478
1
d 170.60 MPa
W 170.60 MJ /m 3
Wt 2W
5
1.8 The figure below shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a pressure vessel (hollow
cylinder) subjected to internal and external pressures. Determine the stresses at a point P r, in
polar coordinates when (a) Pi 0 and Pi 0, (b) Po 0, (c) Pi 0 and (d) a 0 so that the
hollow cylinder becomes a solid cylinder. (e) Plot rr f (r ) and rr f (r ) . Let a 450 mm,
b 800 mm, Pi 0 and P 40 MPa. The valid radius range must be 0.45 m r 0.80 m . Use
the following Airys stress function
c1 c2 ln r c3 r 2
Along with the boundary conditions
rr Pi r 0 @ r a
rr Po r 0 @r b
Solution:
(a) Derivatives of c1 c2 ln r c3 r 2
c2
2 c3 r 0 2
r r 0
r

2
c
2
22 2c3 0
r 2
r 2
From eq. (1.58),
1 1 2 c2
rr 2 c3
r r r 2 2 r 2
2 c
2 22 2c3
r r
1 1 2
r 2 0
r r r
6
Using the boundary conditions yields

c c
rr Pi 22 2c3 Pi 22 2c3
r r (a)
c c
rr Po 22 2c3 Po 22 2c3
r r
Replace r for the proper radius and solve eq. (a) for c2 and c3
c2
Pi 2 c3
r2
c
Po 22 2c3
r
from which
c
Pi 22 2c3
a
c
2c3 Pi 22
a
and
c
Po 22 2c3
b
c
2c3 Po 22
b
Then,
c c
Pi 22 Po 22 1 a 2b2 a 2b2
a b
c2
2c3 Po
P P P P Pi Po
b2 b2 a 2 b2 a 2
o o i o
b2
c2 c 2
Po Pi a2P a2P a2P a2
a 2 b2 & 2c3 2 i 2 2 i 2 Po 2 i 2 Po 2 1
b a b a b a b a
2

o Pi
a 2b2 a 2 Pi b 2 Po
c2 2 Po Pi 2 c3
b a2 b2 a 2 b2 a 2
a 2b2 a 2 Pi b 2 Po
c2 2 Po Pi & c3
b a2 2b 2 a 2
Thus,
a 2 Pi b 2 Po a 2 b 2 Po Pi
rr
b2 a 2 b 2 a 2 r 2
a 2 Pi b 2 Po a 2 b 2 Po Pi

b2 a 2 b 2 a 2 r 2
r 0
7
(b) If Po 0, then (c) If Pi 0, then

a P 2
b2 b 2 Po a2
rr 2 i 2 1 2 rr 2 2 1
b a r b a2 r
a 2 Pi b2 b 2 Po a2
1 2 2 1
b2 a 2 r b2 a 2 r
r 0 r 0
(d) If a 0, then
rr Po
Po
r 0
(e) The plot
100
75

50
(MPa)
25
-25
rr
-50
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Radius r (m)
8
1.9 Consider an infinite plate with a central hole subjected to a remote uniform stress as shown in
Example 1.5. The boundary conditions for this loaded plate are (1) x x S and y = xy = 0
at r and (2) r r 0 at r a. Use the following complex potentials [12]
2a 2 a2 3a 4
z S
4
1 and z S2 1
z2 z2 z4
to determine r, and r (in polar coordinates).
Solution: The infinite plate with a central hole subjected to a remote uniform stress is
Use the following stress expressions

r 2 z 2 z 4 Re z
r i2 r 2z z ze i2
Recall that the Euler's formula for z and z are

z re i rcos i sin
z re i rcos i sin
z m r m e im r 3 cos m i sin m
and their real and imaginary parts are
Re z r cos & Re z m r m cos m
Im z r sin & Im z m r m sin m
Apply the Euler's formula to the above complex potentials so that

2 2
z S 1 2a2 S 1 2a
4 z 4 2
r e i2
2
z S 2a
1 2 e i2
4 r
2
4 Re z S 1 2a2 cos 2
r
(a) The first stress equation:
(a)
2a 2
r 4 Re z S 1

cos 2
r2
Then,
9
2
z S a 2
4 2z
2 2 2 2
z 2Sa3 Sa3 Sa
3 i3
Sa3 e i3
2z z r e r
2
Sa
z 3 cos 3 (Real part)

r
Thus,
Sa 2 Sa 2
z z re i e i4
r 3 e i3 r2
(b) The second potential:
a2 3a 4 a2 3a 4
z S2 1 S2 1
z2 z4 r 2 e i2 r 4 e i4
Hence,
r i2 r 2z z ze i2
2 2 i2 4 i2
r i2 r 2 Sa2 e i4 e i2 S e i2 Sa2 e i2 3Sa4 ei4
r 2 2r e 2r e
2 2 4
r i2 r S 2a2 e i2 e i2 a2 3a4 e i2 (b)
r r r
Real parts:
2 2 4
r S 2a2 cos 2 cos 2 a2 3a4 cos 2 (c)
r r r
Add eqs. (a) and (c) and solve for

2 4
S2 1 a2 S2 1 3a4 cos 2 (d1)
r r
Use eq. (a) to solve for r

2 4a 2 3a 4
r S2 1 a2 S2 1 cos 2 (d2)
r r2 r4
Using the imaginary part of eq. (b) yields shear stress r as

2 4
i2 r S i 2a2 sin 2 i sin 2 i 3a4 sin 2
r r
2 4 (d3)
r S 1 2a2 3a4 sin 2
2 r r
At r = a
r 0 (f1)
S 2S cos 2 S1 2 cos 2 (f2)
r 0 (f3)
10
1.10 Use the Cauchy-Riemann condition to show that (a) f(z) = 1/z is analytic and (b) its
derivative is f(z)= -1/z.
Solution:
(a) If z = x + iy, then
1 xiy xiy
1
z 1
xiy
xiy xiy

x 2 y 2
iy
1
z x

x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
Let
y
u x
v
x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
Then

u x 2 y 2 x x x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 2x 2 y 2 x 2
x
2
2
2
x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
u 2xy
y
2
x 2 y 2
and
v 2xy
x x y 2
2 2
v x 2 x 2
y x 2 y 2
2
Thus,
u
y
v
x
Therefore, f(z) = 1/z is analytic because u/y = v/x.
(b) The derivative of f(z) = 1/z is

u
f z d
dz
1z x
i v
x
y 2 x 2 2xy yix 2
f z 2
i 2
2
x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
iiyx 2 xiy 2 z2

i x 2 y 2
2
x 2 y 2
2 xiyxiy 2
z2
1
zz 2 z2
11
1.12 Evaluate the Cauchy integral formula given below for the complex function when zo = .
fz o 1
2i
cos z
z 2 1
dz
Solution:
The integral has to be modified as
fz o 1
2i
zcos
2
1
z dz
fz o 1
2i
z 1z
cos z
1
dz
fz o 1 zfz
1
dz
zfz
1
dz 2ifz o
where
fz cos z
z1
Then,
zfz
1
dz 2ifz o
zfz
1
dz 2i
cos z o
zo 1 z o
zfz
1
dz 2i cos
1
1. 52i
12
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURE
MECHANICS
2.1 Show that the applied stress 0 as the crack tip radius 0. Explain
Solution:
From eq. (2.28),

a 1
max 2 and max
2 a
Therefore, 0 as 0. This means that the applied stress 0 since the material has
fractured or separated, at least into two pieces, and there is not a crack present so that 0. On
the other hand, 0 means that the existing crack is very sharp as in the case of a fatigue
crack.
2.2 For a Griffith crack case, crack propagation takes place if the strain energy satisfies the
inequality
U ( a ) U ( a a ) 2 a , where a crack extension and is the surface energy.
U(a)
Show that the crack driving force or the strain energy release rate at instability is G .
a
Solution:
Use the Taylors series to expand the left side term of the inequality. Thus,
2 3
1 U ( a ) 1 U (a ) 2 1 U ( a ) 3
U (a a ) U ( a ) a a a .......... .... (2.1)
1! a 2! a 2 3! a 3
Using the first two terms yields
U ( a ) (2.2)
U (a a ) U (a ) a
a
U ( a )
U (a ) U (a a ) a (2.2)
a
1
Then,
U ( a )
a 2 a (2.3)
a
U ( a )
2 G (2.4)
a
Therefore,
U ( a )
G (2.5)
a
2.3 A 1mmx15mmx100mm steel strap has a 3-mm long central crack is loaded to failure.
Assume that the steel is brittle and has E 207,000 MPa, ys 1500 MPa, and
K IC 70 MPa m . Determine the critical stress ( c ) and the critical strain energy release rate.
Solution:
a = 1.5 mm and a / w 0.10
The geometry correction factor:
w a
f (a / w) tan 1.07
a w
The stress intensity factor

K IC f a
2
K IC
c 1020 MPa
a
The strain energy release rate
2
K IC
GIC
E
GIC 23.70 kPa m
GIC 23.70 kN / m 2
2.4 Suppose that a structure made of plates has one cracked plate. If the crack reaches a
critical size, will that plate fracture or the entire structure collapse? Explain.
Answer: If the structure does not have crack stoppers, the entire structure will collapse since the
cracked plate will be the source of structural instability.
2
2.5 What is crack instability based on according to Griffith criterion?
Answer: It is based on the energy consumption creating new surfaces or in developing crack
extension. This energy is the surface energy 2.
2.6 Can the Griffith Theory be applied for a quenched steel containing 1.2%C, if a penny-
shaped crack is detected?
Answer: Despite the quenched steel is brittle, the Griffith Theory applies only if a plastic zone
does not form at the crack tip.
2.7 Will the Irwin Theory (or modified Griffith Theory) be valid for a changing plastic zone size
as the crack advances?
Answer: No. It is valid if the plastic zone remains constant as it the case in many materials
under plane strain conditions.
2.8 What are the major roles of the surface energy and the stored elastic energies in a crack
growth situation?
Answer: The surface energy acts as a retarding force for crack growth and the stored elastic
energy acts to extend the crack. Thus, concurrent with crack growth is the recovery of elastic
strain energy by the relaxation of atomic bonds above and below the fracture plane.
2.9 What does happen to the elastic strain energy when crack growth occur?
Answer: It is released as the crack driving force for crack growth.
2.10 What does U/a = 0 mean?
Answer: Crack growth occurs at f , as shown in eq. (2.23), since the magnitude of crack
growth and the crack resistance force become equal. That is,
a 2
2s
E
If 2s a , then fracture occurs and the fracture toughness without any plastic zone
2
E
deformation is G 2 at f , as shown in eq. (2.31) with p 0. Thus, G 2 is related
c s c s
to an irreversible process of fracture.
3
2.11 Derive eq. (2.28) starting with eq. (2.20).
Solution:
From eq. (2.20),

max a
Kt 2 yields the stress intensity factor as per
Multiplying this expression by
eq. (2.28)
1 a
max
2 1 a
max a
2
K I a
4
CHAPTER 3
LINEAR ELASTIC FRACTURE
MECHANICS
3.1 A steel strap 1-mm thick and 20-mm wide with a through-the-thickness central crack 4-mm
long is loaded to failure. (a) Determine the critical load if KIC = 80 MPa m for the strap
material. (b) Use the available correction factor, f ( a / w) , for this crack configuration. Now,
do the following three comparisons to have a better understanding: Feddersen:
c ( fraction) , Irwin: c ( fraction) and Koiter-Benthem: c ( fraction) .
P 2a w P
B=1 mm
Solution:
B = 1mm, w = 20mm, 2a = 4 mm, a/w = 0.10, KIC = 80 MPa m , K I c a f a / w ,
(a) Finite plate:
From eqs. (3.31) and (3.32) along with a / w 0.10 rad . (180o )( 0.10) / 5.7296o
Feddersen [12]: seca w 1025
f aw . c 984.64 MPa
f a w
w a
Irwin [13]: tan 1017
. c 992.38 MPa
a w
Koiter-Benthem [14]: f a w w . w 1021

1 a 1304 .
1 2
a c 988.49 MPa
1 2 a
w
(b) Infinite plate approach [a/w 0 since f(a/w) 1].

K 80MPa m
c IC 1009.25MPa
a
2 10 3 m
Feddersen: c 97.56%
c (infinite)
Irwin: c 98.33%
c (infinite)
Koiter: c 97.94%
c (infinite)
Therefore, the calculated c values do not differ much since the plate dimensions are large
enough and the initial crack size is relatively small.
1
3.2 A steel tension bar 8-mm thick and 50-mm wide with an initial single-edge crack of 10-mm
long is subjected to a uniaxial stress = 140 MPa. (a) Determine the stress intensity factor KI. If
KIC = 60 MPa m , is the crack stable? (b) Determine the critical crack size, and (c) determine the
critical load.
a
P w P
Solution:
a
= P/A= 140 MPa, KIC = 60 MPa m , K I a f
w
B = 8 mm, w = 50 mm, a = 10 mm, x = a/w = 0.20, A = Bw
From Table 3.1, K I a and

f x 1.12 0.231x 10.55 x 21.71 x 30.38x
2 3 4
f x 0.20 1.37
(a) The applied stress intensity factor
KI = 34 MPa m
KIC = 60 MPa m
Therefore, the crack is stable because KI < KIC.
(b) K IC a c . f x
2
1 K IC
ac 0.0311 m 31.10 mm

f x
(c) The critical load

P

A
A Bw 8 mm 50 mm 400 mm 2 4 10 4 m 2
P A 4 10 4 m 2 140 2 0.056MN 56 kN (Applied)

MN
m
4 10 4 60 2 m
MN
Pc
AK IC
m 0.0988 MN 98.84 kN (Critical)
f x a 1.37 10 10 m
3
2
3.3 A very sharp penny-shaped crack with a diameter of 22-mm is completely embedded in a
highly brittle solid. Assume that catastrophic fracture occurs when a stress of 600 MPa is
applied. a) What is the fracture toughness for this solid? (Assume that this fracture toughness is
for plane strain conditions). b) If a sheet 5-mm thick of this solid is prepared for fracture-
toughness testing. Would the fracture-toughness value [(calculated in part a)] be an acceptable
number according to the ASTM E399 standard? Use ys = 1342 MPa. c) What thickness would
be required for the fracture-toughness test to be valid?
Solution:
a) K IC
2

2

a 600 MPa 11 10 3 m 71 MPa m
2 2
K
b) B 2.5 IC 2.571 MPa m 7 mm > 5 mm (Not valid)
1342 MPa
ys
c) B 7 mm
3.4 (a) One guitar steel string has a miniature circumferential crack of 0.009 mm deep. This
implies that the radius ratio is almost unity, d / D 1 . b) Another string has a localized miniature
surface crack (single-edge crack like) of 0.009 mm deep. Assume that both
strings are identical with an outer diameter of 0.28 mm. If a load of 49 N is
applied to the string when being tuned, will it break? Given properties:
K IC 15MPa m , ys 795MPa.
Solution:
(a) Circumferential crack

Dd
If a 0.009 mm , then d 0.262 mm
2
4P (4)(49 N )
908.87 MPa
d 2
(0.262 x10 3 m)
D 1 D 3 d d
2 3
1 d
f (d / D) 0 .36 0 .73
2 d 2 d 8 D D D
For d / D 0.9357,
1.14
3
K I a

K I (1.14)908.87 MPa 0.009 10 3 m
K I 5.51 MPa m
(b) Surface edge crack

1.12
K I a

K I (1.12)908.87 MPa 0.009 10 3 m
K I 5.41 MPa m
Therefore, the strings will not break since K I K IC in both cases. When d / D 1 and the crack
size is very small, either approach gives similar results.
3.5 A 7075-T6 aluminum alloy is loaded in tension. Initially the 10mmx100mmx500mm plate
has a 4-mm single-edge throughthe-thickness crack. (a) Is this test valid? (b) Calculate the
maximum allowable tension stress this plate can support, (c) Is it necessary to correct KI due to
crack-tip plasticity? Why? or Why not? (d) Calculate the design stress and stress intensity factor
if the safety factor is 1.5. Data: ys = 586 MPa and KIC = 33 MPa m .
Solution:
2

(a) B 2.5K IC 7.93 mm and a w 0.0375
ys
Plane strain condition holds because the actual thickness is greater than the required value.
(b) K I a ; a = 4 mm and w = 100 mm

2 3 4
a a a a
f a w
1.12 0.231 10.55 21.71 30.38
w w w w
f a f 0.04 1.13
w
Thus,
K IC
261 MPa
a
4
(c) Plastic zone correction:

2
1 K IC
r 0.17mm
6 ys
K eff a eff with a eff a r = 4.17 mm

K eff 1.13261 MPa 4.17 x10 3 m
K eff 33.76 MPa m
Therefore, there is no need for crack tip plasticity since K I ,eff K IC .
261 MPa
(d) d 174 MPa
SF 1.5
K 33 MPa m
K Id IC 22 MPa m
SF 1.5
3.6 A steel ship deck (30mm thick, 12m wide, and 20m long) is stressed in the manner shown
below. It is operated below its ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (with KIc = 28.3 MPa m ).
If a 65-mm long throughthe-thickness central crack is present, calculate the tensile stress for
catastrophic failure. Compare this stress with the yield strength of 240 MPa for this steel.
Solution:
2a = 65mm f a / w 1 since a/w 0

w = 12 m P 2a P
L = 20m
Transition Range.
KI
(MPa m )
or
CVN
Energy
(Joules)
T
5
K IC a K IC 28.3 MPa m and ys 240 MPa

K IC 28.3 MPa m
88.57 MPa
a 65
10 3 m
2
Therefore, ys and to assure structural integrity, the safety factor (SF) that can be used to
avoid fracture or crack propagation is in the order of
ys 240 MPa
SF 2.71
88.57 MPa
KI
3.7 Show that 0 for crack instability in a large plate under a remote tensile external stress.
da
Solution:
K I a
dK I 1
0 since 0 and a 0
da 2 a
3.8 The plate below has an internal crack subjected to a pressure P on the crack surface. The
stress intensity factors at points A and B are
P ax 2a
KA a ax
dx P
ax
A
P
KB a ax
dx B
Use the principle of superposition to show that the total stress intensity factor is of the form
K I P a
Solution:
According to the principle of superposition, the total stress intensity factor is
P ax ax a dx
KI KA KB
a
dx 2 P

ax ax a2 x2
6
Furthermore,
ax ax ax ax (a x)(a x) 2a

ax ax
ax ax ( a x )( a x ) a2 x2
dx x
a x
2 2
ar c sin
a
and
a x
K I 2P arcsin
a
If x = a on the crack surface, then arcsin 1 / 2 90 o and
a x 2P
K I 2P ar sin a P a
a 2
3.9 A pressure vessel is to be designed using the leak-before-break criterion based on the
circumferential wall stress and plane strain fracture toughness. The design stress is restricted by
the yield strength ys and a safety factor (SF). Derive expressions for (a) the critical crack size
and (b) the maximum allowable pressure when the crack size is equals to the vessel thickness.
Solution:
(a) The critical crack size
K IC ac
ys
d
SF
Thus,
ys
K IC ac
SF
2
1 S K
2
ac F IC

ys

2
K IC
Select some alloy having known K IC and ys values. The alloy with the highest and
ys
2
K IC
values should be used for constructing the pressure vessel.

ys
7
3.10 A stock of steel plates with GIC = 130 kJ/m, ys = 2,200 MPa, E = 207 GPa, v = 1/3 are
used to fabricate a cylindrical pressure vessel (di = 5 m and B = 25.4 mm). The vessel fractured
at a pressure of 20 MPa. Subsequent failure analysis revealed an internal semi-elliptical surface
crack of a = 2.5 mm and 2c = 10 mm. (a) Use a fracture mechanics approach to predict the
critical crack length this steel would tolerate. (b) Based on this catastrophic failure, another
vessel was constructed with do = 5.5 m and di = 5 m. Will this new vessel fracture at a pressure
of 20 MPa if there is an internal semi-elliptical surface crack having the same dimensions as in
part (a)?
Solution:
(a) The vessel is based on the thin-wall theory since the thickness is
d 5 x103 mm
B i 250 mm (Requirement)
20 20
B 25.4 mm (Given) is less than the required thickness. So use the thin-wall theory.
Thus, the fracture hoop stress is

20 MPa 5x10 3 mm
h Pi di
2B 2 25. 4 mm
h 1, 968. 50 MPa
Using eq. (2.34) yields the critical crack length
ac EGIC
1 v 2 2h
207x10 3 MPa 130x10 3 MPa. m
ac 2
1 1/3 2 1, 968. 50 MPa
a c 2. 49 mm 2. 5 mm
(b) For the new vessel,

5. 6 m 5 m
B do di 0. 30 m
2 2
d o 5. 6 1. 12
di 5
Also,
d o /d i 2 1
h P i 8. 86Pi
d o /d i 2 1
h 8. 8620 MPa 177. 23 MPa
h P i 9. 86P i 197. 23 MPa
8
Then,
a/2c 2. 5/10 0. 25
/ys 197. 23/2, 200 0. 09
From eq. (3.44),
2 2
Q 2
3 a 2 7 ys
2 4 2c 33
2 2
Q 3 0. 25 2 7 0. 09 2
2 4 33
Q 1. 63
Thus, the applied stress intensity factor is
KI a
Q
2. 5x10 3
KI 197. 23 MPa
1. 63
KI 13. 69 MPa m
From eq. (2.33) at fracture,
KIC EGIC
1 v2
207x10 3 MPa 130x10 3 MPa. m
KIC
1 1/3 2
KIC 174 MPa m
Therefore, the new vessel will not fracture because KI < KIC.
3.11 A cylindrical pressure vessel with B = 25.4 mm and di = 800 mm is subjected to an internal
pressure Pi. The material has K IC 31 MPa m and ys = 600 MPa. (a) Use a safety factor to
determine the actual pressure Pi. (b) Assume there exists a semi-elliptical surface crack with a =
5 mm and 2c = 25 mm and that a pressure surge occurs causing fracture of the vessel. Calculate
the fracture internal pressure Pf. (c) Calculate the critical crack length.
Solution:
(a) Let's figure out which pressure vessel wall theory should be used.
di 800 mm
B 20
20
40 mm
9
Therefore, the thin-wall theory should be used. The actual or applied pressure is
ys
h P i d i
2B SF
2B ys 2 25. 4 mm 600 MPa
Pi
SFdi 2. 5 800 mm
P i 15. 24 MPa
(b) Using the principle of superposition yields
h Pi Pi di Pi
2B
d i
1 Pi 800 1 P i
2B 2x25. 4
16. 75P i 16. 75 15. 24 MPa
255. 24 MPa (Actua l)
Also,
a 5 0. 20 a 5 0. 20
2c 25 B 25. 4
255. 24 0. 43
ys 600 M Mk 1 [
See eq.(3.46) & Figure 3.6]
From eq. (3.44),

2 2 2 2
Q 3 a 7 ys
2 4 2c 33
2 2
Q 3 0. 2 2 7 0. 43 2
2 4 33
Q 1. 50
From eq. (3.41),
a a
K IC MM k Q
16. 75P f Q
Now, the surge pressure is
K IC Q 31 MPa m 1. 50
Pf a
16. 75 16. 75 5x10 3 m
Pf 18. 09 MPa
10
(c) The critical crack length is
KIC a 16. 75P i ac

Q Q
2
Q KIC 2 31 MPa m
ac 1.5
16. 75Pi 16. 75 15. 24 MPa
a c 7. 04 mm
3.12 This is a problem that involves strength of materials and fracture mechanics. An AISI 4340
steel is used to design a cylindrical pressure having an inside diameter and an outside diameter of
6.35 cm and 12.07 cm, respectively. The hoop stress is not to exceed 80% of the yield strength of
the material. (a) Is the structure a thin-wall vessel or a thick-wall pipe? (b) What is the internal
pressure? (c) Assume that an internal semi-elliptical surface crack exist with a = 2 mm and 2c =
6 mm. Will the vessel fail? (d) Will you recommend steel for the pressure vessel? Why? or Why
not? (e) What is the maximum crack length the AISI 4340 steel can tolerate? Explain.
Solution: Internal Crack External Surface
a
d i 6.35 m d O 12.07 m 2c
a 2 mm and 2c 6 mm
From Table 3.2, ys = 1,476 MPa and KIC = 81 MPa for AISI 4340 steel.
(a) Using the diameters yields

d o 12. 07 1. 09
di 6. 35
12. 07 cm 6. 35 cm
B do di
2 2
B 2. 86 cm
Therefore, the pressure vessel is based on the thick-wall theory because
d o 1. 1
di
B d i 0. 32
20
(b) From eq. (3.43e),
d o /d i 2 1
h Pi 0. 8 ys
d o /d i 2 1
d o /d i 2 1
P i 0. 8 ys
d o /d i 2 1
11
Thus, the internal pressure is

1. 09 2 1
P i 0. 8 1, 476 MPa
1. 09 2 1
P i 101. 51 MPa
(c) Fracture mechanics:

h P i 0. 8 ys P i
0. 81, 476 MPa 101. 51 MPa
1, 282. 30 MPa
Thus, a/2c = 2/6 = 0.33, /ys = 0.87 and the shape factor becomes
2 2
Q 2
3 a 2 7 ys
2 4 2c 33
2 2
Q 3 0. 33 2 7 0. 87 2
2 4 33
Q 1. 66
Then,
2x10 3 m
K I a 1, 282. 30 MPa
Q 1. 66
K I 78. 89 MPa m
Therefore, the pressure vessel will not fail because KI < KIC.
(d) Denote that KI is slightly below the KIC value and safety precautions should be taken because
a minor increase in pressure due to a pressure surge will cause fracture. The margin of safety is
very small and therefore, a new steel should be used having a higher KIC value.
(e) The critical crack length is
KIC a c
Q
Q KIC 2 81 MPa m
ac 1.66
1, 282. 30 MPa
a c 2. 11 mm
This result implies that the pressure vessel may fracture because the existing crack of 2 mm in
length is approximately 5% smaller than its critical value. Therefore, a new steel should be used
to design the pressure vessel having the same dimensions and being subjected to the design
conditions.
12
3.13 A simple supported beam made of soda glass (E =71 MPa and GIC = 12 J/m) is subjected to
a uniformly distributed bending load as shown in the figure below. Assume an initial crack
length of 0.1 mm due to either stress corrosion cracking (SCC) or a mechanical defect introduced
during fabrication or handling. The design stress (working stress) and the crack velocity equation
are 0.10 MPa and v K Im 6.24 m/s K 15
I
.83
, respectively. Use this information to calculate the
lifetime of the beam if the maximum bending stress is given by = (MB/2)/I and M = dL/8,
where the second moment of area is I = wB/12.
P
B 15 mm
w 200 mm
a
L 2m
Solution:
Given data: GI 12 J / m 2 12 Pa.m, E 71 GPa

B 20 mm, w 200 mm, L 2 m
The applied stress
3 d L2 30.10 MPa 2,000 mm

2
6.67 MPa
4 wB 2 4200 mm15 mm2
Using Griffith expression, eq. (2.34), gives the critical crack length
ac
EGIC

71x103 MPa 12 x10 6 MPa.m
6.10 mm

2 6.67 MPa 2
This is a large crack length for a brittle material such as soda glass. The applied and the critical
stress intensity factors, eq. (3.29), are

K I a 1.126.67 MPa 10 4 m 0.13 MPa m

K IC ac 1.126.67 MPa 6.10 x10 3 m 1.03 MPa m
The crack velocity equation can be rearranged using the Chain Rule. Thus,
da da dK I
v
dt dK I dt
13
But,
K I a
K I2
a
2 2
Then,
da 2K I

dK I 2 2
and
& v K Im 6.24 m/s K I15.83

da 2 K I dK I
v
dt 2 2 dt
2 K I dK I
K Im
2 2 dt
Rearranging this equation and integrating with respect to time yields

2K I
dt dK I
K Im
2 2
tf K IC
2
o dt 2 2 K
1 m
I dK I
KI
K IC

K IC
1 1
K I dK I
1 m
where K 2m 2 m
K IC K I2 m
KI
m2 KI
m2
Then,
tf
2 1
m 2
2 2
2m
K IC
K I2m

t f
2 1

1.03
215.83

0.13
2 15.83

1.12 6.67 MPa 6.24 m/s 15.83 2
2 2
t f 2.3733x108 seconds 7.52 years
Therefore, the beam will last 7.53 years prior to fracture.
14
3.14 Plot the given data for a hypothetical solid SE(T) specimen and determine the plane strain
fracture toughness KIC. Here, f ( a / w) is the modified geometry correction factor.
a 1/2 m 1/2 6 9.8 15 18 22 25 35 38

MPa 30 50 70 90 116 122 175 190
Solution:
The plot
200
150
MPa
100
50
Slope 5.0144 MPa m
0
0 10 20 30 40
a 1/ 2 m1/ 2
Linear curve fitting gives
5.0144a -1/2 - 0.42832

Slope 5.0144 MPa m
a 1 / 2
K IC a 5.0144 MPa m
15
3.15 A pressure vessel (L >> B = 15 mm, di = 2 m) is to be made out of a weldable steel alloy
having ys = 1,200 MPa and KIC = 85 MPa. If an embedded elliptical crack (2a = 5 mm and 2c =
16 mm) as shown below is perpendicular to the hoop stress, due to welding defects, the given
data correspond to the operating room temperature and the operating pressure is 8 MPa, then
calculate the applied stress intensity factor. Will the pressure vessel explode?
2a B
2c
Solution:
d o d i 2B 2 m 2 15 10 3 m 2. 03 m
d o 2. 03 1. 02
di 2
2 10 3 mm
B di 100 mm
20 20
The pressure vessel is of thin-wall type because d o /d i 1. 1 and B d i /20. The hoop stress and
the stress intensity factor for the embedded elliptical crack are, respectively
where
Then,
The pressure vessel will not explode because KI < KIC.
16
3.16 A steel pressure vessel subjected to a constant internal pressure of 20 MPa contains an
internal semi-elliptical surface crack with dimensions shown below. Calculate K I when (a) Q
and / ys in eq. (3.44) and (b) Q 1 1.464a/c
1.65
as per reference [31]. (c) Compare results
and explain. (d) If fracture does not occur, calculate the safe factors S F( a ) and S F(b ) . Explain the
results. Data: K IC 92 MPa m , ys 900 MPa , v 0.3 and B 30 mm.
2c = 8 mm B
di = 1 m
a
do = 1.04 m
a = 2 mm
Solution:
For d o /d i 1.04 and B d o d i / 2 1.04 m 1 m/ 2 0.02 m 20 mm

Pi 20 MPa , a / 2c 2 / 8 1 / 4
d 1m
20 MPa 520 MPa ys
Pi d i
(a) h Pi Pi 1 i Pi
1
2B 2 B 2 x 0.02 m
/ ys 520 / 900 0.57778
2 2
3 a 7
2 2
Q
2 4 2c 33
ys
2
3 1
2 2
Q 0.57778 1.5581
7 2
2 4 4 33
a 2 x10 3
K I 1.12 1.12520 MPa 36.98 MPa m
Q 1.5581
Validity as per ASTM E399

2
K IC
2

BASTM 2.5 2.592 MPa m 2.6123x10 2 m 26.12 mm
900 MPa
ys
B 30 mm BASTM OK!
(b) For Q 1 1.464a / c 1 1.4642 / 4 1.4665 ,

1.65 1.65
a 2 x10 3
K I 1.12 1.12520 MPa 38.12 MPa m
Q 1.4665
17
(c) Comparing these results yields K I( a ) 0.97 K I( b ) and the percent error is
38.12 36.98
% Error x100 3%
38.12
This indicates that the Q equations give dissimilar results despite the different mathematical
approaches being used. Nonetheless, both calculated K I values are below K IC and therefore,
fracture does not occur.
(d) Since K I K IC the safety factor can be calculated. Thus,
S F( a ) K IC / K I( a ) 92 / 36.98 2.49
S F( b ) K IC / K I( b ) 92 / 38.12 2.41
These are reasonably high values and therefore, the pressure vessel can be kept in service, but a
nondestructive technique must be used to monitor any crack growth that may lead to a a c and
K I K IC .
3.17 An aluminum-alloy plate has a plane strain fracture toughness of 30 MPa m . Two
identical single-edge cracked specimens are subjected to tension loading. (a) One specimen
having a 2-mm crack fractures at a stress level of 330 MPa. Calculate the geometry correction
factor f a / w . (b) Will the second specimen having a 1-mm crack fracture when loaded at
430 MPa?
Solution:
(a) The geometry correction factor is
f a / w
K IC 30 MPa m
1.1469
a 330 MPa 2 x10 3 m
(b) The stress intensity factor for the second specimen is
K I a 1.1469430 MPa 1x10 3 m 27.64 MPa m
Therefore, fracture will not occur because K I K IC .
18
EXTRA PROBLEM NOT INCLUDED IN THE BOOK
A thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel contains gas at a pressure of 100 MPa. During the
initial pressurization of the vessel, the axial and tangential strains were measured on the inside
surface as xx = 500x10-6 and yy = 750x10-6, respectively. Calculate a) the axial and hoop
stresses associated with these strains. Assume that an undetected internal semi-elliptical surface
crack (a = 1 mm deep and 4 mm long) grows 0.5 mm/year and that the pressure remains
constant. b) Deduce whether or not the vessel will fracture by calculating the applied stress
intensity factor using the constant hoop stress (tangential stress) and c) if the vessel will not
fracture, then calculate the time it takes for such unpleasant occurrence.
Note: Only the shape factor should be used to

correct the stress intensity factor KI.
Given data: ys 600 MPa

K IC 30 MPa m
E 207 GPa
v 0. 3
B 2 cm
d 0. 50 m (Diameter)
19
Solution:
a) From eq. (1.6) along with zz P, the inner strains are
xx 1
xx v yy P
E
(1.6)
yy yy v xx P
Solving these two equations simultaneously yields

xx yy
xx E
yy vP
E
xx vyy vP
(a)
1v 1v 1v 1v 2 1v
yy Eyy v xx P (b)
Given data:
xx 500 10 6 yy 750 10 6 E 207, 000 MPa

ys 600 MPa K IC 30 MPA m
Thus,
207,000 MPa
xx 500 10 6 0. 3 750 10 6 0.3
100 MPa
10.3 2 10.3
xx 122. 06 MPa (Axial Stress)
yy 207, 000 MPa 750 10 6 0. 3 122. 06 MPa 100 MPa
yy 161. 87 MPa (Hoop Stress or Tangential Stress)
b) ASTM E399 thickness requirement, eq. (3.30):

2
a, BASTM 2. 5 10 3 600
30
6. 25 mm
B BASTM , but a is not met for use LEFM.
The valid average tangential or hoop stress

regardless of the wall thickness is
Pd 1000.510 2 cm
av yy,av 2B
1, 250 MPa
22 cm
The applied stress intensity at initial pressurization hoop stress is
E 207 GPa K IC 30 MPa m v 0. 3
yy 161. 87 MPa ys 600 MPa
/ ys 161. 87/600 0. 269 78
a 1 mm 2c 4 mm a/2c 0. 25
2 2 2 2

Q 2
3
4
a
2c
7
33 ys 1. 6134
110 3 m
K I a/Q 161. 87 MPa 1.6134
7. 14 MPa m
20
The the initial pressurization process of the vessel will not cause
fracture because K I K IC at yy 161. 87 MPa.
If a B 20 mm (leak-before-fracturecondition), then
2010 3 m
K I yy a/Q 161. 87 MPa 1.6134
31. 94 MPa m
Therefore, fracture will occur because K I 31. 94 MPa m K IC
When yy av fracture will occur because

110 3 m
K I av a/Q 1, 250 MPa 1.6134
55. 16 MPa m
K I K IC 30 MPa m
c) If the tangential stress, yy 161. 87 MPa, is assumed constant

thoughtout the test, then the critical crack length becomes
K IC a c /Q
Q 2 2
a c K IC
yy
1.6134
10 3 30
161.87
17. 64 mm
a c B 20 mm
Thus, the life of the vessel is approximately
t a c a/da/dt 17. 64 mm 1 mm / 0. 5 mm/year

t 33. 28 years
This is an unrealistic result because yy av after the initial pressurization

process is completed. Consequently, the vessel fractures immediately and its
lifetime is basically t 0.
21
CHAPTER 4
ELASTIC STRESS FIELD EQUATIONS
4.1 (a) Calculate KI using the singularity and non-singularity stresses for a single-edge cracked
plate having a = 4 mm, x = 0.1, and L/w 1.5, and subjected to 300 MPa in tension. (b) Plot the
stress ratio Tx/ and the biaxiality ratio as functions of x = a/w.
Solution:
2) Single-edge Crack (SET)

K I a
w
L / w 1.5 and x a/w
L
1.12 - 0.23a/w 10.55 a / w 21. 71a / w
a 2 3
30.38 a / w
4
Given data: 300 MPa, x 0.1, a 4 x10 3 m

The stress ratio
Tx

1
1 x 2

0.526 0.641x 0.2049 x 2 0.755 x 3 0.7974 x 4 0.1966 x 5
Tx
0.56688
Tx 0.56688 0.56688300 MPa

Tx 170.06 MPa
The biaxiality ratio

1

0.469 0.1414 x 1.433x 2 0.0777 x 3 1.6195 x 4 0.859 x 5
1 x 1/ 2
0.46444
1
Plots:
Parameter
Parameter

Tx

Stress ratio approach:

170.06 MPa
T
K I( 2) x a

4 x10 m
3

0.46444
K I( 2) 41.05 MPa m
Classical approach:
The geometry correction factor

1.12 0.23a/w 10.55a/w2 21.71a/w3 30.38a/w4
1.12 0.230.1 10.550.1 21.710.1 30.380.1
2 3 4
1.1838
The stress intensity factor

K I(1) a 1.1838300 MPa 4 x10 3 m
K ( 2)
I 39.81 MPa m
Therefore, the Tx stress approach gives slight higher values for K I .
2
4.2 Using the information given in problem 4.1, calculate the stress intensity factor K I when the
stress ratio is Tx 0.
Solution:
2) Single-edge Crack (SET)

w

1.12 - 0.23a/w 10.55 a / w 21. 71a / w
a 2 3
30.38 a / w
4
a 4 x10 3 m 300 MPa x a / w 0.1
1.12 0.23x 10.55x 2 21.71x 3 30.38 x 4

1.12 0.230.1 10.550.12 21.710.13 30.380.14
1.1838
K I a 1.1838300 MPa 4 x10 3 m

K I 39.81 MPa m
4.3 Assume that a single-edge crack in a plate is loaded in tension. Derive the dominant near
crack-tip stresses in Cartesian coordinates using the Westergaard complex function
Z z
KI
where K I a
2z
Solution:
Polar coordinates:
x r cos , y r sin , r x 2 y 2 ,
1
sin cos sin
2 2 2
From Eulers formulas,

z rei / 2 r cos i sin

z r 1/ 2 e i / 2 r 1/ 2 cos i sin
2 2
3 3
z r 3 / 2 e i 3 / 2 r 3 / 2 cos i sin
2 2
3
Find the derivative of the Westergaard complex function

Z z & Z ' z
KI KI KI KI
z 3 / 2 r 3 / 2 e i 3 / 2
2z 2 2 z 3/ 2
2 2 2 2
Using the Eulers formula gives the Westergaard complex function in terms of trigonometric
functions

Z z
KI K K
I r 1 / 2 e i / 2 I r 1/ 2 cos i sin
2re i / 2
2 2 2 2
3 3
Z ' z
KI KI
r 3 / 2 e i 3 / 2 r 3 / 2 cos i sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
The real and imaginary parts of the trigonometric functions are

Re Z z I r 1 / 2 cos Im Z z I r 1/ 2 sin
K K
2 2 2 2
3 3
Re Z ' z I r 3 / 2 cos Im Z ' z I r 3 / 2 sin
K K
2 2 2 2
From eq. 4.11), the stress in the x-direction becomes

K I 3 / 2 3
x Re Z z y Im Z ' z I r 1/ 2 cos r sin
K
r sin
2 2 2 2 2
K 1 3 K 3
x I r 1/ 2 cos sin sin I r 1 / 2 cos sin cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
KI 3
x cos 1 sin sin
2r 2 2 2
Similarly,
K I 3 / 2 3
y Re Z z y Im Z ' z r sin
KI
r 1/ 2 cos r sin
2 2 2 2 2
K I 1/ 2 1 3 K 3
y r cos sin sin I r 1 / 2 cos sin cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
KI 3
y cos 1 sin sin
2r 2 2 2
and
3 K 3
xy y Re Z ' z r sin
K I 3 / 2 1
r cos I r 1 / 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
KI 3
xy cos sin cos
2r 2 2 2
4
4.4 Consider a unit circle with its center at the origin and let function F z Pz iQz be
holomorphic inside the contour C. Also let the function F take definite boundary values
______
where e i gives the points on C. If the boundary condition is F F f , then
determine the Cauchy Integral formulae and the integral for F(z).
Solution:
Multiply the equation for the boundary condition by

1 d
2i z
and integrate around C to get the Cauchy Integral formulae as

1
2i
C Fd
z
1
2i
C Fd
z
1
2i
C fd
z
The first integral is

Fz 1
2i
C Fd
z
The second integral becomes

F0 a o ia 1
which are unknown so far. Then,
Fz 1
2i
C fd
z
a o ia 1
Let z = 0 so that
2
ao 1
2i
C Fd

1
2
o fd
The remaining work to completely solve this problem can be found in Muskhelishvili's book,
1977 published edition, page 309-311.
4.5 Show that the fundamental combination of stresses can be defined in terms of Cauchy
Integral formulae.
x y 1
i
C hd
z 2
1
i
C hd
z 2
1
i
C hd
2
y x 2i xy 1
i
C

hd
z 3
1
i
C
hd
z 2
12
iz
C hd
z 2
12
hd
iz C 2
5
Solution:
z 1
2i
C h d a z
z 1
z
z C
h
z
d z z1
a
(4.124)
a1 a1 1
h
d
2i C 2
a 2 1 h3 d
2i C
The resultant expressions are
x y 2 z z (4.95a)
1
i
C h
z 2
d 2a 1 1
i
C h
z 2
d 2a 1
1
i
C hd
1
i
C hd
1
i
C hd
2
z 2
z 2
y x 2i xy 2z z z
2 z
1
i C hd
z 3
1
i C hd
z 2

z 2
2a21
z
1
i C hd
z 3
1
i C hd
z 2
12
iz
C hd
z 2
2a 2a
21 21
z z
1
i
Chd
1
i
C hd
12
iz
C hd
z 3 z 2 z 2
12
hd
iz C 2
4.6 Suppose that a plate containing a single unstressed crack (Figure 4,15) is deformed by the
unknown stresses at infinity and assume that the complex potential, f ' z i xy , represents
the stress distributions across the crack contour C. (a) Determine the stress distribution on y = 0
outside the crack and (b) the upper and lower boundary functions for x a.
Solution:
(a) Use eq. (4.124d) for z = x + iy = x since y = 0.

y i xy
yy i xy 2
1 z
z 2 a 2
In order to cover the stress distribution on the upper and lower planes the boundary function (z)
has to be rewritten as z x2 a 2 for x > a and x < a, respectively. Therefore, |x| a and
the stress distribution becomes

y i xy |x |
yy i xy 2
1
x 2 a 2
6
(b) The upper and lower boundary functions for |x| a are
z z i a 2 x 2
since z a = rei and z + a = rei so that for a unit disk with z = x + iy = x

z x ax a x 2 a2 i a2 x2
z i a 2 x 2
and
z i a 2 x 2
z i a 2 x 2
4.7 Consider an infinite plate subjected to a tensile remote stress (S) normal to the direction of a
central crack. If the complex potentials for this type of crack are
z S 2 z 2 a 2 z
4
z z S z a2
2 z2 a2
then determine the crack tip stresses using the Westergaard stress function Z z 2 ' z when
x a.
Solution:
z S 2z 1
4 z a2
2
Zz 2 z S z 1
2 z a2
2
Z z Z S 1 z2
2 z2 a2
3
z 2 a 2 2
The Westergaard stress functions, eq. (3.20) or (4.11), are
x Re Z y ImZ
y Re Z y ImZ
xy y Re Z
7
At y = 0 and z = x + iy = x > a, these stress functions become
x Re Z S z 1 S x 1 #
2 z a2
2 2 x a2
2
y Re Z S x 1
2 x a2
2
xy 0
For large z = x + iy = x since y = 0, the elastic stresses far from the crack tip vanish when x >> a
along the x-axis. Therefore,
x 0
y 0
xy 0
4.8 Consider the elliptical crack shown below and assume that the crack is in the z-plane where
z a and p z p . Derive the stress equations using the given crack geometry and the
Westergaard complex method.
iy p z p
z

x
a
Solution:
Let us move the origin to crack tip. Then the coordinates of P can be expressed in complex
variable z a . Use the Westergaard complex equation so that
Zz z
1 a/z 2 z a2
2

a a 1 a
Z
2a
2a 1 2a
8
For || << a,
Z a a
2a 2
a
Z
2 3/2
But = rei and
a a
Zr, e i/2
2re i 3/2 2r 3/2
a
Zr, cos i sin
2r 2 2
a a
Z r, e i3/2
2re i 3/2 2r 3/2
a a
Z r, cos 3 i sin 3
2re i 3/2 2r 3/2 2 2
Then,
y Re Z y Im Z
a
y cos 1 sin sin 3
2r 2 2 2
and
a
x cos 1 sin sin 3
2r 2 2 2
a
xy cos sin sin 3
2r 2 2 2
4.9 Assume that an infinite plate contains a through-central crack along the x-axis. If the plate is
subjected to a remote or infinite stress loading condition, y y S , x xy 0, then use
the Sanford [54] modified Irwin-Sih complex potential
2 z Zz z
Here, (z) may be defined by a Cauchy integral, Z(z) is the Westergaard complex function,
(z) is a complex polynomial and z is the complex variable define as z = x + iy. Based on this
information, determine a function for the stress intensity factor KI and expand (z) when n = 0
and 1, and z = a, half the crack length.
9
Solution:
The Westergaard complex function and the complex polynomial are
Zz KI
2z
m
z b n zn/2
n0
The given complex function yields
2 z n0 b n z n/2
KI m
2z
For n = 0 and 1 and z = a,

KI 2a 2 z b o b 1 z 1/2
10
CHAPTER 5
CRACK TIP PLASTICITY
5.1 Use the inequality K IC K I as a criterion for crack instability where K I is defined by
Irwins plastic zone corrected expression for a finite size, to determine if a steel pressure vessel
is susceptible to explode under 200 MPa hoop stress. The vessel contains an internal
circular crack perpendicular to the hoop stress. If K IC 60 MPa m , ys 700 MPa, and the
crack size is 20 mm, (a) determine the ASTM E399 thickness requirement and the minimum
thickness to be used to prevent explosion, (b) Will crack propagation occur at 200 MPa? (c) Plot
B (thickness) vs. / ys for a = 10, 20, and 30 mm, and (d) Will the pressure vessel explode
when the crack size is 30 mm? Why? or Why not? and e) When will the pressure vessel
explode?
Solution:
2
(a) From eq. (5.12) along with ,

K I a 1 0.5( / ys ) 2
Let K IC K I so that
2 2
K IC
KI

ys ys
2 2
K K
2.5 IC 2.5 I

ys ASTM ys Actual
Thus,
2
K
B ASTM 2.5 I

ys Actual

2
a 1 0.5( / ) 2
2
1
2

2
B ASTM 2.5
ys
2 .5 a 1
YS 2 ys
ys
1
If the equality is used, then B ASTM Bmin is the minimum thickness required by the ASTM E399
standard testing method. Substituting values, such as / ys 0.285714, a = 20 mm, and
2 / in the derived thickness expression, yields B ASTM Bmin 5.41 mm .

(b) K I a 1 0.5( / ys
2
32.56 MPa m . Therefore, crack propagation will not
occur because K I K IC . In this case, the crack is stable.
.
(c) Plot

2
a 1 0.5( / ys ) 2
B ASTM 2.5
YS

1
2 2
2
2.5a 1
2
B ASTM
ys ys
160
140
120
B ASTM 100 a 30 mm 20
80
60
10
40
20
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
/ ys

(d) It will not explode since K I a c 1 0.5( / ys
2
40 MPa m and K I K IC .

(e) Using K IC a c 1 0.5( / ys 2 yields the critical or maximum crack size as
a c 67.91 mm . Therefore, the pressure vessel will explode when a a c 67.91 mm.
2
5.2 A project was carried out to measure the elastic-strain energy release rate as a function of
normalized stress / ys of large plates made out a hypothetical brittle solid. All specimens had
a single-edge crack of 3-mm long. Plot the given data and do regression analysis on this data set.
Determine (a) the maximum allowable / ys ratio for G IC 30 kPa.m and (b) K IC in
MPa m . Given data: v 0.3 , ys 900 MPa and E 207 GPa .
/ ys 0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90

G IC kPa.m 0 0.40 1.70 1.90 7.00 12.00 19.00 26.00 36.00 48.00
Solution: The required regression equation and the plot are given below and the
2 3

G IC 0.2322 7.3168 53.4440 14.9570

ys ys ys
50
40
G IC
kPa.m 30
20
10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
/ ys
(a) Combining eqs. (3.5) and (5.12) yields
G IC

2 1 v 2 a ys / ys 2 1 0.5 / ys 2
E
1.12 1 0.3 3 x10 3 m 900 MPa x 2 1 0.5 x 2
2 2
G IC 42.0980 x 2 21.0940 x 4
207,000 MPa
where x / ys 0.75 at G IC 30 kPa.m.
(b) The fracture stress and the plane strain fracture toughness
0.75900 MPa 675 MPa
K IC
EG IC

207,000 MPa 0.03 MPa.m 82.61 MPa m
1 v 2
1 0.32
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3
5.3 Determine the critical crack length of problem 5.2.
Solution:
/ ys 0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90

G IC kPa.m 0 0.40 1.70 1.90 7.00 12.00 19.00 26.00 36.00 48.00
50
40
G IC
kPa.m 30
20
10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
/ ys
Combining eqs. (3.5) and (5.12) yields
G IC

2 1 v 2 a ys / ys 2 1 0.5 / ys 2
E
1.12 1 0.3 3x10 3 m 900 MPa x 2 1 0.5 x 2
2 2
G IC 42.098 x 2 21.094 x 4
207,000 MPa
where x / ys 0.75 at G IC 30 kPa.m. The fracture stress and the plane strain fracture
toughness
0.75900 MPa 675 MPa
K IC
EG IC

207,000 MPa 0.03 MPa.m 82.61 MPa m
1 v2 1 0.32
Thus,

2
K IC a c 1 0.5

ys
1
1 K IC
2 2
1 82.61 MPa m

2
1 0.50.75
2 1
ac 1 0.5 3 mm

ys 1.12 675 MPa

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4
5.4 A large brittle plate containing a central crack 4-mm long is subjected to a tensile stress of
800 MPa. The material has KIC = 80 MPa m , ys = 1200 MPa and v = 0.30. Calculate (a) the
applied KI, (b) the plastic zone size using the Von Mises yield criterion and prove that r = rmax
when o . Consider all calculations for plane stress and plane strain conditions, and (c) draw
the entire plastic zone contour where the crack tip is the origin of the coordinates.
Solution:
(a) K I a (800 MPa) 2 10 3 m 63.41 MPa m with f (a / w) 1

The crack is stable since KI < KIC.
(b) From eq. (5.52),

1 For plane stress
2
KI 3 2
r 2
sin h1 cos ; h
4 ys 2 1 2v For plane strain
2

If = 0, then
hK I 2 0.44 mm plane stress
r and r
2 ys 2
0.07 mm plane strain
Using eq. (5.52) yields

2
r 1 K I
sin 3 cos h
2 ys
r
For maximum KI and critical plastic zone size r = rc, let 0 so that

sin o 3 cos o h 0
h
cos o
3
70.53o For plane stress
o o
86.94 For plane strain
Thus,
0.59 mm For plane stress
2
3 2
rmax
KI
2 sin h 1 cos 0.37 mm
4 ys
2 o o
For plane strain
Furthermore,
r KI
sin 3 cos h
4 ys 2
5
2r

2 2
KI KI
3 cos 3 sin 2 h cos 3 h cos 3 sin 2
2
4 ys
2
4 ys
2
2r 0.44 mm plane stress

2 o 0.63 mm plane strain
2r
Therefore, r = rmax at o since 0 in both cases.
2
2
KI 3 2
(c) The contours in polar coordinates are as per r
4 ys 2 sin h1 cos

2
r mm
0.4
Crack Tip 0.2
0 Radians
-0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
-0.2
-0.4 Plane Strain Plane stress
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.5 (a) Use the data given in Example 3.3 for a pressure vessel containing a semi-elliptical crack
(Figure 3.6) to calculate Irwins and Dugdales (a) plastic zones, (b) K I using Kabayashis finite
size correction factor ( ) and plasticity correction factor. (c) Compare results and determine the
percent error against each case. (d) Is it necessary to include a plastic correction factor? Explain.
Solution:
Data from Example 3.3:

a = 3 mm, 2c = 10 mm, B = 6 mm, 420 MPa, ys 700 MPa, a/(2c) = 0.30, a/B = 0.50,
K IC 60 MPa m , / ys 0.60, M = 1, Mk = 1.12, and Q = 1.70 .
The correction factor and the stress intensity factor are, respectively
1.12 M k M / Q 0.127
K I a 5.18 MPa m
6
Comparison:
(a) Irwins Approach: Dugdales Approach:

1.12 M k M / Q 0.127 1.12 M k M / Q 0.127
r / ys 0.54 mm Eq. (5.13) r / 2 ys 1.33 mm

a 2 a 2
Eq. (5.24)
2 2
(b) Using a finite correction factor

K I (a r ) K I (a r )

2

K I a 1 0.5 / ys
2
Eq. (5.12) K I a 1 0.5
2

Eq.(5.25)
ys
2

K I a 1 0.5 / ys
2

K I a 1 0.5
2

ys
K I ( Irwin' s ) 5.63 MPa m K I ( Dugdale' s ) 6.22 MPa m
Comparisons:
K I ( eq. 3.29) 5.18 MPa m < K I ( Irwin' s ) < K I ( Dugdale' s ) 6.22 MPa m
Dugdales - Irwins Error 100%(6.22 5.63) / 5.63 10.48%

Irwins - eq. (3.29) Error 100%(5.63 5.18) / 5.18 8.69%
Dugdales - eq. (3.29) Error 100%(6.22 5.18) / 5.18 20.08%
Observe that eq. (3.29) does not include plasticity correction and it yields a smaller value than
both Dugdaless and Irwins expressions. The latter expression gives an error of 26.5%, which is
slightly large. On the other hand, 8.3% error seems to be more acceptable for comparison
purposes. This implies that a plastic zone correction may not be necessary.
(c) Using Irwins approach yields a plastic zone of 0.54 mm for one side of the semi-ellipse and
as a result, r << a and the plastic zone size could have been excluded. On the other hand,
Dugdales approach gives a plastic zone of 1.33 mm, which is large enough to be excluded;
therefore, a plasticity correction is needed to obtain more a accurate KI- result.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7
5.6 A 50- mm thick pressure vessel is to support a hoop stress of 300 MPa at room temperature
under no action of corrosive agents. Assume that a semi-elliptical crack (Figure 3.6) is likely to
develop on the inner surface with the major axis 2c = 40 mm and semi-minor axis a = 10 mm. A
300-M steel, which is normally used for airplane landing gear, is to be considered. Will crack
propagation occur at 300 MPa hoop stress? Make sure you include the Irwins plastic zone
correction in your calculations and explain if it is necessary to do so. Use the data below and
select the suitable tempered steel.
ys K IC
300-M Steel
(MPa ) ( MPa m)
o
650 Temper 1070 152
300o Temper 1740 65
Solution:
a = 10 mm, 2c = 40 mm, B = 50 mm, a/2c = 0.25, a/B = 0.20
Mk = 1.02 (From Figure 3.6b)
1.12M k / Q since M < 0.5 [lower limit according to eq. (3.46)]
From eq. (3.42),

Q 2 0.212 / ys
2
/2 /2
c2 a2 2
0 1
c2

sin d
0
1 0.75 sin 2 d
0.13169 (From a Table of Elliptic Integral of the Second Kind)
Thus,

K I a 1 0.50 / ys
2

r
a
/ ys 2
2
300-M Steel (650o C Temper) 300-M Steel (300o C Temper)
/ ys 0.28 / ys 0.17
Q 1.72 Q 1.67
0.87 0.88
K I 47.16 MPa m K IC K I 47.13 MPa m K IC
r = 0.39 mm r = 0.15 mm
r << a = 10 mm r << a = 10 mm
These results are similar and crack propagation will not occur since both steels have KI < KIC.
Select 300-M Steel (650o C Temper) since it has a larger K IC value. The plastic zone correction
was not necessary. Thus, K I a 46.26 MPa m K IC . Both steels can be used for
the sought application. In fact, the calculated K I values are similar for both steels. This is purely
accidental. Anyway, the plastically corrected KI values are approximately 2% higher.
8
5.7 If localized plasticity is to be considered, explain the physical meaning of the following
a 2
inequality t ys .
E
Solution:
If the applied stress ( ) is unchanged, but causes crack growth, then t ys is constant since
ys constant and t c . In this case, the crack length is the only changing variable that
increases; therefore, the inequality holds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.8 Show that r t /( ys ), where r is the plastic zone due to dislocation networks within the
plastic zone area ahead of the crack tip.
Solution:
2 2
K I2 ys K 2 ys KI
If t and E , then, t ys I 2 ys r
ys E ys 2
ys ys
t
Thus, r .
2 ys
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.9 Show that t / ys K I / ys and give a reasonable interpretation of this equality.

2
Solution: Apparently, t / ys is related to the crack size [ t / ys a] since K I / ys is

2
associated with the plastic zone [r K I / ys ]. Therefore, r t / ys . Here means

2
proportional.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.10 A large plate containing a through-the-thickness central crack of 2 a c 20 mm has

E 207 GPa, ys 1,275 MPa, and c 9.47 m at service temperature. Determine (a) the
plane strain fracture toughness, (b) the design stress intensity factor for a safety factor (SF) of 2,
(c) the critical fracture stress, and (d) the design service stress.
Solution:
2
K IC
(a) c (c) c K IC / a c 282 MPa
ys E
K IC 50 MPa m (d) d c / SF 141 MPa
K
(b) K ID IC 25 MPa m
SF
9
4
5.11 Predict t for glass using a2 x2
E
Solution: Glass is a brittle material and there is no need for plasticity correction; therefore,
t 0 @ x a.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.12 Develop a t expression for a von Mises material. Compare it with t for a Tresca
material under plane strain condition. Assume that crack growth occurs along the crack plane.
Solution:
von Mises t expression: Tresca t expression:
From eq. (5.53), From eq. (5.59) with 0 ,
hK I2 K r K I2 K r
r and t I r and t I
2 ys
2
E 2 2 ys2
E 2
h1 / 2 K I2 K I2
t von Mises t Tresca
2E ys 2E ys
Combining t Mises and t Tresca yields
t Mises h1 / 2 t Tresca
t Mises 1 2v t Tresca
For Poissons ratio v 1, t Mises t Tresca because r Mises r Tresca
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.13 A material has E 70 GPa, ys 500 MPa and v 1 / 3. It has to be used as a plate in a
large structure. Non-destructive evaluation detects a central crack of 50 mm long. If the
displacement at fracture is 0.007 mm and the plate width is three times the thickness, calculate
(a) the crack tip opening displacement, (b) the plane strain fracture toughness, (c) the plane
strain energy release rate, (d) the plate thickness and (e) Whats the safety factor being indirectly
included in this elastic-plastic fracture mechanics approach? Assume plane strain conditions as
per eq. (5.49) and a fracture load of 200 kN.
Solution:
Given data:
a = 25 mm, f 0.007 mm , 3 and v 1 / 3. ys 500 MPa, P = 200 kN and E 70 GPa .
(a) tc 2 f 0.014 mm 1.40 x10 5 m

(b) From eq. (5.49) with 3 1.7321 , which is defined below eq. (5.5), the plane strain
fracture toughness ( K IC ), as per Irwins model, is
10
K IC
1
2
tc E ys
1
2
3 1.40 x10 m70 x10 MPa 500 MPa 25.82 MPa
5 3
m
1 1 / 925.82 MPa m 8.46 kJ / m

2
(1 v 2 ) K IC
2
G IC 3
2
E 70 x10 MPa
Pc P
(c) c K IC / a 92.13 MPa m and c c2
wB 3B
Pc 200 kN
B 26.90 mm and w 3B 80.70 mm (Width)
3 c
3 92.13x10 3 kN / m 2
(d) SF ys / c 500 / 92.13 5.43
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.14 Repeat problem 5.13 using eq. (5.41). Compare results.
Solution:
Data: a = 25 mm, f 0.007 mm , 3 and v 1 / 3.
ys 500 MPa, P = 200 kN, E 70 GPa and c 2 f 0.014 mm 1.4 x10 5 m
3 4v 5 / 3 For plane strain
( 1)(1 v) K IC
2 2
8 K IC
(a) c =
4E ys 9E ys
K IC
9 c E ys

9 1.4 x10 5 m 70 x10 3
MPa 500 MPa
41.61 MPa m
8 8
(b) G IC
(1 v 2 ) K IC
2

1 1 / 9 41.61 MPa m
2
0.022 MJ / m 2 22 kJ / m 2
E 70 x10 3 MPa
(c) c
K IC

41.61 MPa m 148.48 MPa
a 25 x10 3 m
Pc P
c c2
wB 3B
Pc 200 kN
B 21.19 mm and w 3B 63.57 mm (Width)
3 c
3 148.48 x10 3 kN / m 2
ys
(d) SF 3.37
c
Problem 5.13 K IC 41.61 MPa m c 148.48 MPa B 21.19 mm SF 5.43
Problem 5.14 K IC 25.82 MPa m c 92.13 MPa B 26.90 mm SF 3.37
11
5.15 A hypothetical large metallic plate containing a 10-mm central crack is 30-mm wide and 5-
mm thick and mechanically loaded in tension. This plate has E 69 GPa, ys 500 MPa ,
v 1 / 3, and 0.3% (plane stress strain). Determine (a) t , (b) G , and c) as per Irwin,
Dugdale, Burdekin, Rice, and Average equations, and compare the results.
Solution:
Data: w 30 mm, B 5 mm, v 1 / 3, a 5 mm , 0.3%, ys 500 MPa, E 69 GPa

Calculations:
B 5 mm 0.003 0.015 mm and K I a

G I ys 1.5 x10 5 m 500 MPa 0.0075 m.MPa 7.5 kJ / m 2
(a) In general,
K I2 a c2 t E ys
t and
E ys E ys a
Irwineq. (5.31):
E
t ys
0.015 mm 69 x103 MPa 500 MPa 161 MPa
4a 45 mm
Dugdaleeq. (5.32):
t E ys

0.015 mm69 x10 3 MPa 500 MPa 128 MPa
2a 2 5 mm
Burdekineq. (5.40):
t E ys

0.015 mm 69 x10 3 MPa 500 MPa 182 MPa
a 5 mm
Riceeq. (5.41):
t E ys

0.015 mm 69 x10 3 MPa 500 MPa 322 MPa
a 5 mm
Rice equation yields Rice 2 Irwin .
12
5.16 Determine (a) the critical crack tip opening displacement ( c ), (b) the plastic zone size
(r) and (c) the fracture stress ( c ) for a large aluminum alloy plate containing a central crack of
5-mm long. Use the data given below and assume that plane strain conditions exist. Data:
K IC 25 MPa m , ys 500 MPa, and E 70 GPa.
Solution:
(a) From eq. (5.40),

K2
c IC
25 MPa m
2
0.018 mm
E ys 70 x103 500 MPa
(b) For plane strain condition,
2 2
K IC
r
1 1 25 MPa m 0.13 mm
6
ys

6 500 MPa

From eq. (3.24),
K IC 25 MPa m
c 282 MPa
a 2.5 x10 3 m
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
E 2
5.17 Show that t 1 t for plane stress conditions, where is the crack
8a
opening displacement (COD) and t is the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD).
Schematically, plot f t for various and fixed a values.
Solution:
From eq. (5.24), From eq. (5.23a),
4 4
t
E
2ar (5.30)
E
a2 r x2
2
(5.29)
E t
2
4
2ar (a) a 2 2ar r 2 x 2 (d)
4 E
1 E t
2
r (b) If a x, then (e)

2a 4
E t
4
1 4
r2 (c) 2ar r 2 (f)
2a 2 4 E
13
Inserting eqs. (b) and (c) into (f) yields
4 E 2 1 E 4
2 4
t 2 t
E 4 2a 4
1 E 4
2
t2
2 t
2a 4
2
E 2
t 1 t
8a
The plot is

Increasing
a a o fixed
t
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.18 If the plane strain fracture toughness (KIC) and the yield strength (ys) of a 12-mm thick
C(T) steel specimen are 71 MPa.m1/2 and 1,896 MPa, respectively, determine (a) the validity of
the fracture mechanics tension test as per ASTM E399 for the plate containing a single-edge
crack of 10-mm long at fracture, (b) the fracture stress if the plate is 20-mm wide, (c) the critical
crack tip opening displacement, (d) the plastic zone size, and (e) interpret the results with regard
to plane strain condition. Use a Poisson's ratio of 1/3 and assume that the elastic modulus of the
steel 207 GPa.
Solution:
14
(a) Using eq. (3.5) yields the critical stress intensity factor
The minimum size requirements can be computed using eq. (3.30). Thus,
Therefore, the test is valid because a, B10, 12 amin , Bmin 3.51 mm and a/w 0.5 is within the
0.2 a/w 1 valid range. So proceed with the required calculations.
(b) The fracture stress is determined from eq. (3.29) along with =9.6591 since a/w=0.5 (Consult
Table 3.1).
Thus,
(c) The crack-tip opening displacement is calculated using Rices equation, eq. (5.41), with
3 4v 5 / 3 and 11 v 32 / 9.
15
(d) The plastic zone can be calculated using eq. (5.53) along with the constant h = (1 - 2v)2 = 1/9
(e) The above results suggests that the plate met the ASTM E399 size requirements because
a, B amin , Bmin and 0.2 a/w 1 . The C(T) specimen breaks in a brittle manner because both
the plastic zone size and the crack-tip opening displacement are very small.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.19 Assume that isotropic solid material having a single-edge crack is subjected to a remote
tensile stress at room temperature. Let the properties of the material be ys 500 MPa,
Poissons ratio v 1 / 3 and E 72 MPa. Let the applied stress intensity factor for mode I
loading be K I 20 MPa m . Excluding microstructural details and microscale defects, use the
Tresca yielding criterion to derive (a) an expression for the critical plastic zone angle ( c ) and its
magnitude when minimum principal stresses are equal ( 2 3 ), (b) determine when min 2
and min 3 by knowing the value of c , (c) the plastic zone size at c and K I 20 MPa m .
The Tresca yielding criterion is based on the maximum shear stress reaching a critical or failure
level. Hence, the definition of the maximum shear stress for this criterion is
max 0.5 max min 0.5 ys
Here max and min are principal stresses and ys is the monotonic tensile yield strength of a
solid material. Let max 1 and min 2 or min 3 .
Solution:
Needed equations for solving the problem. The principal stresses are
Hence,
16
(a) The expression for the critical plastic zone angle ( c ). For plane strain and c conditions,
If v = 1/3, then
and the minimum principal stresses become
(b) The minimum stresses. Let's calculate the values of 2 and 3 at c and c .
For c 0.67967 rad 38.942o , say 35o so that
For 20o ,
17
Therefore, the calculated values of the principal stress 2 and 3 at c and fixed r
indicate that min 3 .
For c 0.67967 rad 38.942o , say 40o so that
For 60o ,
Therefore, the calculated values of the principal stress 2 and 3 at c and fixed r
indicate that min 2 .
18
(c) The plastic zone sizes for plane stress and plane strain at c 38.942o are
As expected, r for plane stress is greater than that for plane strain.
19
5.20 Consider a ductile steel plate containing a 50-mm through-thickness central crack subjected
to a remote tensile stress of 40 MPa. If the yield strength of the steel is 300 MPa, then calculate
K I as per LEFM, Irwins approximation and the Dugdales strip yield criterion. Compare
results. Repeat all calculations for 290 MPa remote stress. Explain.
Solution:
Given data: 40 MPa and ys 300 MPa
LEFM:
50

K I a 40 MPa 10 3 m 11.21 MPa m
2
10 3 m
50
40 MPa
a 2
Irwins: KI 11.26 MPa m
1 0.5 / ys 1 0.540 / 300
2 2
10 3 m
50
40 MPa
a 2
Dugdales: K I 11.25 MPa m
8 8 x 40
ln sec ln sec
2 2 ys 2 2 x300
These results are similar. However, if 290 MPa, then K I
LEFM: K I 81.27 MPa m

Irwins: K I 115.18 MPa m
Dugdales: K I 130.01 MPa m
Therefore, K I values are dubious. See Figure 5.4 for comparing Irwins and Dugdales
approximation schemes.
20
5.21 A single-edge SE(B) specimen with B = 20 mm, w = 40 mm is used to determine the critical
CTOD tc and J IC . See Example 5.4 for the specimen configuration and the load-displacement
plot. Assume plane strain conditions and let
Pmax 38 kN , ys 800 MPa, E 207 GPa, v 0.3, K IC 60 MPa m

B 20 mm; w 40 mm; p 1.00 mm; S 150 mm; z 1.5 mm; a 12 mm
Solution:
From Example 5.4,
The geometry correction factor :

x a / w 12 / 40 0.3

3x1 / 2 1.99 x1 x 2.15 3.93 x 2.7 x 2
21 2 x 1 x
3/ 2
30.3
1/ 2
1.99 0.31 0.32.15 3.930.3 2.70.3 1.5212
2
21 2 * 0.31 0.3
3/ 2
The applied stress intensity factor as per LEFM is

P S 1.521238000 N 150 x103 m
K I max

54.19 MPa m

Bw3 / 2
20 x103 m 40 x10 3 m
3/ 2

Then, CTOD becomes
te
K I2

54.19 MPa m
2
8.866 x103 m 0.009 mm

m ys E 2800 MPa 207000 MPa
0.44w a p 0.4440 mm 12 mm1 mm
tp 0.47715 mm
0.44w a a z 0.4440 mm 12 mm 12 mm 1.5 mm
tc te tp 0.008866 0.47715 4.78 mm
Thus, the J-integral is

J IC m ys tc 2 800 MPa 4.78 x103 m 7.65 MPa.m 7.65MN/m 2
21
22
Chapter 6 Fracture Mechanics, 2nd Ed. (2015) Solution Manual
CHAPTER 6
THE ENERGY PRINCIPLE
6.1 Use Dugdales model for a fully developed plane stress yielding confined to a narrow
plastic zone. Yielding is localized to a narrow size roughly equal to the sheet thickness (B). This
is a fully elastic case, in which the plastic strain may be defines as t /B, where t is the crack
tip opening displacement. If the J-integral is defined by dJ d , then show that
a 2 2
t
E ys
Solution:
If the strain energy density and the J-integral at yielding are defined by

W d ys d
0 0

J BW B ys d t ys
o
Thus,
t
J B ys d ys d
o o
Solving the J-integral yields
t
J ys d t ys
o
Then,
K I2 K I2
J and t ys
E E
KI 2
a
2 2
t
E ys E ys
Here, is a correction factor.
1
6.2 The crack tip opening displacement (t) for perfectly plastic solution to the Dugdale model
was derived by Rice in 1966 [21] as
k 1a 0
t log sec
G 2 0
where o ys and Remote tensile stress ( o ), a Crack size, and G = Shear
modulus. Show that the path-independent J-integral is defined by
J
k 11 a 2 f a,
E
Solution:

Using Taylors series on sec and on log sec yields
2 0 2 0
2 2
sec y 1
y 5 4 y
y and y ... 1
2 0 2 24 2
Let x sec y so that

x 1 1 x 1 3
log x 2 ... For x 0
x 1 3 x 1
2
y2
x 1 sec y 1 1 1 y2 2 o
log x 2 2 sec y 1 2 2 2 2
2 2
x 1 1 y2
1 4 y 4
2 2
o

2 2
1
If 1, then 4 and log sec
o 2 o 2 o 2 2 o
k 1a 0
2

Thus, t
2G 2
o
From eq. (6.66),

k 1a o2 k 1a 2
2

J t 0
2
2G o 8G
E
The elastic shear modulus of elasticity is G . Thus, J becomes
21 v
J
k 11 v a 2 f a,
4E
2
6.3 A bending test specimen made out of carbon steel showed a load-displacement behavior
P A = Area =10 Joules

E = 207 GPa
Area ys = 1,500 MPa
B = 25 mm
b = 25 mm

If the area under the P vs. curve is 10 joules at the onset of crack growth, determine (a) the
fracture toughness in terms of J IC as per ASTM E-813 Standard, (b) K IC and its validity as per
ASTM E399 testing method, and (c) tc [according to eq. (5.31) with 3 ] , f and r .
Explain the meaning of the results.
Solution:
(a) J IC
2A

210 joules 32 kJ/m 2 32 x10 3 m. MPa
Bb 25 10 3 m25 10 3 m
(b) K IC EJ IC 207 x10 MPa32 x10 m.MPa 81.39 MPa

3 3
m
2.5K / 7.36 mm B B
2
Validity: BASTM IC ys and B min Actual ASTM
Therefore, K IC 81.39 MPa m is valid.
(c) From eq. (5.31),
tc
2
4 K IC

4 81.39 MPa m 0.016 mm

2

E ys 3 207 x103 MPa 1,500 MPa
Using eqs. (5.44) and (5.13) yields the fracture strain and the plastic zone size, respectively
c 0.016 mm
f 6.4 x10 4 or 0.064%
B 25 mm
The plastic zone size:

2 2
K IC
r
1 1 81.39 MPa m 0.16 mm a
6
ys

6 1,500 MPa
Therefore, the material behaved in a brittle manner implying that very little plastic deformation
took place at the crack tip. These are very small values indicating that the material is brittle and
undergoes very little plastic deformation. With regard to the critical crack tip displacement of
0.016 mm, it indicates that the crack tip displacement is very small; that is,
y c / 2 0.008 mm .
3
6.4 If J I ys t is used to determine the fracture toughness, will t be a path-independent

entity? Explain.
Solution:
Using Dugdales model, Figure 5.3 and eq. (6.33) yields
y
P
2 y
Plastic Zone x
P
2a r
ar
JI Wdy T ds
a
x
According to Figure 5.3, dy 0 from a to a r and T y ys . Thus,
J I
ar
y y dx t
ys d y y dx t ys
a
ys
x
o
Therefore, both J I and t are path-independent. Only the initial and final values of t are
needed to solve the integral. In fact, t is just an opening as well as a path-independent entity.
6.5 Assume that crack growth occurs when J I J IC , where J IC (1 2 ) K IC

2
/ E . If a well-
developed plastic flow occurs, will these expressions be valid? Explain.
Solution: It is valid in the elastic regime where a r.
4
6.6 A double cantilever beam (DCB) is slowly loaded in tension up 10 MN as shown

schematically below. Assume that there is no rotation at the end of the beam and that the beam is
made of isotropic steel having the following properties: K IC 47 MPa m and E 207 GPa.
Will fracture occur?
PP 10 B h
AokN
M M Pa B
a = 20 mm
h
2 B = 20 mm
h h = 10 mm
M a
Solution:
From eq. (6.42) along with E ' E / 1 v 2 and I Bh 3 / 12,
P 2 a 2 121 v 2 P 2 a 2 121 0.32 10 x10 3 MN 20 x10 3 m

2 2
GI
BE ' I EB 2 h 3 207,000 MN / m 2 20 x103 m 2 10 x103 m 3
G I 5.28 x10 3 MPa.m
KI
EG I

207,000 MPa 5.28 x10 3 MPa.m
1 v2 1 0.32
K I 34.66 MPa m
Therefore, fracture will not occur because K I 34.66 MPa m K IC 47 MPa m
5
CHAPTER 7
PLASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS
7.1 Determine (a) the J-integral (J) and (b) the dJ/da for a hypothetical steel plate containing a
central crack of 114 mm long loaded at 276 MPa and exposed to room temperature air. What
does TJ < TR mean? Assume plane strain conditions and that the stainless steel obeys the
Ramberg-Osgood relation with curve fitting parameters such as ' 1.69 and n 5.42. Explain
the results based on the strain hardening effect. Data: E 206,850 MPa , ys 207 MPa,
0.3 and J IC 130 kJ/m 2 . Dimensions: w 4a 228 mm, L 2w
2w 2a
2L
Solution:
(a) For a central crack, use Table 3.1 for
x a/w 57 / 228 0.25

1 0.5 x 2 20.46 x 4 81.72 x 6 1 0.50.25 20.460.25 81.720.25 1.0635
2 4 6
sec 0.25 1.1892

K I ae
The effective crack length needed for calculating K I K I ae is given below.

2 2
1 n 1 K I 1 n 1 1
ry ae & 6
n 1 o n 1 o 1 P / Po
2

2
1 1 n 1
ae a w ry a 2 ae
1 P / Po n 1 o
With sec 0.25 1.1892
1 5.42 1 1.1892276
2
1
ae 57 mm 2 ae
1 125.86 / 81.75 6 5.42 1 207
ae 57 mm 8.5597 x10 2 ae
ae 62.336 mm
1
K I ae 1.1892276 MPa 62.336 x10 3 m

K I 145.25 MPa m
The elastic J-integral values that include the effects strain hardening is
K I2 (1 2 ) K I2 (1 0.32 )145.25
2
Je 9.2815x10 2 MPa m
E' E 206,850
J e 92.82 kPa.m 92.82 kJ/m 2
Plastic Part (continued): Table 7.2 for a central crack

o o /E 0.001 and 0.001
Po 4(w a) o / 3 81.75 MN/m & P 2 w 2228 x103 m276 MPa 125.86 MN/m
w a 228 57 171 mm
The Plastic zone:

1 5.42 1 145.25
2
r ry 10 17.855 mm
3
6 5.42 1 207
From eq. (7.25) and Table 7.1 with n = 5.42,
I n 6.2511 0.29381n 1.1724 x10 2 n 2 5.0031

n 1 5.42 1

1.69 207 MPa 0.0015.003117.855 x10 m 10
276
J p ' o o I n r 3

3
o 207
J p 87.17 kJ/m 2
Thus, eq. (7.36) gives
J J e a e J p a, n 92.82 kJ/m 2 87.17 kJ/m 2

J J I 180 kJ/m2
Therefore, crack grows occurs since J 290.96 kJ/m 2 J IC 130 kJ/m 2
(b) Crack instability
K I2
2
K I2 (1 2 ) K I2 (1 2 ) a
Je
E' E E
2
2 2
1 n 1 K I 1 n 1
r ry a
n 1 o n 1 o
n 1 2 n 1
1 n 1
J p ' o o I n r ' o o I n a
o n 1 o o
(1 2 ) a
n 3
1 n 1
J Je J p ' o o I n 2 a
E n 1 o
dJ (1 2 )
n3
1 n 1
2
' o o I n 2 0
da E n 1 o
dJ (1 0.32 )1.1892 x 276 MPa

2

da 206,850 MPa
5.42 3
1 5.42 1 276
1.69207 MPa 0.0015.00311.0635
2

6 5.42 1 207
dJ
4.05 MPa 4.05 MJ/m3
da
From eq. (6.70), the tearing modulus is
E dJ 206,850 MPa
TJ 4.05 MPa 19.55
o2 da 207 MPa 2
TJ 19.55
Therefore, crack growth is stable if TJ TR .
3
7.2 Plot the given uniaxial stress-strain data for an ASTM A533B steel at 93C, and perform a
regression analysis based on the Ramberg-Osgood equation. A single-edge-cracked plate made
out of this steel is loaded in tension at 93C. Determine the total elastic-plastic J-integral when
the applied load is 500 MPa . Will the crack grow in a stable manner? Why? or Why not?
Assume plane strain conditions and necessary assumptions. Let a 100 mm, v = 0.30, E = 207
GPa, L = 3w, w = 400 mm, JIC = 1.20 MPa.m, h1 0.523 and B = 150 mm.
Strain 1.0 2.2 2.3 2.3 5.0 7.5

0 10 20 40
(x10-3) 0 4 0 5 0 0
Stress
0 381 414 415 416 450 469 483 519 557
(MPa)
Solution: Single-edge cracked specimen
w

a
Stress v s. Stra in
800
Stress (M Pa )
600
400
200
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Stra in
Data for plane strain condition:

ys o 414 MPa (From the above Figure) a 100 mm B 150 mm
E 207 GPa v 0.30 w 400 mm
in kips
J IC 1.20 MPa m 6.8 (From Ref. [8]) L 3w 1,200 mm
in 2
500 MPa (Applied) b w a 300 mm (Ligament)
4
Elastic Part:
n

Nonlinear regression using 0 yields ' 1.12 and n 9.71 . From Table 7.2,
'
P w 400 x103 m500 MPa 200 MN/m
1/ 2 1/ 2
a 2 a 100 2 100
x 1 1 100 0.82137
w a w a 400 100 400 a
P0 1.455x w a 0 1.4550.82137300 x103 m 414 MPa 148.43 MN/m
1 w a a / w 400 100100 / 400 75 mm
Also, 6 and
2
1 n 1 ae ae n 1
2 2
n 1 K I
1
ry
n 1

n 1 0 n 1 0 0
1
w
1 P/P0
2
The crack size can be calculated using
ae a w ry
2
1 n 1 1 9.71 1 500
ae
1 1
ae a
2 ae a 2
1 P/P0 n 1 0 1 200 / 148.43 6 9.71 1 414
ae a 0.05814ae
ae 1.0617a
a 100 mm
ae 1.0617100 mm 106.17 mm
For a / w 100 / 400 0.25,

1.12 0.23a / w 10.55a / w 21.71a / w 30.38a / w 1.5013
2 3 4
K I ae 1.5013500 MPa 106.17 x10 3 m 469.10 MPa m
J e I'

K 2 1 2 K I2 1 0.32 469.10 MPa m 2
0.97 m.MPa 0.97 MJ/m 2

E E 207 x103 MPa
5
Plastic part:
2
a n 1 106.17 mm 9.71 1 500
2
r ry e 21 mm
n 1 0 6 9.71 1 414
From eq. (7.51) and Table 7.2,

h1 0.523 , ' 1.12 and 1 75 mm 75 x103 m
n 1
P
J p 0 01h1
'
with 0 0 /E 0.002
P0
1 9.71
J p 1.12414 MPa 0.00275 x10 m0.523

200
3

148.43
J p 0.89 MJ/m 2
Thus, the total value of the J-integral is
J J e J p 0.97 0.89 1.86 MJ/m2
Therefore, crack will grow because J J IC 1.20 m. MPa. Stable? Unstable? Lets find out how
the crack will grow. Let
K I ae ; J e I'

K 2 1 2 K I2 ae 1 2 2
and
P
J p 0 01h1
'
n 1
E E E P0
so that the total value of the J-integral can be computed by
a 1 2 2
n 1
P
J Je J p e ' 0 01h1
E P0
If ae 1.0617a and 1 w a a / w , then

1 2 2 P
n 1
J 1.0617a 0 0 h1 w a a / w
'
E P0
Thus, at constant load dJ/da is

1 2 2 ' P w a a
n 1
1.0617
dJ
0 0 h1 1 26 MPa
da E P0 w w
E dJ 207 x103 MPa
TJ 2 26 MPa 31.40
o da 414 MPa 2
Therefore, the crack will grow in a stable manner TJ 31.40 TR
6
7.3 Repeat Problem 7.2 using the Hollomon equation K n for the plastic region. Curve
fitting should be performed using this equation for obtaining K and n. Assume plane strain
conditions and make the necessary assumptions. Compare the result from Problem 7.2. What can
you conclude from these results? Assume a contour as shown in Figure 7.6 with y23 70 mm.
Solution: Single-edge cracked specimen
Stress v s. Stra in
800
Stress (M Pa )
600
400
200
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Stra in

ys o 414 MPa (From the above Figure) a 100 mm
E 207 GPa w 400 mm
v 0.30 B 150 mm
in kips
in 2
Elastic Part:
For a / w 100 / 400 0.25,

1.12 0.23a / w 10.55a / w 21.71a / w 30.38a / w 1.5013
2 3 4
K I ae 1.5013500 MPa 106.17 x10 3 m 469.10 MPa m

K 2 1 2 K I2 1 0.32 469.10 MPa m
J e I'
2
0.97 m.MPa 0.97 MJ/m 2

E E 207 x103 MPa
7
Plastic part: Nonlinear regression using k n yields k 776 MPa and n 0.103. The
plastic strain energy density can be defined using the Hollomon equation as

1/ n
k n and
k

Wp d k n d k 776 MPa and n 0.103
0 0
n 1 10.7087
k n 1 k n 776 MPa 500 MPa
Wp
n 1 n 1 K 1.103 776 MPa
W p 6.35 MPa 6.35 MJ/m3
Assume a contour as shown in Figure 7.6 with y23 70 mm so that J p 2 y23W p as per eq. (7.43),
which represents a near-field condition. Thus,

J p 2 y23W p 2 70 x103 m 6.35 MPa 0.89 m. MPa
J I J e J p 0.97 0.89 1.86 MPa m 1.86 MJ/m 2
Crack growth occurs since J J IC . Note that if the value of y23 changes so will J p and J I .
Anyway, both problems 7.2 and 7.3 (P7.2 and P7.3) give the same result as per chosen contour
segment y23 70 mm; otherwise J p P7.2 J p P 7.3 or J I P7.2 J I P7.3 .
Then, K I a and K I2 a
2
K I2 1 2 a
2
Je '
E E
n 1
K n 1 K n
Wp
n 1 n 1 K
n 1
K n 1 K n
J p 2 y23W p 2 y23
n 1 n 1 K
1 2 2 a
n 1
K n
JI Je J p 2 y23
E n 1 K
dJ I 1 2 2 2 1 0.32 1.5013x500
2

da E 207 x103
dJ I
7.78 MPa 7.78 MJ/m3
da
E dJ 207 x103 MPa
TJ 2 7.78 MPa 9.40
o da 414 MPa 2
Therefore, the crack will grow in a stable manner TJ 9.40 TR .
8
7.4 A steel plate having a single-edge crack is loaded as shown below. Calculate (a) the load-
line displacement ( ) and (b) the crack opening displacement ( ) that corresponds to a point on
the resistance curve (not included). Assume plane strain conditions and use the following data:
v 0.3 , h1 0.523, h2 1.93, h3 3.42, B 0.15 m, w 0.40 m, L 1.2 m and a 0.1 m.
J IC 1.20 kJ/m 2 , 500 MPa and E 206,850 MPa
Solution:
w

a
(a) From Table 7.2,

n 1
P
J p ' 0 0 w a h1
P0
1
P p n
n
P
p ' a 0 h3 so that
P0 P0 ' a 0 h31
Eliminating P/Po yields

n 1 / n
p
J p ' 0 0 w a h1
' a 0 h3
n 1 / n
h w a
J p 0 1 1 / n p
' 0 ah3
n
J p n 1
p ah3 ' 0 1 /( n 1)
01h1
Similarly,
n
n
P J p n 1
' a 0 h2 ah2 ' 0 1 /( n 1)
P0 01h1
These are the equations to be used in this problem. However, we need the value of J p at
500 MPa. Lets get.
9

ys o 414 MPa (From the above Figure) a 100 mm B 150 mm
E 207 GPa v 0.30 w 400 mm
in kips
in 2
Elastic Part:
n

Nonlinear regression using 0 yields ' 1.12 and n 9.71 . From Table 7.2,
'
0
P w 400 x103 m500 MPa 200 MN/m
1/ 2 1/ 2
a 2 a 100 2 100
x 1 1 100 0.82137
w a w a 400 100 400 a

P0 1.455x w a 0 1.4550.82137 300 x103 m 414 MPa 148.43 MN/m
1 w a a / w 400 100100 / 400 75 mm
Also, 6 and
2
n 1 ae ae n 1
2 2
1 n 1 K I 1
r ry
n 1 0 n 1 0 n 1
0
1
w
1 P/P0
2
The crack size can be calculated using

ae a w ry
2
1 1 n 1 1 1 9.71 1 500
ae a 2
ae a 2 ae
1 P/P0 n 1
0 1 200 / 148.43 6 9 .71 1 414
ae a 0.05814ae
ae 1.0617a
a 100 mm
ae 1.0617100 mm 106.17 mm
10
For a / w 100 / 400 0.25,

1.12 0.23a / w 10.55a / w 21.71a / w 30.38a / w 1.5013
2 3 4
K I ae 1.5013500 MPa 106.17 x10 3 m 469.10 MPa m
J e I'

K 2 1 2 K I2 1 0.32 469.10 MPa m
2
0.97 m.MPa 0.97 MJ/m 2

E E 207 x103 MPa
J e 0.97 MJ/m2
From Problem 7.2,
2
a n 1 106.17 mm 9.71 1 500
2
r ry e 21 mm
n 1 0 6 9.71 1 414
From eq. (7.51) and Table 7.2,
P w 400 x103 m500 MPa 200 MN/m

1/ 2 1/ 2
a 2 a 100 2 100
x 1 1 100 0.82137
w a w a 400 100 400 a

P0 1.455x w a 0 1.4550.82137 300 x103 m 414 MPa 148.43 MN/m
1 w a a / w 400 100100 / 400 75 mm

h1 0.523 , ' 1.12 and 1 75 mm 75 x103 m
n 1
P
J p 0 01h1
'
with 0 0 /E 0.002
P0
1 9.71
J p 1.12414 MPa 0.00275x10 3 m0.523

200

148.43
J p 0.89 MJ/m2
J J e J p 0.97 MJ/m2 0.89 MJ/m2 1.86 MJ/m2
11
Thus,
n
J p n1
p ah3 ' 0 1/( n1)
01h1
0.9066

p 0.1 m 3.421.120.002
0.0934 0.89 m.MPa
414 MPa 0.3 m 0.523

p 3.90 mm
(b) The crack opening displacement is

n
n
P J p n 1
' a 0 h2 ah2 ' 0 1 /( n 1)
P0 01h1
0.9066

0.1 m1.931.12 0.002
0.0934 0.89 m. MPa
414 MPa 0.3 m0.523

2.20 mm
Therefore, p 3.90 mm and 2.20 mm at the onset of crack growth since J IC 1.2 MN/m2
and crack blunting required these values.
7.5 Determine the strain hardening exponent (n) for a steel with ys = 400 MPa, E = 207 GPa.
Assume that it obeys the Hollomon equation p k n . Consider the maximum plastic stress in
your calculations.
Solution:
p max @ p 1 max and max k 700 MPa

ys
@ yielding, ys k ysn , max k max
n
. and ys 1.93 10 3
E
ys k ysn
ysn
max k max
@ ys 400
ln
ln
max
n 700 0.0895
ln ys
ln 1.93 10 3
12
7.6 (a) Derive an expression for the J-integral J p /J e f((o ) ratio as per Rice model. (b) Plot
the resultant expression for a remote stress to yield stress ratio range 0 / o 1 . Here,
o ys . Explain the resultant trend.
Solution:
(a) The plastic case:

k 1a o
t log sec
G 2 o
k 1a o2
J p o t log sec
G 2 o
The elastic case:
Je
k 1K I2 k 1a 2

8G 8G

2 log sec
Jp 2 o
J 2
f ( / o )
e

2 o
From the plot, J p /J e as / o 1 since sec/ 2 and o .
They significantly differ from each

4
other due to a large plasticity.
J p /J e
At / o 0.8 , JP dominates.
3
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
/ o
13
7.7 Calculate the total J-integral (J) for a 2024 Al-alloy plate containing a single-edge crack
under plane stress conditions. Plot b) the f and J I f . Use the following data to
carry out all calculations: a = 1.40 mm, w = 19 mm, B = 0.8 mm, L = 10 cm, o 64 MPa,
E 72,300 MPa, = 0.35, n = 5 and F = 1.01 kN.
Solution:
Elastic part:
a) The following calculations are self-contained. Thus,
o o 64 8. 852 10 4 A wB 15. 20x10 6 m 2
E 72, 300
1. 01x10 3 MN
F 66. 45 MPa ys
A 15. 20x10 6 m 2
For a single-edge crack,
x a/w 1. 4/19 0. 073684
1. 12 0. 230. 073684 10. 550. 073684 2 21. 710. 073684 3 1. 1516
1. 12 0. 23x 10. 55x 2 21. 71x 3 1. 1516
2
K 2I 1. 40x10 3 m1. 1516 2 66. 45 MPa
a
2 2
Je
E E 72, 300 MPa
J e 3. 5623 10 4 MPa. m 356. 23 J/m 2
J e 356. 23 J/m 2
Plastic part:
From Table 7.2 and eqs. (7.60),
1 w aa/w 19 1. 41. 4/19 1. 2968 mm
2
1 wa
a
2 a
wa 1 1.4
191.4
1.4
191.4
0. 92361
P o 1. 072w a o 1. 072 0. 92361 19 1. 4 10 3 64 1. 1153 MN/m
P w 19 10 3 m66. 45 MPa 1. 2626 MN/m
3a n n1 n1
h1 o Po
P
4 1n 1
31.4 5 66.45 51 1.1153 51
h1 3. 3853
41 1n 1.2968 64 1.2626
From eq. (7.54a),

n1 51
J p o o 1 h 1 P
Po
0. 35 64 8. 852 10 4 1. 2968 10 3 3. 3853 1.2626
1.1153
10 6
J p 183. 23 J/m 2
J I J e J p 356. 23 J/m 2 183. 23 J/m 2 539. 46 J/m 2
14
(b) These results indicate that J p 0.34 J and J e 0.66 J . Therefore, J e J p and contributes
66% to J.
(c) The required stress-strain curve can be determined using eq. (7.30). Thus,
1/n

ys ys
322. 08 MPa 5
80
80
70
60
60
Stress
50
(MPa)
40
40 Load Point
30
20
20
10
0
0
0 10.0001 0.0002
2 0.0003
3 0.0004
4

Strain
Strain x10 -4

The J-integral plot along with the load point is based on the following equation:
J I 2. 1247 10 2 2 1. 0638 10 9 6
200
JI 150 Loading
2
(J/m ) Point
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80
MPa
The trend of the J I f resembles the trend shown in Figure 7.5.
15
7.8 The plastic J-integral (Jp) for some configurations can be defined by J W/(Bb), where
W absorbed energy, Bb = cross sectional area, b = (w a) = ligament and constant. This
integral can then be separated into elastic and plastic components. For pure tension,
K I2 pWp
J Je J p (1)
E' Bb
Consider a strain hardenable material and a specimen with unit thickness B. If the plastic load is
defined by P C pn , where C is the compliance and n is the strain hardening exponent, then the
load-displacement and J-P profiles are schematically shown below.
Jlimit
J
P
P Po = Plimit
Derive an expression for p .
Solution:
The area under the curve is the strain energy density define by
p p n n
Wp Pd p C np d p C np 1 P p since P C pn (2)
o o n 1 n 1
Since W p is a maximum energy then P reaches Po (the load limit). Thus,
n
Wp Po p (3)
n 1
n
P
From eq. (7.56), p ' a o h3 and
Po
n
n P
Wp Po ' a o h3 (4)
n 1 Po
Substituting this expression into the J-integral equation above yields the plastic part as
n
n
P
Jp p Po ' a o h3 (5)
Bb n 1 Po
16
Equate eq. (7.54) and (5) and solve for p
p n
n n
P P
Po ' a o h3 ' o o1h1
b n 1 Po Po
n 1 b 2 o h1
p
n a Po h3
17
CHAPTER 8
MIXED-MODE FRACTURE MECHANICS
8.1 A large plate (2024-0 Al-alloy) containing a central crack is subjected to a combined mode I-
II loading. The internal stresses are y = 138 MPa and xy = 103 MPa. Use the Maximum
Principal Stress Criterion ( -criterion) to calculate the fracture toughness (KIC). Use the
following data: crack length 2a = 76 mm, = 1/3, and E = 72,300 MPa.
Solution:
a = 38 mm, = 138 MPa, = 103 MPa
K I y a 47.68 MPa m
K II xy a 35.60 MPa m
K I / K II 1.3393
Using eq. (8.29a) yields

1 x x 3 x2 8
0 ar cos 1
48.60 o
3
x2 9

From eq. (8.33), From eq. (8.34),

3
K IC K I cos 3 0 3K II cos 2 0 sin 0 K IIC K IC 62.77 MPa m
2 2 2 4
K IC 72.50 MPa m
1
8.2 Repeat problem 8.1 using the Strain Energy Density Factor (S) Criterion (S-criterion).
Solution:
K I a 47.68 MPa m
K I xy a 35.60 MPa m
K II / K I 0.75
Use eq. (8.53) to solve for the fracture angle

sin 0 2 cos 0 k 1K I2 4 cos 2 0 k 1 cos 0 2 K I K II sin 0 6 cos 0 k 1K II2 0
48.10 o
Using Equation (8.54) yields From eq. (8.57) and (8.51),

2
K IC
4E

a K 2 2a12 K I K II a 22 K II2
k 11 11 I
K IIC 0.9045K IC 53.68 MPa m
K IC 59.35MPa m S c 14.26 kPa m 14.26 kJ / m 2
8.3 Determine (a) the incline angle and (b) the applied tension in Example 8.1.
Solution:
(a) K I a
sin 2 (b) K I a sin 2 a = 38 mm
KI 47.68MPa m
K II a
sin cos
a
sin 38 10 3 m sin 2 53.25
2
KI 47.68MPa m
tan 214.95 MPa
K II 35.60MPa m
53.25
8.4 Calculate the critical stress (fracture stress) for the problem described in Problem 8.1
according to the - criterion. Will crack propagation take place?
Solution:
From problem 8.1 & 8.2: From Example 8.4:
53.25 a = 38 mm o = -48.60
215MPa (Applied) E = 72,300 MPa = 1/3
2
From eq. (8.35),
c
K IC
b 1 / 2
2b12 cos b22 cos 2 0 492 MPa
sin a
11
where
b11 1 cos 0 0.57314
1 3
8
b12 sin 0 1 cos 0 0.77635
3 2
8
b22 sin 2 0 1 cos 0 1.05161
9
8
Crack propagation will not take place since c .
8.5 Repeat problem 8.4 using the S-criterion with 215 MPa.
Solution:
K I a
sin 2 K I 2a
sin 4 K I K II 2a
sin 2 cos
K II a
sin cos K II 2a
sin 2 cos 2
From eq. (8.54),
c
K IC ( 1 )( 1 )

a11 sin 2 2a12 cos a 22 cos 2
1 / 2
o
sin a 4E
where
a11
1
1 cos k cos 1 v 1 cos k cos 3.84 x10 6
16G 8E
a12
1
sin 2 cos k 1 1 v sin 2 cos k 1 1.15 x10 6
16G 8E
a 22
1 v
k 11 cos 1 cos 3 cos 1 5.90 x10 6
8E
Thus,
c 204 MPa
215 MPa (Applied)
Therefore, crack propagation will occur because c .
3
8.6 Show that the stress intensity factor is K I 8 / 11K IC when K I 2 K III and that the
Poissons ration is v 1 / 3 .
Solution:

From eq. (8.13) with E ' E / 1 v 2 and K II 0,
E ' (1 ) 2
2
K IC K I2 K III with K I 2 K III
E
E (1 ) 2 (1 )
2
K I2 K III K I2 2
E 1 v
K IC K III
2
1 v 1 v
2
K III K I2 1 2
2
K IC K I2 K I2 1 41 v K I
1 v 41 v
1 2 11 2
2
K IC 1 K I 8 K I
41 1 / 3
Thus,
8
KI K IC
11
4
8.7 Use the experimental mixed mode fracture data or Solid A and Solid B given below to
compare the mixed mode fracture criteria discussed in this chapter. Determine which criterion is
the most suited to predict the mixed mode fracture behavior of these solids.
Solid A Solid B
K II KI K II KI
(MPa m (MPa m (MPa m (MPa m
0.49 0 0.42 0
0.43 0.52 0.41 0.10
0.33 1.02 0.43 0.21
0.31 1.10 0.38 0.40
0.28 1.20 0.40 0.50
0.26 1.25 0.37 0.60
0.16 1.40 0.39 0.65
0 1.50 0.37 0.80
0.31 1.20
0.27 1.26
0.20 1.55
0 1.65
Solution:
Plot the given data and use all possible mixed mode criteria in order to determine the most suited
criterion.
KI
MPa m
1.5
Solid A
1 Solid B
0.5
0
0 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.5

K II MPa m
5
From the given data, Solid A: K IC 1.50 MPa m & K IIC 0.49 MPa m
Solid B: K IC 1.65 MPa m & K IIC 0.42 MPa m
For Solid A,
KI 2
2 2
KI K I K II
MPa m 1.5

K
IC

K IIC

1

2
K I K II

1
K IC
0.5
K IIC
0
0 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.5

K II MPa m KII
For Solid B,
KI 2
2 2
K I K II
KI
K

1
MPa m 1.5 IC K IIC
2
0.5 K I K II

1
K IC
K IIC
0

0 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.5
K II MPa m KII
2 2 2
K I K II K I K II
Therefore, the criterion
K

1 fits both data sets better than K
K
1.
IC K IIC IC IIC
6
8.8 A large and wide plate has a small through-the-thickness central crack as shown in the figure
below. Use the free-body diagram (FBD) to derive expressions for (a) the normal (N) and shear
() stresses and (b) the intensity factors KI and KII as functions of .
FBD

N
P
Ao
Ao
2a A
cos
B

Ao Area
Solution:
(a) Using the FBD yields the normal and shear stresses
F y N A Ao cos 0 F x A Ao cos 0
Ao Ao
N Ao cos 0 Ao cos 0
cos cos
N cos 2 sin 2 cos cos sin . cos
(b) The stress intensity factor equations are
K I N a K II a
K I a sin 2 K II a sin cos
7
8.9 Two identical cracked plates as shown in problem 8.8 are to be tested to determine K IC
and K IIC . The observed critical tension loads and the incline angles were 120 MPa @ 0 and
130 MPa @ / 4, respectively. Use the equations given below to determine the fracture
toughness for mode I and II.
2 2 2
K I K II K I K II

1 and

1
K IC
K IIC
K
IC

K IIC
Solution:
For case 120 MPa @ 0 and / 2 90o ,

K I a sin 2 120 MPa 20 x10 3 m 1 30 MPa m
K II a sin cos 0 MPa m
0
2
K I K II

1 K IC K I 30 MPa m
K IC
K IIC
For case 130 MPa @ / 4 and / 4 45o ,

2
2
K I a sin 130 MPa 20 x10
2
3

m
2 16.30 MPa m

2 2
K II a sin cos 130 MPa 20 x10 3 m

2 2 16.30 MPa m

2 2 2
K I K II K I K II

1; K IC 30 MPa m
K IC 1 K IC 30 MPa m K
K IIC IC K IIC
1 / 2 1 / 2
KI K
2
K II
1 K K II 1

K IIC K IIC I
IC
K
IC

K IIC 16.30 MPa m 1 16.30 / 30
1 / 2

K IIC 16.30 MPa m 1 16.30 / 30
2 1 / 2
K IIC 24.12 MPa m

K IIC 19.42 MPa m
These results indicate that the care must be taken in selecting a particular fracture criterion.
2 2
K I K II
Nevertheless, the fracture criterion
K

1 gives conservative values for K IIC
IC K IIC
2
K K II
when compared to I
1
K IC
K IIC
8
CHAPTER 9
FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH
E ys
n/2
t n / 2 , where t is the
da
9.1 Show that Paris equation can take the form A 2
dN 1 v
change of crack tip opening displacement, E is the modulus of elasticity, and A is a constant.
Solution:
From eq. (7.45) or (8.10) with KII = KIII = 0
J
K I2

1 v 2 K I2
KI
EJ
K
EJ
E' E 1 v2 1 v2
Substituting K into Paris expression, eq. (9.6) yields
n
EJ
AK A
da n
2
dN 1 v
From eq. (6.66), J ys t and J ys t . Thus,

E ys
n/2
da
A
2
x n / 2
dN 1 v
C K e , where C and K e K max 1 R is

da n A
9.2 (a) Show that
dN 1 R n( 1 )
C K and AK for a
da n da n
Walkers effective stress intensity factor range. (b) Plot
dN dN
4340 steel having ys 1,254 MPa, ts 1,296 MPa, K IC 130 MPa m , 0.42, n 3.24 ,
R 0.7 , and A 5.11x10 11 . .
Solution
(a) K e K max (1 R )
K min K max K max K min K max K K
R 1
K max K max K max K max
1
K K max (1 R )
K
K max
1 R
Then,
K
K e and
(1 R)1
n
K
da
A( K e ) n A 1

A
n( 1 )
K n
dN (1 R ) (1 R )
where
A
C For R 1
( 1 R ) n( 1 )
Thus,
C K
da n
dN
If R 0 , then C A.
(b) If ys 1,254 MPa, ts 1,296 MPa, K IC 130 MPa m , 1 / 3, n 3, R 0.7 and

2n 2
MN n mm
, then n(1 ) 31 1 / 3 2
2
A 5.11x10 11
cycles
Thus,
A 5.11x10 11 MN 3 mm 4 / cycles
C 5.68 x1010 MN 3 mm 4 / cycles
(1 R) n (1 )
1 0.7 2
Comparison:
da MN 3 mm 4
Walker: 5.68 10 10 K 3
dN cycles
da MN 3 mm 4
Paris: 5.11 10 11 K 3
dN cycles
2
da
Plot vs . K for 20 MPa m K 100 MPa m
dN
2.5e-08
Walker
2e-08
1.5e-08
da
mm / cycles
dN 1e-08
Paris
5e-09

0 20 40 60 80 100
K mpA M
9.3 Suppose that a single-edge crack in a plate grows from 2 mm to 10 mm at a constant

loading frequency of 0.02 Hz. The applied stress ratio and the maximum stress are zero and 403
MPa, respectively. The material has a plane strain of 80 MPa.m1/2 and a crack growth behavior
described by
3.68 x10 12 K I
da 4
dN
Here, da / dN is in m/cycle and K I is in MPa m . Determine the time it takes for rupture to
occur.
a
Solution:
K IC 80 MPa m a o 2 mm a f 10 mm R0 1.12 f 20 Hz
A 3.68 x10 12 n4 min 0 max 403 MPa 403 MPa
Using K IC max a c yields
a c a f 10 mm
3
da
dN
AK I A a
n

4
t
Nf
f

278.31 cycles
0.020 cycles / sec
13,916 sec
dN
af Nf
a da A
2 4
t 3.87 hours
ao 0
1 1
a a o f 1.51N f
Nf
2 x10 m 10 x10 3 m
3 1 1
1.51 m 1 .cycles 1
N f 278.31 cycles
9.4 If a large component is subjected to a cyclic loading under 300 MPa and R 0.
The material behaves according to Paris Law
2 x10 8 K I
da 2.45
dN
where da / dN is in m/cycles and K I is in MPa MPa m . Determine the plane strain fracture
toughness for the component to endure 37,627 cycles so that a single-edge crack grows from 2
mm to a c .
Solution:
K IC 1.12 a c
da
2 x10 8 K I A 1.12
2.45

2.45
a 2.45
dN K IC 1.12 300 MPa 7 x10 3 m
ac Nf
a da 0.12577 dN 4 ,732.30
2.45
K IC 50 MPa m
ao 0
ao1.45 a c1.45
4,732.30
1.45
a c a f 7 mm
9.5 Consider a part made of a polycrystalline metal that is stresses in the elastic stress range. If
the metal contains inclusions, has an imperfectly smooth exterior surface, and natural
dislocation, would the metal experience irreversible changes in a micro-scale? Explain.
Answer: Many dislocations would move and contribute to a small irreversible process since the
dislocation configurations would eventually change. This is one mechanism would lead to
fatigue cracking due to dislocations.
4
9.6 Why most service fatigue fractures are normally not clear?
Answer: Most service fatigue fractures experience varying stress amplitude, leading to
irregularly spaced striations, if any.
9.7 What is the physical meaning of the slope n of the Stage II line according to the Paris
model?
AK I , the higher the value of the slope n , the

da n
Answer: According to Paris law,
dN
higher the crack growth rate da / dN . For instance, if K 0 and n , then K I
n
and da / dN since A is a constant.
9.8 Suppose that d ( 2a ) / dN 0.001 mm / cycle and n 4 in the Paris equation for 7075-T6
(FCC), 2024-T3 (FCC), Mo (BCC), and steel (BCC). Determine a) the constant A and its units,
and b) which of these materials will have the higher crack growth, rate?
Solution:
From Figure 9.6,

10 3 mm / cycle
AK I and A
d ( 2a ) 4
dN K I 4
Material K I MPa m) A MN 4
m 5 / cycle
7075-T6 (FCC) 10 1.00 x10 10
2024-T3 (FCC) 15 1.98 x10 11
Mo (BCC) 20 6.25 x10 12
Steel (BCC) 30 1.23 x10 12
Therefore, 7075-T6 (FCC) alloy has the highest fatigue crack growth rate because it has the
highest constant A.
5
9.9 A Ti-6Al-4V large plate containing a 4-mm long central crack is subjected to a steady
cyclic loading R = 0.10. The plate plane strain and the threshold fracture toughness are 70
MPa m and 14.7 MPa m . Determine (a) the minimum stress range, (b) the maximum applied
stress range for a fatigue life of 3,000 cycles, and (c) the critical crack size for 3,000 cycles. Let
the Paris equation be applicable so that n 4 and A 10 12 MN 4 m12 / cycles .
Solution: 2a
2a o 4 mm N 10 3 cycles K IC 70 MPa m 1
a o 2 mm R 0.40 K th 14.7 MPa m
(a) Using eq. (9.2b) yields

K th 14.7 MPa m
th 185.45 MPa
a o
2 x10 3 m
min th 185.45 MPa
(b) From eq. (9.9) with N o 0 since ao exists,

C1 C2
n 2
C3 0 ( n 2)
n
C1 A N N o n 2K IC 0.50 m
n
C 2 ( 2 / )( K IC / ) 2 3.12 x10 3 MPa 2 m

C 3 ( 2a 1o n / 2 )( 1 / )n / 2 ( K IC / )n 2.43 x10 9 MPa 2 m
0.50 4 3.12 x10 3 2 2.43x10 9 0
Thus,
C2 1
2 C 22 4C1C 3 3.12 x10 4 MPa 2 3.81x10 5 MPa 2
2C1 2C1
642 MPa max (Positive real root)
min
(c) R and max min
max
R max min and min max
R max max
642.31 MPa
max 713 MPa
1 R 1 0.1
Then,
1 K IC
2
ac 3.1 mm and 2a c 6.2 mm

max
6
9.10 Plot da / dN vs . K for 403 S.S. using the Paris, Forman and Broek/Schijve equations. Use
the data given in Table 9.2 and a (20 mm)x(300 mm)x(900 mm) plate containing a single-edge
crack of 2-mm long. Let 20 MPa m K 80 MPa m .
Solution:
a 2 x10 3 m B 20 mm w 300 mm L 900 mm and
a / w 0.007 and f ( a / w ) 1.12
Using data for AISI 403 stainless steel yields

K IC 36 MPa m R min / max and max min
K th 1.37 MPa m R max min and min max
ys 1172 MPa R max max
R 0.1 n 3.5 max / 1 R for R 1
A 5.98 x10 13
Need to calculate K max for each given K . For instance, using the upper limit in the range
20 MPa m K 80 MPa m , the procedure is as follows:

K max max a a and K a 80 MPa m
1 R
Solve for the stress range,
901.12 MPa (Maximum)

max / 1 R 1001 MPa (upper limit)
K max max a 89 MPa m (upper limit)
1 K IC
2
a c 48.30 mm
max

It is suggested that you use a computer program to handle all the calculations needed in order to
plot smooth curves.
da
A K
n
Paris : (9.6)
dN
AK
n
Forman :
da
= Plane strain (9.10)
dN 1 R K IC K
da
Broek/Schijve : AK max
2
K n (9.11)
dN
7
9.11 Plot the data given below and use eq. (9.6) as the model to draw a curve fitting line on log-
log scales. Determine the constants in such an equation.
No K da / dN Solution:
.
MPa m m / cycle Since the Stage II data is for a linear behavior in a
log-log scale, the constants in eq. (9.6) can be
1 20 2.14x10-8 estimated as follows:
2 30 8.84x10-8
3 40 2.42x10-7 da da
AK 1 AK 2
n n
4 50 5.29x10-7 and
5 60 1.00x10-6 dN 1 dN 2
6 70 1.72x10-6 da
n
7 80 2.74x10-6 dN 1 K 1

da
K 2
dN 2
n

lnda / dN 1 / da / dN 2 ln 2.14 x10 / 8.84 x10 8
8

lnK 1 / K 2 ln20 / 30
n 3.50
da / dN 1 2.14 x10 8 m / cycles

A
K1 n 20 MPa m 3.50
A 5.98 x10 13 MPa 3.50 m 8 / cycles
Then, the equation for curve fitting is of the following nature

5.98 x10 13 K
da 3.50
dN
Perhaps, the curve fitting procedure gives slightly different results.
4e-06
3e-06
da
mm / cycles
dN
2e-06
1e-06
0
20 40 60 80 100

K MPa m
8
9.12 A steel plate containing a single edge crack was subjected to a uniform stress range at a
stress ratio of zero. Fatigue fracture occurred when the total crack length was 0.03 m. Subsequent
fatigue failure analysis revealed a striation spacing per unit cycle of 7.86x10-8 m. The
hypothetical steel has a modulus of elasticity of 207 GPa. Predict (a) the maximum cyclic stress
for a crack length of 0.01 m, (b) the striation spacing per unit cycle when the crack length is 0.02
m, (c) the Paris equation constants and (d) the plane strain fracture toughness and e) the fatigue
crack growth rate assuming that the Paris equation is applicable nearly up to fracture.
Solution:
a
(a) x 7.86 x10 8 m

da a
7.86 x10 8 m / cycles
dN a N
7.86 x10 8 m
207,000 MPa
x
K a E 23.69 MPa m K max
6 6
Thus,
K 23.69 MPa m
133.66 MPa max
a 0.01 m
(b) For a 0.02 m ,

K b K max a 133.69 MPa 0.02 m 33.50 MPa m
Then,
2
K
2
33.50 MPa m
x 6 6 1.57 x10 7 m

E 207,000 MPa
da a x 1.57 x10 7 m
b 1.57 x10 7 m / cycle
dN b N N 1 cycle
(c) The exponent in the Paris equation is
da da / dN a 7.86 x10 8
AK a
n
ln
da / dN b
ln
dN a 1.57 x10 7
n 2
da K a 23.69
AK b
n
ln ln
dN b K b 33.50
9
and the constant is
da / dN a 7.86 x10 8 m / cycle

A 1.40 x10 10 MPa 2 / cycle
K a n 23.69 MPa m 2
1.40 x10 10 K
da 2
dN
(d) For ac = 0.03 m,

K IC max a c 133.66 MPa 0.03 m
K IC 41 MPa m
(e) Finally,
da / dN a 7.86 x10 8 m / cycle

A 1.40 x10 10 MPa 2 / cycle
K a n 23.69 MPa m 2
1.40 x10 10 K IC 1.40 x10 10 41 2.35 x10 7 m / cycle

da 2 2
dN
9.13 A 2-cm thick pressure vessel made of a high strength steel welded plates burst at an
unknown pressure. Fractographic work using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed a
semielliptical fatigue surface crack (a = 0.1 cm and 2c = 0.2 cm) located perpendicular to the
hoop stress and nearly in the center of one of the welded plates. The last fatigue band exhibited
three striations having an average length of 0.34 mm at 10,000 magnification. The vessel internal
diameter was 10 cm. Calculate a) the pressure that caused fracture and b) the time it took for
fracture to occur due to pressure fluctuations. Assume a pressure frequency of 0.1 cycles per
minute (cpm). Given data: ys = 600 MPa, E = 207 GPa, K IC 75 MPa m and
da/dN = 4.50x10-7(K)2.
Solution:
a 0.1
0.5
2c 0.2
a 0.1
0.05
B 2
da a 0.00034 m
1.13x10 4 m / cycle
dN N 3 cycle
10
Using the given crack growth rate equation, K becomes
1/ 2
1.13x10 4 m / cycle
1/ 2
da / dN
K 2

A 4 .50 x10 MPa / cycle
K 15.85 MPa m
From eq. (9.23),
207,000 MPa
x 0.00034 m
K E
6 610,000
K 15.58 MPa m
which is similar to the previous K value. The average becomes K 15.72 MPa m . Assume
the following stress ratio / ys 0.64 so that 384 MPa , which is verified below. Thus, the
shape factor becomes
2 2 2

2
3 a 2 7 3 0.1
2 2
0.64 2.38
7
Q
2

2 4 2c 33 ys 2 4 0.2 33
The hoop stress range along with the average value of K is
K 15.72 MPa m
386.32 MPa
a / Q 1.12 0.001 m / 2.38
Thus,
386.32
0.64
ys 600
Therefore, the assumed stress ratio is reasonably correct and fortunately, a single iteration is
sufficient. The pressure is estimated as
2 B 2 2 cm 384 MPa
P 154.40 MPa
d 10 cm
(b) The critical crack length is

2
1 75 MPa m
2
1 K
ac IC 9.56 x10 3 m 0.956 cm
1.12 x386.32 MPa
11
Integrating eq. (9.15) along with N o 0 yields

da ln a / a
N ac c a c a
da da 1
N dN a AK 2 a A a 2 A 2 a a Aco2

o o o o
ln ac / ao ln(0.956 / 0.1)
N 8.53 cycles

A 4.50 x10 7 1.12 x386.322
2
Then,
N 8.53 cycles
t 85.30 min
cpm 0.1 cycle / min
9.14 Show that ac aK IC / K max

2
Solution:
From,
K IC max a c and K max max a
K IC max a c ac

K max max a a
2
K IC a
c
K max a
Then,
2
K
a c a IC
K max
12
CHAPTER 10
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS CORRELATIONS
10.1 (a) Plot the given CVNT data for a carbon steel. (b) Calculate KIC using the CVN values up
to zero oC and Plot KIC-cal and KIC-exp. vs. Temperature. Is there a significant difference? If so,
explain.
T (oC) -125 -100 -60 -40 -12 0 10 25 40 45 60 80

CVN (J) 12 18 20 28 40 78 98 110 125 126 28 30
KIC-exp.
40 50 80 88 50 210
(MPa.m1/2)
Solution:
(a) Plots
140
120
100
CVN J
80
60
40
20
0
-100 -50 0 50 100
T C
o
1
K IC 205.05 + 4. 5721T + 5.0958x10 -2 T 2 + 2.0082x10 -4 T 3

240
220
200
180
K IC
MPa m
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
T C
o
(b) Do nonlinear curve fitting on K IC and CVN data set as per eqs. (10.66) and (10.67). Then, use
eq. (10.68) for calculating K IC values. Thus, plot KIC-cal and KIC-exp. vs. Temperature. Below
is a linear curve fitting result for plane strain fracture toughness and Charpy impact energy.
250
K IC 17.963 2.603U
200
K IC
MPa m 150
100
50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
U (J )
2
100
80
K IC
MPa m 60
Exp.
40
20
0
-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
T C
o
10.2 A mild steel plate has a through the thickness single-edge crack, a yield strength of 800
MPa and a static fracture strength is f 3.2 ys . If the plate is loaded in tension and fractures at
600 MPa, calculate the plane strain fracture toughness of the steel plate and the critical crack
length.
Solution:
f 3.2 ys and ys 800 MPa

f
3.2 and 20 m 1/ 2
ys
From eq. (10.12),
1 ys 3.2 1800 MPa

K IC 88 MPa m
20 m 1 / 2
If 600 MPa, then
K IC 1.12 a c
2
1 88 MPa m
2
1 K IC
ac 5.46 mm
1.12 1.12 600 MPa
3
10.3 A standard Charpy specimen with B = 5 cm, w = 5 cm and S/w = 4 was tested at a room
temperature. The measured impact energy was 30 joules. The tested material has a modulus of
elasticity of 70,000 MPa. Calculate the KIC for this hypothetical specimen having x = a/w = 0.2.
Solution:
Data: x = a/w = 0.2 w = 510-2 m B = 510-2 m
E = 70,000 MPa U = 3010-6 MJ = 3010-6 MN.m
From eqs. (10.57) and (10.43), respectively,

2 2
0.45473
7x 7 0.2
K IC K I
UE

30 x10 MN .m70,000 MPa
6
Bw 0.454735x10 2 m5x10 2 m
K IC 42.98 MPa m
10.4 Suppose that a design code calls for a Charpy impact energy of 22 Joules for building a
large pressure vessel containing an inert gas. If A533B and A723 ( ys 1,100 MPa ) steel plates
are available for such a purpose, then (a) select the steel that will tolerate the largest critical
crack length (depth of a surface semi-elliptical crack) when the hoop stress is 500 MPa and (b)
determine the minimum plate thickness as per ASTM E399 standard for the selected steel.
Solution:
For 500 MPa, U 22 J and ys 1,100 MPa (A723),
- 0 .54
196 )
K IC A533B 20+139 -1 65.50 MPa m eq. (10.71)
U
K IC A723 0.644U ys 0.006 ys2 91.24 MPa m eq. (10.74)
(a) The critical length

2
1 65.50 MPa m
2
1K
ac (A533B) IC 5.46 mm
500 MPa
2
1 91.24 MPa m
2
1 K IC
ac (A723) 10.60 mm
500 MPa
The ASTM A723 steel allows a larger critical crack length; therefore, this material is selected for
such an application.
(b) The plate thickness for the selected A723 steel is

2 2
K 91.24 MPa m
B 2.5 IC 2.5 17.20 mm 0.6772 inches

ys 1,100 MPa
4
10.5 Plot the fracture toughness data for a hypothetical polymer and determine the brittle-ductile
transition temperature.
T (oC) -160 -120 -90 -80 -75 -70 -60 -50 -30
K IC ( MPa m ) 4.10 4.11 4.00 4.05 4.10 4.50 5.50 6.60 11.00
Solution:
20
20
K IC 15
15
MPa m
10
10
80o C
55
Brittle Ductile
00
-200
-200 -150
-150 -100
-100 -50
-50 00
T C
O
10.6 For linear motion during Charpy impact tests, the energy lost by the striker ( U S ) and the
kinetic energy ( mv 2 ) data for some polymers with different masses and spans to depth (S/w)
ratios [47] are given below. Let m/M 1 and a) plot U S f(mv) and estimate the coefficient
of restitution (e) for these data. What does 0 e 1 mean? Theoretically, determine b) the
U S f(mv) ratio for the first bound which is transformed into specimen strain energy and c) the
U S f(mv) ratio when there is no bouncing.
mv 2 mJ 0 50 100 150 200
U S mJ 0 75 150 222 297
5
Solution:
(a) The plot and the coefficient of restitution are
Polynomial fit: y 0. 6 1. 482x or U S 0. 6 1. 482mv 2
350
300
y 250 US
(mJ )
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
2
mv ( mJ )
x
From eq. (10.39) along with m/M << 1,
U S 1 e mv
Slope 1 e 15
e05
This result, e 0.5, means that a repeated impact of converging energy into strain energy occurs
until the last contact is achieved.
(b) The U S f(mv) ratio for the first bound which is transformed into specimen strain energy
requires that the coefficient of restitution be e = 1. Thus,
U S / mv 1 e 2
c) The U S f mv ratio when there is no bouncing means that e 0 . Thus,
U S / mv 1 e 1
6
10.7 A large and thick ASTM A533B-1 steel plate containing a 4-mm long through-the-thickness
central crack fractures when it is subjected to a tensile stress of 7 MPa. Plot U, KIC, and GIC at
200o C T 100o C . Which of the plots is more suitable for determining the transition
temperature? Explain. Data: E = 207,000 MPa and v = 1/3.
Solution:
From eq. (10.72) and (10.73),
196
U in Joules
1 exp(0.0297T )
0.54
196
K IC 20 139 1 in MPa m
U
200
K IC
U
U ( JU
) 150
K IC
100
MPa m To 65o C
50
0
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100
T C
o
T
Denote that the transition temperature ( To ) is easily determined using the U f (T ) plot. This is
shown with dash lines.
GIC
1 v K
2
2

10 1 1/ 3 20 95.50 exp0.016T
6 2
in Joules
IC
E 207,000
GIC 4.294120 95.50 exp0.016T
7
GICG(J)
IC
3
(J )
2
T0 55o C
1
0
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100

o
T C
T (C)
It is clearly shown that the U IC f (T ) plot is more suitable for determining the transition
temperature T0 65o C .
10.8 A large plate made of 18Ni-8Co-3Mo Grade 200 alloy is part of structure exposed to
relatively high temperature. Charpy impact tests were carried out and the average impact energy
is 60 J. Use this information to calculate (a) the plane strain fracture toughness, (b) the minimum
thickness ASTM requirement. The plate width is at least twice the thickness. Is this thickness
practical? (c) Assume that a single-edge through the thickness crack develops. What will the
critical crack length be? Will its value be reasonable?
Solution:
(a) If 60 J and ys 1,310 MPa (From Table 10.1), then eq. (10.76) yields
2
K IC 4. 69 Uys 0. 20
ys
K IC ys 4. 69 Uys 0. 20
K IC 1, 310 MPa 4. 69 60 0. 20
1, 310
K IC 159. 42 MPa m
8
(b) From eq. (3.30), the minimum plate thickness is

2
B 2. 5 K IC
ys 2. 5 159. 42
1310
B 0. 30424 m 304. 24 mm 12 inches
This is a very impractical thick for plate, but it complies with the ASTM plane strain conditions.
(c) Now if a single-edge crack develops during service, the critical crack length under a stress
half the yield strength will be
ys
K IC a c
2
2 2
1 2K IC
ac 10
3 2 159. 42
ys 1310
a c 19 mm
This is a reasonable result for a plate so thick.

Fracture Mechanics - 2nd Ed - Solution Manual

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Chapter 1 Fracture Mechanics, 2nd ed.

(2015) Solution Manual

1, 2 4.75 x10 5 1.20 x10 3

(b) The maximum

Using Hookes law yields the elastic strain

At the instability or ultimate tensile strength point (maximum),

max k tn 1,200 MPa 0.250.25 848.53 MPa

207,000 4.3478 10- 3

207,000 4.3478 10- 3

From eq. (1.58),

Using the boundary conditions yields

(b) If Po 0, then (c) If Pi 0, then

(e) The plot

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Use the following stress expressions

Recall that the Euler's formula for z and z are

Apply the Euler's formula to the above complex potentials so that

(b) The second potential:

Add eqs. (a) and (c) and solve for

Use eq. (a) to solve for r

Using the imaginary part of eq. (b) yields shear stress r as

S 2S cos 2 S1 2 cos 2 (f2)

Therefore, f(z) = 1/z is analytic because u/y = v/x.

(b) The derivative of f(z) = 1/z is

From eq. (2.28),

Using the first two terms yields

The geometry correction factor:

The stress intensity factor

The strain energy release rate

2.5 What is crack instability based on according to Griffith criterion?

Answer: It is released as the crack driving force for crack growth.

2.10 What does U/a = 0 mean?

2.11 Derive eq. (2.28) starting with eq. (2.20).

From eq. (2.20),

(a) Finite plate:

Koiter-Benthem [14]: f a w w . w 1021

(b) Infinite plate approach [a/w 0 since f(a/w) 1].

From Table 3.1, K I a and

(a) The applied stress intensity factor

Therefore, the crack is stable because KI < KIC.

(c) The critical load

P A 4 10 4 m 2 140 2 0.056MN 56 kN (Applied)

(a) Circumferential crack

(b) Surface edge crack

(b) K I a ; a = 4 mm and w = 100 mm

(c) Plastic zone correction:

K eff a eff with a eff a r = 4.17 mm

Therefore, there is no need for crack tip plasticity since K I ,eff K IC .

2a = 65mm f a / w 1 since a/w 0

K IC a K IC 28.3 MPa m and ys 240 MPa

If x = a on the crack surface, then arcsin 1 / 2 90 o and

Thus, the fracture hoop stress is

Using eq. (2.34) yields the critical crack length

(b) For the new vessel,

Thus, the applied stress intensity factor is

(b) Using the principle of superposition yields

From eq. (3.44),

From eq. (3.41),

Now, the surge pressure is

(c) The critical crack length is

KIC a 16. 75P i ac

Solution: Internal Crack External Surface