PHYSICS PROJECT

SUBMITTED BY:
ANAND BABURAJAN (XII A)
 BLOOMING BUDS BETHANIA ENGLISH SCHOOL
SENIOR SECONDARY
(AFFILIATED TO CBSE, NEW DELHI, NO: 930307)
VELLITHURITHY, MARATHAMCODE, THRISSUR

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is a bonafide record of the project work in
PHYSICS
Submitted for ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION OF CLASS
XII held at Blooming Buds Bethania, for the academic year 2016-2017

---------------- -----------------
Faculty Guide Principal

Submitted for Practical Examination and Viva-Voce held on _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___

---------------------- -------------------------
Internal Examiner External Examiner
 DECLARATION
I, Anand Baburajan, hereby declare that this project work
entitled NAND GATE submitted to Blooming Buds Bethania
English School Senior Secondary, Velliturithy, Marathamcode,
(Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi, and Affiliation No. 930307) is
original record work done by me under the supervision and
guidance of Mrs. Sangeetha P., Department of Physics.

Name of the candidate Register No Signature of the candidate

----------------------------- ----------------- --------------------------------

Countersigned By:
Mrs. Sangeetha P.
Teacher in Charge
Department of Physics
Blooming Buds Bethania English School
Senior Secondary,
Marathamcode.

Place: Marathamcode

Date:
 NAND GATE

Submitted to Central Board of Secondary Education in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Senior
Secondary Examination

By: Anand Baburajan (XII - A)

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

BLOOMING BUDS BETHANIA ENGLISH SCHOOL

SENIOR SECONDARY

VELLITHURITHY, MARHAMCODE (PO), THRISSUR.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of
guidance and assistance from many people and I am extremely
fortunate to have got this all along the completions of my
project work. Whatever I have done is only due to such
guidance and assistance and I would not forget to thank them
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have
been possible without the kind support and help of many
individuals. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of
them.
I am highly indebted to my physics teacher Mrs. Sangeetha P.
for her guidance and constant supervision as well as for
providing necessary information regarding the project & also for
supporting me in completing this project. I also thank our
respected Principal Mrs. Remabai V.K and Vice Principal Mrs.
Sathidevi Rajagopal for their support.
I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant
encouragement, support and guidance from all teaching staff of
Department of Physics which helped me in successfully
completing this project.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents for
their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in
completion of this project.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in
developing the project and people who have willingly helped
me out with their abilities.
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUNCTION
2. THEORY
3. THE NAND GATE
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
5. PRECAUTIONS
6. CONCLUSION
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some
logical relationship between the input and output
voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows a signal
to pass through as stop, it is called a gate.
The logic gates are building blocks at digital
electronics. They are used in digital electronics to change
on voltage level (input voltage) into another (output
voltage) according to some logical statement relating
them.
A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has only
one output. The relationship between the possible values
of input and output voltage is expressed in the form of a
table called truth table or table of combinations.
Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the
input and output possibilities for the logic gate.
George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of algebra
based on binary nature at the logic, this algebra of logic
called BOOLEAN ALGEBRA. The two values of logic
statements one denoted by the binary number 1 and 0.
The binary number 1 is used to denote the high value.
 THEORY
Logic gates or logic gate is an entity in electronics and
mathematics Boolean that turns one or more logic inputs
to a logic output signal. Logic gate is mainly implemented
electronically using diodes or transistors, but can also be
built using the arrangement of components that utilize
the properties of electromagnetic (relay), fluids, optical or
even mechanical. Any Boolean algebra operation can be
associated with inputs and outputs represent the
statements of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits
may be complex, they may all be constructed from three
basic devices. We have three different types of logic
gates. These are the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT
gate.
BASIC GATES
The OR GATE is a device that combines A with B to give Y
as the result.

The OR gate has two or more inputs and one output.

In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+) is referred as the
OR. The Boolean expression:
A+B=Y, indicates Y equals A OR B.
The AND GATE is a device that combines A with B to give
Y as the result.

The AND gate has two or more inputs and one output.
In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign (either x or.) is
referred as the AND. The Boolean expression:
A.B=Y, indicates Y equals A AND B.
The NOT GATE is a device that inverts the inputs. The NOT
is a one input and one output.

In Boolean algebra, bar symbol (_) is referred as the NOT.

The Boolean expression:
=Y, indicates Y equals NOT A.
 The NAND gate
Aim:
To design and simulate the NAND gate circuit.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a resistance R,
an ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y of AND gate to the input of a
NOT gate the gate obtained is called NAND.
The output Y is voltage C with respect to earth.
In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is expressed as
Y=A.B, and is being read as A AND B negated. The
following interference can be easily drawn from the
working of electrical circuit:
If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow,
hence Y=1.
If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) then Lamp
will glow, hence Y=1.
If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) then Lamp
will glow, hence Y=1.
 If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will
not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:

Input A Input B Output Y

0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 PRECAUTIONS

The circuit connections should be tight and gentle.

Appropriate range of volts must be used in batteries
or cells to perform the circuit connections well.
The transistors and other apparatus must be handled
carefully as they are very soft and brittle.
 CONCLUSION
The NAND Gate is now widely used for many commercial
purposes like:
Burglar alarm
When the switch is closed one input of the NAND gate is
LOW. When the LDR is in the light the other input is LOW.
This means that if either of these things happen, i.e. the
switch is closed or the light is on one of the inputs is LOW,
the output is HIGH and the buzzer sounds.
An automatic watering system
This is designed to water plants only if the contacts, which
may be buried in the soil, are too dry and it is night-time.
The relay closes and starts the pump only if both these
conditions are fulfilled. (Presumably somebody waters the
plants in the daytime because if the switch is pressed the
water pump works regard less.)
A safety thermostat
The two contacts X and Y are near the top of the hot
water tank and are normally covered with water so that
there is a contact between them. The thermostat is also in
the water. If the water is too cold and if the contacts are
also covered the heater comes on. The temperature at
which this occurs may be set by the variable resistor R.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
1. Together with Physics (Lab Manual)
2. NCERT Physics Text Book
WEBSITES
1. http://www.dummies.com/education/scien
ce/science-electronics/boolean-logic-and-
electronic-logic-gates/