Performance analysis of fractional slot wound PM-
motors for low speed applications
Pia Salminen, Markku Niemel and Juha Pyrhnen
Lappeenranta University of Technology
Laboratory of Electrical Engineering
Lappeenranta, Finland
Pia.Salminen@lut.fi, Juha.Pyrhonen@lut.fi
Abstract This paper introduces a performance comparison of
different permanent magnet motor structures equipped with
fractional slot windings in which the number of slots per pole and
phase q < 1. Such a PM machine is an attractive solution for low-
speed applications in which copper losses often dominate as iron
losses are of less importance. It was in the authors interest to
have a low speed motor to a specific application, in which high
torque and 45 kW output power at 420 rpm can be achieved
using a restricted motor volume. These demands lead to study
multi-pole machines with fractional slot windings. One of the
designs studied was verified via a prototype machine.
Keywords; permanent magnet motor; fractional slot three-
phase windings, finite element analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
In low speed applications a high pole number is often a
good selection. The advantage is a low iron mass per rated
torque due to rather low flux per pole. A high pole number in
conventional wound machines leads also to a high slot number,
which increases costs and in the worst cases leads to a low
copper fill factor (the amount of insulation material compared
to the slot area is big). The fractional slot winding solution
instead does not require many slots although the pole number is
high, which reduces both the iron and the copper mass in the
machine. The fractional winding allows a longer stator stack in
the same frame length than conventional windings since the
axial length of end winding is typically smaller. As the stator
yoke may be manufactured very thin, the maximum air gap
diameter in a certain limited stator external diameter is
available with this machine type leading to high torque.
Compared to conventional windings (q 1) it can be shown
that the length of the end winding is less than one third of the
total copper length in concentrated fractional wound machines.
This forms a remarkable potential to reduce the portion of
copper losses considerably. Less copper means also less total
material cost, because copper is much more expensive than
iron.
Some fractional slot machine alternatives have relatively
low fundamental winding factors, and they create harmonics
and sub-harmonics causing extra heating, additional losses and
vibration. These machine types have been studied for small
power and sometimes for 1 or 2 phase systems, so they have
not yet been commonly used at higher power ratings. Because
IAS 2004 1032
Juhani Mantere
ABB Oy
Electrical Machines
Helsinki, Finland
Juhani.Mantere@fi.abb.com
the problem of selecting fractional slot motor geometry and the
windings properly remains still partly unsolved it is important
to study the fractional slot machines carefully. That is also why
it was concerned to manufacture a real prototype machine of
considerable power. [1,2,5]
The windings layout and the copper amount of a fractional
slot machine were studied and the results were compared to
integer slotted machine. First the 45 kW fractional wound (q =
0.4) prototype motor with 12 slots and 10 poles was compared
to a motor with q = 1. A fractional motor with q = 0.4 can have
at least three different winding constructions:
one-layer winding
two-layer winding, where slots are divided horizontally
two-layer winding, where slots are divided vertically.
+A +A
-A
-A +A
-A
-A
a) b) c)
Figure 1. Windings of one phase of a 10-pole-machine: a) a traditional one-
layer winding with Q = 30 and q = 1, b) a one-layer fractional winding Q = 12
and q = 0.4 and c) a two-layer fractional winding with Q = 12 and q = 0.4,
where the slot is divided vertically.
The end windings of phase A of a 10-pole-machine with
different winding constructions are shown in Fig. 1. From this
figure it can be easily seen that the length of the end windings
of the motor a) are definitely at least three times longer than in
motors b) or c). In concentrated winding, structure c), each of
the coils is wound around one tooth. Therefore it is possible to
use automatic winding of the machine. An attractive solution
would be, if the coils of the phases could be separately wound
and then installed to the stator lamination pack. Having a
totally open slot structure enables this option. It can be useful
in some cases to manufacture machines with totally open slots
to have a simpler stator structure, which can of course also
reduce production costs. [7]
0-7803-8486-5/04/$20.00 2004 IEEE
 The given performance comparison is based on several TABLE I.
finite element analysis (FEA) made for 45 kW, 420 rpm THE HARMONIC WAVES DEVELOPED BY A TWO-LAYER WINDING ACCORDING
machines. Torque, torque ripple and back-EMF waveforms are TO EQUATIONS (1) AND (2). [6]
analyzed. The IP54 machine is designed for external fan and n Harmonics
therefore the stator current density has been selected to be 1 6g+1 1, -5, 7, -11, 13, -17, 19, -23, 25, -29, 31,
above 5 A/mm2 at the rated torque. A fractional slot
concentrated winding type, in which each stator tooth forms 2 3g+1 1, -2, 4, -5, 7, -8, 10, -11, 13, -14, 16, -17,
practically an independent pole was selected for
4 - 14 (6g+2) - 2 , 4 ,- 8 , 10 ,- 14 , 16 ,- 20 , 22 ,- 26 ,
manufacturing. The most significant advantage of this winding 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
type is that it minimizes the length of the end windings. 5 - 15 (6g+1) - 15 , 5 ,- 7 , 11 ,- 13 , 17 ,- 19 , 23 ,- 25 ,
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
In synchronous PM motors the back-EMF and current
7 1
(6g+1)
1
,- 5 , 7 ,- 11 , 13 ,- 17 , 19 ,- 23 , 25 ,
excitation waveforms are either designed to be sinusoidal or 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
trapezoidal. The latter motor type is often called the brushless 8
1
(6g+2) 2
,- 4 , 8 ,- 10 , 14 ,- 16 , 20 ,- 22 , 26 ,
DC-machine. The obtained waveforms depend on the magnetic 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
flux distribution as well as the winding distribution. In 10
1
- 10 (6g+2) - 2 , 4 ,- 8 , 10 ,- 14 , 16 ,- 20 , 22 ,- 26 ,
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
machines with fractional slot windings, the windings are not
sinusoidally distributed, in fact they may hardly be called as 11 1
- 11 (6g+1) - 1 , 5 ,- 7 , 11 ,- 13 , 17 ,- 19 , 23 ,- 25 ,
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
rotating field windings. The obtained air-gap flux density 1
distribution may be far away from sinusoidal even though the 13 13
(6g+1) 1
,- 5 , 7 ,- 11 , 13 ,- 17 , 19 ,- 23 , 25 ,
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
resulting induced back-EMF may be very sinusoidal. In a
machine that has q (q = Q/(2mpr) = z/n) less that unity, the 14 1
14
(6g+2) 2
,- 4 , 8 ,- 10 , 14 ,- 16 , 20 ,- 22 , 26 ,
14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
main flux path in the air-gap region over one pole pitch may 1
16 - 16 (6g+2) - 2 , 4 ,- 8 , 10 ,- 14 , 16 ,- 20 , 22 ,- 26 ,
consist of just one tooth and one slot. The main flux may flow 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
through one tooth from rotor to stator and return via two other
teeth and the resulting air gap flux density distribution is not
sinusoidal. Therefore, it could be expected problems while Table I reports the harmonic waves developed by a two-
considering the cogging torque or the dynamic torque ripple, layer winding [6]. These harmonics generate unwanted forces
but the matter is not so straightforward. [1,7] and additional losses to the machine [5,6]. In a symmetrical
three-phase winding all integer harmonics are not present.
From the harmonic spectrum all harmonics, which are
II. WINDING FACTOR multiplies of 3 are missing since their sinusoidal spatial waves
The fundamental winding factor of an electrical machine is are suitably in opposite phases. In the M.M.F. waveform there
proportional to the electromagnetic torque. A machine with a exist also harmonic waves having even order numbers. These
low fundamental winding factor needs to compensate its lower even harmonics can cancel each other as the phase coils are
torque with higher current or with more winding turns, which constructed from the individual coils. This happens especially
both are inversely proportional to the fundamental winding in most two-layer windings, because the bunch coil of one pole
factor. The winding factor can be defined via a voltage phasor is shifted by angle of radians from the next coil. For a
diagram [3] or it can be solved by analytical equations [6]. At symmetrical integer slot winding (n = 1) the winding factor can
First, it is figured out which harmonics arise from these be solved from the equation [6]
fractional slot windings. The harmonics are for the 1st grade
two-layer winding (in 1st grade winding the denominator n is y
even) according to v = sin sin / q sin . (3)
m 2 qm 2 qm 2
1 For a 1st grade two-layer winding (two coils in the same
v= (2mg + 2) . g = 0, 1, 2, 3, , (1)
slot) the winding factor can be solved as follows
n
where m is the number of phases. The equation (1) works

also for non-fractional one-layer windings. [6] The harmonics 2 p 2 v 2 .
created by fractional winding of the 2nd grade two-layer v = sin sin v
/ nq sin mnq (4)
winding (if n is odd) are Q 2 m

For a 2nd grade two-layer winding of the winding factor is
1
v = (2mg + 1) . g = 0, 1, 2, 3, (2)
n



For the q N the order numbers are v = 1, 3, 5, 7, The v = sin v sin v 2 cos v / nq sin v 2 . (5)
fractional slot winding q N generates also fractional 2 m Q mnq

harmonics with order numbers of v = 1/p, 2/p, 3/p, 4/p,
which can be called as sub-harmonics (v < 1) and integer order The equation (5) is valid only for equal winding zone
harmonics including both even and odd numbers. widths. If the zones of the phase are unequal, the winding
factor can be found with the voltage phasor diagram.

IAS 2004 1033 0-7803-8486-5/04/$20.00 2004 IEEE

 TABLE II. This comparison, with constant current density, does not
FUNDAMENTAL WINDING FACTORS FOR CONCENTRATED TWO-LAYER WINDINGS take into account the fact that the induced back EMF is not the
same for all motors if the current density is the same. Therefore
Qs\2pr 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 22 26 28 a new comparison was made with a voltage driven model.
3 0,866
A. Voltage driven model with FEA
6 0,866 0,866 0,500
Finite element analysis was performed with circuit coupling
9 0,866 0,945 0,945 0,764 0,473 0,175 including voltage sources. At first the flux created by the
12 0,866 0,933 0,933 0,866 magnets must be solved and the number of turns needed to
have the same value of back EMF. Then it can be calculated
15 0,866 0,906 0,951 0,951 0,715 how much current is required at rated torque. The parameters
18 0,866 0,902 0,931 0,902 kept as constant were rated speed (420 rpm), rated torque
(1023 Nm) and back EMF (180 V). After selecting these
21 0,866 0,851 0,956
parameters a series of FE computations with different load
24 0,866 0,933 0,949 0,949 0,933 angles were carried out with the voltage driven model.
According to the voltage driven computations (shown in Fig. 3)
Fundamental winding factors of different pole and slot the performance of the 24-slot-20-pole-machine was better
combinations are given for two-layer windings in table II. It than with other pole numbers. For the 24-slot-stator, the
may be seen that only few combinations of Qs and 2pr produce highest peak torque of 1.69 p.u. was achieved with a 20-pole
a high fundamental winding factor. The machines with high rotor and the lowest 0.93 p.u. with a 26-pole rotor. This gives
winding factors were selected for further investigation. the impression that if the pole number is increased from 20 to
22 or up to 26, the peak torque just decreases. As the number
of poles increases the maximum torque decreases in this
III. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT FRACTIONAL SLOT comparison with same air gap diameters and stator designs.
SURFACE MAGNET MACHINES
2
Analytical calculations and 2D finite element analysis was
carried out for several types of fractional slot motors. Static FE 20 poles
analysis was made for a stator with 24 slots and rotor with 20-, 22 poles
22-, 26- and 28-poles. Because of symmetry it is possible to
Torque (p.u.)

manufacture a q = 0.4-machine as a 24-slot-20-pole or 12-slot- 26 poles

10-pole construction. Also 24-slot-28-poles machine has the 1
same q = 0.286 as the 12-slot-14-poles machine. Thereby it
was also done computations for a stator with 12 slots and rotors
with 10 and 14 poles. In Fig. 2, it is shown the developed
electro-magnetic air-gap torque of several fractional slot
machines as a function of current angle. The current density is
5.2 A/mm2 and the amount of magnet material is 9.5 kg for all 0
machines. Using constant current density the maximum torque 0 45 90 135 180
achieved with 24-slot-machines is close to 1100 Nm for all Load angle (deg)
studied 24-slot-machines and the desired rated torque of 1023
Nm can thus be achieved. Figure 3. Torque as a function of the load angle for 24-slot stator with rotors
having 20, 22 and 26 poles. Magnet material 9.5 kg.
1500
1.5 2
22 poles 22 poles
26 poles 26 poles 10 poles
28 poles
20 poles
14 poles
Torque (p.u.)

1000
1
Torque (p.u.)

28 poles
20 poles
1

500
0.5

0 0
0 45 90 135 180 0 45 90 135 180
Current angle (deg)
Load angle (deg)
Figure 2. The developed torque of fractional slot machines as a function of Figure 4. Torque as a function of the load angle for 12-slot stator with rotors
the current angle. The current density in copper is 5.2 A/mm2. having 10 and 14 poles. Magnet material 10.5 kg.

IAS 2004 1034 0-7803-8486-5/04/$20.00 2004 IEEE

 TABLE III. FE analysis was carried out to find the best geometrical
VOLTAGE DRIVEN COMPUTATION PARAMETERS solution for an embedded magnet motor. The air-gap diameter,
24 slots 12 slots stator outer diameter, output power, input supply voltage and
Poles 26 22 20 14 10 rotational speed are the same as for the surface motor, which
was introduced in the previous chapter. FE analysis was made
q 0.308 0.364 0.4 0.286 0.4
for an embedded magnet structure where the pole consists of
Winding factor, 1 0.949 0.949 0.933 0.933 0.933 two embedded rectangular magnets, which are placed in V
Rated current (A) 82 86.5 80 91.5 88.5 shape as shown in Fig. 5. The results, in table IV, show that the
Frequency (Hz) 86.67 73.33 66.67 46.67 33.33 surface magnet machine generates a higher air gap flux density
Stator radius (mm) 127 127 127 124.5 124.5 of 0.92 T than the embedded magnet machine with the same
magnet material 10.7 kg.
Inductance (p.u.) 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.7
Back EMF (V) 194 183 188 180 180
TABLE IV.
Maximum torque (p.u.) 0.93 1.56 1.69 1.17 1.66
RESULTS FROM STATIC FEM COMPUTATIONS (S =
SURFACE MAGNETS AND E
= EMBEDDED MAGNETS)
Similar FE computations were carried out for machines Magnet positions: S E E
having a 12-slot stator and either 10 or 14 poles. The maximum Stator slots rotor poles 12 - 10 12 - 10 12 - 10
torque achieved in FEA for a 12-slot-10-pole-machine was Magnet mass (kg) 10.7 10.7 12.5
1.66 p.u. and for a 12-slot-14-pole-motor 1.2 p.u. as shown in Flux density created by the magnets (T) 0.92 0.86 0.935
Fig. 4. The same effect as before in the case of the 24-slot- Maximum torque (Nm) 1025 970 1050
stator was noticed; with higher pole number there is less Torque ripple (%) 5.3 - 2.4
torque. The parameters and values of these machines are
presented in table III. From table III, it can be seen that
machines with higher pole number have also higher inductance
(in p.u.) than those with less poles. According equation (6) the
power is inverse proportional to the inductance, i.e. the higher
the inductance yields to lower maximum torque. The power
equation for non-salient pole synchronous motor is

U s EPM
P=m sin ,
Ld
where Us is the supply phase voltage, EPM is the induced back
EMF, is the load angle and Ld is the direct axis inductance.
It was also noticed that a 12-slot-10-pole-motor with a
permanent magnet mass of 10.5 kg could achieve almost the
same peak torque as the 24-slot-20-pole-motor with 9.5 kg of
magnets. According to the FE analysis the 24-slot-20-pole-
machine (q = 0.4) seems to be an interesting selection for the
prototype machine. However, it was decided to manufacture
the prototype motor with lower pole and slot number, but with
the same number of slots per pole and phase, i.e. q = 0.4 with
only 12-slots and 10-poles.
(6)
Figure 5. A surface magnet motor and a V-magnet motor (mass of magnets
12.5 kg) with formed pole shoe at load situation.
In Fig. 6, are shown the results of static FE analysis of 12-
slot-10-pole-machines: The surface magnet motor with 10.7 kg
of the magnet material is compared to a V-magnet motor which
has a normal pole shoe (smooth rotor) and also 10.7 kg of the
magnet material.
1.2

IV. 12-SLOT-10-POLE-MOTOR 1

The rotor construction for the 12-slot-10-pole-machine was 0.8

Torque (p.u.)

selected to be equipped with embedded magnets. Surface

assembled permanent magnets are nowadays the most 0.6
commonly used and the most cost-efficient construction for the
0.4 Surface magnet 10.7 kg
PM motors. However, several advantages favour the use of
V-magnet 12.5 kg formed pole
embedded magnets: 1) The danger of permanent magnet 0.2 V-magnet 10.7 kg formed pole
material demagnetisation remains smaller. 2) The magnets can V-magnet 10.7 kg
be rectangular 3) there are less fixing and bonding problems 0
with the magnets. 4) The magnets are mechanically well 0 45 90 135 180
protected. 5) Higher air gap flux density possible (leads to Current angle (deg)
smaller size). The magnets are easy to mount into the holes of
the rotor and the danger of damaging the magnets or possible Figure 6. Static FEA results of 12-slot-10-pole-machines: a surface magnet
magnet-retaining belt is small. Due to these facts concentrated motor, a V-magnet motor, which has a smooth rotor pole shoe, a V-magnet
stator windings with embedded magnet rotors were studied. [4,7] motor with formed pole shoe with magnet material 10.7 kg and 12.5 kg.

IAS 2004 1035 0-7803-8486-5/04/$20.00 2004 IEEE

 With the rated current (at current density 5.2 A/mm2) the
V-magnet motor has only 910 Nm as the maximum that it can
reach in current angle of 130 degrees. The torque curve of the
embedded magnet motor is very unsymmetrical compared to
the surface magnet motor solution because the armature
reaction affects severely in the embedded magnet pole. The V-
magnet motor was improved with a formed pole shoe shown in
Fig. 5 b), and the magnet material amount and type were kept
the same as before. As a result the torque curve shape was
improved, but the maximum torque was lower than in the
surface magnet motor. Then the magnet material of amount of
the V-magnet motor was increased from 10.7 kg to 12.5 kg,
which increases the air gap flux density and therefore the
maximum torque increased from 970 Nm to 1050 Nm. Figure 7. The end winding of the 12-slot-10-pole proto motor with
concentrated winding. The average length of end winding is 80 mm and
The main focus of designing the 12-slot-10-pole-machine height 41 mm. It may be also seen that the same frame could host a
was to achieve a high rated torque from a small volume remarkably longer stator. In this case the length is the same that may be used
machine for a relatively low speed application. According to for an integer slot machine
the computation result this has been achieved. The surface
magnet structure produces 1.6-fold peak torque in voltage
driven FE analysis, but the V-magnet structure does not seem A. No load test
to achieve as high a torque. This is because the synchronous The measured no load voltage waveform has a similar
inductance of the motor is larger, which results according to the shape compared to the FE computed output voltage waveform
power equation in a lower power. The torque ripple peak-to- as shown in Fig. 8. The measured no load voltage rms-value
peak value of the embedded rotor structure was only half of the was 200 V for the cold machine as the analytically calculated
value that surface structure gives. value was 203 V. The magnet material used in the
computations had a remanence flux density Br of 1.1 T.
V. MEASUREMENTS According to measurements there exist 3rd, 5th and 7th harmonic
components.
For the 10-pole-prototype motor in Fig. 5 (on the right) and
Fig. 7, the average length of the end winding was only 80 mm 300
and the height of the winding bunch c. 41 mm. It may be also Measurement
seen that the same frame could host a remarkably (c. 140 mm) 200
Computation
longer stator. It was estimated that the end winding length
would be 120 mm, but eventually it became even shorter than 100
Voltage (V)

expected. Thereby the end winding copper mass for the

concentrated fractional wound q = 0.4 motor is 6 kg as for an 0
integral-slot wound 10 poles motor with q = 1 the mass is 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
estimated to be 25 kg. In this size of a machine it was about -100
70% less copper in the end windings that in conventional
integer slot winding, this surely saved material cost and -200
eventually leads to smaller copper losses.
-300
TABLE V. Time (ms)

45 KW PROTOTYPE PARAMETERS
Figure 8. The no-load voltage wave forms from measurement and from FE
Magnet V-magnet
computation.
Slots/poles 12 / 10
Winding factor 0.933
Rated current [A] 86 B. Generator test
Pout [kW] 45 The 45 kW PM machine was driven against resistive load
Speed [rpm] 420 to achieve an output power half of the rated power 22.5 kW. A
Efficiency 0.915 DC-motor was used to run the PM machine in this test. The
Up [V] 368 heat of the machine was measured with Pt-100 temperature
Winding turns per phase, Nph 104 sensors. Transient FEA was carried out to see, if the same
Rphase [] 0.114 values are achieved by computation. The motor winding was
Current density [A/mm2] 5.4 star connected. The speed was fixed to 420 rpm. FE
Magnets [kg] 12.5 computation results showed that the current, power and voltage
Air gap flux density created by magnets [T] 0.935 values are similar to the measurement results as is shown in
table VI. The computed voltage 139.6 V is less than the
measured 144.7 V, which is because the magnet material used

IAS 2004 1036 0-7803-8486-5/04/$20.00 2004 IEEE

in the computations had a remanence flux density Br of 1.05 T VI. CONCLUSIONS
in computations although the value of 1.1 T would be closer to It was noticed that in fractional slot machines the flux
the real value due to the temperature rise of the PM-material. density waveform is far away from the sinusoidal waveform,
The efficiency of the generator at start of the test was but regardless of that in some constructions the induced back
93.6% at 24.3 kW output power and at end of the test 93.2% at EMF - verified by FEM computations and measurements - is
22.04 kW output power. Another measurement with load very sinusoidal and that means that it is possible to achieve a
resistance 0.92 ohm was carried out. In this test run the input smooth torque. The performance of five surface magnet
power was 12.8 kW and output power at axis 15.1 kW, leading mounted motors was studied with magneto static computations
to total losses of 2.3 kW. The copper losses are around 1.35 and with voltage driven FE-model. According to FEA the
kW, which means that the iron and additional losses are about highest peak torque achieved was 1.7 p.u. with a 24-slot-20-
1000 W. From these loss values it can be estimated that the pole motor. Measurement results, made for the 12-slot-10-pole
efficiency of the proto motor at the rated load is about 91.3%. prototype machine, are in good agreement with the results
obtained from 2D FEA. The end winding length of the
prototype motor became even shorter than expected. Thereby
TABLE VI.
the end winding copper mass for the concentrated fractional
GENERATOR TEST RESULTS COMPARED TO FEA wound q = 0.4 motor was 6 kg, which in this size of a machine
Measured Measured
Computed
is about 70% less than the end winding copper mass of
Cold machine Hot machine conventional integer slot wound 10 pole machine. This saves
Current, Irms (A) 54.1 51.8 51.6 material cost and eventually leads to smaller copper losses.
Voltage, Urms (V) 150.2 144.7 139.6
Power, P (kW) 24.4 22.5 21.7
REFERENCES
[1] J. Cros and P. Viarouge, (2002) Synthesis of High Performance PM
Axis torque, T (Nm) 555 510 504 Motors With Concentrated Windings. IEEE Transactions on Energy
Frequency, f (Hz) 35 35 35 Conversion, Vol. 17 n:o 2, June, 2002.
[2] F. Gieras, Wing and Mitchell (1997). Permanent Magnet Motor
Speed, n (rpm) 420 420 420 Technology -Design and Applications. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York,
ISBN 0-8247-9794-9
Load resistance, () 2.8 2.8 2.7
[3] F. Magnussen and C. Sadarangani, (2003), Winding Factors and Joule
Losses of Permanent Magnet Machines with Concentrated Windings,
C. Load test Royal Institute of Techology, Department of Electrical Engineering
The motor torque was measured in inverter supply with Stockholm, Sweden, IEEE 2003. p. 333 338.
different load angles at speed 240 rpm and at power 45 kW. [4] P. Salminen, J. Pyrhnen and M. Niemel, (2003) A comparison
The results of the measurements and the computations are between surface magnets and embedded magnets in fractional slot
wound PM motors. 11th International Symposium on Electromagnetic
given in Fig. 9. The measured torque as a function of load Fields in Electrical Engineering. Maribor, Slovenia, 2003.
angle curve is almost identical with the FE analysis result. This [5] K. Vogt, (1996). Berechnung elektrischer Maschinen. VCH
also suggests that other FE analysis might be reliable and true. Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Weinheim. ISBN 3-527-28391-9. (in German)
[6] Txen, E. (1941) Das Oberwellenverhalten mehrphasiger
1.2 Wechselstromwicklungen, Das Jahrb. AEG-Forsch. AEG-
Gro maschinenfabrik. Pp. 78 - 105
1 [7] J.R. Hendershot Jr. and T.J.E. Miller, (1994). Design of Brushless
Permanent-Magnet Motors. Magna physics publishing and clarendon
press, Oxford. ISBN 1-881855-03-1
0.8
Torque (p.u.)

0.6

0.4
Measurement

0.2 Computation, FEA

trendline of FEA

0
0 45 90 135 180
Load angle (deg)

Figure 9. Measured torque (black, solid line) as a function of load angle at

speed 240 rpm is compared to the computed torque (points) as supply voltage
is 368 V. The dashed line is a polynimical trendline of the computed FEA
points.

IAS 2004 1037 0-7803-8486-5/04/$20.00 2004 IEEE