Professional Documents
Culture Documents
An M.A. Thesis
Eman M. M. Elesawy
Minia University,Egypt
Eman.esawy@gmail.com
2002
Table of Contents
Page No.
Acknowledgements i
Table of Contents ll
List of Abbreviations V
Introduction : I
Theory and Application I
Vocabulary Change as a mirror of cultural change I
Aim ofResearch -J
Corpus of Research 4
Methodology 6
History of English: 7
a)Old English 7
b)Middle English 9
c)Modern English 11
l.2.Z.Compounding z5
l.2.3.Reduplication 27
l.2.4.Conversion 29
1.3. Reductive Processes 31
l.3.l.Blending 3l
iii
1.3.2.Clipping 32
l .3.3.Initialization and Acronyms 34
l.4.1.Shifting 35
l.4.2.Borrowing 37
1.4.3.Coining 39
l.4.4.Backformation 4t
l.4.5.Eponyms 4t
l.4.6.Analogic Creation 44
1.4.7. Idioms and Proverbs 45
b)regular blending 73
3.3.6.Analogic Creation 75
3.3.7.Coining 77
a)Metathesis 78
b)Mutation 79
lv
Bibliography 100
ME Modern English
OE Old English
The following are characters used for vowel transliteration within the thesis :
exchange thoughts and ideas with other people . Language first forms were
The English language has been so fully and widely elaborated that it has
Aim of Research:
Arabic is a very rich language that has very few descriptive studies of
its phonology or morpholory. old granunar books glve prescriptive
accounts of Arabic grammar and correct usage . As much as these books
developed.
MSA is the official Arabic variety for the entire Arab world; it is used
in international organizations and in many wide-ranging world-wide media.
Ways this language has developed and is developing in confiast to CA and
to ME, which is almost the one and predominant international language, is
an issue wortlry of studying.
Corpus of Research:
Language used as corpus material for the research has to be of certain
months starting from January 2000 till the end of June the same year.
Words were extracted from essays tackling political issues and world
news. These were the front, third and tenth pages n Al-Ahram and the
'World' pages rn The Sundoy Times. The material got from The Sundav
Times are on-line material got for convenience .All the articles under the
heading 'World' were examined and scrutinized for new creations and
coinages. The number of issues examined from The Sundoy Times are 25
issues; each has round 12 articles in the World news ,at least .The number
appeared in actual print were not given on line ; still all aticles examined
had the heading'World' .
5
As for the Arabic newspaper the total number of Friday's weekly edition
during six months was 26 issues .Three whole pages were examined in
each issue : the first page where news and headlines covering events all
over the world are given ,the third page where the editorial of Al.Ahram is
written by Ibrahim Nafe3 (the editor in chieQ and the tenth page where a
new political or sfiategic topic is discussed each week .The number of
Arabic anicles examined is no less than that of English .Different writers
write in the 10ft page QaDdyoh wa ?dr6? (Topics and Opinions), other than
the reporters who write in the front page in addition to the editor in chief
writing in the 3'd page (the column 'Quietly).That is to say the total number
of pages examines is 78 pages .
Methodology:
This piece of research is about contrasting two languages that belong
to two different language families namely ; English and Arabic. English
belongs to the lndo-European languages whereas Arabic is a Semitic one.
Both languages differ in their phonological, morphologlcal and
orthographic characteristics.
The research is a contrastive case-study where new lexical items are
chosen and selected from the two newspapers. These items are collected,
categoized and contrasted on both sides. Tables are given of the number
and totality of words under each category .words are arranged
alphabetically in each table.Further Statistics are done as to contrast the
frequency of usage and percentage of word formation processes in each
language.
Chapter three deals with Arabic word formation. It tackles issues such
as the main processes of word formation in Arabic as described by
traditional grammarians in classical granrmar and linguistic books. No
comparison between Arabic and English processes was given in this
chapter, except for very few remarks given to avoid confusion of terms and
processes for the reader.The system of transcription throughout this
research is simply a fiansliteration of the Arabic items.
Chapter five is a conclusion and sunmary of the research .It sums up the
main ideas presented in the research confiasting and analyzing main pattern
of development in both ME and MSA.
History of English:
a)Old English Morphology
old English was spoken in England from 450 A.D. to about ll00.It
was highly inflected ,using intricate grammatical changes to show gender,
number, tense and case.
Although French died out in England, it left its mark on English. Its main
effect was on the vocabulary ,and the enonnous number of French loan-
words came into language dunng the Middle English period
Many of the French loan-words reflect this culture and political dominance.
They are often words to do with war, ecclesiastical matters ,the law,
hunting, heraldry,the arts ,and fashion .
10
However English words were still retained like earl, king, knight, lady,
lord, and queen Words to do with adminisfiation include chancellor,
council, country, crown, government, nation, parlioment, people and state.
Also mental and moral qualities such as charity, courtesy, cruelty, mercy,
and obedience.
The early French loan-words were so well assimilated into English that
they were soon felt as not in any way foreign .This made it easier for the
language to accept later Romance and Latin loans .Indeed one of the results
c)Modern English
Gradual changes in Middle English led about 1500 to ME, commonly
designed simply as English .A major change was the Great Vowel Shift
(bout 1500) in which the pronunciation of long vowels changed .Another
change was the disappearance of nearly all the remaining inflected fonns.
The trend toward uniformity in spelling was begun by printers and aided by
from, for ,at, breod, woter, good ,strong, go, come, speak,)are still those of
Anglo-Sa:<on origin.
Modem Period English has borrowed relatively few words from other
language ,but there has been a trickle of them.
Arabic at that time was very limited and simple in its structures and
lexical items minoring the primitive and confined life the Arabs lead then.
As nomadic tribes started to settle down into community life and establish
bigger residential gatherings, more lexical items were coined to meet the
communicative needs of these mini-communities. Arabic at that time was
growing into its middle age .
It was not until late with the growing urban communities in the island,
establishing inter-tribal fairs and trade movement and getting in contact
with other cultures such as Persian and Romanian(mainly through
frade)that Arabic reached its peak as a fully developed lingurstic system.
New meanings are added by adding new affixes (i.e. new motphemic
layers)to the base morpheme. Examples of agglutinative languages are
Japanese, Turkish and English.
The Arabic alphabet has 28 letters .The sound system of Arabic is very
different from that of English and the other languages of Europe.It includes
a number of distinctive guthral sounds (pharyngeal and uvular fricatives)
and a series of velarized consonants(pronounced with accompanying
constriction of the pharynx and raising of the back of the tongue) .
15
There are three short and three long vowels (a,i,u, a,-1,[) .Arabic words
always start with a single consonant followed by a vowel ,and long vowels
are rarely followed by more than a single consonant; clusters containing
more than two consonants do not occur in the language.
and gives grammatical meaning to the word. Thus, the root KTB
i , I ) gives kitAb ("book"),where as the same
combined with the pattern (
root combined with the pattern (eri) gives kAUb ('one who
writes',or'clerk').Arabic also makes use of prefixes ,which act as subject
Verbs in Arabic are regular in conjugation. There are two tenses: the
containing suffixes indicating number and gender, which is often used for
In addition to the two tenses there are imperative fonns ,an active
participle ,a passive participle ,and a verbal noun .Verbs are inflected for
three persons ,three numbers(singular, dual, plural),and trvo genders .In CA
As this research is about word formation ,it may be usefrrl to try grving
whether in English, Arabic or any other language in the world .This is due
to the fact that the word as a linguistic entity comprises many features at
different levels; phonemic, Semantic, syntactic, morphologfcal and
Arabic and English definitions of 'word' are mainly very similar; the
only difference is that whereas English linguists didn't confine their
definitions to English words ,some Arab linguists were keen to limit the
scope and range of their definition to the Arabic word setting criteria for
judgog and identifui"g "pure Arabic words. These criteria were first
referred to by Ibn Sanaan(1932) .
17
Morpholory:
Morphology is simply the technical linguistic term referring to that
branch of language study which is concerned with the "fonn of words" in
different uses and constructions.
It is notable that there is an interdependence between word formation
research and both morphology and lexicography .The "word" as a linguistic
Secondly "words which are not grammatical syntagmas, i.e. which are
composites not made up of full lingulstic signs". Under this pattern comes
processes such as blending ,clipping, , word-manufacturing (e.g.
acronyms,coinages and trade names).In all these processes the user bases
his coinage on no distinct root morpheme
19
ln reductive processes certain parts are cut off the lexical item and the
remaining parts-be these single letters or a whole morpheme- stand up in
representation for the original word .Reductive processes include clipping,
intialuation, acronyrns and blending.
There are other processes that may be as powerfrrl and important as
processes in these two categories, yet they neither add nor subtract from the
eponyms and idioms and proverbs. Such processes are used to fill any
empty semantic slots in language.
Chapter One
English
Word formation
20
element in which case they are called stems .Roots and stems together are
called the "base". Affixes added to the base are the "non-roots" and they are
always bound to it.
of more than one element (morpheme ).This would include words created
through the processes of derivation and compounding. Words created through
additional morphemes are added to the base ,whether these morphemes are
free (compounding) or bound (derivation) .Sometimes parts of the word itself
Reductive processes cut off certain morphemes of the base . These processes
the root into prefixes , infixes and suffixes. According to the semanticity of the
affix itself (the semantic connotation it denotes) ,they can be divided into
affixes that change verbs into nouns, nouns into adjectives, and adjectives into
adverbs.
According to their grammatical function affixes are divided into
inflectional affixes and derivational ones. Derivational affixes mostly change
the part of speech of the word they are adjoined to whereas inflectional ones
nonnally do not. lnflectional affixes are mainly case-markers.
There a^re over 100 common prefixes and suffixes in English , and they
can be ssed singly or in various combinations. Some of the most used prefixes
-eer Qtrofiteer) , -ftil (glassful) , -ish (childish) , -let (booklet) ' -ness
for Latin affixes that entered the English language are the two prefixes of
privative firnction de-,anddls- .These two prefixes are used to add the meaning
of deterring or subtraction to the base as in defrost (to remove frost from;
cause to melt), dewax (to remove wax from a new parcel)disincentive
,,deterrent" and disassemble meaning "to take apart". Another Latin prefix
that is populady used is non- which turns meanings of words into opposite,
e.g. non-c onformi st, nonali gnment arrd nonwai lab i lity "lack".
23
One of the foreign affixes that entered English in modern age is the French
origrn , adopted from the word cafeteria, has become higtrly fruitful in recent
times carrying implications of self-service and hence speed of the kind that is
existent at cafeterias. Words formed on this basis are wasltateria, bookateria'
and sodateria .IJsageof this sufEx has extended to names of retail business
or
establishments as in hatateria "hat shop" and snackateria "snack shop
counter".
The suffix *burger from the Gennan Hamburger gave rise to many such
culinary vocabulary as in cheeseburger,and chickenburger ,etc' Nso -furter
fuomfranlcfurter gave rise to words such as shrimpfurter , etc.
Affixes may be adjoined to both native and non-native words' For
example -ize is suffixed to many words of French origln as in authorize '
in
moralize artd naruralize and also to words of English e{ymology as
tenderi ze and finoli ze.
L,2.2.Compounding
Pyles defines comPounding as :
known it ever since the days of Chaucer till early and late Modern English
periods. For example "garlic" iS an OE compound from gar "spear" plus leac
"leek" , also hussy from O.E. hus "house" plus wTf and nostril from OE nosu
"nose" plus pyrel "hole".
The most remarkable compound that struck English ears in the early 1960s is
the famous manshoot referring to launching astronauts into outer space and
though the compound easily died and did not find much repeating tongues it
gave quick rise to a pattern of similar compounds such as " splashdown" which
usually falls on the second part of the phrase, in lexical compounds stress
usually falls on the first noun. As O"Grady (1996)says :"In particular, most
A-N compounds are chara cte-5zed by a more prominent stress on their first
component." P.153.
25
canvery or rather precede the compound ?" p.190 Yet admittedly -as the
writer states -this test is not very efficient with all types of compounds,
particularly the qypes that involve or start with a gerund or a "v-ing" form (e.g.
"aflying spacecraft') where it is hard to decide whether the first element is an
adjectival or a genrndive form.
Compounds vary in length ;there is no rule to set the number of words
as toothbrush ligsaw and they can pile up to fow or five words e.g. dogfood
box and bqseball bat rack (O"Ctrady, p.153). Further exarnples arc: ready-to'
Such very lengthy compounds are not frequent in every day conyersatron
and in written
listener. Yet compounds of moderate length do occur in speech
hand-to-
media(press) . For example , tongue -in-cheek ,mother-in-law,
mouth, lighterlhan-air, etc.
sometimes compounds make it out of slang or technical language into
Standard English e.g. double-whammy (a combination of two bad things
coming together ).
compounds have no preset way of writing .They can be written
Compounds serve other means than just adding more items to the leicon.
Pragmatically ,as Hatch says, they are :
1.2.3.Reduplication:
Reduplication is an additive word-formative process. It is a repetitive
process where , as Hatch states, "all or parts of the words are repeated to add
as in tittle-tattle (gossip), titbit (good news) , tit for tat (one deed done in
repayment of another) and higgledy-piggledy (in messy
podge andmishmash
1.2.4.Conversion:
Conversion is a process where existing lexical items change their part of
speech in order to create new items bearing the same meaning but belonging
to different grammatical categories. Subtle modifications of meaning may
take place as a result but in the end the core meaning in both the word and its
applying duration or time as denoted by the parent noun as in "to John lI/ayne
it.", "to Zombie out" ; causing to resemble whatever the parent noun denotes
as in
"to carpool the people " ,"to trash the neighborhood" ; producing the
process or activity denoted by the parent noun as in "to suction the ear", "to
class ,it acquires a new meaning. The preposition /adverb up , for instance,
can now be used as a verb e.g."The manager upped the prices".Its new
syntactic use is accompanied by a new meaning "raise" 'Down has also
become a verb, with the meanings "drink" e.g."He downed the medicine."
Conversion has become a feature of everyday life. People speak about "zip-
codingtheir letter s" , " trashing papers" ; they say they will "pizza a bit before
theyfreeway on home" .Thus it appears that conversions can be used to
create lexical items expressing location, duration ,agency' goal and
insffumentalitY.
31
l.3.Reductive Processes :
1.3.1.Blending:
Crystal (1981) defines a "blend" as "the result of two elements
fusing to form a new word or construction." p.449 For example
brealcfast+lunch gives the blend brunch , dictaphone is a blend of dictation
plus phone , guesstimate of gzress plus estimote , fanzine of fan plus
magazine and breathalyzer of breath plus analyze. Hi -fi is a blend of high
andfidelity.
Romaine speaks of blending phones or phone themes rather than blending
whole syllables or morphemes, she says:
a blend of aFel and haleb (OE noble and man ).Flush is a blend of flash
and gush that made its first appearance in language in, nuirl is a blend of
twist plus whirl , dumbfound ablend of dumb plus confound and flurry of
flutter and hurry .
32
cheese brand ,is a blend of velvet , eat and cheese ; Sitcom is a blend of sil
and comfortable; flurry fromflutter and, hurry ; smog from smoke andfog .
printing and create a catch-the'eye effect for the reader .Many of these are
short-lived and few of them acquire a permanent place in language. For
example guesstimate, alcoholiday are blends that were contrived for
headlines and momentar5r usage only.
1.3.2.Clipping:
Clipping is a process where a syllable or more is cut off the word in
order to produce a shortened form. Romaine writes " clipping , acron)rms ,
years." P.83
The clipped form often replaces its original one in usage for sake of
brevity and easiness. Clipping may take place either at morpheme boundary
or between such boundaries ; it may occur both in spoken and written forrns.
For example mob is the clipped form of mobile vulgus (movable ,or fickle,
common people)and it has supplanted it permanently in language.
33
but a part of the dative ending -ibus attached to all third person plural forms
in Latin). Words where the clipped forms is the root are exam of
examination dorm of dormitory ,andfridge of refridgerator.
Clipping is not a feature of one English variety only,namely formal or
Standard English .Almost all varieties of language employ it .For example it
is used in slang and mostly ends in the syllable -o as in weirdo and
psycho.Still not all clippings ending rn -o are to be slang e.g. demo and
anthro.
Once a word is clipped the new fonn acquires a life of its own within the
lexicon of the language .Clippings are treated as discrete and established
words in the lexicon as any other item. For example they can be pluralized,
as in ods, zoos, demos, etc. Some field languages and jargon talk have
clippings as a distingulshing feature .For example ,computer language and
commands, which are almost always clipped forrns ,e.g. del stands for
delete, sho cat for "show catalogue" of files, drvspce for "drive space", etc.
Also in-group talk and peer talk abound in coded clippings and body
language signals .Groups which are well-known for such usage of language
are teens and drug trafiEckers.
34
Initialization, on the other hand ,is a reductive process where only the
initials of a group of words ,of a phrase or even of a title are clustered
together into a goup of letters written capitalized ,in conjunction one to the
In acronyms letters are not written separated by dots and in most cases
only the first letter is capitalized as in Wave "women accepted for volunteer
emergency service", and Yip "Youth International Party" , etc. Sometimes
acronyms are treated as mere ordinary words ; no capitalizations are used.
This happens when they refer to an ordinary object or device in everyday
life rather than to a name of an organizaion e.g. laser and radnr .
Acronyms are used in all domains of language usage . But they are
1.4.1.Shifting
Shifts are cases where language development results in the change of
meaning of the lexical item thus leading to the creation of a new word
bearing the same orthography yet with a new different meaning.
uncoulh. Decimale is nowadays widely used to mean "destroy a lot of' .As
Crystal (2000) says "The Latin origins of the word meant to destroy one
tenth of (decem being Latin for "ten")."p.44
The word broadcast meant to scatter seeds, but now it is used primarily
to refer to scattering words and news through radio and television .Drive
originally referred to driving cattle but is now mainly used for driving
cars.Clearly ,what a word meant once is not always what it means now.
36
Similarly, pretty once meant "ingenious" ("a pretty plot"), avillain was a farm
laborer, naughty meant "worth nothing", and a publican was a public servant.
Further this process may either elevate the value of the word or lower it. For
example the word lust did not always describe moral depravity but once meant
pleasure. Accident, originally meant something that happened, today it is almost
always unpleasant. Lewd meant ignorant; now these terms have much less
favorable meanings, and other words have become more exalted.
For example, minister used to mean servant, a constable was someone who
cleaned horse stalls, l.wury signified "lasciviousness" or a sharnefirl indulgence
in costly things and angel once merely meant a messenger.
37
1.4.2. Borrowing:
All languages borrow words from each other. Borrowing is one of the
all day".
It
takes place when for a cofirmon fiurction a cofirmon
pattern is used , but its component parts are not native , as in
English "power politics" on the model of German
Machtpolitik and " wishful thinking" on the model of German
Wunschdenken... Calques are sometimes called loan
translations or Gallicisms. The phrase "loan-words" itself is
formed on the model of German Lehruw1rter.(pp.25,26)
L.4.3.Coining
Coining is sometimes called word-manufacfure .This phenomenon is
especially cofltmon in cases where industry requires a ncw and attractive
name for a product. .As noted by Pyles, the most famous coinage in ME is the
word Kodak:
which made its first appearance in print in the U.S Patent
Ofifrce gazette in 1888 and was, according to George Easfinan,
who invented the word as well as the device which it names ,"a
purely arbitrary combination of letters ,not derived in whole or
in part from any existing word. (p.276)
Hatch exemplifies for the workings of this process; how new words are
manufactured and on what basis they are chosen and justified. She says:
There are examples that show how far a correct choice of trade
names can afifect its selling rates and how far phonemic choice can be
Literary Coinages: Literary men have also coined new terms .Literary
coinages gain currency fust in educated and well-cultured circles then gain
access into ordinary language. Pyles quotes numerous examples for words
originally created as literary coinages by famous authors in literary works.
The existence of such coinages in famous literary works , gave them crurency
1.4.5.Backformation
O"Grady defines the process of backformation as :
A process that creates a new word by removittg u real or
supposed affix from another word in the language...A major
source of backformations in English has been words that end
with -or or -er and have mearrings involving the notion of an
agent,such as editor, peddler,swindler, and stroker.( p.158)
Verbs are the part of speech most often backformed , and the etymon is often
1.4.6.Eponyms
Words adopted from proper nLmes are called eponyms. The most
common case where names of people and places {re adopted as parts of
speech and new lexicon is names of inventors and people associated with
particular products.
For example Maverick is a name of a major of San Antonio who refused to
brand his cattle .The word maverick ca:orrc then to become a term for
unbranded cattle ,and later for anyone who took an independent stand.
42
The word boycott is the nalne of a retired British army captain Boycott who
Irish tenants. They hated him so much that they ostracized him and boycott
became a synonym for rejection and isolation . Poinsettia ,a Chistmas plant,
is named for the ambassador to Mexico who introduced it to the United States.
The word Pantaloon was used in the plural old-fashioned form to refer to a
the Italian pantalone ,the name of a silly senile Venetian of early Italian
comedy who wore such fitting as nether coverings .
diseases.
M
The speaker who introduce foreign things may call them by the native name
Dacron,Teflon and Orlon are all names for industrial products created in
analogic creation to the word rrylon . Strang explains the mechanisms of the
process of analogic creation in this example ; how the word "nylon" was
created as a model for other words:
Another invention ...is nylon, selected by the Du Pont
Company from some 250 proposals; it has no etymology, but
it is easily remembered ,redolent of Greek on the one hand
and of the (equally invented) rayon (1924) on the other.Once
these two existed , they created a precedent for the virtual
morpheme -on : (a variety of ) synthetic fibre/ fabric , as in
orlon ,perlon .This family of words illustrates a range of
analogies that can operate in word formation once a model,
however arbitrary,comes into existence. (p.25)
45
If you beot a dead horse , you do not necessarily strike a carcass .A person
can die with his boots on or with his boots off.
Languages are full of idioms for example, smelling like a rose , stick to
the straight and narrow ,hit the nail right in the head, and sing a dffirent
tune. Almost by definition , idioms are idiosyncratic rather than regular in their
formation.
Most idioms can be interpreted literally. Idioms are in many cases similar to
standardized metaphors, such as stir up trouble or the heart of the maner.In
fact ,the metaphorical origin of many idioms is quite apparent , and there is no
reason to fiy to draw a dividing line.
But not all idioms b"g as metaphors .If kick the bucket had a metaphorical
origrn ,the nature of the metaphor is no longer apparent to English speakers.
Words that are constantly associated in usage sometimes begin to cohere
as lexical units .Bread and butter is such a common expression that it is
somewhat odd to hear "butter and bread" .Ham and eggs is another example ;
"eggs and ham" is not the way to say it. Other examples are bread and wine
and bread and water .The stars and stripes refers to more than just any
aggregation of "stars" and "stripes" ; "stripes and stars" does not have this
special significance. The silme can be said of hammer and sickle. The
morphemes in,so, and,far are used together so often that they have virtually
fused into one word .we can write either in sofar a,s or insofar as.
Chapter Two
English Sample
Analysis
46
-tsr is also used for creating agentive nouns ,though not as frequently as
E Prefixes
Fig. 2.1 Numerical representation of the most used prefixes in the sample.
q)
80
70
60
50
E -$ ge b- l* VVr"6 E L b a
Almost all the affixes are present in the sample, examples of new
creations arc. prejudicial, workaholic, counter-terrorism,windowless,
funless, bagful, multi-cultural, sub-automatic, speciality, rehouse,
flattenrdispossess,ultraconservative,dehumanizationrintergavernmental t
dkinformationrretrorocketrmOnoethnic,gangster,racketeerrreunification ,
tradeable, ticklish.
Borrowed forms refer to almost all aspects of life .Forms that tackle
religious creeds include the Sanskrit word Ahmici which refers to a
in Sanskrit , Hinduism , and Buddhism which rejects
religious principle
any use of violence. Tycoon is a Japanese word "Tai-koon" literally
meaning 'great lord' , came to mean an exceptionally wealthy and
powerfrrl businessman , a shogun.Robot is aCzech 'robotiti' , 'to work' ,
which was stereotyped in English to refer to an automan . Other words
were derived from it,e.g. robotism, robotistic, robot-like. poporazzi is an
Italian derogatory word denoting a newspaper photographer who follows
famous people in order to take pictures of them, often without their
agreement.
52
Manicure is a French word denoting a treatment for the care of the hands
and fingernails,(from Latin manus hand'+ French -icure(as in pedicure) .
Knockdown "It has been sod for the knockdown price of... "
Hold-up "The most successful hold-up artists in America "
53
HWard formation
TS&\u^iT**r,
Fig. 2.3 Numerical representation of wordformation processes in the sample-
56
S Derivation
n Compounding
E Borrowing
I Conversion
I Shifting
3 Acronyms
n Coining
E ldioms
n Blending
n Reduplication
fl Clipping
n Eponyms
tr Backformation
b)using words that comply with the metric patterns of derivation of the
language.
Journalism started in the Arab nation late in the 19ft century .With the
appearance and wide spread of press ,writers started taking on new forms
and modes of writing with easier and more lucid styles so as to secure a
lager scale of readers and to guarantee comprehensibility and
communication .They started to experiment with vocabulary; exploring
new dimensions of coinages and usage . Alhamzdwy says:
) I.$+ L-li ! i* OJSl l4.ii 3o_l &113 u-g+ riL,.-ll o.re cr_;*i .ril3"
Y Ycr ".b c.-oli 4il $lJ+ll lLill .r. jlsll e+.-i3 . ..4,LlillJ f*riJl r+'^Jl+ 4141"-
Thus press created a new linguistic reality , a middle standardized
language that has been termed 'third language' .This language is as a
refinement of modern colloquialisms and a facilitation of CA . It is upon
this 'third language', despite misusages , that new models of eloquence are
built.
Enffies are always trilateral verbal roots .The verb is the derivational
base in Arabic morphologcal system exactly as it is in English . The only
difference in the lexicographical arangement of dictionaries in both
languages is that nouns and other derivations from the verbal root are
The morphological build of any Arabic verb is always typified into the
metric pattern fa3ala which is the basic pattern for Arabic verbs.Other
patterns are created by alternating different vowelings and sometimes the
l) fa3ala cJ'i
2) fa3'3ala tEi
3) ft3ala &E
4) aBala d'si
5) ta8'3ala &s
6) taft3ala &l;:
7) enfa3ala cJ'n!
8) efta3ala ddi!
9) ef3al'la "r.J'4
Other derivatives of the root include verbal and nominal forms coined to
different metric pattems each in accordance with its verbal root .Also
active and passive participles which count for a good bulk of Arabic
adjectives .This fact adds more to the regularity in the semanticity of
language and creates a sofi of predictability of meaning for the learner.
3.3.l.Derivation:
One of the most important and richest processes in Arabic word
formation is derivation. Derivation in Arabic means generating a new word
from an existing one in order to denote a new meaning and relation of
receiving an action ,being the goal of an action, its place ,its doer, etc.
Categories of derived words include agentive nouns ,past and progressive
participles ,quasi-adjectives, comparative forms, names of machinery ,time
and place references and attributives.
The core meaning for a word is always expressed through its discontinuous
tripartite consonantal root whereas any derivation or expansion of that
meaning is expressed by changrng the internal vowelings of the word up to
preset metric patterns .Each vowel combination would generate a
metric patterns of language .In this case words ile generated to pre-known
as art and science where many proper nilmes of scientists and artists are
used as bases for coining up related words , particularly in the attributive
form For example, bostorah (n.) (pasteurization),and mobastar (adj.)
(pasteurized) are derived from the narne of the French scientist Pastew
arba3o from Rabee3 (spring ) meaning "to pass spring or to have it" .
Arabs derived from names of places .For example the verb abSara is
from albaSrah ; the name of a city in Iraq .This verb means "to head for
albaSrah or take it as a destination in travel".The verb AmSara means "to
fravel for maSr (Egypt )",etc.
Arabs also derived from nzrmes of objects. For example agbala is derived
from algabal (the mountain ) "to stay nearby or go for the
meaning
mountain" .Taqalnasa means "to wear a qolonswah (a helmet)",
tamanTaqa means "to argue using logic ,to use logic in reasoning" ,
estoftgara means to be as tough and hard as a stone ;to resemble a stone in
hardness,etc .
conjunction meaning 'if only', 'I wish if) i.e. 'to regret ,fret over/fo/,etc.
64
3.3.2. Arabicization
Abu Mansorn Algawareeqy(1959),an old Arab grammarian
, defined an
Arabicization as:
These contacts increased at the Islamic age when Islam was starting to
spread out in these regions of the world . The contact of the Arabs with
these cultures gained their language many new lexical items. These were
mainly scientific jargon and nrrmes of new objects unknown to Arab
people then .
"a word that has been Arabicized" and the other "a foreign word" .One
refers to the word after its adoption into language ,and the other to its state
before being adopted into it.
Arabicized words are mostly assimilated to fit into the phonological and
morphologlcat patterns of Arabic .An Arabicized word undergoes one or
more of three stages of change in its way of assimilation into language:
phonetic change, morphologlcal change or wholesale fransliteration .
66
Clusters that do not exist in Arabic are replaced by the most similar
sequences that fit into the phonetic system of the language ,e.g. lfgl are
replaced by the more pronounceable Arabic cluster ltll as n qa'fgaleel (a
ladle) which is assimilated into qa fshaleel .Words hke desht (the desert)
were changed to dest and Ishma3eel (anutme of a prophet ) to Isma3eel.
3.3.3.Translation:
Translation is fransferring meaning from one language into another
through lexical items .Translation can be one of two types depending on
the aim of the process itself and the technique used to achieve this aim.
* using the articles al+ld as a prefix for fonrring nouns and adjectives
(al ahe definite article the ,ld : the negative prefix non- ) For
example alldwo3y (non-awar eness),alld? ins futy (non-human),etc.
68
adjectives ,the infix 4n- was added before the final suffix -y'For
example, rawhany (spiritual), gosm6ny (bodily),etc'
Translation in Egypt flourished in the 30s of the 20ft cenhrry with the
abroad and
efforts of the scholar Refa3ah AlTahTawy who studied French
returned to Egypt to found Al.Alsun High School for translation'
Translation movement progressed mainly in one direction; which is from
European language to Arabic. It is important to note that translation started
primarily within the literary domain and stretched to encompass all other
aspects of life and science.
consideration.
or
been moved on from its place from the factual usage domain to rhetoric
usage. A lexical item can be shifted from factual usage into
allegoric
evocative or figrgative usage in a many different ways:
{. It can be used to substitute for one of its meanings ( narrowing of
meaning ).For example Dabb in cA was a generic name that
referred to any reptile, later usage had come to confine its meaning
and narrow its usage to just one particular fourlegged species of
reptiles.
meant 'war and its woes' ,later its meaning generalized to refer
to
It is important to say that English and Arabic exhibit almost the same
categoization of figures of speech (metaphors ,similes, metonymies and
allegories).This does not disregard the fact that secondary or minor
subdivisions and differences occur in both languages.
3.3.5.Blending:
Helal defines blending as " the process whereby some letters are
exfiacted from more than one word and appended together to create a new
word ."p.297These syllables or letters form, in their new appearance, a
discrete word that is different both in meaning and usage from their
original words .
This justifies the fact that most of them are rare in modern usage. MSA
creates new blends that are readily used by speakers.
Two words blends could be done in one of trvo ways : either by cutting
off parts of the two items at random choice and then pasting and tuning
them together up to the musicatity and rhythm of language as in :
Shaq (to cut) + ftaTob (wood)--+ shaqftaTaD (to cut wood,cutting wood)
ftab (dew) + qor (frost)+ ftabqar ("dewfrost" ,dew resulting from frost)
73
Besm* Allah +alraftmdn +olrafreem (in the nurme of Allah the all
mercifrrl,the ever-mercifrrl) -+basmala (v.to say this form)
basmalah (n. the form itself)
letters to the word or base. Those letters are mostly of no specific origrn or
meaning. They derive and adopt their meaning from the blend they create
when annexed to the base.
In most cases they are added just to reinforce the meaning of the base
and to exaggerate or emphasize its qualrty. For example adding lbl to
fnZata (to limp in walking ) creates baftZala (to watk in a sort ofjump due
to a limp in legs).3 aramrom ( [of floods] sweeping and powerful) is a blend
from 3drem (strong) plus the added syllable -ram* which is meaningless
by itself but add to and emphasize the meaning of power and strength in the
word.
74
Blending in CA has mostly been auditory . At modern age its usage has
been confined to coining scientific terminology and jargon. This is partiall,v
of the language.
75
The importance of this process is that it saves time and effort to come up
with new models of words to follow . It also saves the effort and load of
memorizing lots of lexical items.Further it makes learning language easier,
History: With the expansion of the Arab Empire and grourth of their
menns of life and culture, langUage also expanded its resources, new
material was flooding into language and the need to regularize its pattems
became more insistent. So Alkfialeel, an Arab linguist , embarked on
setting patterns for the language and regulttmrg its panems .It was him
and Sebawayh who first set and regulanzed the principle of analogic
creation as stated by Ibn Jini (1954) .He says :
their singular form might be. This is because -/ and -h are both the end -
markings of feminine words in Arabic whether they refer to a real or
virtual feminine object.
Analogic creation is useful in coining up many forms e.g. nouns,
adjectives, gerunds ,agentive nouns ,quasi-adjectives, comparatives, etc.It
is also a very useful process in lexicogaphy ,particularly in assembling
word-families for semantic dictionaries .
3.3.7. Coining:
Ibn Jini allowed coinages provided that they are produced by someone
who spoke pure eloquent Arabic,a native speaker of CA ' "[n Arabian
whose language is genuinely eloquent , and his linguistic intuition is fast
engraved ,is the one who would unquestionably coin and create new
He says:
"c+ 41.6 .si "il"g eJL ,J*-,1l_1,-i).i 41+t ,-, .'U 4isL-i.'UJi ltl ,r.rt;eYl gli"
\o-\i.
a)Metathesis:
the others . The result is a new enfiry sharing the same radicals of the root
with different arangement .The new entry would have the same core
meaning of the mother entry but with minor lexical differences expressing
fine semantic shades or gradations .For example gabaza and gazaba (to
pull, drag) and ya?esa and ?ayesa (to despair) ,etc.
79
root could be forefronted into initial position and they can also be moved
back to the medial position or final position of the root.
b) Mutation:
Mutation is a linguistic phenomenon where one of the consonantal
radicals of the trilateral root is replaced with a new different consonant.
The result is a new trilateral root which is considered a semantic variant for
the old one, and shares elements of its core meaning.
Examples for words where consonants replace each other are ; kntha3a
and kotha?a (for milk to tum sour ),enzahaw and anzahaw (to be proud
and arrogant), eltama?a and eltama3a ( to glitter) , gadth and gadf ( tomb,
Some modern Arabic dialects still exhibit this feature. In Kuwaiti Arabic
ragel (a man) is pronounced royyar (replacing g with the semi-vowel y
),
geit (I came ) is pronounced yeit ,etc.
After the sample has been refined ,the number of words dismounted to
816 words -These words were new words in meaning and morphological
build. Contextual and frequency considerations have been disregarded in
refining the sample.
Words have been categorized into their respective word formation
processes .Most categories have had enough number of data words to
represent them .Word formation processes that had very few number of
words to opt for were rather disregarded and treated as out-of-usage. Three
word formation processes have not been represented in the Arabic sample.
These are metattresis and mutation, analogic creation and coining. Due to
considerations of eloquence and linguistic purity , none of these processes
is in use in MSA.
that has a frequency supremacy in the sample and that enriched the
language with lexical innovations The patterns examined were nine
patterns .Eight of them are used to generate nouns following the
regulative and systematic rules of derivation. The ninth pattern relate to
deriving collective or qualitative nouns (known in Arabic as qlmasdar
alSena3y) from different lexical iterns of different metric patterns.
Eight noun pattems are analysed .These are nouns derived from
pattern I (fa3ala) , II (fa3'3ala) , IV (aBala) ,V (tafa3'3ala), vI (tafa3ala),
VIII (efta3ala) and X (estaf3ala) and from the quadrilateral verbal root
(fa3lala). Nouns derived from these verbal patterns have the 6ighest
frequencies in a co{pus research of 816 words.
82
references.
be an Arab, Arabicization,etc".
The only case where active usage of the trilateral verb pattern
fa3ala is employed is to coin agentive nouns up to the measure fa3el
(4Owords). Four nouns are voguish .wd3ed "promising" dd3em
,
"supporting" , 3adem "waste" , kd?en "existing ,material, substantial,
real".
Efte3el is a noun pattern (32 words) which have its place in the
sarnple. A noun coined to this pattern and adopted by almost all languages
in the world is enteJhDah which has been borrowed or fiansliterated into
English intfado .Nouns following this pattern denote actions that are
sought or done with keenness or effort . Example s. enteJdDah ,,upheaval",
J Metric Pafterns
MA
124
100
80
60
40
2g
0
clbl+jll.,J' 4JlJl .rs o*6 l+"ei d3 (4) qHl+ t-;r:i-tt )]^-.Jl g *eE -ll -r.r.o.ll"
YVr-'o ". e).r}l ;Jra3 tJn+lt .J I- oA iA el -*i ,n, q3Alr^lt3
Abd Alhakim (1999) states that this pattern of derivation was not
unknown altogether to Arab grammarians. Despite the fact that usage of
this category has just recently been pinpointed , the pattern itself was
known and used by old Arabs, though not as frequently and significantly as
it is now. Well-known Arab grammarian, such as Alkhalil Bin Ahmad ,
Sybaweih and also Alfarra? all gave examples for artificial nouns in their
anthologies.But they did not categorize them separately as a pattern for
noun formation because their number and usage were very limited by then .
86
Most transliterated words ending in the suffix -ism change it into the
Arabic suffrx -eyyah e.g. librdleyyoh for liberalism and radecdleyyah
for radicalism Sometimes words ending in the suffix -ocy are also
transliterated this way e.g. deemoqraTeyyoh for democrocy and
deb lom ds eyyah for diplomacy.
been successfully translated into Arabic (42 words) . For example: Toweel
al?ogal (long-term), almatdger almosalsqlah (chain markets),seeyrah
zdteyyah (C.V.) and alhaseb al?dly (the computer).
Sometimes a whole phrase or an expression is literally translated,the
result would be a 'calqued' expression where the words are Arabic but the
meaning is essentially English For example .eteJdq eTdr (frame
agreement),eqteSddeyyat alneqdd (Monetarism)gadwal a3mdl (work
agenda),gama3dt maSdleh (lobbies),etc.
Despite the fact that Arabic derivational morphology is based mainly
on affixes being annexed to the base ,and that most of these affixes (91
words) are to be bound morphemes whether prefixes ,infixes or even
suffixes.In MSA we find some free forms (nouns ,verbs or articles)
stereotyped and molded to stand for foreign (particularly English) affixes .
For example, the verb yo3eed and its noun e3adah have been used in
coining up and in translating verbs or nouns starting with the affix re- rn
English.
88
Other Arabic words that has been used as "free affixes" are qdbel le (
-able,-ible)ghayr (non- ,un- ,in- ) , mota3aded (multi- ) ,shebh ( quasi- ,
semi- ,near, -wise) , shadeed (highty- , sfongly- ,extremely- ), 3adam
(non- ) , motazdyed (increasingly-) , ?alla ) . The two "affixes"
(the non-
which are mostly used in the sample are ghayr and e3ddal . The most
notable usage of the "affix" ghayr comes n . ghayr qabelah lelneqdsh
"undiscussable" where a double usage of two of these newly stereotyped
affixes ghayr and qabelah le exists.An important coinage using qdbel le is .
n, \ o\" \o,
\\
Fig. 4.2 Numerical representation of stereogtped 'preJixes'in Arabic.
Blends also exist in the sample, but not abundantly (15 words). All
these blends -except only four- refer to bilateral relations between two or
more countries. Names of countries are annexed wholesale and hyphenated
the first name are clipped ,the two words in this case are not hyphenated.
Instead, they pasted together e.g.: ol?fro'orobeyyah, "Afro-European" and
albetro'kemya?eydl , "petrochemicals" .Few blends don"t refer to political
relations.Those are. al?amrdD alnafs-3oDweyyoh "psychophysical
diseases",al?ana<ldkhar "the me-him relations" and alra?smdteyyah
"Capitalism" .No significantly new creations has been noted in this
limited sample of blends.
Words where syllables or sounds are reduplicated exist in the sample
(8words).For example e.g.khaskhasah (privitisation) , za3za3ah
(slraking,convulsion), walwolah (sobbing,wailing) , balbalah (disturbance).
But despite rhyhmic repetition of syllables ,these forms do not have a
regularized semantic pattern as is the case with other metric patterns in
Arabic. i.e. they do not have preset or predictable meaning as is the case
with other metric patterns.This is the reason why reduplication is not
considered a word formation process in Arabic.
90
categories is the criteria of eloquence and purity of language set by bo& old
I Wo rd fo rm atio n processes
ont^
\u
%a \
uru
1\, '" \
creations and provides him preset patterns for deriving new lexical
items.Further derivation in Arabic is a very regularized process , easy to
Iearn and to apply to whatever root the speaker has. The most dominant
metric patterns are ta/3eel and JE3el. Whereas the newest creations were
,-'.itned up to the patfern fa3lalah.
92
from many languages ,mainly English .This is ,perhaps, due to the fact that
English is an international language dominating almost all news agencies in
the world .It also has the supremacy in linguistic research and innovation.
Conclusion
93
Each linguistic system has its own means of enlarging its resources
and enriching its lexical repertoire. Word-formation processes are almost
the same in most languages. Differences lie in the frequency and
dependence each system lays on one or the other of these processes. Some
languages employ only certain processes, others opt for totally different
ones .A third group would use the serme host with different preferences .It
mostly depends on the adaptability of the morphologrcal system of a
language to certain processes rather than others.Another important
factor is
how far the speakers of tle language experiment in their usage of its
lexical
resources. Throughout his life ,the speaker continues to adopt speech
habits
from his fellows. At any moment ,his language is a unique composite
of
habits acquired from various people.
acron)rms in English. For example, s.h.m stands for seknk ftadeed maSr
(Egyptian railways ) which is considered a'regular blend' in Arabic and an
initialization in English kahromaghnaTeesy is a blend of kahro (electro)
and maghnaTeesy (magnetic) and stands for the English blend
electromagnetic. Ra?smaleyyah is a blend of ra?s (head) and mdleyyah
(monetary) and stands for English "capitalism".This blend is done by just
pasting two words together , a technique which would be considered
'compoundittg' in English. Blending in Arabic is thus a very large and
comprehensive label that includes such notions as blending, compounding,
reduplication and acronymsa and initialization in English. Having one
broad notion of a process in Arabic paralled by four different processes in
English denotes that the quantification of usage of each process is different
in Arabic to the favor of English. Processes such as initializatron,blending
and reduplication do exist in Arabic but they are not so widely and
On the other hand, an Arabic category which was a rich source for new
lexicon and have no equivalent in English word-formative processes is
metathesis and mutation.These two processes have almost gone out of
use in MSA due to eloquence considerations despite the fact that they can
It is important to stress the fact that whatever efforts are taken to refine
sample of any idiosyncratic orientation still the choice of research corpus,
material and even analysis will bear some degree of subjectivity . The
results of this research then are not last-word-judgments , rather they bear a
speculative nature into qualitative ways of development of both languages .
movements and concepts . The rest of processes play a rather marginal role
These fwo processes ,which were once employed to create words of fine
and nearby shades of meaning are not used for reasons related to linguistic
eloquence and purity in MSA and have no equivalent neither in Old nor in
Modern English .Other processes process are analogic creation and coining.
Due to considerations of eloquence and linguistic purity , none of these
processes is in use in MSA.Change in the quantification of usage of these
categories exemplifies for and endorses the fact stated by Katamba's ; that
productivity in word formation is a synchronically and diachronically
controlled variable.
Bibliography
English References
100
Bolton , W.F. & Crystal, David (eds.) .(1987) The English Language.
SPhere Books , London .
Bryant , Maegaret M. (1962). Modern Engtish and its Heritoge. 2"d ed.
Macmillan .New york .
Cambridge University
Press.U.K.
102
Longman.London.
Knowles , Elizabeth & Julia Elliot (eds.) (lgg7) The oxford Dictionary
of New words. oxford university press.New york.
Kr:imskli , J#i . (1969) The word as Linguistic unit. Ed. c.H. van
Schooneveld. Series Minor.Nr. 75 .
Press.Cambridge.U.K.
Lippincott,Philadelphia.
Pyles ,Thomas (ed.). (1971) The origins and Development of the English
Language. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich ,Inc.
New York ,U.S.A.
108
Volume I : Classtfication
Edward Arnold Ltd,London.
U.K.
Web sites:
httn ://www.timesonline .co. uk
httn ://www.pewsint-archive.co. ulc
htto ://hyde.park. uga. edu/links. htmJ
http ://us. en glish.u ga. edu
http ://www. canoo. com.
http ://www. gean5.pfrnb.fUfi-mb. si.
htF ://www.ling. upenn. edu
http ://www. quinion. com
http ://www.ruf.rice. edu.
webmaster@us. en gl ish. u ga. edu.
Arabic References
ltl
Pjl )43-l til AEI*, D.;,, ,41;s -i-r_,*l,Jl 4;Ill ., O$ll ;rc ,Lt;eL_t
1... e)U o .t-la!t . dJl
.;;ntill .4.-aill 4+:S. .t{+
clo{jj ,_1SJ ,=rJFJl 4iJ . (l t iv)4+te r _ o cgil;yl
.,.Jr'lcll <-tJl
-a+;"-^ll
a.3*ell .dgJ,.ac,
!:lsL:l :q;yJl cJtt .(\ 11o) pt*,-r ,.JJt;.Jl
.oSntill
.4il$S-,Yl . qiJlJl -ll: .o+!t edJtill ur!. , c'lll & . (l l1Y ) .r q.r" e
c.;l J"*Jl
.(3_r-r* .o++Jt ,3tiYt -)tr. {illt (J.i dJJill . (t 1V\) .D" 3r;i ,ae-.g..,J1
.a;otill. p$ll ;lr .tr*-. j +-rYl_l +i[s.^ajl . (\ 1oo). i.Llll r;c'c o'r.o.r
4i )'-ll Cte 4LL ". ._F-tJl q#,iljl clLlJJl .,lc elJ,:l . (ttvl; +tj (LJA
,-'t-l(\l , ,-;1.:il3 cl$ll:4il$lj r*l+-Jl ."1 fJ
"it:tl
.'+J"ll 4;lJl4 tp_g,y> g:;ltj fyl +^_i :r3.:sJJ$ U+lt i .+L .+."ii
1..tCJt f .t-lo!l
.,3,,i.s.ipll .u*_;ls .'\ .t .+_fjl +illt . (111Y).r+t. d\JF
6+6rl . r-r. t r(l .(\ 11't) clLsr oi JJ.c J& ialr t*r+*
.o-plill .pJill .;h .,J:!t o +Jt .O:-ltr pJt .:ao
.6-r-x . di++Jl ;lr .,rlrfr." ll -rSill: +++-l'll clll .(l rlt)*-:rtt +' ,.i-S
\. . . JrlJp i at$!l ". ngobJlj d.aill ,H +l"t-Sll :s11j,3"
+rJl ++ a-lsll qi+ .{1 tvA) +lj +j jri d;tjt r+o J Cjilt jai -r..- 6sr-S
o.plill .,-r. \+,ill at<. .+r-j*ls:. )13
115
oltilt .?rf Jl-r.d:ilt Jtaill: a-tJt O5J .(1 l1Y ) uLb._r, c;tjlll r;c
: (t t1A*l ltz) <;;r-."Jt d|.:.,-Jl Gi GeLi,-Jl Jr,onJf. CEll +.6ic ,Etiill .4r>
, 6jt+-ar^r .:y,r.o:_;Js.o . dl eltro . 4lY:4y elt
*;1311 ''li Jl
.'-.;ratill.-r"iill
-r-llf ;1.: \ 111 d-tful u.Jl
t . . . J+artr 1 al;nYl .' 4J-jbiylJ g.yJt ,;,s-s,Xt eglt ". CL, u+Jt .+t
Y..l_*J_*lf .t.lnlt
, +-r'Jl (-J+-etL.+!l ::c, caJilll dl.r,+ll . (\lvl);lii.:.orl r_,pc
o$lill .giJtJl ;tr E+-rJ
\ l1Y -y^r} Yval:nll '.iLi tL;,.a & 'rg&'e^K ctL';;J". r.or.o OJJ cJAl,i
.4r.r.qr-,'ll.
&ll Jlr .4#!l cJt'dl 4rsFl 4JYil dsirll.(1 11. ) ii-J-,o-tr
.allill .4#-FJl uaall ;lr .dll & j ctL-l;r , (l 1V1 )4Jls 6c;J+.s-o
ollill ."++Jl +iLGll -.;l: . tg)S^i.: a-+riJl .(\ 141 ) **'sjeir .r.s-
.\.t .,r-:ill ,rg:Jl-r +.!l tilll .(\ 1Ai)'*-rJl os3Jl L-ly -f_;n
.6:*.c}5lt _;t.r
O:;ijlj .JHl +JtLi +l: f.|43 e+l.,.f 4*!l !j* .(.o.. ) ,Jpt^^,,i .J+l..
.;_;aEIl. +r -Jl 4.:ijJl {nS.
Table 1. Derivation:
a)taf3eel t79
b)e8il t82
c)tafa3'3ol 183
d)tafa3ol 184
e)esteBdl 186
f)fE3el 187
g)efte3il 188
h)fa3lalah 189
Table 2. Artificial Nouns 190
Table 3. Arabicization 192
Tabe 4. Translation 195
Table 5. Prefixes 196
Table 6. Shifting 198
Table 7. Blending t99
Appendix One
English Tables
117
Derivation
Table .1. Derivation
Word Sentence Writer Date
Activist A civil rights activist Wanyama 19,Mar
Wansah
Adventurism Reckless mil itary adventurism Uzi Mahnaimi l8.June.
Agitator A veteran liberal agitator R.W.Johnson l3,Feb.
Airliner Shooting down of an Iranian airliner Matthew 4,June.
Campbell
All-black He told the all-black congresation Tom Rhodes 25.June
All-female Ar all-female theatre Tom Rhodes l8,June.
All-out A weak into an all-out offensive Peter Conradi 2l,May.
against Eritrea,Ethiopia ..
All-out A week into an all-out offensive Peter Conradi 28,May
against Eritrea , Ethiopia...
Anarchist Anarchists threatened to. Tom Walker
.
2O-Feb
Ancestral Protecting ancestral land Matthew 28,May
Campbell
Android-like An early version of android-like Julian Ryall 23,April
device
Anti-ballistic Developing anti-ballistic missile Matthew 26,Mar
defences Campbell
antibodv An antibody to nicotine Ro,qer Dobson 4,June.
Anti- The most brazen anti-communism Brendon 4,June.
communism Bourne
Anti-Disney Cashing in on anti-Disney sentiment News Agency l3,Feb.
Anti-drug The organisation' s anti-drug John Harlow 28,May
campaign
Anti-euro to woo Anti-euro Danes Peter Conradi 4,June.
Anti-federalist utner antl-tederal ist states Tony Allen 2l,May.
Mills
Anti-Islamic Riots portrayed as anti-lslam c. Marie Clovin 23.Aoril
Anti-Israel He was considered anti-Israel Uzi Mahnaimi 2l,May.
Anti-mafia Anti-mafia snatch squad John Follain 4.June.
Anti-politician Portraying himself as anti-politician Matthew 23,Jan.
Campbell
Anti-pope Ulement Vll the antr-none John Follain l2,Mar
Anti-Russian secause ot rts anti-Russian content Uzi Mahnaimi 4,June.
Anti-Semitism Feulled anti-Semitism John Follain l9,Mar
Anti-ski King ugly anti-ski strips News Agencv 16,Jan.
Anti-smokins Anti-sqoking laws News Agencv 12,Mar
Anti+rust Under anti-trust legislation News Agencv 25,June
Apprehensively Men will be apprehensively assessing Mark Franchetti 26,Mar
their prospects
Archeologist The archeologist found wells Matthew 28,May
Campbell
archetypal An archetypal know-it-all technocrat Tony Allen 25,June
Mills
118
Derivation
Word Sentence Writer Date
Assailant One of the assailants struck a match R.w.Johnson 4,June.
Astrologer Giving astrologers a glimpse of.. Matthew 28,May
Campbell
attachee She is a press attachee Susan Bell l6-Jan
Attacker One of his attackers Jon Swain 9,April
Authoritarianism A trend towards authoritarianism in Mark 26,Mar
Russia Franchetti
Authoritarianism I.egi sl ators of authoritariani sm JohnFollain l8-June.
Back-ender The usual substantial back-enders News 6,Feb.
Agencv
Backer The backers of the Millenium Dome News 13,Feb.
Agencv
Backpacker From backpacker to veterans ,tourists Michael 23,Apr|l
flock... Sheridan
baqful They come with bagfuls of stuff Jon Ungoed 4-June.
Baggy Dressed up in baggy petticoats for a TV News 26,Mar
spoof Asencv
Banker Including bankers David Or 9,April
Baptist A Baptist preacher who.. Matthew 9,April
Campbell
barbaritv Cannibalism is one of many bar6arities John Swain 2l,Mav.
Bear-hugger Animated bear-hugger Michael 18,June.
Sheridan
Belongings Carrying their belongings News 9,April
Agency
benefactor Scandal surrounding benefactors Peter 6,Feb.
Conradi
Bilateralist This tension between prodib pederalism Stephen l6,April
and bilateralist's instincts Grey
biochem st A biochemist who was waltine Tom walker 5 -Mar
biochemistry The biochemistry of wine Abi 20,Feb
Daruvalla
biographer Ben Pimlott,her biographer Christopher 7,Jan
Morgan
Bioloeist He was a geologist and a biolo.qist John Follain 23.April
Birdy She worried about birdies Tony Allen- l8,June
Mills
Bomber Two bombers were destroved Michael 27,Feb.
Sheridan
booster With a vaccine and a booster thay can Roger 4,June.
stay offit Dobson
Break-dancer Rappers and break-dangers mingied with Tony Allen 26,Mar
girls Mills
bubbly Romans beat French to the bubbly John Follain 20.Feb
Buddhist Drawn from the Buddhist clergy Michael 13,Feb.
Sheridan
Bureaucratic Certain bureaucratic jobs were fiGd Stephen 16,April
Grey
119
Derivation
I eouroment
His share of profits and John Harlow 21,May.
Merchandise
merchandising
Meteorologists recorded rainfall Jon Sw'ain 5 "Mar
Meteorologist
The white Methodist church Grace 4,June.
Methodist
Bradberrv
Micro-electronics With micro-electronics industry Mark 16,Jan.
Franchetti
A British microlight pilot Michael 25,June
Microlight
Sheridan
mlcroscope The most sensitive electron Uzi 4,June.
microscopes Mahnaimi
They propagated microwaves Jonathan 4,June.
Microwave
Leake
News '7,Jan
Millenial Joined a millenial throng on the
fabled hillside Aeencv
Minicab firms trebled rates Christopher 7,Jan
minicab
Morean
fo minimite the potential for friction Paul Ham 12,Mar
Minimise
A television mini-series Matthew 23,Aprrl
Mini-series
Campbell
Tony Allen- l8,June.
Ministerial 17 ministerial commisions
Mills
They bundled him into a whlte Matthew 23,April
Minivan
Campbell
Stephen
g,April
Mini-village A closed mini-village
Grey
He appears to have mtscalculated tn Michael Zl,May.
miscalculate
thinkine that .. Sheridan
127
Derivation
Word Sentence Writer Date
Misdirect The companv misdirected funds Tom Rhodes 27.Feb
missovernance There has been missovernance R W Johnson 19-Mar
Misinformation Feeding misinformation to the west Mark 19,Mar
Franchetti
Mismanagement Allegations of nepotism and Stephen 26,Mar
mismanasement Grey
misrepresent That he misrepresented facts Nick 9,April
Fieldins
Misspend He has admitted to misspent' Youth ' Tom Rhodes 23,Jan.
Misuse lncludins misuse of power David Orr 9.Aoril
Mobilisation A fabulous movement of mobilisation Tom Walker 27 -Feb.
mobster King of mobsters News 16,Jan.
Agencv
modernise The modernizingtrends of many Jews Tony Allen- 19,Mar
Mills
Modernistic Bring to Syria a modernistic vision of Matthew 4,June.
its place Campbell
Monarchist Has apalled monarchists Alastair 2O,Feb
McLeod
Money-changer The money-changer resisted Tony Allen- 5,Mar
Mills
Monkhood Women don the robes of monkhood Michael 23,April
Sheridan
Monoethnic Monoethnic cantons are the only Tom Walker l3,Feb.
solution
Monotheistic Monotheistic reli gions Marie Clovin 27.Feb,
motoflse With three motorized dinghies Mark Austin 5,Mar
Motorist Kine the black motorist Tom Rhodes 27 -Feb
mountaineer All seasoned mountaineers Mark
Franchetti
Mourner Thousands of mourners at Marie Clovin 23.April
Mover The prime mover in the camPaign Tom Rhodes [6,Jan.
to...
Mov e-goer Vulnerable movie-qoer John Harlow 21-Mav.
Multibarred Expected to use nrulti-barred rocket Iqbal Athas 23-Aoril
Multi-cultural The agency' s multi-cultural mission New-s 4,June.
Agencv
Mul millionaire A multimillionaire Nieel Glass 3O.Jan.
Mark 5,Mar
sadism The torture was Pure sadtsm
Franchetti
Jon Swain l3.Feb
Sadist tvlaiid is a Sadist
Juliette 20,Feb
Scepticism Cause me considerable scePttclsm
Terieff
Michael 25.June
schizophrenic Those who knew him as a
cn.hiznnhrenic Woodhead
John Harlow 2l,May.
Scientologist Hundreds of scientologlsts were
h'rsced tn Holvwood
In the chrrrc.h of scientologv John Harlow 28.May
Scientology
John Harlow 28,May
Seasonal We have seasonal constderattons to
1nalz q!
News 7,Jan
selflessness Each act of selflessness contlnues
tn Agency
Qerni-ar rtom rtr c weaoonS Tom Walker 18-June.
Semi-automatic
Michael l8,June.
Semi-divine The intentions of the seml-dlvlne
Vlm Sheridan
What used to be semi-teudal ldylls Peter 2l,May.
Semi-feudal
rne+cmnrnhose into... Conradi
11./e are in e sfate of semr-Serge Jon Swain 9-Aoril
Semi-seige
News 27,May.
senatorial Concerned about his senatonal
o*kitinna Asencv
Jon Swain
g.April
lJo l'iAraA hz'r (enseless
Senseless
Jon Swain 5,Mar
sensor Many sensors (fbr ratntall rates) were
rrrochPrl au/tv
Peter 21,May.
Separatist Muslim separatist rebels have been
hnldino ?l holidav makers Conradi
NewsAgency l3,Feb.
Sexist To fieht such sexist abusq
134
Derivation
Word Sentence Writer Date
sexualize Reflecting the sexualization of Christobel l6,Jan.
existence Edwards
shapeless She is famous for shapeless clothes Tony Ailen 2l,May.
Mills
Shopper Shoppers snapped hangover cures Christopher 7,Jan
Morsan
sizeable There is a sizeable minority with Tom Walker 18,June.
machineguns
Slipperiness It is prone to slipperiness Christobel 16,Jan.
Edwards
snowboarder Described as an avid snowboarder Matthew 9,April
Campbell
Socialism He talked Socialism Michael 13,Feb.
Sheridan
socialist The official socialist cadidate Tom Walker 27 -Feb
souflle The soufll6s has risen John Follain l6.Jan
speciality Her speciality used to be quantum Tony Allen 2l,May.
chemistry Mills
Spin-off Jobs ,investment and other economic Tony Allen- 4,J'une.
spin-offs generated by the Mills
programme
Stabilize An aid operation was stabilizing Jon Swain 26,Mar
Kosovo
starlet She turned a film starlet Allan Hall 5,Mar
Still+raumatised To administer the still-traumatised Jon Swain 19,Mar
and upended territory
strategist Her chief strategist Tom Rhodes 6.Feb.
Stretcher They carried her on a stretcher Jon Sw-ain 26,Mar
Stripper As well as strippers from the News 23,April
Sexodrome peepshow Asencv
Stylist A Moscow stylist New's 28,May
Agencv
Sub-automatic Sub-automatic particles can exisl Uzi 4,June.
Mahnaimi
Subcontinent The Indian subcontinent David Orr 19,Mar
subcontract The company had been subcontracted Uzi 21,May.
to help them develop... Mahnaimi
Subculture Portrays a criminal subculture News 20,Feb
Aeencv
Sub-machinegun Uzi submachineeuns Tom Walker l8"June
Suburban He is a suburban catholic Tom Rhodes 27 -Mav,
Sub-zero In the sub-zero temperatures Suzan Bell 30.Jan.
sucker Whales are found with sucker marks Tom Rhodes 23-Aoril
supermodel Several suoermodels John Harlow 18-June.
Super-rich Headquarters of the American super- Matthew 27,Feb.
rich Campbell
superstructured Her surgically superstructured bust Tony Allen 12,Mar
Mills
135
Derivation
Word )enlence Writer Date
Supremacist vlolence IrOm whtte sunremacist Tom Rhodes 25,June
sympathizer r ne ma]onty ot socialist sympathizers Tony Allen 26,Mar
Mills
Tacky Enrnuslastrc even during tackier times Christopher 7,Jan
Morgan
taxable bermans hrd their taxable assets Tony Allen- 76,Jan.
Mills
Tearfully Vlllagers olead tearfirllv tn Jon Swa n l9,Mar
technicality Un a tegal technrcalitv Jon Sw'a n 30,Jan.
Televise r o rlght back rn a televised debate
Matthew 3O,Jan.
Campbell
Teller r ney toldteiler to put the cash in
a Matthew 9,April
her backnack Campbell
tellingly I he event was tellingly dubbed I News 23,April
Occupation Day I A*.nru
Terrorise Terrorising Zimb abw e's countrysid e Marie Clovin 28,May
Therapist Marital therapists have known Roger 4,June.
Dobson
Thuggish-lookins A thuggish-looking man Paul Ham 25,June
Ticklish To examine the ticklish questio; of Allan Hall 5,Mar
timeless Timeless tension between Muslims News | 1,Jan
,Christians and Jews Aoennrr I
Table.3. Conversion
Word Sentence Writer Date
alr The story was aired on September last Tom Rhodes 23,Jan.
vear
alert Rwanda was alerted Jon Swain 30,Jan
backfire Warned that such string-pulling could Peter Conradi 6,Feb.
backfire
backtrack The sovernment had to backtrack Alastair Mcleod 20 Feb.
badmouth Badmouthine his director John Harlow l S,June
beauty He has been dating a string of beauties News Agencv l6,April
bill It would be billed for the clean-up News Agencv 7,Ian
bloodstain Disclosing his bloodstained past Susan Bell 23,Jan.
boo She was booed and soat at bv crowds Peter Conradi 72,Mar.
brainwashed RIJF has distinct units brainwashed Jon Swain 2l,May
brave Candidate braves murder threats Tom Walker 4.June
breakneck Eight lanes of breakneck traffic Marceau 2.April
Budget The film has been budeeted at $135m Peter Conradi 6-Feb
Bus Hundreds of scientologists were bussed John Harlow 2l,May
to Hollwood
Buv-back A Nigerian debt buy-back scheme Nick Fieldins 2-Aorll
carpetbag Portraying him as a carpetbagging out- Sylvie Deroche 27,Feb
of-towner
Cave Why Milosevic caved in Tom Rhodes 30.Jan
cement Helped to cement their appeal Christopher 20,Feb.
Goodwin
Chair The republican chairing the committee News Asencv 7.May
Cheer Many South African would cheer a News Agency 7,May
stand on principle
Clampdown A clampdown on narcotics Mark Franchetti 30.Aoril
Clean-up It would be billed for the clean-up News Agency 7.Jan
clich6 Its dialozue clich6d John Harlow 2l.Mav
Climbdown It blames the climbdown on pressure Stephen Grey 18,June
from Clinton to...
closet She has spent much of her life closeted Tony Allen- 2l,May
in laboratories Mills
Close-up Such close-up is of... Michael l l,June
Sheridan
Code-breakine To learn code-breakins and sabotase Peter Conradi l3-Feb.
codename Codenamed lush ,the operation set out Mark Franchetti l6,Jan.
to ....
Comeback The idea of a political comeback Matthew l6,Jan.
Campbell
corner They are cornered Mark Franchetti 6-Feb.
Countenance He refused to countenance the prospect Tom Rhodes 2l-Mav
counter To counter the anarchic forces of,.. Tom Walker l6.April
Crackdown An international crackdown on the trade JonathanLeake 9-Aoril
Cut-back A cut-back in relief operations Steohen Grev l6-Aoril
158
Conversion
Word Sentence Writer Date
Cut-off As a cut-offdate Tom Walker l3,Feb.
Cut-price Tested a cut-price rocket Tony Allen- 4,Juns
Mills
diehard The most diehard dancers Stenhen Grev l$Jrrne
distance Leadership began to distance itself from Tony Allen- 7,larr
him Mills
dizzy Lt a d\zzying pace Tony Allen- 27,Feb
Mills
doctor CDU used doctored death notices Stephen Grey 30.Jan
dog The Chechen's doqsed resistance Mark Franchetti 30.Jan
downturn Inevitable economic downturn Matthew l6Jan.
Campbell
drain A battle that would drain resources Matthew 30,Jan
Campbell
Drop-out A drop-out from Dallas college Tony Allen- 4,June
Mills
druq Drugsed her with hashish John Follain 4.June
Drug-crazed A random atrocity by drug-crazed Jon Swain 21,May
vounsesters
Dynamite Thev are dvnamitine the cinema News Agency l3.Feb.
elbow Elbowine each other out of the way Susan Bell 30.Jan
fable The fabled pink citv of Jaipur David Orr l9-Mar.
fan It fanned the flames with mysterious Stephen Grey l6,April
reDorts
Father He fathered at least 15 children 13,Feb.
file comrption allegations have been filed David Orr g,April
asainst 85 people
Firebomb The house had been firebombed Jon Swain 25.June
lound A historian who is its founding director Stephen Grey 2.April
Frame-up A charge he calls a frame-up Michael 2l,May
Sheridan
free To free the boxer Tom Rhodes l6-Jan.
Gloves-off Polls showed that the gloves-offGore Jon Swain 30,Jan
had reclaimed a lead
Ground China grounds British flyer Michael 25,Iune
Sheridan
Guard-doe He is said to be "guard-dogged" the area News Agency 30-April
gun He was zunned down Tom Walker 5.Mar.
hideout To smugsle prisoners to safe hideouts News Agency 7 -Jan
Table.4.
Writer Date
Word Origin Sentence
Jonathan Leake 6,Feb
abattoir French Offgoes the animal to the
abattoir
John Harlow 28May
abseil German Will escape bY abseiling down
the waterfalls
Mark Franchetti 16,Jan
Ahmici Sanskrit Men are sought ibr Ahmtct
erimes
John Harlow 4June
amateur French Put an amateur writtng
4June
anathema Latin > His stand is an anathema to
Greek nnnservnfive zealots
It predicted nuclear Eguardo 2lMay
fumageddon Greek
Armaoeddon or worse Goncalves
An unfashionable News AgencY l2Mu
arrondissement French
o* nrlicsrtment
Tony Allen- 26Mar
Avant-garde French On avant-garde tashton shows
Mills
Tony Allen- 4June
baccalaur6at French He spent Years stuclYmg ror rus
baccalaur6at Mills
162
Borrowing
Word Origin Sentence Writer Date
beaux French Searched malls for young News Agency 5Mar
beaux
bellicose Latin A history of bellicose News Agency 2lMay
behavior
beret French United Nations blue Uzi Mahnaimi 28May
berets
bistro French An illeeal bistro News Agencv l2Mar
bizarre French> Which details their Christopher 26Mar
Spanish bizane fetishes Goodwin
boa Latin He had shown offa new Allan Hall 12}'4w
feather boa
bog Irish and The army is bogged Mark Franchetti 30,Jan
Gaelic down
Bon vivant French He matured from bon Michael 18June
vivant terrorist to Sheridan
statesman
bonanza Spanish His limited role in the Matthew 30,Jan
economicbonanza Campbell
Bougainvillea French A sprawling Tom walker I lJune
bousainvillea
bouquet French With a bouquet of Michael 26Mar
flowers Sheridan
boutique French Hawking at a boutique News Agencv 26Mar
bungalow Hindi ln a tin-roofed bungalow Tom Rhodes 20Feb
bureaucrat French A Parisian bureaucrat Tony Allen- 26Mar
Mills
cadre French Public security and party Michael l8June
cadres Sheridan
camouflage French He prefers suits to Uzi Mahnaimi I lJune
>Italian camouflase fatizues
canoe Spanish>Hait Navigating themselves John Harlow 28May
ian on outrisger canoes
canton French Monoethnic cantons are Tom Walker l3Feb
>Italian the only solution
canvas French Whose canvas Matthew 26Mar
symbolized an age of Campbell
risqud frolic
cargo Spanish With its cargo of crates Steohen Grev .9Aor
Champagne- French Former minister of Tony Allen- 26Mar
and-caviare culture with a Mills
champagne-and-cavi are
profile
chauffeur French The chauffeur of the David Smith 2lMay
leader ...
cheque French Clinton reached for his News agency 4June
cheque book
Cherchez la French "to find the man,cherchez Tony Allen- .9,Apr
femme la femme" Mills
163
Borrowing
kinderearten
When it comes to eating Tony Allen- 26NIar
lasagne Italian
lasagne Mills
165
Barrowing
Word Origin Sentence Writer Date
limbo Latin ln Israeli border limbo Tony Allen- 28May
Mills
Mafia Sicilian Killed by members of Tom Walker l6,Jan
mafia grouo
mailis Arabic Until the mailis convenes Marie Clovin TMay
Mal de tdte French People who suffer from News Agency .23Apr
mal de tte
malaise French Analyzing its president's Stephen Grey l6,Apr
malaise
Mania Latin >Greek The mania for collecting News Agency 5,Mar
cards
manicure French The manicured lawns Marie Clovin 28Mav
manifesto Italian A cornerstone ofthe Matthew 4June
party manifesto Campbell
manure French The dumping of a pile of Matthew 20Feb
manure Campbell
massage French Ladies helping the leader Michael I lJune
to unwind with a Sheridan
massage
mausoleum Greek The familv mausoleum Marie Clovin l8June
Mea culpa Latin This less noticed mea News agency 4June
culpa was the latest
evidence of...
messiah Hebrew The messiah missed his Mark Franchetti 7 jan
rendezvous
metropolis Latin >Greek West Germany's Tony Allen- 26Mar
metropolis Mills
Mica Latin Arrowheads made from Jon Swain 30,Jan
mica
nlrvana Sanskrit At a supposed nirvana Michael I lJune
of... Sheridan
orchestrate Latin > Orchestrating the Mark Franchetti 3O,Jan
German bombins ofblocks
pagoda Persian and The Buddhist pagodas Michael .23Apr
Hindi are... Sheridan
paparazzi Italian Enthusiasm for papar a z.i Tony Allen- ZlMay
ohotoeraphs Mills
parachute French When his parachute Matthew 20Feb
opened Camobell
pariah Tamil Treating Serbia as a News Agency .9,Apr
pariah state
parole French Taking parole from the Matthew 20Feb
enemv Campbell
parole French Ministers considered a Tony Allen- 4June
nlea for oarole from .. Mills
Per capita Latin Relief efforts per capita Jon Swain l9Mar
pvzena Italian To offer her work in a John Follain I lJune
oizzeria
166
Borrowing
able.S. Shiftir,
Word Sentence writer date
aeitator A veteran liberal asitator RW Johnson 13-Feb
Air The story was aired on September last Tom Rhodes 23,Jan
year
beam The untold stories of Kosovo war News Asencv 30-Jan
bog The armv is boeeed down Mark Franchetti 30.Jan
bombshell The report is a bombshell for.. John Follain 3O.Jan
break Durine weekend breaks News Asencv 9.Apr.
brush Survived an earlv brush with bankruntcv News Asencv 13-Feb
carpetbag Portraying him as a carpetbagging out-of- Sylvie Deroche 27,Feb
towner
carrot As well as lavish financial carrots ,. News Agencv 27.Feb
168
Shifting
Comb through To comb through eight of his novels David Leppard 16,Jan
massage The government was massaging the cost Tony Allen- l9Mar
ofthe trip Mills
misrepresent That he misreoresented facts Nick Fieldine 9-Aor.
Mushroom CDU crisis could mushroom into a crisis Tony Allen- 23,Jan
of partv democracv Mills
orchestrate Orchestratins the bombine of blocks Mark Franchetti 3O.Jan
overheads It saves on salaries and overheads News Agencv l3.Feb
paper Muslims and Christians papered over ther Dina Shiloh 26Mar
discord
DeDper Streetswere oeooered with bomb carters Mark Franchetti 6-Feb.
posting During Putin's posting in the late 1980s Mark Franchetti 16,Jan
Table ,8.
word sentence writer date
Ad Plans to halt the ads News Asencv 23.Apr.
advert ln Italv's adverts John Harlow 2,Apr.
cvnlc Desoite the view of cvnics Tom Rhodes 2l-Mav
disco A Los Anseles disco music label John Harlow 28-Mav
t'diss" He accused Bradely of "dissing", or Matthew 16,Jan
disreoresentins -Iowa voters. Camobell
euro To pav the euro equivalent of.. Stephen Grey 5.Mar.
fresco Discoveri es of frescoes John Follain 25-Iune
gym She invested in business including gym Tony Allen- 2,Apr.
Mills
lntern The White House interns Matthew 27,Feb
Camobell
medic Medics and rescuers were landing Mark Austin 5.Mar.
memo Leaking her confidential memos to the Stephen Grey 23,Apr.
media
sub Sex war hits subs Matthew 9,Apr.
Camobell
supremo Her arrival as France's cultural suDremo Marceau 2-Aor.
174
Coining
Table.9.Coin
word sentence writer date
Lunge To lunge for the Queen's fingers Christopher 7,Ian
Morgan
Slush As murky as secrst political slush Tony Allen- J,Jan
fund Mills
Gag St.Mary church "gagged" Maurice 7,lan
Chittenden
suntotrng Guntotine female bodyguards Tom Walker 16,Jan
Spree Bank robbing sprees across Tom Walker 16,Jan
Europe
Bash While bashing Bradely's health Matthew 30,Jan
olan Campbell
Wonk Gore,a policy wonk who.. Matthew 30,Jan
Camobell
Bos The armv is boseed down Mark Franchetti 30,Jan
horrendously Died horrendously painful death Jonathan Leake 6.Feb
routing To complete their routing and Mark Franchetti 6,Feb
liquidation
Jaunt On weekend jaunts to Croatia Michael 6,Feb
Woodhead
canton Monoethnic cantons are the only Tom Walker lZFeb
solution
Sag France 2 channel's sagging prime- News Agency l2Feb
time line-up
trundling Sent them trundling round the Abi Daruvalla 20,Feb
countrvside behind
word sentence writer date
spumante Italv .home of spumante John Follain 20.Feb
hiooie A flvine of the hippie seneration News Asencv 20.Feb
portfolios Infatuated with plump portfolios News Agencv 20Feb
cronyism Insight into the cosy cronyism Tony Allen- 5,Mar.
Mills
ticklish To examine the ticklish question Allan Hall 5,Mar.
of...
cyclone A cvclone hit the resion Jon swain 5.Mar.
tizz Atizz over a Texas miss Allan Hall 5.Mar.
Sawy Cyber-sawy youth have their David On l9,Mar.
attention on...
Spoof Dressed up in baggy petticoats for Tony Allen- 26,Mar.
a TV spoof Mills
Glitch What started as a computer Matthew 26,Mar.
slitch-... Campbell
Walkie talkie The Egyptian delivered walkie Marie Clovin Z,Apr.
talkies and a satellite telephone
luwie One left-wins luwie moaned Marceau Z"Apr.
muzzle May be trving to muzzle it News Agency 9.Aor.
junket The castle was little more than a Stephen Grey 9,Apr.
iunket
175
Coining ,Eponyms&
Backformation
word sentence writer date
Regicide Fellow members of the Stephen Grey l6,Apr.
commission were plotting regicide
humanoid Japanese scientists are developing Julian Ryall 23,Apr.
a humanoid robot
infighting Outbreak of political infighting Stephen Grey 23,Apr.
with the intellieence services
Hoi-polloi Often,she is forced to sit amid News Agency 23,Apr.
hoi-polloi
nappy To buv naonies or clothes Mark Franchetti 23.Apr.
Hack It entailed hackning into White Uzi Mahnaimi 21,May
House comDuter svstems
oooch A rabbit-sized Maltese pooch News Agencv 4-June
skiwy She did not wish to be a skiwy Michael 18,June
for her mother-in-law Sheridan
underling Reflecting her attitude to Tony Allen- 25,June
underlinss Mills
bulldozer Ordered to use a bulldozer to Tom Rhodes 25,June
bury the men
Table.l0 .Eoonvms
word sentence writer date
Bousainvillea A sprawlins bousainvillea Tom walker I lJune
bvzantine Forset the Bv zantine intrizues Mark Franchetti 16-Aor.
Gaullist To find a Gaullist big enough to Sylvie Deroche 27,Feb
block....
iockev Rivals iockev for power Uzi Mahna ml l l.June
mausoleum The familv mausoleum Marie Clov n lSJune
maverick Declaring himself the maverick Sylvie Deroche 27,Feb
candidate
odyssey That discovery began a family Tony Allen-Mills 5,Mar.
odvssev
pariah Treatins Serbia as a pariah state News Agencv 9-Aor.
Rubicon A financial Rubicon they would United states 6,Feb
never cross
Table.lZ. Ble
word sentence writer date
aerospace The French aerospace industry Tony Allen- 11,June
Mills
Afro-Lebanese The Afro-Lebanese's family Jon Swain 21,may
came from....
Arab-Israel In the Arab-Israel war of 1973 Uzi Mahnaimi l l,June
Arch-eurosceptic Hannan,the arch-euroscePtic Stephen Grey 28,May
member
Catholic-Jewish To promote Catholic-Jewish John Follain l9,Mar.
relations
cybernaut Persuading cybernauts to talk Christobel l6,Jan
of... Edwards
docusoap To star in a TV docusoaP Nicholas 4,June
Helen
e-commefce A speech about e-commerce Michael 23,April
Sheridan
Euro-federalist His remarks electrified France's Tony Allen- 2l,may
Euro-federalists Mills
eurogate Ruro gat e: cash-for-access Stephen Grey 26.Mar.
Euro-zone Plans to enter the euro-zone Peter Conradi 11.June
Franco-German A showpiece of Franco-German Tony Allen- 7,Jan
reunification Mills
funnel Money was funneled back to Tony Allen- l6,Jan
CDU accounts Mills
eeopolitical Russia's eeopolitical interests Peter Conradi 21-mav
intemol Arkan was wanted bv Interpol Tom walker l6.Jan
juggernaut Halting Bush juggernaut Matthew l6,Jan
Campbell
Kurdish-Iranian The assassination of a Kurdish- Matthew l l,June
Iranian dissident Campbell
laptop He likes to buy shares on a Matthew 9,April
lantop Campbell
Low-tech It is more low-tech John Harlow 28,May
organochlorine Contaminated with Damandeep 6,Feb
oreanochlorines and.. Sineh
Psy-ops The influence of psy-ops Tom walker l6,Jan
osvcholoeical ooerations units
radioactivity Measurins radioactivitv Tom Rhodes 7.May
radiological Professor of radiological Tony AIlen- 7,Jan
ohvsics Mills
Robbo-shopper Robo-shopper walks a Julian Ryall 23,April
desisnated route
Serb-Croatian In the Serb-Croatian war Tom walker 16.Jan
tamaulin Tarpaulin tents Jon Swain
Techno-rhythm Adding techno-rhythms to its Tony Allen- 26,Mar.
routines Mills
telecom EU commissioner for telecoms John Harlow l l.June
telecom EU commissioner for telecoms Stephen Grev 26.Mar.
177
Blending&ldioms
word sentence writer date
telecommunications Responsible for Stephen Grey 26,Mar.
telecommunications
telegenic This is a telegenic catasstrophe Mark Austin 5.Mar.
Webcam Some webcams are in public John Harlow l l,June
buildines
Table.l2.Idioms
Idiom sentence writer date
Behind-the-scenes Four years of behind-the-scenes Stephen Grey 23,Apr.
manoevering
Bull market America experiencing the longest Julliette Terjeff 20,Feb
bull market in its history
Dig in their heels He said : if the Palestinians dig in Uzi Mahnaimi 4,June
their heels on this point Jhere
will be no asreement
Down-to-earth Debate towards down-to-earth Tony Allen-Mills l6,Jan
issues
Eat his words Mitterand was forced to eat his Tony Allen-Mills I6,Jan
words
Empty promises Many empty promises were Gabriella Bianchi 20,Feb
made
Emptv victory Empty victory in fallen Grozny Mark Franchetti 6-Feb
Filling the shoes He is incapable of filling the Peter Conradi 21,May
of... shoes of Daniel
Flea-market The average French flea-market News Agency 9,Apr.
versions sell for... ...
Gloves-off Polls showed that the gloves-off Tony Allen-Mills 30,Jan
Gore had reclaimed alead
Hit-and-run The repeated h t-and-run attacks Mark Franchetti 9.Aor.
ln cold blood Barak had killed her husband in Uzi Mahnaimi 2l,May
cold blood
Law-and-order The solution to law-and-order News Agency 9,Apr.
problems
Leave no stone We're going to leave no stone Matthew 25,June
unturned unturned in this case Camobell
Make light of The government made light of Tom Walker 7,May
the deliverv
Neck and neck A new poll puts Gore neck and Tony Allen-Mills 30,Jan
with neck with Bush
No-holds-baned It offers no-holds-barred account News Agency 4,June
of...
Run-of-the-mill The plan was fabricated from John Goetz 2,Apr.
run-of-the-mil I intelligence
reports
Soft loan Soft loans and grants would be Stephen Grey 7,May
obtained
178
ldioms
Table.l.Derivation: a)Taf3eel
4L+Jl 4-clSll
ar rUJl
':.rits$
4;r;e ;c1;^\ t s.
:.rt"rl-
".13 Jl
r-s.15
,-'"-lL \ artr epl>J
Hl ':'YJL--
U"JU f g; r,'i"lt 1t.t &YJL:-J tlF.. dj-. E
--,t;*Jl -r+-":tt t,
.!yj tr c!-;; r-9^.. . dli.jle L.,J-li
Ol Lrl JS^j
, EI$IJ
(-J,Jl- f i.J}+ irJ ar.ill orrt J' eJjr'Il ".bY rf_H+l_d5 3uE
cLrJ YA d-rb u+-il LJL.las, .J*hl-r.+J$ll .:gL' ; JbaE
$ur
t"\. 'll eLiYl aJ\Sr *,1.*ll r*l e$:f{
g1,-.1LY { *;1,1-9"'ill -!u ;;^;il,tyl+lb5Ji Lr'"i.tl -Ll.u$l
gr"-.;L l\ Jl;
.!l,r l:.--o3!l ,-j Jg---t*-.i..ll Lll r!
-t"l-
1T clal4JtS3 Gt ;"*Sl;*ilt_44{ JJ{+J
&rsi
tt ell)liJ\S3 4irl$l 6_;tt-,tl
c.uJtr C-uj
&vJ le- ' I s^] (rl p-tl L{Jtc Jli5 U+r 15 sJ-)r
3r"t- 1\
et,J ilts-l
.A pE a+l-rrj
d!-r',
6.ll cl I
D g.lai 9 dFttj 4ll rilt tr ^'!' *jl:- O#l-r
g*JI- l -;tii tr^;^l . -r L]:..J
I'l L}JI ; J*^
i*rs u
g,*-;ut. I qf.l8a^J^l iltlJ e-,ii^t 4.EJl (3l!ts'$ J'J! )l '^ r'^ }-Jil
il-t--oll
J4-t3
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4! J I r+ll drlel5)l ' :'Jo.-' (llg5.l
*rutt I cgua*t>J
dju
lg
f .rl.s3 +9!! Lr#!
D;'rt.lV T +tlll r+"
1-frlrjtl 4++ L,J+b
lll.Er ulJl
U"JL etiYl:JlSr J+S^JI
r .- dl'.-
4i \^ a-rg s*Prlt '-r. tt i crr lq+\ -+"tt]-t .+tiri:u;,f ,? :-: .UtJ$
uljl rulr /aJ )!r a.P' -Y (7-
| ,r+ 6'-e-$
U,rJL
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't V
irly
elU ePl>J
++-$ $c @
ffi.r.-.ll .* q-
d+rr
,LrJ tr
_!r rJt$ulrlr nl-e e LJalJt
-+ U- -lt.t
,il-,rj t I e+U e*l-pJ + *l--ts + + t fj'Tji f, -kl 'PJ$
t,
o-i:-P
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9L lI
etr)l trJKj
f.a,o U:'l ffi .ll .a:n.
n+-.t,
r+!lj
c! \A -Jjt*.,+$il +b
^1
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t-L,rJ v eLill iJ153
(ijgJl
.,ju" *a;-*ll -!-illrP .-Jla j
.l,J'o .r+Jdl -u-dl *. ''F'' i'f*-TilFi i;ir r.u.st
t t erlje r^=. '13'".-
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+-Jl lrc es- Y-, e:l \ 1.6-,14*Jl
,r i qi$J lJj
-lr. -* I I 6'lJA
-3r1t- U,+ijt ,rlJ.'' crl-,,\4\ +:jil1f! Fsr&rup an, *-r>
.il-r.J \ A
- . l. :lt ^'.r .'... i'r r ill dr*-}j
f d\ ir- i ll ,-.r^-i
U"JU
LJAJT- \ V 1sb r:at-rrJ flr*e""rurt-g2-,'1 -)sj'-.',.F:
<^
=_
+JJ.rl
180
Derivation:a)taf3eel
{J. l3l d.rrj. I
t -jlll 4-rKll
9"L o
,+J..iIl :-*1t .+' alLll JnI J,.j ol Lr arJ,,,: !J !$J
ta JlJi:-,lJ
U"j-Y t rj",ll _;aL r--i 4!r.Jl &r-nJl cslUl2tS! (.lJ-s
+Jc\\ (5^e 6JJ+ 3rl3$ +r:\-3 GJIJ| orA U+|n ? $lIuU
tl- o
"p#J.,ilt
_t-rJt +' f. ; At"!t*1;+n da! l+P
uill
4! ll
'"1- uts r-i3c_,1 J^:a.J (Jj.LJl (JjlrJl ,.:lJl l":ft_r e$ .lLgl
nr.i
"rf
. .+Jt CpJ u-r,till ;l"3 il:b tJ \41
.!i \^ .sr".rjl .i$jl rio .d-,;..Jl -i!J ll tJi.,S dlja UJS; e))^&tl
U"JL \ gbl-r; rns-o .+jt f yllt ej"i JlJl r.,. tl-9'rl r.,.J JF-9'l
r^--1al . :1.. t.,r-,. ,-tSt AJIJ t$$.r ti;*3i fu.1 dS r-!^.1! sjE'
LpJL'l V d;l!
(}JL I. r-i[ ^rll
(- \c
trl
J-. @;rErt"t-Vl dbc^,ir .9ti. 3o u js d$t-f
tAj 'ii-!J
; i:iS^tt o.rr-e pril. I dlll
"-iiL3l ,Je
r&j 'irL-f
i.>+ \o L93Ul .,lc ,U1
.+rl.
.fl ol \ ;-pj eJ j.rtc
;1_d a;.ita{a il'-i
gi.lL lV g"l-9s.grll pL-o i"Jt -:ilJ| e. liJlj,l+jdltfi .+-'l
6.11:- sL. cfY Ul-r', +l-i
.il>i t,t el-,!^ u+-,t11 '-rfL''
_'JLo ,+J':Jt >_,:Jt "+' .9 j,-L-Jl ol J r;ai dllAy
182
Derivatia n. blef 3&l
.iriv
J-)si
JF u${!4g:td$xl dil-l
.!iv JF lsr>- ,l^ qJJiY 6l>l
o t.Jl .r-." t^- o
./-,-l
9"1-
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-*Lo -r!Ul "lJ.rl clil
1-i;-;l\ A c_:_i_,rll .+' &Lill JLJl C.sl$l LF u'''J)l Ct lsjr 4!er^ e)t5r
t,+il
t rd
,r!r-.r^=l dF>}Jt ble f J*;aJ^ Ursrr 4irl
Jckr I
. it-rJl
14lJ+s\ A Jl+lll J$ elt- gi"Yl eJ+$t-)i.,tl 6UJS^ d^ dJ*tl dtill U'r (j-/ 6l.1':l
./Jdl
&lE d! FiS r..rl.ll ail-ll GtrJrr !+r 6LJ
rr:ll JJJ
et--,f
(J"Jt \. I Jry 4l.lLc 4.1-_1ti, llrub^ creJ 9uJr
r,;al;-.; :^r-" JJI j
$S, d.rtiLEsl tlrlsln.;ti srururr>r {ir 9r rrb-ll
UrJLl 4lLl
d$c )ra^ (J9 J^ll rusJ
-P.1J+t e;alj iq-l
3'l.t lY dLi yt! 4:oJA"ll tLPtt Lg+ J|JB
l.li-l
4'j+JFJt U_9.nt gr.
.!-uJv e.rb a+l>J .rlS-l
g1- o Ir Slfi.Tls-l3 rc-l-,gl '' :r
o JJsJ
,-i.r-'iJl ;\S-t 6[eJ t'i' OtS-t
91^ ffi r[-'l
-P"q\^ Pu aPt-rj .:L1.6-'l
.t-: erl-ll ek#l
.J:-rrJ\ I Lg_r&ilta,l "+' "E,-c t- acl;l
r)*.!r q$:r q )tt Ert 1-
;l$\ o J-)5i ffi '*
qilt;l
.rl:-Jlgl3_;
J*lJ:re\ A
4-pJ\ t JJJ ;;FA.I{4!
c$rr'svj FC
4llll
o$ol
ul Gf gE 6pl_.pt q9LirYt Uaj.-sroJLeJ
dJr
tt(Js(tu)-',.J-:- -v,-r
.'.lr 4ltal
\ e"Li a*l-r,J . .i .lr ^ lall j1+-t
';;lJitll nltl
il--l
iqv JF t ,-.1< ..r.ll -i ctitl
J.lJ.\
d-\1
arU apl-tj
JJsJ
o !L.91 oJtf'l Ulrr LJ urr+
r -=
-:-.ll^-l
(.'' F
rrl tri\ \ , i,"}. r.os,l ii. i Ll r:.i. ''l ol+^ll thii fJrr- v-- dl'^el
hlTafa3 '3ol
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'Ell LlllJrlrJ t6-rts 6l + JJ" JJU
d-o -r:F
.
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A
-,;;l-,;all ,J""ll
&-r,Jv 6r$ 3'.ol-;l
!# -y-J ''rE_H' ---bsi
J,-qYA Pu aPl>J l. i-i
.iJjlv 3s1i 6,-ol-,pl .lJJJYl Jl- t- _}. .;;S!t; lii.ill 4+li
r
FFltl 4- S3ll ri--,;L J-i
U"Jl-l gr:al11 rru 4.JJD JI OJI
ffi
--a,Kll di"ltr ,.loii
-P"q\A
J> "l.:3 uiJAI
,j-t- ,rit
JtqYA - qlg' J-- q J. di ri
#J1-l C"U CPI-rrJ r rlt :,.lll ,.N:. r-' . I
da$
eu e*l! Gi'JiPr C;-' t-
Jr.bJ Tng /hrt
-'.lt - -l .i^.ei"
.r'.lt--- GJ$
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I -rs
4'l 7 l,Illt)Jxe-r-'
3r"L\ 1 ufl-.^s'L
t!-'+1v g! f+ r:^.- --: flrj:t-'iltlgFl ?9j
.J-F
rlU
}JlJ p;at-,P1
!ti
LL-;1lY'l .+*':{ @$;"..rI
_;al_,psl
tt llrs' ..tl-rJ," _____1@ ll$l
zJsu
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g-
184
l}eryafis n:cltffiS'ToE
dltaffrSat
4.{K$ 4L+ll s3. tSll ft.JJtrtl
:r"Ll \ ;-9^$ u:l .i;i6ll (il e++-rlt OU=)t uejral
er'lL'l _23a$ rsl L"3i'i-lJ.t+ ut c+l,:^+ g;;pI!tl '..r,lt 9Jisl
-.,14lJrts|l
o.:3e dlLll o.jjlJ L-ill *i3il -)-l
s..1*-.1L\ V
r -l .dtl ,*ir^r ,;,,,Kill #Jl edl-,i-J , ,.,Kl
J#JT' ct$l aJ153 4-ill ric. rc9. r-ro +.r{$ p.:c Jl J$ d9+
a fdSol
*J tLill !i. tSll 4L+ll 4iKll
r l.
. L"t aj+J Jl &11^ tJ^u
;l-,;rs\ A c!-.)++ 'r^- o 1.g;l .rl"' "J"-l
)lJ:tel \ rl.r-ll glj_,;," Jr..lL er:= ot+,Jr- d^lSI e,-W
-P"q
\A pl; apl_rr] cpt+slt: d-t"3ll dlE^ dr LJ-l+
jlJ+rl t rat:ei3j-; r -r ",.1j)tiS3ll3 61-illsfll" & "+r+ f:ab .-ilLi
:r.:l Y n-rU apl:l c',ill oiA,+ .liHf4l Ci"l d.,J-l
ljl-s t e.lU aplj cJ':Jt .dt ,."Vl J^!l &l-S c+= &rJr
, r" rl-l V nrti a*l-rr] a-:l-i.1$-r^Yl 4.:.l.J"Jl U. ;s c;1*l 6,;133
;l;i Yo asl-i a+al;J t*.ct$l .+l-dl .3L-1+Jl cfly LSI-f
"J'eb
186
Deriv atia n : e) estef3dl
e estef3dl
dJrJl 4-.lS11
&Jrilt +rs$
il,
tJcFYl clj-r g"ti53-Yl 63r
. ,'l
6+,1, c.9rA LJIr
-*Lo
J#$1 .rU e$lj dlxilYl j pSJl +lu!2 Jl !'*' Lill'u4{l
-,1.l"lJ+si
dr,r.l.i ,:.sl..r .+:-!l e.'lr--6lt cL': cr rr+ LIJ>.tgll$-l el$-l
_.xlli\ o agU a*l-r.,J i.cJI.ll elJil 69,'S s9ltul ;S ,-rtl"ii-l
LU6-Ylr JilSll .Jc 4-11-6 cD.ff-t
U,,JL1 V -.pL.:^=l
r'Jl
trtlV riU 2tPl--;l F *lrUt .-i!tJ^.-it-'Xs:-tr --*LJS C8 dt isi-rl
..sti alAlj jl+-ll #J'l dit-Si-l diiii dil'"Si-l
-r,"lJ+t
pU apl-rrj 4Ft .,X-V A-Yl:i*llc;:F c.iL-r .-r)j-l
cj:-,rjt t
. --lat J 4*"ltJ di-k-b-'t+ l-r'rtorl .r'ii el+I-,t
J#JJ\Y
.s-rtijl
gr,-.!l V 6sl-r 691-;l JF"t' 6'r"i. j$lll 1taj\:/ JlJ.i-l
.P"bJ asE a*l-r.'J
4rlLllr qJ-l,l.]jJlJ4 !!ji-l (Jl}Jll
b3el
q'ilsl 4lAJl 4^lsll
t{JlJt
UrrJl^l V sstr epl;l LjS-Jta 4laYl Jtlll diAl
-,;;lJ+el
l pl;oYl,.9l_2 +r:L a;.il*j6l4iti^ oF F ...l31+
.t\ r
.r,r" c:#3JJ+ GlSt, 4-i5tsll tu^lLll,-clr-Y o31S
3et
+tslt 4LrJl 4-llSll
e*r3t
tl- o 6111 71ol;l 4lj- 1j3!l sjd 1- owl
"Jh=I
jr^,Jt llll
o! all I 6:ly r:tr-ll.r.,e t++-rl9Slll ,Jr-: ef--#l t+l']l 3t'ri r
c!-plv c!-.p.:j,.-^ di'ii^ll Jt .$Yl ur f 9 &l.t-l .iGl
F. -:*Y _;otc .u=l ++i\ Gl-il jlsl dl,il
#Jur 6rU 6;ll_21 LlL"rVl cjt+-,:-l .; ;[-^^ll .il$+l .-rlii.,l
grr-,;Li 'l
6sU ;.;ll_,pl
crti,J$_l crl.rlai;l i-- rta$l
.P.q]i rfillJl Jrlill J+r at^,rs jlji:l lra3 jl_i=l
(}Jur J,lx ecrJl:tll OiE rrl+J-leli-" Vl GS'l
JPJr' r+' l+JlCp-i ,1atl ea.=, ri &r'i d Ul-lrl OS.i Y 4*lll LJI-Fll
.itaJl
U'.JLY\ -U-pil +t 6LjYl rJ)iil J)tjil
.-i! rill
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}J+'l^ etnj +I5_r 4$lr*ll 611 eIJlilI f$-j+ i'.b.$ rS-.rl
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1.2.JI-l -,;
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;l-.psY o J-)5i .9rs*tt lY ' i-ic'l l.i]
r-,113 pcrl4Jr+ J3.,r!. i-icl
JJU}1 ,cJrrll 'i\-
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j
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F" -*1
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,.rtlV i >r..1't-rt lt 4+-illd erh:!l_r 9l!91
h
4L+ll &lsll
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4^Ll
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grr-.;Ll \ A-1jll -u-dl +' .9 _*l^ll
all.* a+-:
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45't#eG5;:F
ryt -
\^ .-iJ,i -!i'Lf --Je 'r
a;:r;lt
- 4JIJS
ffi
-Pg
)"tJ+ \
o .srul & gs:
/6tiEll
\ erlb 4+,il$ll
i+,(
(}JL I eu opl>l tr;t-tl 4rl- l-ill
Jo
I \ -,19n$ ':sl iJl crt-r r.S @
tr\l\ '"1-
l, vu Jr'-"
eu *l>l
I a:i:.s aKg +.rr.Il
.i+'-.jl
4 ffit(lL}.ln
'.rl-u\
t
t JAL&. lrrrtt rr.rlt
'.rtrl
UrJl- \'
g.aUJ rl.-
lr
-;;riT";rilGi+ lr-r;it
&>J o .-gr.Oe **1t 4$ill
--J'-
L,,JU T
gU delrt
q!$ sl; .:^"
---_-_-; 6;"ii --4+S'J^1+r]l
ttt
rE- YA '^+L{jr-
' : .-
dJur I cJ)+jJ-
, ,, , ,
@ ult^rll cI+: ur->
o l'old qll -i Jl
q^Jt gr l--r-l*
4++Jlt
4+l-iil
< ff..ffGTiF a-r.lJl
d,Jl-\t l- 4+dl
,!-,,J o .glr":t *'&llt c.,S-,l-'ll
.grt&Jt+r";rl .----.-8tst--fur:;tt Lt-ltJt
ti:l\ t -Y
j$\.3;^ 'l-' ' :
Ol;-Jl
r.rtrV
,jd-rl.FJl .1 ai't:ll a.r*rlrsJl Er
-+-illl
-"'*u (J;JIt+r eir+ il -
LJ"JI^ \ "1"1;;:^.' .
.ff'J' . ell ,
ui\\
rrl
ia]ts, ,qil tul"r,"...ill
Artificial Nouns
q!rs! 4L+ll 4-clSll
&--)EJl
O!.Vl ?t>-: +:rtUtcSr,i 4*fr 4riill'll
dr>J v c#J tjrl.r J^si
gu-1L I V q-r"ll.'jl:4^ldl 0# osrq siill 4+.JtJt
:+JE.Le
dii Yr ;l+Jl j.r-.r^:l 4ji-Fll cfl;.lJl -r.re3 4r.1Jl
4rlv r-l;:+ :3,^.- a;gll 4-,Sl 4ii'll3 +d*Jt u,o ait= o J.J,, 4-,idl
Table.3. Ar abicizatio 41
4iKll
tl.r rl-tll i.r:tSll
J s, I s-'
4+^teJJ N.. arsJ
';l"t
\1 ;'-ll 'f gS- -a
lr I 6rLl
pE oJ,-.I^ll UtiJJ{
p lL\t a*l-r.,J
4;+iilJi-'t
rsLi 3;al,,pJ Y*ri^,tg4'{,:=t+?i,1#1 'Jus
U"JL 1V I -..- irtL)l
';l"Uj IA *19Y1 c,Y15e
., di-'Yl
gLo j;*r q.)!
,,Jq lDr.ai )s ;r.lisl!l
.J:rJ t t cl.ll -rt A.r- EJJJ
---Er:lYidt+- .,.l ordl driJFiYl
UrlL i T et$. Yl iJl53
ffi
i^J^l a'!+ll .,9 tJ3arr tlP L}- uf'Flr,_
- EJ}YI
goJl- I -ti' ljiJi'ttl
'rb 'l t $-r.-t dlr.JYl
.! YA *+- JJll"
rJ
-i'.'ilSl-f.-
rudylij.llf iillr^ I++.JIJYl
J#J \1 ..Vl ,',1 ,Ll Ls-.:lr-'+Yl
LJii YA LLJa+ Ua.^ !+A
. 1 -^n l *'.t . at.r, t-i
.l
h
J#.9j 1 ii
e+J+'c'JA' t-iHU.s: -;. aJjr+Jilj
63tr.,i,ll6.u lJr
rr"g\
t93
Arahicization
LJ"JL l :-:+$ u-l 15!" qdt le lr- cl.4iJd Lc l++-rLtsllt 4lt 4ill !+jrs3ll
ro
l#_rj t _.;.tc -u:,1 *jitq+.-'; 63i$ll & aX.S^ o +$lt
L1*JU f 3r1f prol-.pt . . ets+ it$j+l-ei-*+iJ +stlt,,r"r 45$l:u_r^lt
JJI} \O ,c
vJ9 .1*ll ,lc ir^It ll fu-:L,.lJ 4J-LJrJl C-")[^ d;-Ljr.ll
$-\1 l-r$ r^-l ;
-91-Llt 4ls$-lrJl
aliill Ls-s LtrJl
U,rJL 'l V
6 sU pgal_.241 ajilll 4JYJ=5,j-Jl,Jl dJ;ill r(+ i.J^lJJl
JJI} \O ]-il:^.,l jlJ+J4Jl ++*lt y _.,*;
t<+":Si: 1**r.11": jl'p'. -e4Jl
UaJL \ t cL"YlillS-r eYlJii-Jt tl,i'iJ (r)l si-Jl
Er,L o
.,
(+-!"t c!^l -r+Jl:, -'t ^.'Uly di,Jl^Sll CliiJ d!^r}Jr
-)_j^"r
-,14l-.1as
ll dDJl et+; 6tjJ+JlJ u',,r.1J1 _e;tilt 6eliSll ,-i',-a (3tjri+Jl
.- .ill
;r:l 1 (Jtl++lt ejL 6t^351 al.rl oCa *Gj ilrl ,:ll.rtt ,rl,sll
3sL 'll euYlilsr Lill $J -.2an .u13
L;rirsllJil'l 4!-ri$lJ'll
O"Jl-'l _;t5An rsl a{l.J gfu L Jl .r+:l'*-ll Lltr jJ+l d.r .^ J..."ill
.f,lr+* ,*,j
:lr-* Y' elnYlijlsr ; Jslcl & *9.ersill t$Eiv liil-rljjl++ i-E rAl3olt
d- l1 Ol-tL J^lc JiJrl+^Sll i-;a;'J .r.4i .jll ot-3;ill ilrt-J-,;;ill
)ll )=l9 Yo t-ll r^=l g"rill u+,J!l dLljill 4x,',i( &'.iill
dri v g!;a;' .r-9^.- b-,sca tii" lll dL ir.tJSJt c.ilijsll dixiJlsll
i+ 1f gitl;-rlill .r-c. _rt.-* cj_:c .!+.-jSll .r_;.rs g!4rj$t
9J- 17 _l_r$ usl l.tlLill eLSrS .,jt;\tl ely:r:s
l#.'j1\ .3:lr. O^,.j1 u i.LaSIl tal+rJi^ll3 ditS+JSllr eY JS,i'lt dlL+JSII
6j)alt lXJ.SIl .n 4jl-Vt gl-i3Ylil.:l 4It*"Stt
:r. -* 1 e-;1.
Pr r.Lll lb -.r-rt d.L+lsll cl-f j
-,, ".i(ll
gP-1L '\V
,
nrE a+l>J
(}JL I .L9a$ :.rl ,s.+t1J*JJ4SIl o
-.2l J+ 6rLi-,1 .tur*rJ65ll
t-g'+
UrrJt- \f 9l
.rl_.p _.$ FJ^,ll cjt+-; a.-^-ii"ll JJJSII CUJS3 _;.rl3SIl
g*JL IV p;al;,! rLi_,; +rrsl*;ar,";rll, a;r9.sJl3 4"rst n+Jl J*rill elt- a+l_p r+.r
d- Yl o jl$c .+-FVl d;Jl aJSJ.l+r,rL JiliJl i-rSstr.r-r
\. '*-dll
*+Ui i'.J.l a3 )4 el" erLr.i L,L J+J*JI y.-l-
1-;*Ju "i+.1 c.tL
t't g!-;p -r3^.^ 4s:lg--r-
"L-"J
.i+-,,J t,t c!-r++ ! '. .i-.;''ll Jtlft 4srl-6pt IJ+JJH'-J", 4i$- 4l+JTSl-
jqYl ,"
vJ.
rrc.,i
'l,Jl . vJ 'tt Ji^J- j JiL:i
4r-J6;Jj- 4$ i.i-
Ltrl Y I qeJUJ +" LSJt-t .;tSIl {o'il g_ltjr^,Jl eL;3 $JUJ-
Dl+l i git.t _;rl-ill .uc Ltrttrll\ dLcl dll,i dt-,i
LIJIIV .Ju> >'-^ L*lsillr.+l-ill*r +lA ,-iA Y +lrt
jlJ+ Yo ctaUl;JlSj .ttliYl 6Jr- +$l-.r$tS Jl dL+ e$lttr
JiqYI c9j+$ r+" dJtt l_;^lSll AiJ C^ 1d1-s.4+ ..lel;i l-1g^lS
Table.4. Translation
f-^.rEll {.:i3lSll 4lr+ll 4..tSJl
LjaJL I V p1j a+al>,J "cb+l aatiS ",rlc a.;G GJ-F !t' "eL rj aalii'
.J:-ujv JJsj ri-r,,,111 oL;3G.tj-r-iLi dliil Jl &Cl -r1l.l ,31jil
sr, 9lT JJv ,gllt +p;:trl-i3 sl.c o.rr=J gri3 di"c.rl+1
"++Jl
.iriv 0,* J^sr q;.tilt .eJ-l all'.l Jl an-ll c!-l qrJ.ill carLl
cir rl\ I .931!llll r+" q+l:l clL.J"t: gUi_9 _,pgujS oj<+l +s" l,* eil+tl
Table.S. Pre
s3l3l 4lrJ. I 4.l1ll
t -_.rtiJl
g;rll -1;-,;rt, gtS-Jl6;j9 ortcl .r;l-l'.r ortc l
JJIJ+i\ \
q-':S.lt rl+-t e !-l orlcl
y"1- 11 cUi 4ISJ "rtrt L-,JF,X.
I 6;rll -19-,;rU
d+4'!dlj-l:j-l
.,-t_,rt I al.riiul orlcl
-.1;l-,1;!'\
-5rl"t-Y1 .lyYle;l_l @t".utd'.li"gugi5=1
j
;t^cl
gajt-iillorLcl
o.ilcl
Ll+Ali o$el
ru o Jo -,1 -9al
LJrLc
.,,6il1 t'X^)-, Olr!+ (5s U{.rJ.'r
"l\ 4sj ;ael rJs
rl r.-}-iiorb) a;grs orlpl
JilJPf -iU..lll
(- 6l.i3Yl
rul
,ilaJ-aif
4..f^ll ;5.$ o.rlol
oLJ'.Jr J|jr
-,;glJ+el'l .,*JilliBJlel+;
.pJtll ei-r31.l^s.l U+Sll dJ*ll tllllr t:!tJA cp$-F olLcl
4Jrl\A oJja-t^ UJr c}:i,t o$cl
r3\Jasjll LLiJI oJlcl (<Jc (-P
-;lf\o JJ* airri or[ol
;G-=T ;rri e' "rld: a5Y'1o'rlcl
o"Jur I -b .:^=l
J--.:!.Esll a(l U..llllOJEr .*S o$cl
r#Jl I $:rrf_"* IJJJ>(gJ'L^'JF rj^r'i s.fel
J:,-rJ\l I -le
ul-ul t caJJ#(Jl rY Uisjj 0+rl '$el
CU r:ol:J
4JJ)It dq^rt r-rJ5JJ . i,jL33 o.:[cl
J+JJ\ 1 alJll r#-r r ur o.lf,cl
4jsejl djllrll Uiur oJrer (JE
LLir i :^1.s, ui33-2 .t"s-
3,rl-o
r.a$l .^-^ @4J-ra.S-l,All (3 9J+t u
oel-.f o,$cl
alS+a orlal
it,g\r ur"3 6,+
\*t ot+-r L$"t\l- cl -}g' .j- -{ _*;tt +*
jl+\A etl:J alS-l
j$-Jil rr
r 'il'i Lli>itt!
;l-,piY o asE apl>J E!_EJ1:
4jcu$ JwJ ry -- fI
4c!.a qirJ
.!)lv gi1'2;; '13^-
q+-l-l-lYl
a+l-l- ) I )lc qilll glslr {JJrr -U"
d-\1 Pu e+lrj ffi
.;trrlll gr cr+ll .,s q+:+f l tr+-E-"tr-!l ,rtd- I 4!.1+*Yl Jts
t}Jt l JJJ - e,--'-jl JF et.till *-,-.!t
gpJ J*i rtlA .Ll"ll ;1; a -.;ge
J#JJY
J+Y \ JF @..-."1t *"ditSi^ll -i+ u
)$4
lr \rt +$-tl rF
JF
a-r"J-ll
gp-,;Lrl pU a+l-rrj
J+YA O^-.jl .r;c .s@tj^;-"lt -p u*!Jl rfi+ .pllt Ji"
. it :iJl
U3^bll -DD _)Jr tFJs, O-:^Ul -rp
.l or\ 1 Jul- ,i ,3'.=.;t ',-
F
jlJ+i f . Jr:: -r-r";Jt
JJ5J :----
g^)lElt L)Jwt
;Ji
C'Jr lf C-re :=i
,;c 4+r3lf ol-Dt'c e^' tslS:^ll -.;e
s*-;Lll pU a*l>l 'rc .4i!t$^ll A'!-fJl JP
.!r:Jl f" J o l,JS -r,*"
g*-lLil .rU alAlj
lrc jLj .95^I ;e
oL!! ,
JilJ+ll A ;f*" *r" C9J+4lr -
(.tt*u\l- aJJ r3-.2rtot {-=:
'.,.rnll aa
J.j;'iJl 1;;
J.l l .1;^Jl -pL .r.-l qilFl Jii
rLi.;
ilt .91-,pJ
(,Y' J' 73'S^ll -.;';
rr-,Jl l .r9-.;ill ' ;''rJr; ,r^rl ---F-1'erc#il
gI rF Zll"ill .UJt -;c
:r" ;1;.:ll -2;,i eba
197
Prefixes
*r 4l^+ll 4..lsll
'Lill
c|l:lsll
j.L.o .
e -.,o
-.J
till 'tr ull rrc J;ilt gt.- &tS-,;rn ,-rr c*:-rJl ;c j-ill ','t--' $c
.*J;/l
g*-;LI t arE a+l>J 4J.tiill J;c 6J-'it$ll cllj*l,,"Yl 4rtiil" I l1c
!r:1ll *: a+,rCt d:tll cl* rlr-:Jl ;gc
9"1-o d$-f cstA
d6ll . , Ls! . -Ll a., il +ilLo J.)Jo 4--rc 9.trj.-rt*,3* 4!J,ell JP
\.'._.J
a.+jll
ql_r-,;Q a.l3r,r-o_9 a+l,r-,;'l1
*t'5 Lt J.{"jc (J*.|11 _;c -u'
J+tJ+s\ A rh- 91,9_.1 ,r.:llt j+'ll .-,,1++li: -;e cliL:'"rii,"'i 4;+:li3 J;c
-9rJ-\
1 f^s." q-,f dJ"-lt ,rlijl"ljJU" ;S-,1.. dFL,r+ll
-;l;i\o eU*.+1: *$tr*!L,:+r-Ul et;lt.r.t cj- :+y tul i - ,j4t-lill
,Jr$lJ,-rVl
gr".;L\ V rsti pPl-.pJ +$-r !L4+Ft .rti)'ll :ur}; qfuFYt-/*Jd
r_f$ r^sl aJJ.-r- U"nlU oL^,,J|,/ f"Ylff1!!.:t_1jtr arJ.:e-Li*iilt
1-rJL'\ .
Redu n
,ri:lSJl 4l^+ll 4-.Kll
&J[i$
Jrj 1 r^L: r-i,93-,; r^s-o 4--i,-3ll eUf e*fr orl,ct
4-4i.ai
,;lr<'rll, allrll .r!-j 4!L
).q\1 JJy
&i)
3gl- o JJJ JlJii-Vl 4tf JI ol-rt-.1e!
..r1; a+l>J
q-:ti;il| elJl-'.ill rJe h.j'.f +;li;i
aUi^ttdj"il_r alJJl u 4ijrll
\I -pL.r.l-s arL=i;la ol5,Jt\d-ijj{l aj_!_.,
-5pL
_,1-*S.r^sl
4+J.ll li",J-Ll L$$ tl-J t$+
tJnrsll ,i! 4+.Jl^ll 4lrliill!-l
Alili
Jj')lr\ tJl.y
"615:^s..
Arabic Summary
.dy'l #l
t;x.alrJl 'a;*-;'rJll {.lj*l+Jyf j 'alg a+.i+
-,_*; :o J . G-.-ill
'+-Fll '{illtr 4.i-:li. J;,till dr l-_il erei;'-.;.-tJlfu!l aill
.'cl#-yt'4#JJl ;:r. Jt utS ,1, ,r.S y et,
"Jr C*Ll! '.:,,;
, :. ,li-;)Ul "tu-Jilll c,luilt L;.i +-rjl t{-rij-,l ..-i:ta,+- cttu
-:i: "t;U
"e^+-rrlt-l r.r!..J.rijt 6 r'r-ill 6 dlltiYl r,a: . f#i#.,.iaiF!,^ll _9iT.rr,'il1 ,i'i*.;;tt ot+.'$yt
O:S LrUt-f f+,,3Il irlr ilt Oiq+-"lt4.iJlt .,.i $tii.iytq+Le 6t;*g gnj
,&.r.J! rrtill cIYr f-J +lC to5lr,,.:.'1..,. &ti.r-!ilt Oj:ll 5. . IiJ..,.c,rj,-ll Ajilr^
.dJl... &rsJl, CSI| ,rp'tilt+.Jt a tu-Jdl la$)r eL-l r.JjiJ f+1.1**.+$lt ctjrlt_r
"t'J,-Jl
,l'r':*L,)4+ptit-Yl eJi-!|, g;JiYl crLilll g.r;L:-yl ( a+:-lJl-otSl- Jl rr3l.r-ril!
4+Jl'j-Yl catilrij-)l J c U,-il| (s*,Srll dli:.iyl6
F*3.fuJil
crr-,tJl eJ.-J lyl
J \" 3'l crl-i.^ll u+: Cr+:r.-Bll EIS i-4*-t+"Jl 6t-i. tl *j b "tJJll GlUiJl
Ct Jt :tSi.;'4rati^lt 6r-i. tl-{ils3 . pt_.p!l;+-B cal (rl-1i3 qt*;E) I . .-rri*a
fuisYlaUl ,rls JJ-JI s+ 6iJF)l alrri...l e $:, j^r,E Lgl\t. ll otr_J+ d 4J*l{+Jl
:13. 6Yli. <i1a
"J'
3
c,^ J#Jr J . -,p.Q cl. Ip.q ,5A q# 4-,lJJt+tJ+tll ;rLll 6-J-els i ,Jl a;i.-il e-;i:lt
Y ..
Y o ,rJl3,: 1el..'lJ.r
i ,1ll ;;rilt ,rilqg')l ;+-,pJl &l.ll-r.-al uc $^'.J. r[Jl .,",j
rrl--iJl :rc Li.cjfrl .,lo cjli. Y. . C kil:* Cr- i Cl oYliJl .rse cLol 1:':e
;b..rlc I::c \1;./a=; VAudi 3l;n)l;5BJ cf3.^.')l r.bll c.).
le1'olJr
i .,ill
.-x.li ai"
: cF. eyll rL-l gc. J#'ll .'s CIJI esdl e [ejr";. ,roti.-ll Jr.-.ll ,lri'1"'l p3
,Ai,- jt t^^.,i a-Slt otA 6jlS cl3-,'4^191 4+l4.: Jl '+ eti^ll '4ll.;!+ 4i o..a * f-'l ,JS
.'! elJitl3 a.r-3,;-r-9 r.-i o1 d+lill 'JS5J L+i .+j.ll 4j\i.i',,1 ri3 . tatj'- ,-+ C-F:i
. r+ q d,ali'4+r^"6 .ilJl F .i (Jsr C: I.;L csr C 4li U NiK
"Jt
6lltiYl o. eCl l*+'a,-9J1"+4ll jo 'd r..alJl'4#.1''ll '4:Jll .,! .'.,r'ill x$'.J
,-+...fl't. ll -.1r. ^11 6lUL r-rc arL.._l .1iJ'- A;lYr crliU": d,1c -.f+'ill 43lrrr..'l +*'i: J
.1-lS lv\ gjr+- O./4-lS | | {.},-tll ;L
ujJl ,ylill jn;.rr5 6lUL L,y .,! $lli.iYl '4+Le fhij-,Y ;1311 +;3J13
6r;L*;S,-ffiffi;3rf,1;fi.lI
cJ;'S
"Jt
& cJt clt L-y- d'{JJl ot--Yt ,lri'i".J 3e $ti:.iYl .t' I-:+i rr,r'ill -int!. O.,
cJtL'1I"$ ctj: & :i 4-,U, *il r 625.,,c ,'aL;i ili-ii ;kt idtS^eJL-i g;3
-C)--- -y ;s a^F Jti^ cjrs 5j3 & :i 1^[oj 6sj*',
kj^'aibi. olj:! t+t ki-r i cl-r'4ir-1',' ll olr;il| ir +dl Jl .4il;yt'i liA
pl:-tr &tii c.rj-9 ,rJt fr&s j'i: 6-13 ;le c "'biJ 3pf J:s'ai
.dJ..&li oj"r,P (-"t:t ,r'',* )
t :.j e-F-l! t;l: lii
6E:,i)l *J''e#y'l'4-illl .,! cllUill L:-
el;f'c .-;a f-r
qfni'ai$A' el'il dr'-+'-ldJl tJ'
&-l ;41-,.*ill: 6j-.F)l eLls ,Jf:". :a4$r:-!l
c r+llt g .d1...,5$l ur-'1-.t13 d
q..-ll (qj,1dl)J'+$r-Jrll 'a-'$dl ,J1j4uu'i"4'+-Fll
'U'e Jl Ul+i
. s',,*Li;-Jrgb 6 t"'; ' 'i:ll 'g1'15 gJlL '''- ill
gl 1ls3-')l 6-;rE O-1S3:t$$Jt dll'ie ri''uJ!lrrlJl t'i
Ct.-J'Lt
t.1-l+c-o OSi C
';ijLl;
o#J-J! ,U)i\A(Js.r:ll :cl36ll 4!#::fi l^l dlli 3 .cJl+)l-l ' -'lil!J ,Jt+s-l)l ,-'l:
et'Lllj
6Jlll oJA f e+*-..+fll
+-rl
'4ilJl '4st
-iJ eli ,Jt llisll Lr-cl e^+'ll (J'i
a.S'ilti"tii .,i3'4illl3 J/l e+'-i dP u U tJ+i: ) e+Fi
)F,ra'a.:g.-
' (tsJ+dr el-ir O-Cl Jl dlSll O-/t ,') $3fi-)l
Li
otllt 4pf:.1.,:tlii-:lt dl5 & qJr.ry: C df:'J*lrll-aill
3i-aaL..ilt
xtn t'"1-'31 r:ii 3 t'sj'!l
,ei t::sj
olfJl L6:l:JL-9 fu;iJll Ll':-'11-9" ut'
"6!r\ill
c*s-fjl (*.IslY1) 6ti:,ryr ,+ !;r-Jl'4illtuJilll r:lr-fJl'!n'$ sr'a-.'.'"'ll
'*t f (i.lS o \ 1)
(a^ls \ f l)'4-tsll tJJ'31
cerd )ii. pll
.A+br plrri...l ,i*^+ "fFl
tt'g -F o163:'al):ll '#ili
$ Ll;ai3'a..tsll'4+! dFill
jlr'aiUr'tuil3 LJ'jll ,s:'u".
. l:Sa: liryr U"iii
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