Synthesis means to combine a number of different

pieces into a whole. Synthesis is about concisely

summarizing and linking different sources in order to
review the literature on a topic, make recommendations,
and connect your practice to the research.
Synthesis Determines:
Which sources overlap or share the same
opinion/findings?
Have you found any common traits or themes in
the research literature?
What choice have you made about this dilemma?
Why did you make that choice and not another?
What meaning or conclusions do you draw from the
data on this topic? How might that new meaning
change or reinforce your practice?
Why is the piece of research evidence weak or
strong?
How have you shown the reader which parts of the
argument (or which pieces of research) are most
useful or most important?
 Learning Assessment Techniques are a set of
specific activities that instructors can use to quickly
gauge participants comprehension. They are
generally used to assess participants understanding
of material in the current course, but with minor
modifications they can also be used to gauge
participants knowledge coming into a course or
program. Learning Assessment Techniques are
meant to provide immediate feedback about the
entire seminars level of understanding, not individual
participants. The instructor can use this feedback to
inform instruction, such as speeding up or slowing
the pace of a lecture or explicitly addressing areas of
confusion.
Minute Paper
Muddiest Point
Problem Recognition Tasks
Documented Problem Solutions
Directed Paraphrasing
Applications Cards
Opinion Polls
 1. Interactive/ Participative
This method is driven by the situational
analysis of what is the most appropriate thing
for us to learn/do now given the situation of
learners and the teacher. They require a
participatory understanding of varied domains
and factors.

The term practice is defined as a method of

instruction characterized by systematic repetition
of concepts, examples, and practice problems.
Practice is a disciplined and repetitious exercise,
used as a mean of teaching and perfecting a skill or
procedure. As an instructional strategy, it promotes
the acquisition of knowledge or skill through
systematic training by multiple repetitions,
rehearses, practices, and engages in a rehearsal in
order to learn or become proficient.
4. Instructor/Teacher Centred
The teacher is looked upon by the learners
as an expert or an authority. Learners on the
other hand are presumed to be passive and
copious recipients of knowledge from the
teacher.

3. Learner-Centred
In learner-centred methods, the
teacher/instructor is both a teacher and a
learner at the same time. In the words, the
teacher plays a dual role as a learner as well so
that in his classroom extends rather than
constricts his intellectual horizons.

2. Content-Focused
This means the information and skills to be
taught are regarded as sacrosanct or very
important. A lot of emphasis is laid on the clarity
and careful analyses of content. Both the
teacher and the learners cannot alter or
become critical of anything to do with the
content.
 The presentation and demonstration method is
best used in teaching learners how to perform
manipulative operations. This method has several
advantages: (a) saves time in presenting, (b)
concentrates attention of learners on relationships to
be understood, (c) makes efficient use of "power of
observation," (d) is a means of strong motivation, and
(e) can be used in training groups or individuals. In
other words, the best way to teach "how" is to "show
how". A demonstration is "any planned performance
by a presenter of an occupational skill, scientific
principle or experiment". An effective demonstration
follows three steps of the "learning cycle".
1. The stimulus step (introducing the problem).
2. The assimilative step (demonstration and
development of the understanding by the
learner).
3. The application step.
 An ice breaker is an activity, game, or event that is
used to welcome and warm up the conversation among
participants in a meeting, training class, team building
session, or another event.
Ten Commandments for using games:
1)Thou shall be prepared.
2)Thou shall be brief.
3)Thou shall have a purpose.
4)Thou shall involve the audience.
5)Thou shall have fun.
6)Thou shall not overdo.
7)Thou shall not be gimmicky.
8)Thou shall not be boring.
9)Thou shall not kill time.
10)Thou shall not have hardening of categories.
 Hands-On Training
Experiential, or hands-on, training, offers
several more effective techniques for
teaching, including:
Cross-training
Demonstrations
Coaching
Apprenticeships
Drills
 Classroom or Instructor-Led Training
Instructor- led training remains one of the most
popular training techniques for trainers. There are
many types including:
Blackboard or whiteboard
Overhead projector
Video portion

Interactive Methods
There are many ways that you can break up
training sessions and keep trainees attentive and
involved, including:
Small group discussions
Case studies
Active summaries
Q & A sessions
Question cards
Role-playing
Participant control
FAMA (Facts, Association, Meaning and Action)
is a hands-on teaching method that generates
learning, group participation and action which
they use to liberate and empower people which
eventually make them to be self-reliant.

This method is an analogy of solving issues

and making the people aware of their reality.
Details (arrows) do the actual work.
Intuition (the bow) is the framework
that makes the details effective.
Effective problem solving (Hunting) is
the ultimate goal; how can the situation
be improved.
 The assumption behind this method is that learning
and awareness-raising happens in stages, and we cannot
expect a person especially an adult to learn everything
about an issue in one go, or in one lecture.
Activity- This is meant to introduce the topic to the
participants using interactive exercises.
Discussion- In this part of your session, everyone
talks about what they thought of the activity they
just completed.
Input- This is usually the lecture part of the session,
where the trainer presents on issues, sub-topics and
more advanced concepts related to the focus of the
session.
Deepening- This is usually the hands-on segment of a
session, where participants have the opportunity to
setup and begin using a particular tool or application,
or practice a skill or habit.
Analysis- It is where the complex expression of the
issues and its elements and their relations are put into
simple or more basic terms.
Synthesis- It provides for just such an opportunity,
to review the sessions content and address any
remaining questions or doubts.