Session 7: Values

What is a possible source of conflict?

lack of value similarity/congruence (e.g. with a romantic partner,org)

VALUES are classified as what kind of psychological construct?

guiding principles in our lives
it is a COGNITION (not affect or behaviour)
beliefs about desirable end states or behaviours that transcend specific situations, (Schwartz &
Bilsky, 1987)

values are NOT neutral or negative > all values are positive

values are something we DESIRE > desired end state

when people judge someone elses values, or ways to get there and too much of it can be BAD

Features of Values (Schwartz, 2012) - BMTSOP

1. beliefs that need to be ACTIVATED / has to be salient
2. all values are motivationally distinct
a DESIRED goal, a desired end state
goal: desired outcome
one way to differentiate one value from another: what is the main goal/motivation that you
value it so much
all values that are highly important to you are PURSUED
you want to protect and defend your values
3. trans-situational (at least for BASIC values)
all values are good/desired across situations and time and place
4. serve as standard or criteria
5. ordered by importance
ranking most important and least important
6. pursued at the expense of competing values
there is a trade off, you cannot pursue everything at the same time

How are values MEASURED?

How important are the following as guiding principles in your life [the lives of Filipinos]
Portrait Values Questionnaire
each item is a description of an individual
each has a difference underlying motivation
gender is a factor

How are values organised and ordered?

Values are all related to each other
Structural relations among ten motivational types of values
those that are next to each other > motivationally related, similar, can be used the same time
opposite > tradeoff (e.g. if you pursue benevolence you cant pursue achievement)
relative to two
the closer, the more similar
the farther/more opposite, the more incongruent/distinct/different

bigger scale
1. openness to change
2. self-transcendence
3. conservation
4. self-enhancement

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hedonism: both openness to change and self enhancement > seek for plreasure
self-direction: exploration, creativity, independent thought
achievement: value success but success depends on society
kapwa: core value

How are values related to attitudes and behaviours?

Duterte voters- more conservative, higher traditional morality and higher law and order, high blind
patriotism

How are values different from traits, beliefs, and attitudes?

value - always positive, cultural dimensions so they are LEARNED, often violated or activated /
tell you your goals i.e. what you pursue, what my goals are

beliefs tell you HOW to person them i.e. how can i get to my goals/accomplish goals
traits - general pattern of behaviour / can be desirable or undesirable
attitude - an evaluation of something (liking something, disliking, being satisfied), theres a
specific target in mind, can be negative or positive (negative attitude towards smoking)

norms - standards of how to behave, prescriptive behaviour (e.g girls should not study), don't
have to be legalised
thus, attitudes, beliefs, and norms are motivated by values

In sum
one way of unpacking CULTURE and its influences would be study VALUES (one of the
elements of culture are values)
VALUES
describe both individuals and groups
help us answer a fundamental question: WHAT GOALS SHOULD I PURSUE IN LIFE?
UNIVERSAL values stem from universal needs of humans (values stem from needs of humans)
however, more CULTURALLY-RELEVANT values may be a consequence of more idiosyncratic
(not universal, anchored in a particular group) needs of a group

Session 8: Kapwa
Ilang mga tanong ni Doc E
there was a search for the national character and filipino personality

Mga isyu ni Doc E - DISTORTED VIEW & COLONIAL CHARACTER

...studies on national character have long been suspect because of...the risk of stereotyping a
people.
[there is a] ...need to correct the imbalance in a situation where the Filipino is primarily
characterized from the judgmental and impressionistic point of view of the colonizers...

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 ...the analysis and interpretation of Filipino values is substantially keyed to a foreign
language and perspective...

Ano ang PAKIKIPAGKAPWA?

adjusting to the needs of others perhaps on the expense of your own
being considerate of other people (e.g. throwing away trash)
the one who is benefited is the OTHER (not the self)
PAKIKIPAGKAPWA: act of relating with others as kapwa-tao
Doc E: ideal form of interaction with an another

Dr. Enriquez defines kapwa as a shared identity, and a natural connection or oneness with
another. Kapwa is the very foundation and core of all Filipino values that determines not just
ones own personality, but more of his or her pagkatao.
The underlying goal and desired end-state of people who highly endorse a sense of kapwa
would be to achieve a sense of oneness with others; to realise that each person is equal, and
to treat each other with utmost respect.

Conceptual Definition of KAPWA

HINDI ito katulad ng OTHER sa Ingles
there is a merging of the self and other in Mahal Kita > kita
KAPWA: shared identity of self and other
it is a model of agency: KAPWA can be construed as a type of self that people adopt
you can adapt a non-kapwa self

KAPWA model of agency/self

Steps for KP as a type of self?
1. A sense of identification with an other (based on similar attitudes values or traits, or similar/
shared experiences)
Pagiging TAO i.e. humanity
You can have kapwa with foreigners
Pagkilala ng pinagsasaluhang pagkakatulad o pagkakapareho
Hindi ako iba sa yo, hindi ako iba sa inyo.
2. Value egalitarian treatment
idea that power relations are equal
Kahit sino ka pa, ikaw at ako ay MAGKAPANTAY... dahil pareho tayong TAO.
3. There are expected behaviours when you adopt a KAPWA sense of self / model of agency

Ano ba ang pagkakapareho nating lahat? Bakit tayo nakaka-identify sa isat isa?

What happens if you adapt KAPWA?

higher empathy
more aware and sensitive to needs
change of mindset
motivations are less self directed
could become too other-oriented

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Possible consequences when KAPWA is adopted as a type of self
Pagkilala na kung ano ang makakabuti (o makakasama) sa kin ay makakabuti (o makakasama)
sa yo
Pagkilala at paggalang sa dangal at halaga ng bawat isa
Ayaw natin na may na-o-OP o may nakakaramdam na hindi siya kasali.
Ayaw nating nakakasakit tayo ng iba. / We dont want to hurt others
Hinihikayat tayong ituring na kapantay ang lahat ng iba-sa- atin.
Hinihikayat tayong maging magalang.
Hinihikayat tayong maging patas at wag manamantala.
Hinihikayat tayong kilalanin ang mga KARAPATAN ng bawat isa.

How does a high (or low) sense of KP influence pakikipagkapwa (relating with others)?
Dr. E identified 12 Filipino values that have a conceptual structure

Some features of the KAPWA theory

May 12 values at may conceptual structure ang values na ito
May 3 salient features ang modelo.

3 salient features of the model:

1. A priori categories: surface, pivot, core, foundation of human values
A priori values: surface value, confrontative surface value, pivotal interpersonal value, core
value,
2. 3-tiered structure: surface sa taas, pivot at core sa gitna, foundation values sa pinakababa
3. (a sense of) KAPWA ang core value
core value: all other values are related to the core value

Ano kaya ang ibig sabihin o implikasyon ng pagiging CORE VALUE ng KAPWA?
endorsement is the most important i.e. is it highly endorsed by Filipinos?
core: central compared to the rest

If a sense of KAPWA is a value.. what is the underlying motivation? Desired end doal?
sense of oneness with the world
goal: people have a desired outcome of a harmonious relationships and egalitarian
treatment
part of a high sense of KAPWA is to value the self in relation to others

KAPWA AS A VALUE
If (a sense of) KAPWA is a value... ...what is the underlying motivation?

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If (a sense of) KAPWA is a value...
1. Ginagamit natin ang ating VALUES para i-evaluate ang mga tao, sitwasyon, bagay, atbp i.e. we
use values to evaluate people
2. Mahalagang ma-ACTIVE ang values para along tumid lang kakayhan nailing maimpluwensiyan
lang kilos natin
3. Violations of HARMONIOUS RELATIONSHIPS and EGALITARIAN PRINCIPLES are
VIOLATIONS of our SENSE of KAPWA.

In the case of kapwa, what do we actually activate?

We active our desired end state
goal of harmonious relationship and egalitarian treatment

What constitutes as a kapwa violation and how do we react to it?

PAKIKIBAKA is a sanctioned response

Core vs Pivot Values

core value: to value harmonious relationships & egalitarianism
pivot value: heightened awareness and sensitivity /
PAKIKIRAMDAM was a pivot value for Dr. E, which is a COGNITION (because it a value)
pakikiramdam is the crucial bridge from kapwa to surface values since it will orient
you to what you should do
e.g. seeing your friend down in the dumps so pakiramdam will orient you to become
more accommodating

Accommodative Surface Values

other-oriented
INHIBIT actions
trying to accommodate a harmonious relationship
compliant pinoy"
three types
hiya: accommodating others feelings, you won't assert yourself
utang loob: accommodating mutual interest of one another / safeguard mutual interest/
pakikisama: accommodating others needs/interest and smooth interpersonal relations

Confrontative Surface Values

surface-value
ENCOURAGES action in the pursuit of your interest
types
bahala na: confronting uncertainty, since you are not sure of ht outcome but you will take
the risk and perform anyway/ willingness to face and accept consequences

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 lakas ng loob: confronting fear and difficulties with perseverance and grit, in pursuit of
interest
pakikibaka: confronting injustice, confronting oppression, exploitation

Enriquezs KAPWA values theory is a guide on how to behave properly in culturally-expected ways
in the context of relationships

KAPWA-tao as basis of categorising relationships

A few things to think about:
Doesnt the KAPWA values theory seem like a fantasy/fairy tale? Ganyan ba talaga tayo
makipagkapwa-tao? Pagiging TAO lang ba ang konsiderasyon?
Paano nga ba makipagkapwa(-tao)? How does categorizing people and our relationships
influence PAKIKIPAGKAPWA (relating with others)?
In real life, we categorize people and our relationships.

Pag-Iiba ng Ibang Tao (IT) Hindi Ibang Tao (HIT)

Hindi Ibang Tao
e.g. close family members, close friends, best friends, boyfriend, girlfriend
Ibang tao
e.g. strangers, casual acquaintances, classmates with minimal interaction, friends of
friends, ka-pamilya na hindi ka- close

The HIT/IT Distinction

3 major predictors of HIT/IT
LAPIT NG LOOB: effective closeness that you feel with one another
higher lapit ng loob,
GAAN NG LOOB: light hearted
PAGKAKATULAD: similarity
2 minor predictors of HIT/IT
tagal ng pagkakilala (longer you know somebody, the more HIT)
how long youve known one another
dalas ng pagsasama
how often your together

*these dimensions are measuring RELATIONSHIP DISTINCTIONS, not individual people

May mga pagkilos na maaari lamang sa isang partikular na kategorya ng kapwa

BIRO - can only be done to HIT
LAMBING - affection
TAMPO -

H.I.T. Bias
once you categorise someone as HIT, theres a halo effect
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 if you consider someone as HIT, there is an increase in source of credibility
e.g. competence, trustworthiness, and good will
e.g.
Sinong teacher kaya yung tingin ng mga estudyante e ka-close nila? HIT
Sinong teacher kaya yung sa tingin ng mga estudyante e mas magaling? HIT
Sinong teacher kaya yung sa tingin ng mga estudyante e mas FAIR? HIT

Summary - There are culturally-expected ways of relating with an other: PAKIKIPAGKPAWA.

KAPWA type of self/KAPWA as basis of identification (and social categorisation?)
sense of shared identity
basis of behavior is a sense of shared humanity
treating the other as an equal
KAPWA self or model of agency
(SENSE OF) KAPWA as a value/value system
when endorsed, the goal is to pursue harmonious relationships and egalitarian practices
KAPWA as a guiding principle in your life
KAPWA-tao categorizes/as basis of categorizing relationships
through IT/HIT, thus can be more naunced
involves you and other
can be categorized to IT and HIT, pero parehong KAPWA-tao

Session 9: Pakikiramdam at Pahiwatig

In our relationships
We are not always direct in our interactions
There are times that we do not mean what we say directly
It is not always clear what the appropriate behaviours are in a particular context

This makes PAKIKIRAMDAM invaluable in our interactions, especially when we need to surface
shared meanings

Philippines is considered a HIGH CONTEXT (HC) CULTURE (Hall, 1976)

low context: meanings are explicit
high context: meanings are imbedded in words and in contexts such as time, experience
(nonverbal aspects), type and nature of relationship involved i.e. meaning is covered and
discovered
HC means there is a high degree of shared meaning e.g. HC seen in farmers
Why? high frequency of interaction, bound in same space, homogenous

Doc E defined pakikiramdam as: shared inner perception / heightened awareness and
sensitivity
emotional a priori
kung literal na paki-ramdam.. > please feel
isang pakiusap na makaramdam o maging sensitive
but if pakiKIramdam
an act/process that refers to assessing a situation or reading internal and external cues
during interactions, involves trying to feel and understand the feelings and intentions of
others i.e. empathy
activated to ensure we are responding appropriately during our interactions

internal cues: reading what is happening inside of you

assessing involves of weighing, estimating, measuring

What are some forms of the cues we use? PAHIWATIG (Maggay, 1999)
literally, a cue or hint
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 verbal or nonverbal
sent by a messenger
a combination, class, or syndrome of pahiwatig may express:
hurt or offense (through silent treatment)
a need, want or request
biro: joke
lambing: compliment a person/sweetness
tampo: moody/ dissapointment
criticism:
e.g. paalaala, paglalangis

When do we exercise pakikiramdam?

both an affective and cognitive process
used in the service of something we value
may stem from adopting a KAPWA self and endorsing a high sense of kapwa
if kapwa theory is accurate: situations that involve hiya, utang na loob, pakikisama, bahala na,
lakas ng loob, pakikibaka / pakikiramdam manifested in hiya, utang na loob etc

With WHOM o we exercise pakikiramdam?

kapwa-tao
goal: harmony and good relations
ibang tao
goal: to identity appropriate response (more utilitarian)
hindi ibang tao
goal: relationship maintenance

Instances when PAKIKIRAMDAM does/will not work?

pakikiramdam entails reading clues, so if someone throws the wrong cue, it wont work

Hypothesis #1 (Maggay, 1999): Social distance is positively correlated with degree of ambiguity.
social distance: degree of equality in power relations between the two people i.e. social status
the higher the social distance (the higher the difference in social status) i.e. the less egalitarian
relationships, the higher the ambiguity
Less pakikiramdam means higher ambiguity
less pakikiramdam = you dont feel for the other person as much so theres more of an
ambiguous relationship
e.g. boss and girl wont have as much pakikiramdam w one another kasi malaki yung social
distance
if one does not care about the other or the situation, there is no need for pakikiramdam

Features of Pakikiramdam - DDGCHP

deliberate (sinadya maging dense; hindi nag-adjust)
dynamic (Read, react, reward, repeat)
goal-oriented (e.g. elicit more information)
cues-based (misreading, overreading, kluging lang impormasyon; mali lang pakakilala sa isang
tao o mali ang assessment sa relasyon)
heightened sensitivity and awareness
possibly depositional (ability/competency; manhid)

Motivations for indirectness (indirectioness = pahiwatig)

self-oriented
other-oriented
you dont want to hurt her
kapwa-oriented
being deliberately indirect for the sake of harmony & good relations

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Hypothesis #2: Level of relationship influences degree of directness.
the more interaction (i.e. di-ibang tao), the more direct/less pahiwatig
marker: pakikipag-palagayang loob

Hypothesis #3: Power held by a person influences degree of directness.

the more authority/power someone has, the more expressive/less pahiwatig
e.g. Mocha Uson

IN SUM
Pakikiramdam: conceptually defined both as a (PIVOT) VALUE and PROCESS/ACT/
MECHANISM.
We deliberately use PAKIKIRAMDAM (as a behavior) to read pahiwatig and understand
ambiguity.
As a mechanism, we use pakikiramdam to read and respond to PAHIWATIG
pakikiramdam is what you do when you see the cues (cues e.g. pahiwatig)
Both the use of PAKIKIRAMDAM and PAHIWATIG may be motivated by the importance of
harmony/positive relationships as a guiding principle in ones life.
Power and level of relationship may influence the use of PAHIWATIG during an interaction.
Social distance may influence the effectiveness of PAKIKIRAMDAM during an interaction.

Session 10: TAGASALO PERSONALITY

Family as a powerful socialisation agent (Huston & Robins, 1982)
socialization: process of teaching and learning culture, in order to shape the person
relations within family are more enduring, involve more frequent interaction, span a greater
range of activities and be subject to a larger set of culture norms than most other relationships

According to Medina (1991)

Socialization - deliberate vs undeliberate
deliberate (sadya, planado, pinaghandaan) ikaw yung panganay
undeliberate (through observation) - volunteering to play a role
Socialization shapes IDENTITY, which depends on
Expectations
Resources
Values
Roles

Parentification: role reversal

process through which children are assigned to the role of an adult, taking on both emotional and
functional responsibilities that typically are performed by the parent
functional: bread winner, pay bills, do chores
emotional: mediator, counselor, fulfilling socio-emotional needs

Carandang (1987)
tagasalo o mananalo, of responsibilities and problem
Symptoms
seeing it as an obligation i.e. compulsive
being driven by guilt i.e. unconscious
overgeneralized and indiscriminate

Kailangan kong gawin ito. Obligasyon ko ito. (COMPULSIVE)

Hindi ko alam bakit hindi ako maka-hindi. Basta nagi-guilty lang ako. (UNCONSCIOUS)
Kailangan kong alagaan lahat. (OVERGENERALIZED AND INDISCRIMINATE)

RELIEVE tension

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Characteristics of the Tagasalo *you dont need to have all these characteristics
sibling
sense of responsibility
ability for listening
ability to mediate
high need for harmony* (if the person has a high sense of KAPWA, then he/she is likely to be
tagasalo > has discomfort when there is conflict thus wanting harmonious relationships)
high need for control
capacity for caring and self-sacrifice
capacity for emotional distance

How does the TAGASALO personality develop?

sex and birth order are INCONCLUSIVE
family dynamics and conflicts
parental expectations: approval and appreciation > internal motivation
parental behaviours: role reversal, when parent is incapable of functioning
driven by the need for power (possibly unconsciously)

Is it possible that there is no TAGASALO in ones family?

Possible

Why do we need to identify the TAGASALO in the family?

prime movers in the family > they have high power
they get tired
stress, burn out, and demoralization
indiscriminate and overextended caring

How do we ease the burden of the TAGASALO? For the TAGASALO:

for the tagasalo
set clear limits
physical distancing
for the friends and family members of the tagasalo
pag-alalay (to move with someone)
mahihingahan

IN SUMMARY
TAGASALO is not necessarily maladaptive
TAGASALO is a personality, it occurs ACROSS situations, and has a consistent pattern
gender and birth order does not play a role, more of family dynamics

ADOLESCENCE: Panahon ng eksplorasyon at pagkatuto ng mga kakayahan at limitasyon

Session 11: KATATAGAN AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL RESOURCE

DURING DISASTERS

Super Typhoon Haiyan / Yolanda hit the PH in November 2013

survivors of natural disasters tend to be at risk of mental health disorders because of the
experience of TRAUMA
trauma:

What kinds of mental health and psychosocial support do disaster survivors need?
Psychosocial impact of typhoon on survivors (Hechanova et al. 2015)
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 somatic (e.g. high blood headache, high blood pressure, pimples, hairfall)
emotional (e.g. depression)
cognitive (e.g. guilt, difficulties in planning and thinking)
behavioural (e.g. drug use)
spiritual (e.g. starting to question existence of God)

Intervention Pyramid for Mental Health and Psychosocial Supports (MHPSS) (IASC, 2007)
From top > bottom:
1. Fourth level: Specialized services e.g.
target: those who have PTSD
professional i.e. psychiatrists, etc.
2. Third level: Focused, non-specialised psychosocial supports
focused because there is a clearer & smaller population
targeted to mild-moderate
e.g. PFA
specialised i.e. trained volunteers, social workers, psychologists, teachers, medical/mental
health professionals
3. Second level: Community and family supports
making sure community thrives and people are on their feet after
e.g. community rituals, such as mass or funerals or concerts
e.g. programs targeted at youth/children
usually government provides
4. First level: Basic services and security
includes everyone who survived
e.g. food, water + systems of government

IASC:
Learn about and, where appropriate, use local cultural practices to support local people
so you do no harm
learn how they deal with family
Use methods from outside the culture where it is appropriate to do so

Psychological First Aid

through debriefing and counselling, which can be done even if you are not a psychologist
goals
assess needs
connect to relevant information, services, and other types of support
basic principles
look - is person safe? does the person need to eat?
listen -
link - important information or services/support
DO NOT
force survivor to repeat/talk about personal details or their own experience
give simple reassurances: everything will be ok, at least you survived
make promises that may not be kept
criticise insufficient of lack of basic services to survivors

try and solve the problem (goal is not to solve the problem)
DO
promote safety
promote calm; listen to whatever they are saying
promote connectedness
promote self-efficacy; they should help themselves
promote hope

How can we mitigate (i.e. lessen) risk AND promote recovery in the wake of trauma?
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1. Identify needs, vulnerabilities, and protective factors - target them
Vulnerabilities Protective Factors

markers that may exacerbate the negative effects of those that modify the risk in a positive direction /
a risk condition strengths going for the Philippines

e.g. poverty, inefficient government conditions, lack

of transport e.g. sense of collectivism, getting together of
people, resilient mindset, optimism, humor

2. Build resilience
Resilience
rebound/bounce back after adversity
capacity to retain to a stable state after trauma
Resilience (Masten, 2014)
to rebound
capacity of a dynamic system to adapt successfully to disturbances that threaten system
function, viability, or development

What counts as RESILIENCE or positive adaptation?

sign of no resilience: giving up, disengage from social support
Focus of the KATATAGAN intervention (a person with a positive adaptation)
kalakasan - courage, self-efficacy, cultivates personal strength
katawan - can manage physical symptoms or physical reactions to trauma (e.g. stress
management, breathing, mindfulness)
kalooban - able to manage unhelpful cognitions and emotions (e.g. PSTD, depression)
kalutasan at kaagapay - problem-solving, able to find solutions to problems, trying to
connect with a community for social support (using social support as a mean to problem
solve)
kapaki-pakinabang na gawain - productive, stay away from harmful things (e.g. drugs,
not sleeping), learning a new routine, engaging in healthy & productive activities
kinabukasan - has hope, able to plan for the future
KATATAGAN INTERVENTION
target: adults with mild-moderate symptoms
Third level: Focused, non-specialised supports
who can conduct? trained people

How did the KATATAGAN team ensure that the intervention was culturally sensitive? /
Western invention was culturally sensitive through
use of groups
recognition of the protective factors (spirituality and social support)
use of local language
use of Filipino symbols

How do we ensure that positive adaptation and thriving persist?

Resilience is a psychological resource
But, in the context of disaster risk reduction, hazards are minimised by systemic & systematic
interventions outside the selfs control
The resilience discourse may lead to:
reliance on dole-outs (e.g. donations)
vulnerabilities are not addressed (lack of transportation, poverty, geography)
reactive mindset vs preventive mindset

In sum

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 the KATATAGAN intervention is an immediate and level 3 psychosocial response after a disaster
or traumatic event. It is also designed for adults. It can be administered by paraprofessionals.
Katatagan hones individual coping skills but employs social resources including faith & family
The Katatagan program employed a quasi-experimental design to assess its efficacy. It also
utilised indigenization (from without) to ensure cultural appropriateness of the program.

In keeping with the IASC( 2007) guidelines for MHPSS in emergency settings, the
implementation of a psychosocial intervention needs to be part of an integrated effort to support
survivors

Session 12: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE FILIPINO

IDENTITY
Filipino identity = citizenship

1987 Consti
Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines
Those born before Jan 17, 1973, of Filipino Mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority;
Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.

Filipino identity is
assigned
acquired
(citizenship can be) lost, or reacquired

Bilang mga tao

Natural para sa atin na hatiin ang mundo sa mga GRUPO. (categorization)
Ginagamit natin ang ating mga grupo para IPAKILALA ang sarili. (identification)
Tinitiyak nating positibo ang IMAHE ng mga grupo natin. (comparison)

Mahalaga ba ang Social Categories?

Social categories: grupo ng mga taong pinagsama batay sa isang pamantayan (hal. Filipino)
Para di magulo (organization)
Para alam natin kung saan tayo lulugar (identity)

Ang pagiging Isko at Iska (ang yabang!) ay isang halimbawang SOCIAL CATEGORY o
grupo kung saan tayo kabilang (o miyembro).
Social identity: aspects of an individuals self image (or definition of self) that derive from social
categories to which one perceives him/herself as belonging
highly subjective, choice based

The Filipino identity is an example of a SOCIAL IDENTITY.

NATIONAL IDENTITY: pagiging Filipino

Is citizenship different from national identity?

Citizenship - objective, legal basis, can be under national identity
National identity - more nuanced,

How does one BECOME Filipino and how do we evaluate ones Filipino-ness (BEING
Pinoy)? being vs becoming
Representations
concerned with BOUNDARY conditions
who is outside, who is from the inside
Identity Positions - Gaano ka lalim
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 quality of Filipino-ness
how deep is the Filipino-ness

When does a person BECOME a PINOY?

3 basis/dimensions
Pinagmulan - legal (socio-political) basis
e.g. parents are Pinoy
by law
Kinalakhan - cultural basis (behaviours asal and values halaga)
participation and immersion in local culture
speaking the language
Kamalayan - psychological basis (awareness, acceptance, pride)
going beyond the self
self-identification

How do we evaluate the quality of ones Filipino-ness? (babaw o lalim?)

Emphasizing or de-emphasizing certain aspects of Filipino identity may affect the lalim of our
Filipino-ness
quality of being a Filipino
based on identitys performative aspect (GALAW)
Levels:
Pilipino sa pangalan (superficial integration of Filipino-ness within the self > pagkilala o
pagtanggap ng pagiging Pinoy)
Pilipino sa puso (deep integration of Filipino-ness within the self > may conviction na
Pinoy)

Something to think about (a possible hypothesis)

Malaki ang kinalaman ng ating kontekstong ginagalawan sa lalim o babaw ng pagka-Pilipino
natin
Maaaring..
Mas positibong imahe ng Pinoy, mas Pinoy sa puso
Mas negatibong imahe ng Pinoy, mas Pinoy sa pangalan

Saan posibleng ibatay ang BABAW o LALIM ng Filipino-ness (PAGKA-PILIPINO)?

Galaw (activity)
posibleng makita sa KILOS (behaviour) at GAWA (habit)
tanggap ang sarili at ang iba bilang Pinoy
mas nakikilahok sa buhay ng kapwa Pinoy

Why does a Pilipino sa puso have a deeper integration of Filipino-ness? What dimension of
Filipino identity does s/he emphasize the most?
/deeper KAMALAYAN, quality of Filipino-ness
quality of Filipino-ness (PILIPINO sa PUSO), emphasis on KINALAKHAN

In sum
Flexible at pwedeng i-negotiate ang pagiging Pinoy (Filipino identity). Inclusive tayo!
Dahil importante ang pagiging Pilipino (bahagi ng national identity at hindi madaling i-give- up),
kaya natin i-emphasize o de-emphasize ang ilang dimensyon ng pagiging Pilipino.
Malaki ang kinalaman ng (lalim o babaw ng) KAMALAYAN sa kalidad ng pagka- Pilipino (Filipino-
ness).
Sa kabilang banda, naiimpluwensyahan ng kalidad ng pagka-Pilipino ang paglubog at
pakikilahok sa kultura (KINALAKIHAN aspects).

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