YMCAUST International Journal of Research Jan 2016 Vol.

4 (I) ISSN: 2319-9377

DESIGN, SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF A COMBINED HEAT

AND POWER SYSTEM (CHPS)
Nikhil Dev Rajesh Attri
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
YMCAUST, Faridabad, Haryana, India YMCAUST, Faridabad, Haryana, India
Email: nikhildevgarg@yahoo.com

Abstract: In thermal engineering, design and simulation are the integral parts of any thermodynamic cycle design. The objective
of the design is analysed with the help of some computer programming tool. In the present analysis gas turbine based heat and
power cohort systems is analysed for its efficiency for the different cycle pressure ratio. Simulation of the mathematical modeling
is carried out with the help of computer programming tool EES (Engineering Equation Solver). The thermodynamic cycle under
consideration is the source of power and as well as heat. From the results optimum cycle pressure ratio is obtained and it is
found to be 15. With the help of this modeling gas turbine manufacturer may design the gas turbine in such a way that aerodynamic
losses are minimum at this cycle pressure ratio.

Keywords: Cogeneration Cycle, Gas turbine, Exergy, CR, Regenerator.

1. INTRODUCTION
Exergy is to represent the availability of useful work from a
energy conversion system. But it is not possible to extract all of
the work from a system. Therefore, thermodynamic analysis (Ist
or IInd law) is for premeditating the effect of design and operating
parameters on a newly designed thermodynamic cycle or existing
one [1-26]. In literature different other techniques are also
available for the analysis [18-25]. Out of these techniques energy
analysis [18], exergy analysis [19] and graph theoretic analysis
[20] are some of the most used techniques for the analysis. Dev
et al [20] proposed that second law efficiency of the system is
higher than first law efficiency. It is due to the reason that amount
of available energy is always less than total amount of energy
available with the system. It was further proposed that [21] the
amount of available energy is to be compared with the standard
environmental conditions. This is to be analysed for each kind
of thermal system.
At present a lot of different kinds of thermal systems are
available for the energy conversion [22]. These systems are
comprising of fuel energy extraction system along with the
system capable of converting chemical energy of fuel into
mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is converted into
electrical energy. Electricity is supplied to utility providers and
revenue is generated. A lot of losses are related with the
electricity supply therefore, it is preferred to establish the plants
near to energy consumption site. For this purpose plant size
should be small and pollution emission also should be minimum.
Therefore, in literature it is suggested that [23] gas turbine based
power plants are best for this purpose.
At present Gas Turbine (GT) power plants are intrinsically
associated with low thermal efficiency. Waste heat segregated
in the environment with flue gas can be extracted for a number
of functional works and additional gain in efficiency is assured.
In the present effort parametric analysis of a 30 MW gas turbine
cycle is performed in which some fraction of waste heat is
transferred to pressurized air at compressor outlet. Remaining
heat is transferred to pressurized water in steam generator with
a view that heat rejected to atmosphere through stack is
minimized. Schematic configuration of this cycle capable of
providing both heat and power is shown in Figure 1. In the
present analysis exergetic analysis of combined heat and power
system (CHPS) shown in Figure 1 is carried out for different
operating parameters.
2. EXERGY MODELING OF CHPS
Thermal systems design and analysis engross principles from
thermodynamics, heat transmit, fluid mechanics, manufacturing
and design. Here in this work, thermodynamics of a 30 MW
cogeneration cycle (Figure 1) is studied. Ambient air enters the
compressor at point one and after compression its temperature
and pressure is increased at point two. Compressed air is passed
through a regenerator where high temperature combustion gases
coming out of gas turbine at point five transfer their heat to the
compressed air at point three. After gaining heat at point three,
compressed air comes to combustion chamber and fuel is added.
After burning with air, chemical energy of fuel is converted into
thermal energy and comes out of combustion chamber at point
four. Combustion products temperature is designed equal to TIT
which is fixed by thermal stress limit of gas turbine blade
material. Combustion product temperature is controlled by
making A/F mixture a leaner or richer mixture. Gases coming
out from gas turbine have large amount of thermal energy. Major
part of this thermal energy is transferred to compressed air in
regenerator and high pressure water in steam generator. Flue

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YMCAUST International Journal of Research Jan 2016 Vol.4 (I) ISSN: 2319-9377

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of CHPS

gas temperature at stack inlet at point seven is kept above dew software EES. The energy equilibrium equations available in
point temperature of flue gases to avoid corrosion in stack. literature [5,8,9,15,17] for various parts of the CHPS (Figure
1) are as follows:
In present work, mathematical modeling based on mass, energy
and exergy balance across each component is followed by 2.1.1 Air Compressor
execution of computer program in software Engineering
Equation Solver (EES) for different cycle operating parameters. h h (1)
SAC 2 s 1
h2 h1
2.1 THERMODYNAMIC MODELING
For recital of the plant at ISO day condition (15C, 101.325 p2
kPa, 60% relative humidity), assumptions underlying the s (T2 s , p2 ) s (T1 , p1 ) s (T2 s ) s (T1 ) R ln 0
0 0

p1
(2)
cogeneration system model are as following:
The coordination operates at steady state of fluid flow.
WAC m
a ( h2 h1) (3)
Ideal-gas assortment principles are relevant for the air and
the combustion products. 2.2.2 Combustion Chamber
Fuel injected in combustion chamber is taken as Methane. For complete combustion of methane the chemical equation
The fuel is provided to combustion chamber at required takes the form
pressure by throttling from a high-pressure source. CH 4 0.7748 N 2 0.2059O2 0.0003CO2 0.019 H 2O
1 x N 2
CH 4 chamber
Heat transfer from the combustion 0.7748 N 2 is0.2059
2% of O2 the 1 xN 2 N 2 xO2 O2 xCO2 CO2 x H 2O H 2O
0.0003CO2 0.019 H 2O
fuel lower heating value. All other components operate
n n
without heat loss. F and 1 P (4)
na na
For the present analysis, air is considered to be a
combination of N2 (77.48%), O2 (20.59%), CO2 (0.03%) xN 0.7748 (5)
and H2O (1.9%). 1 2

Thermodynamic properties of the fluids are inbuilt functions of 0.2059 2 (6)

xO2
1

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YMCAUST International Journal of Research Jan 2016 Vol.4 (I) ISSN: 2319-9377

0.0003 (7) Specific exergy is given bY

xCO2
1 T T P 1 wa w
e (Cpa wCpv )Ta 1 ln (1 w)RaTa ln RaTa (1 w)ln w ln
T
a Ta P 1 w wa
and a

(22)
0.019 2 e f LHV (23)
xH 2O (8)
1 y 0.0698
Where 1.033 0.0169 for the fuel Cx H y . (24)
x x
f L HV m g h 4 (1 c c )m f LHV
m a h3 m (9)
In this paper for the exergy analysis of CHPS, exergy destruction
rate and the exergy efficiency for each component in the cycle
P4 (10) (Figure 1) are shown in Table 1.
(1 Pcc )
P3
Table 1 The exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency
equations for plant components
2.2.3 Gas Turbine
Components Exergy Destruction Rate Exergy Efficiency
T T (11) e2 e1
T 4 5 Air Compressor eD, AC e1 e2 W AC ex, AC
T4 T5 s WAC

p (12) Combustion Chamber eD,CC e3 e f e4 e

s (T5 s , p5 ) s (T4 , p4 ) s0 (T5 s ) s0 (T4 ) R ln 5 0 ex,CC 4
p4 e3 e f
(13) Gas Turbine eD,GT (e4 e5 ) WGT W
W G T m g ( h 5 h 6 ) ex,GT GT
e4 e5

W Net WGT W AC (14) Regenerator eD,R (e2 e3 ) (e5 e6 ) e

ex, R 1 D, R
ei ,R

m g m f m a (15)
Steam Generator eD,SG (e6 e7 ) m w (e9 e8 ) eD,SG
ex,SG 1
2.2.4 Steam Generator e
i ,SG

The operating conditions for base case of the gas turbine power
Q p h6 h7 h9 h8 (16) plant such as process heat, calorific value, output electrical
power etc. are listed in Table 2.

2.2.5 Regenerator Table 2 Operating state of affairs for Cogeneration system

Name Unit Value
T T
R 3 2 (17) Output Power MW 30
T5 T2
Process Heat kJ 37722
(18) Lower Heating Value of fuel kJ/kg 50196.96
ma h2 h3 m p h6 h5 Pressure loss in regenerator air side % 5
Pressure loss in regenerator flue gas side % 3
(19)
P3
(1 PR ) Pressure loss in combustion chamber % 5
P2 Pressure loss in Steam Generator % 5
3. EXERGY ANALYSIS 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The general exergy-balance equation available in literature As the cycle pressure ratio is increased then the cost of power
[5,8,9,15,17] and used for present analysis are represented by plant equipments and components is also increased. With
the expressions as below. increase in cost of components and equipments per unit
. n . . . . (20) electricity generation cost is also increased. There are numerous
EW ( EQ )i me me ED methods to increase the efficiency of the power plant. In this
i 1 in out
line it is an effort to improve the thermodynamics of the power
plant. It is achieved with the help of development in the
For single stream flow the above expression becomes.
. . . . . thermodynamic cycles. These cycles are numerous and methods
EW ( EQ ) m ein meout m eD (21) to improve their efficiency are also numerous.

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YMCAUST International Journal of Research Jan 2016 Vol.4 (I) ISSN: 2319-9377

Exergy is based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Table 3 Value of different variables with change in cycle
Energy is conserved in any thermodynamic system, ideal or pressure ratio for the cogeneration cycle without regenerator
otherwise, while exergy is conserved for an ideal process which
Cycle pressure
is not possible in real life. Therefore, exergy is not conserved 15 20 25 30 35 36 40
ratio
for real processes or devices. In the present analysis exergy eD,CC (kJ/kg) 29851 27759 26583 25896 25515 25466 25347
destruction in a cogeneration cycle represented in Figure 1 is eD,COMPRESSOR (kJ/kg) 1969 2037 2107 2180 2255 2291 2332
studied for the change in cycle pressure ratio. Further it is found eD,SG (kJ/kg) 9645 8491 7666 7068 6634 6563 6321
that exergy destruction is associated with specific heat which eD,GT (kJ/kg) 2808 2903 3001 3103 3208 3231 3317
depends upon the concentration of constituents in combustion eD,CYCLE (kJ/kg) 44273 41190 39357 38247 37612 37551 37317
products. It is desirable to calculate the optimum cycle pressure Mass of Air (kg/s) 83.4 84.13 87.23 91.17 95.76 96.74 100.9
ratio for the efficient design of the cycle. Mass of Fuel
1.83 1.75 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.68 1.69
(kg/s)
Exergy in a CHP system is destructed in every part. Exergy
Air-Fuel ratio 45.62 48.21 51.19 54.04 56.86 57.45 59.67
destruction in combustion chamber is related to the amount of
Cycle efficiency 74.07 77.60 79.47 80.27 80.41 80.41 80.08
fuel consumed in combustion chamber. That is why exergy Heat Rate (kJ/kg) 359.71 356.59 343.92 329.06 313.28 310.11 297.32
destruction in combustion chamber follows the same pattern as
that of fuel consumed in combustion chamber. If heat is In actual practice it is difficult to manufacture a gas turbine
transferred from a high temperature to lower temperature then with higher expansion ratio in comparison to lower compression.
its quality goes down and exergy destruction takes place. Exergy For this case regenerator lowers the optimum cycle pressure
(or available energy, or availability) is the maximum useful work ratio for maximum first law efficiency. In case of cycle without
that can be extracted from a quantity of energy and refers to the regenerator is 36 (Table 4).
quality of energy. Thus, though the energy is conserved in the Table 4 Value of different variables with change in cycle
process of conversion, its quality deteriorates and less work can
Cycle pressure ratio 5 10 15 20 25 26
be obtained with each conversion. The various irreversible eD ,CC (kJ/kg) 26483 24083 24330 25163 26208 26434
processes encountered within the combustor leads to certain eD ,COMPRESSOR (kJ/kg) 1977 2107 2281 2463 2652 2690
degree of exergy loss. Several studies have indicated that the eD, SG (kJ/kg) 6296 5710 5286 6466 7226 7373
conventional combustion involves inherent thermodynamic eD , REGENERATOR (kJ/kg) 6735 2425 1288 851.4 693.7 682.3
irreversibility, which significantly limits the conversion of fuel eD,GT (kJ/kg) 2287 3001 3625 4215 4798 4915
energy into useful work [13, 14]. For typical atmospheric eD ,CYCLE (kJ/kg) 43778 37326 36810 39158.4 41577.7 42094.3
combustion systems, about 1/3rd of the fuel energy is discharged ma 111.6 91.25 88.41 89.35 91.87 92.49
into the environment as heat. Most of irreversibility within the mf 1.75 1.63 1.58 1.63 1.70 1.72
Air-Fuel ratio 63.81 55.84 55.81 54.65 53.98 53.87
combustor is due to internal heat transfer between the products
Cycle efficiency 77.42 82.87 85.49 82.82 79.56 78.86
and reactants. Such heat transfer becomes inevitable in both 268.82 328.77 339.33 335.76 326.55 324.36
Heat Rate
premixed and diffusion flames, where highly energetic product
molecules are free to exchange energy with unreacted fuel and With increase in cycle ratio from 5 to 36 it is found that exergy
air molecules [15]. The product and reactant molecules have destruction in air compressor and gas turbine is increased by
large energy difference (i.e. temperature difference) and 24.51% and 23.04% respectively for cogeneration cycle without
regenerator. While exergy destruction for combustion chamber
considerable entropy is generated when they interact. Internal
and steam generator is decreased by 46.96% and 53.10%
heat transfer within the combustor is often difficult to be respectively. Exergy destruction in the cogeneration cycle
recognized as an efficiency problem, because it does not result without regenerator keeps on decreasing with increase in CR
in a direct energy loss from the combustion zone to the and 43.51% decrease in exergy destruction is with change in
surrounding. Instead, internal heat transfer only degrades the CR from 5 to36. First law efficiency is dependent upon mass of
exergy of the product flue gas and reduces its ability to produce fuel injected in combustion chamber. Minimum fuel injected is
useful work. at CR-36 that is 1.68% and corresponding value of first law
efficiency is 80.41%.
Thermodynamic modeling of combined cycle components has
done in last chapter for performance prediction. Analysis has
been done based upon the dependent parameters like first law
and second law efficiency, as a function of independent

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YMCAUST International Journal of Research Jan 2016 Vol.4 (I) ISSN: 2319-9377

parameters such as compressor pressure ratio, turbine inlet [7] Caton, J.A. (2000) A review of investigations using second
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