ENGR.

KRISTIAN MHAR DE PADUA

 Set theory

SET is any well-defined collection of symbols or objects.

The objects comprising the set are called its elements or
members.
REPRESENTATION OF A SET

I. Tabular Form/Roster Method

Example:
If set A is a set of counting numbers, then it can
be written as:

A = {1,2,3,4,5,}
REPRESENTATION OF A SET

II. Set Builder Form

Example:
If set A is a set of counting numbers less than
10, then:

A = {x | x is a natural number < 10}

 SET OF NUMBERS
= {1,2,3,} set of natural numbers
= {,-2,-1,0,1,2,} set of integers
+ = {1,2,3,} set of positive integers
= {p/q | p , q } set of rational numbers
= set of real numbers
+ = set of positive real numbers
= set of complex numbers
= set of imaginary numbers
Sample Problem:
Build the set for the following set builder notation:

1. A = {n2 | n Z}

2. B = {2x | x Z, |x|<4}

3. C= {x | x Z, x2 2 = 0}
 SET OPERATIONS

1. UNION
The union of sets A and B, denoted by AB is the set
of elements which belong to A or to B or to both A and B.
Example:
Given A = {j,o,y}
B = {j,m,q}
Then, AB = {j,m,o,q,y}
 SET OPERATIONS

2. INTERSECTION
The intersection of sets A and B, denoted by AB, is the
set of elements which belong to both A and B.

Example:
Given A = {j,o,y}
B = {j,m,q}
Then, AB = {j}
 SET OPERATIONS

3. DIFFERENCE
The difference of sets A and B, denoted by A-B or AB
is the set of elements which belong to A but not to B.

Example:
Given: A = {j,o,y}
B = {j,m,q}
Then, A B = {o,y} B A = {m,q}
 SET OPERATIONS
4. COMPLEMENT
The complement of set A, denoted by Ac or A is the
set of elements which belong to the universal set but not to
the set A.
Example:
Given: A = {1,3,5,7,9,}
U = {1,2,3,4,5,} universal set
Then, Ac = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10,}
 SET OPERATIONS
5. SYMMETRIC DIFFERENCE
The symmetric difference of two sets A and B is the set
of elements either in A or in B but not in both denoted by
AB.

AB = (A\B)U(B\A) = (AB)C
Sample Problem:
Let A = {4, 2, 13, 9, 6} and B = {9, 2, 15, 13}.
Determine A\B.
A. {2, 9, 13} C. {4, 6, 15}
B. {4, 6} D. {2, 4, 6, 9, 13, 15}
Sample Problem:
The symmetric difference of A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}
is:
A. {1, 2} C. {4, 3}
B. {1, 2, 4, 5} D. {2, 5, 1, 4, 3}
Sample Problem:
Given Set A = {-9, -8, 12, 4, 1, 13}, if we have the
relationship B A. What should set B be?
A. {12, -9, 13, -8, 1, 4} C. {-4, -13, 8}
B. {2, -5, 9, -6} D. {13, 12, -9}
Sample Problem:
Which of the following is a null set?
A. {x|x is an integer such that x2 = 81}
B. {x|x is an integer such that x3 = -125}
C. {x|x is an integer such that x4 = 16}
D. {x|x is an integer such that x2 = 2}
Sample Problem:
Find the truth set of the given predicate: P(x) = x2 < 3
whose elements are integers.
A. {-1, 0, 1} C. {0, 1}
B. {-1, 1} D. {1, 2}
Sample Problem:
Consider the universal set: U = {1, 2, 3, 9} and sets A =
{1, 2, 5, 6}, B = {2, 5, 7}, C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Find
[(AUC)\B][(BC)\A].
A. {1, 3, 9} C. {3, 6, 9}
B. {3, 6} D. {3, 9}
 Algebraic Laws on sets
1. Idempotent Law 3. Commutative Laws
AUA=A AUB=BUA
AA=A AB=BA
2. Associative Law 4. Complement Laws
(A U B) U C = A U (B U C) A U AC = U
(A B) C = A (B C) (AC)C = A
A AC =
 Algebraic Laws on sets
5. Distributive Laws
A U (B C) = (A U B) (A U C)
A (B U C) = (A B) U (A C)
6. De Morgans Laws
A U B)C = AC BC
(A B)C = AC U BC
Sample Problem:
Find the De Morgan of the set notation given:
(ACUC)(BC)UAC
Sample Problem:
Find the De Morgan of the set notation given:
(AU)UAC
Sample Problem:
Find the Dual/Duality of the set notation given:
(ACUC)(BC)UAC
Sample Problem:
Find the Dual/Duality of the set notation given:
(AU)UAC
 Types of sets
1. Finite set a set containing a finite number of elements.
2. Infinite set a set containing infinite no. of elements.
3. Singleton a set having only one element.
4. Null set is a set having no element. It is also called
empty set or a void.
5. Subset a set A is a subset of another set B, if every
element of the set A belongs to the set B,
denoted by AB which is read as A is a
subset of B or A is contained in B.
 Types of sets
6. Proper Subset a subset of the universal set except the
universal set itself. It is denoted by AB.
7. Universal Set set U is said to be the universal set if all
the sets under a discussion are subsets of
the set U.
8. Equal Sets two sets are equal if AB and BA.
9. Equivalent Sets two sets are equivalent if they have
the same number of elements.
 CARDINALITY OF A SET
The Cardinal Number (Cardinality) of a set is the number
of distinct elements in a given set.
 POWER SET
A Power Set is the set of all subsets of A and is
denoted by PA. The cardinality of a power set is obtained
n
by using the formula 2 where n is the number of elements
of a given set.
Sample Problem:
Let A = {1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 1, 6, 4, 9, 15, 20, 28, }
What is the cardinality of set A?
A. 13 C. 16
B. 15 D. 17
Sample Problem:
Let A = {1, A, B, 5, 1}
What is the cardinality of the power set of A?
A. 13 C. 16
B. 15 D. 17
Sample Problem:
How many subsets can be made from a set with 4
elements?
A. 12 C. 16
B. 15 D. 17
Sample Problem:
How many proper subsets can be made from a set with 4
elements?
A. 12 C. 16
B. 15 D. 17
Sample Problem:
A survey of 100 persons revealed that 72 of them had
eaten at restaurant P and that 52 of them had eaten at
restaurant Q. Which of the following could be the number
of persons in the surveyed group who had eaten at both P
and Q?
A. 20 C. 24
B. 22 D. 26
 Functions

A function is a relationship between two variables such that

to each value of the independent variable there
corresponds exactly one value of the dependent variable
 ODD AND EVEN FUNCTION
A function given by y = f(x) is:

Even function, if f(-x) = f(x)

Odd function, if f(-x) = f(x)
Else, it is neither odd nor even.
Sample Problem:
The function f(x) = x5 + 4x2 1 is an ____ function.
A. odd C. both even and odd
B. even D. not even or odd
Sample Problem:
Which of the following is an even function?
A. sin x C. tan x
B. cos x D. all of the above
Sample Problem:
The function y = x/(x^2 1) is an _____ function.
A. odd C. both even and odd
B. even D. not even or odd
Sample Problem:
The function y = x/(1 2^x) x/2 is an:
A. odd C. both even and odd
B. even D. not even or odd
 Composition of function
A composite function is a combination of two or
more functions in which the output of any of the given
functions is used as input of the other function.

Examples:
f(g(x)) read as f of g of x
(gh)(x) read as g of h of x
hg(x) read as h of g of x
Sample Problem:
Let f and g be the functions from the set of integers to the
set of integers defined by f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = -x2 +
5. What is the composition of g of f?
A. -3x2 + 14 C. -4x2 12x 4
B. -3x2 14 D. -4x2 + 12x 4
Sample Problem:
Let f and g be the functions from the set of integers to the
set of integers defined by f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = -x2 +
5. What is f(f(g(x)))?
 inverse of a function
To find the inverse of a function expressed as an
equation, simply interchange x and y, and express y in
the resulting equation in terms of x.
Sample Problem:
Find the inverse g-1(x) of the function g(x)=(x-3).
A. y2 + 3 C. y2 3
B. x2 + 3 D. x2 3
Sample Problem:
Find h-1(x) of the function h(x) = (x + 4)/(2x 5)
A. (4x + 5)/(2x 1) C. (4x + 5)/(2 x)
B. (4 + 5x)/(2 x) D. (4 + 5x)/(2x 1)
 Domain and range
The Domain of a function is the set of all possible x-values
which will make the function "work", and will output real y-
values.

When finding the domain, remember:

The denominator of a rational function cannot be zero.
The number under a square root sign must be whole nos.
 Domain and range
The Range of a function is the complete set of all possible
resulting values of the dependent variable (usually y),
after substituting the domain.
Sample Problem:
The domain of definition of the function f(x)= is
A. (0, ) C. (-, 0)
B. [0, ) D. (-, 0]
Sample Problem:
The domain of the function f(x)=(x-1)+(6-x) is
A. [0, ) C. [1, 6]
B. (-, 6) D. None of these.
Sample Problem:
Find the range of the function y=(x+4).
A. (0, ) C. (0, ]
B. [0, ] D. [0, )
Sample Problem:
Find the domain of the function (x+2)/(x^2-9)
A. (-2, 3)(3, ) C. (-2, )
B. [-2, 3) (3, ] D. [-2, 3) (3, )
THANK YOU!