Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Following tools are commonly used in the stone masonry and stone dressing
:-
a) Spade, b) Pick axe, c) Spall hammer, d) Kassi or Phawrah, e) Iron Pan,
f) Rammer, g) Punch, h) Gad, i) Square, j) Scrabbling hammer.
Fig. 1) and Fig 2) shows tools for stone masonry and stone dressing.
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Fig. (1) Tools and plants used in stone masonry.
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Various Tools For Excavation: -
1. Bulldozers.
2. Drag lines.
3. JCB.
4. Graders.
5. Scrapers
6. Power shovel.
Some of the instruments are explained in following sections.
.
1) BULLDOZERS:-
Bulldozers are the cheapest and first choice for excavating and
moving earth upto 100 m. These are either crawler or wheel type.
Bulldozers can be used for following purposes.
1) It is used for excavating the materials and spread or dumping to the specific
area. It is mainly used for leveling and clearing of ground
2) It is used for shallow excavation up to 30cm.
3) It is used for clearing small trees and shrubs
4) For backfilling of trenches
5) Spreading the earth fill
6) Acting as a pushing or towing tractor
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Fig. (10) A typical section of JCB.
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A typical
section of
Dragline
(Excavator machine).
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4) POWER SHOWEL :-
1) power showel is used for excavating and loading operations.
2) they are suitable for all type of earth which should not be return
3) the power showel conmsist of mounting cabin,boom, dipper sick,hoist etc. they
can be truck mounted or truck mounted.
5) GRADER:-
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the compaction of dry lean concrete. Mainly for construction of dams and
pavements.
2) kneaders:-
1) the soil is kneaded by applying a pressure. the sheep footed roller is used for
the compaction purpose.
3) rammer :-
1) soil is compacted by pounding action examples are hand tamper, mechanical
rammer, vibratory roller.
Quality control method that does not damage or destroy the material or
product being tested.
Performed on a finished item instead of on a material sample, it uses
infrared radiation, radiography, ultrasound, x-rays, and other techniques to detect
fatigue effects, structural flaws, and other such defects.
it is a best method for evaluation of existing concrete structures with regard
to their strength and durability.
common NDT instruments used are
1) ultrasonic pulse velocity
2) rebound hammer
3) spectrophotometer.
1) ULTRASONIC TESTING
2) the advantage of this method is that the pulse passes through the complete
thickness of the concrete so that significant defects can be detected.
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6) Measurement of layer thickness and elastic modulus
2) SPECTROPHOTOMETER
spectrophotometer are kept and studied in the environmental
engineering lab.
Instrument used to measure the intensity of wavelengths in a spectrum
of light compared with the intensity of light from a standard source.
II Device for measuring the brightness of the various portions of
spectra.
Principle:
Light Intensity Change : By Absorbance or Transmittance
Quantity : Using Absorbance
Use:
To determine the intensity of transmitted light
To Determine the absorbance or transmittance
Used in dyes industry
To determine colour impurities in water
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3) REBOUND HAMMER :-
this method employs the principle which measures the height of
the rebound of the stand hammer when it strikes the surface under the test. the
correlation is obtain between the surface hardness to the height of the hammer.
STRAIN GAUGES:
Applications:
The strain guages find application in following areas :
1) Experimental stress analysis
2) Load cells
3) Torque meters
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4) Diaphragm type pressure gauges
5) Accelerometers
6) Flow meters
7) Temperature sensors
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Fig :- strain guage
SCADA SYSTEM.
(Automatic controlling of all the utilities using remote control device).
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To monitor and store data on operation of pumps such as Voltage,
amperes, energy consumed, operating times and down times of
pumps
To measure and record chlorine residuals and generate alarms at
thresh hold values of residual chlorine in the distribution systems.
Working of SCADA
The SCADA works at the application layer i.e. the layer at which the
end user or operator/supervisor interfaces to the process controller and I/O
devices.
The SCADA system includes the basic blocks such as :
Input output signal hardware or instrumentation,
The process controller.
The HMI software and display.
Network communication.
Process database and
Controller interface hardware and software.
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Fig. shows the functional block diagram of SCADA system.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
It is defined in the report of the 1987 world commission on
environment and development, our common future as development which meets
the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to
meet their own needs.
Sustainable development simply means development that
genuinely sustains and improves economic, social and environmental well being
with no major trade off, locally and globally, now and in the future.
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Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation
Recycling of waste material
Maximum utilization of eco-friendly material or natural material which are
available locally. Sustainable design and green architecture.
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LEED Certification
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