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    pembentukan karakter nasional

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    NationalCharacter_Facet5

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    pembentukan karakter nasional

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    14 views5 pages

    NationalCharacter Facet5

    Uploaded by

    Bahtiar Fajri
    pembentukan karakter nasional

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 5

    CONTROL

    NATIONALCHARACTER LargelyaconscientiousnessfactorsloadingonDisciplineand
    ITCCONFERENCE Prudence.CreativityandDisinhibitionlinktothelowendofthis
    LIVERPOOLUK1316JULY2008 scale.
    NORMANBUCKLEY no rma nb@ redfiel dco nsul ti ng.co m
    Co piesofthispa pera ndslidesareavaila blefrom the EMOTIONALITY
    author
    SimilartoclassicNeuroticismbutmorebroadlydefinedinline
    TheconceptofNationalCharacterhasbeenofhugeinterestfor withconceptsofselfworth,selfesteemandJudgesconstructof
    generations.Fromliteraturetopoppsychologyandthroughto CoreSelfEvaluation.Thehighendisreactiveandintensewhile
    learnedresearchpeoplehavestruggledtodeterminewhether thelowendisstableandselfassured.
    thereissuchathingandifthereisthenwhatdoesitmean?Isit
    helpfulordoesitdolittlemorethanstrengthenprejudiceand AlthoughFacet5alsocontains13subfactors(facets)all
    justifyactionswhichcanextendasfarasgenocide(Rwanda)or calculationswerecarriedoutatthemainfactorlevel.
    war.ItisbeyondthispapertodeterminetheoriginsofNational
    CharacterorAggregatePersonality(atermusedforexamplein SAMPLE
    1
    McRaeandTerraccianossignificant2005paper )orevenModal
    2
    PersonalityasdescribedbyInkeles .Norisitourintentionto Weextractedapproximately50000casesfromourdatabasede
    explorethepossibilityofdifferentpersonalitystructuresin identifyingthembutretainingotherdemographicdataincluding
    3
    differentcultures.FannyCheung inHongKonghasexplained thecompletionlanguageandthelocation.Aftercleaningand
    thisverywellashaveothersintheNetherlandsandHungary.Our selectingforsamplesizewehaddatafrom22countries.Structural
    intentionwastodeterminewhether,usingacommonmeasure equivalenceforthesedifferentlanguageversionswasestablished
    availableinmultiplelanguages,wecouldidentifymeaningful previously.Thisanalysisusedrawscorestoavoidlossofvariance
    differencesinfactorsaturationandtoseewhethertheycanhelp duetostandardization.
    explainthewaywelive.
    ANALYSIS
    MEASURES
    A1wayANOVAofthedatashowedsignificantdifferencesacross
    OurpersonalityinstrumentwasFacet5.Facet5isa5factormodel everyfactoralthoughatestofeffectsize(Eta2)showedthatthe
    with13subfactorsfirstpublishedinJanuary1990.Facet5isweb differencesforAffection,ControlandEmotionalitywerethe
    basedandavailablein29languages.Ithasprovenpopularwith strongest.
    globalorganisationsbecauseofitspracticaldesignand
    application.TheFacet5factorsare: MEANDIFFERENCES

    WILL Themeandifferencesacrossthesefactorswere:

    CharacteristicsincludeDominance,Assertivenessand
    nd WILL
    Independence.Itissimilartothe16PF2 orderFactorof
    Independence.SuchaCharactercanalsobeStubborn,
    Germany,HollandandtheUSareattheDominant,Assertiveand
    ArgumentativeandAuthoritarian.
    Independentend.HongKong,JapanandKoreacomeoutasmore
    AccommodatingandDemocratic.
    ThescalesarebipolarsotheoppositecharacterisFlexible,
    AccommodatingandDemocratic.
    ENERGY
    ENERGY
    HereNorwayandIrelandleadthepackofexuberantfunlovers
    justaheadofNetherlands,UK,BrazilandAustralia.TheAsiantrio
    ThisissimilartothegeneralinterpretationofExtraversionas
    ofHK,SingaporeandKoreaaremuchmorereservedandprivate.
    beingEnthusiastic,Sociable,Adaptable.Introvertsaretherefore
    NotethatChinamovestothecentreofthegroup.
    Quiet,PrivateandDiscreet.

    AFFECTION AFFECTION

    ChinanowmovestothetopwithIreland,AustraliaandCanada
    ThisalignswiththenongelementsofOpennessandtheconcepts
    closebehind.Theyallcomeoutasaltruistic,helpfulandtrusting.
    ofAltruism,SupportandTrust.TheoppositepoleisTaskOriented,
    Thetough,pragmaticgroupincludetheHungarians,Dutchand
    Critical,Sceptical.ItcanalsobelinkedtoaPeoplevsTask
    Germans.Thesedifferencesaresignificantandarethoughttobe
    orientation.
    ofmoderateimportance(Eta2).
    ITCConference1316July2008LiverpoolUK Page1

    NationalCharacter
    BrazilandGreeceshowsimilaritiesasdoHongKongandKorea.
    CONTROL
    Andsothesteadyagglomerationofcountriesgoeson.Indiaand
    ControlhasthelargestrangewithIndia,GreeceandMalaysiaas Malaysiaaremorelikeeachotherthantheyarelikeanybodyelse.
    themostconservativeandprudentandwithAustraliafollowing LastonesthroughthegatearetheJapanese.SowhenaJapanese
    upandtakingitsAsianresponsibilitiesseriously. saysweredifferenthemayberight.Theyshareourcommon
    personalityconstructsbuttheyputthemtogetherinaunique
    ScandinaviansareallmorefreespiritedalongwithGermanyand way.
    Japanandpreparedtoobjectonprincipleiftoldtodosomething.
    Theywillalwaysquestionandchallengetherules.TheDutchon SNAPSHOTS
    theotherhanddonotknowthereareanyrules.Nowthe
    inclusionofJapanatthelowendmayraisesomeeyebrows.Itdid InFacet5wehaveaconvenientwayofdisplayinggroupdatathat
    forme.SurelythestereotypeofJapanisofaregimented, wecallaSnapshot.ASnapshotreducesanoverallprofiletoa
    conservativeandruleboundplace.Butnotsosaythosewho singledatapointandhelpstoshowtrendsandpatternsingroups.
    workinandwithJapanesecompanies.Apparentlytheyare
    knowntostickrigidlytotherulestheylike,andtoignorethose FromthisSnapshotthesimilaritybetweenGermanyand
    thatareabitinconvenient! Netherlandsisobvious.SameforAustraliaandIrelandandNew
    ZealandandtheUK.ButhowcomeJapanisntgroupedinwith
    Controlhasthelargesteffectsizesoiftherearebehavioural thosetwo?Theylooksimilar.ItsbecauseaSnapshotusesonly
    differencesyouwouldexpecttofindthemhere.Sowhichcountry fourofthefivefactors.Emotionalityisleftout.Itsthis
    wasitthatfeltinclined,inthespiritoftoleranceandfreedomto dimensionthatmovesJapanawayfromtheothertwo.
    allowahippycommunetoestablishitselfinthemiddleofits
    capitalandtocontinuetoexistrelativelyunmolested.Delhi?
    CONVERGENTVALIDITY
    Athens?KualaLumpur,Canberra?Idontthinkso.Copenhagen?
    Noproblem.
    Convergentvalidityreferstothedegreetowhichourdatais
    Andwhichcountryhadtheideatoreducetrafficaccidentsnotby similartootherresearchfindings.Totestthispartwecollected
    morerulesbutbyremovingalltherulescompletely?Australia? freelyavailablenationaldatafor7measures:
    Yourejoking.Wehaverulesaboutrules.Netherlandscomeon
    down.WelcometoMakkingainWesternFrisia.Nowothersmall ROSENBERGSSELFESTEEMINDEX
    townsaretryingitbutwhichcountrywasitthatthoughtthiswas
    suchabrilliantideathattheyimplementeditinBohmtewithits Rosenberg4createda12itemmeasuretoevaluatefeelingsofself
    13,500inhabitants?WelldoneGermany.Itfitsneatlywiththe worthwhichhasbeenusedextensivelyinglobalresearch.Asa
    philosophyofunrestrictedautobahns. resultdatawasavailableformostofourcountries.Wewould
    expectittorelatetoEmotionalitysincethisembodiesasenseof
    EMOTIONALITY selfworth.Anditdoes.Thecorrelationof0.68suggeststhat
    lowerlevelsofEmotionalitylinkstoagreaterSelfEsteem.
    Themostselfassuredandconfidentnationsappeartobethe HoweverwealsohadcontributionsfromWillandEnergy
    Dutch,NorwegiansandGermanswiththeAustraliansandIrishnot indicatingthatDetermined,Outgoingandconfidentcountries
    farbehind.Theyallhaveanoticeableassuredness.Butcouldthis haveaprettygoodimpressionofthemselves.Germany,theUS
    spilloverintosmugselfsatisfaction?Wellitcouldifyouare andtheNetherlandsmeetthispicture.ConverselyHongKong,
    Korean,JapaneseorfromHongKong.OrevenHungarian, KoreaandJapanaremoreselfdoubting.
    BrazilianandLithuanian.Allthesearelessselfsatisfied.Sowhen
    AustraliatellsJapanthatitmuststopwhaling(eatingwhalemeat
    ENGAGEMENT
    isthoughttodatetotheJomonPeriod80003000BCsoits
    hardlyanewidea.)weseetheirreluctanceasunreasonableand
    Theconceptofcorporateengagementisrapidlygainingcurrency
    theirresponseasoverreaction.Coulditbeuswhohavefailedto
    asitslinktohardmeasuressuchasstaffturnoverandprofitis
    seetheimportanceoftheissuetoamoreEmotionalcountry? 5
    demonstrated.HewittAssociates defineEngagementasThe
    stateinwhichindividualsareemotionallyandintellectually
    SIMILARCOUNTRIES committedtotheorganisationorgroup.Wefoundmodestlinks
    toFacet5,moststronglyforControlbutalsoforAffection.A
    Tocheckforcountriesthatarebehaviourally/culturallysimilarwe largersampleisneededtoconfirmthisbuttheimplicationisclear.
    performedasimplehierarchicalclusteranalysisacrossthefive Countrieswithastrongersenseofsocialjustice(Affectionand
    factors.YoucanseethatquickasaflashitfoundtheUKandNZ Controltogether)aremorelikelytofeelmoreengaged.Theyare
    tobeneatlytwinned.Theyareverysimilarinstylewhichgiven morelikelytoSaygoodthingsabouttheiremployer,Staylonger
    theancestryofmuchofNZmaynotbesurprising.Australiaand andStrivetodobetter.
    Irelandshowalikeprofilesagainreflectingearlymigration
    patterns.AustraliareceivedalargeproportionofBritains
    unwantedIrishpoliticalprisoners(andcriminals).

    ITCConference1316July2008LiverpoolUK Page2
    NationalCharacter
    NotsurewherethisleavestheGreeks.Istherealatenthigh
    HOFSTEDESCULTUREMEASURES
    technologyindustryhere?Perhapsotherfactorswillkickinto
    GertHofsted6isfrequentlyquotedintherealmofNational preventit.
    Character.BuildingonoriginalworkinIBMheidentifiedfive
    culturaldimensionswhichareusedtodescribethewayacountry LONGTERMORIENTATION
    goesaboutitsbusiness.
    MostAsiancountries(China,Japan,HongKong)arethoughtto
    takealongtermviewofthingswhereascountrieslikeNorway,
    POWERDISTANCE
    theUK,GermanyandAustraliatendtoseethingsmoreurgently.
    Thisrelatedtonotonlytheequalityofdistributionofpowerina ThisislinkedtolowWill,lowEnergyandhighEmotionality.Such
    countrybutalsotoitsimplicitacceptancebythepopulace.Itleads countriesprefertotaketimeoverdecisionsratherthanjumpin
    toanElitistsocietyasopposedtoamoreEgalitarianone. andareslowertoadoptradicalchange.TheEmotionalityalso
    MalaysiansandChineseshowthisstronglywhereastheDutchand addsalevelofcautionandhesitancytotheirbusinessprocess.
    NorwegiansaremoreEgalitarian.ThecombinationofControl
    withlowEnergy(Introversion)andhighEmotionalitycontributes SOCIOECONOMICMEASURES
    toanElitistview.
    SofarweseethattheresultsoftheFacet5dataareinkeeping
    INDIVIDUALVSCOLLECTIVE withothermeasuresofpsychologicalconstructs.Itprovidesa
    formofConstructValiditybutdoeslittletoexplaintherelevance
    HofstedeshowstheUS,AustraliaandtheUKtobethemost totherealworld.Todothiswewenttorelativelyhardsocio
    Individualisticofcountries.Insuchcountriesitseverypersonfor economicmeasures.Wechosefive:
    themselves.Singapore,HongKongandMalaysiaaremore
    Collective.HighWill,highEnergyandlowEmotionalitycontribute
    GINI
    tothisIndividualisticoutlook.
    TheGINIratio(CorradoGini18841965)isameasureofthe
    7
    MASCULINEVSFEMININE equalityofdistributionofwealthinacountry.TheGINIindex is
    theGINIratioexpressedasapercentagewithlowscores
    InJapanandHungarytheytendtobelievethatsocietyrolesare indicatingamoreevendistribution,highscoresanunequal
    genderspecifici.e.therearejobsthatblokesdoandjobsthat distribution.
    shielasdo!InNorwayandDenmarkitismuchmoreevenly
    spread.WedonthavestrongFacet5linksforthisdimension.The ThespreadofwealthinacountryappearstoberelatedtoWill,
    onlysignificantlinkwasforEmotionality.Oneknown Energy,ControlandEmotionality.Allcontribute.Countriesthat
    characteristicofhighEmotionalityisatendencytosticktowhat aremoreprocessoriented,modestandlessselfassuredaremore
    theyknowandtoavoidtheriskassociatedwithchange.However likelytohavegreaterinequality.SoinBrazil,HongKong,China,
    ifthereisaglobalshiftfromgenderspecifictonongenderspecific MalaysiaandtheUStherichareveryrichandthepoorverypoor.
    rolesthenthelevelofEmotionalitywouldbelikelytoinfluence InDenmark,Netherlands,GermanyandNorway,countrieswhich
    therateofthischangeratherthanthechangeitself.Perhapsthe aremoreassertive,independent,confidentandfreespirited,
    HofstedenumbersforourhighEmotionalitycountriesshouldbe wealthismoreevenlyspread.Youmightarguethattheseplaces
    reexaminedintheyearstocome. aremoreegalitarianandlibertarianandforalongtimehavehad
    strongsocialistgovernments.Itwillbeinterestingtoseewhere
    Swedenfallsonourlist.
    UNCERTAINTYAVOIDANCE

    Thisisthedegreetowhichpeopleacceptcomplexityand HUMANDEVELOPMENTINDEX(HDI)
    ambiguityintheirlives.Countrieswhichareintolerantof
    uncertainty(Greece,JapanandKorea)liketohavesimple,self TheHDI8isanindexthatcombinesmeasuresoflifeexpectancy,
    evidenttruths. literacy,educationalattainment,andGDPpercapita.Itshouldbe
    notedthattwoofthesemeasures(GDPpercapitaandLife
    Tolerantcountries(Singapore,Denmark,HongKong)acceptthat Expectancy)arecalculatedseparatelywhichmeansthattherewill
    theworldisacomplicatedplaceandyoucantexpecttoomuch beanelementofredundancyinthismeasure.
    clarity.
    OurdatasuggeststhatthemaindriverforthisislowControl.
    ItappearstobelinkedtoacombinationoflowAffectionandhigh Countriesthatarelessrestrictiveandmoresupportiveof
    Emotionality.WeknowthatlowAffectionlikesthingstobeclear individualfreedomputmoreeffortintohumandevelopment.So
    cut(asopposedtoatendencyofhighAffectiontobesomewhat India,ChinaandBrazilgotothebottomofthelistwhileNorway,
    muddleheaded).Whenweaddintheresistancetochange CanadaandIrelandgotothetop.
    associatedwithhighEmotionalitythisintolerancebecomesa
    searchforaccuracyandprecision.CouldthisbewhyJapanand
    Koreafrequentlywinawardsforqualityintechnology.

    ITCConference1316July2008LiverpoolUK Page3
    NationalCharacter
    toohardandbeatthemselvesupaboutit.OfcourseinIndias
    PRESSFREEDOM
    casetheremighteasilybesomesignificanteconomic,nutritional
    ReportersWithoutBorders9isanactiveprofessionalbody andhealthissuestoconsider.
    dedicatedtothedefenseandmonitoringoffreespeecharound
    theworld.Theyproduceanindexforeachcountrybyasking SUMMARY
    correspondents,journalists,researchers,juristsandhumanrights
    activists,tocompletea52itemquestionnaireaboutthestateof Thisstudywaspromptedbyasteadystreamofenquiriesfrom
    pressfreedomintheircountry.Thereare167countriesinthe clients.Theywantedtoknowwhatdifferenceswefoundworking
    surveyandtheresultsproducevaluesrangingfrom0.5(placeslike withdifferentnationalities.Thereweretworeasonsforthe
    Denmark,Netherland,IrelandandNorway)to107forNorth question.Thefirstwasfromorganisationsthatwantedtoknow
    nd th st
    Korea.TheUSAranks22 ,theUK28 andAustralia41 .The howtheyshouldapproachaparticularmarket.Werethe
    lowerthevalue,thefreerthepress. differencessufficienttowarrantadifferentstrategy?Thesecond
    (muchmorecommonone)wasfrompeopleworkingwithmulti
    ControlisthestrongestcontributortothisindexbutEnergycomes culturalteams.SoaMalaysianshippingcompanywouldhave
    close.China,Singapore,IndiaandMalaysiaareallrestrictiveand Americans,British,Dutch,SingaporeChineseandMalaysworking
    managetheirpressclosely.Denmark,NorwayandNetherlands together.AndtheSingaporeansallseemedtohavelowWill.So
    areveryfree.ThiscouldexplainwhyaDanishpaper(Jyllands whatdowedo?
    Posten)askedagroupofDanishcartooniststodrawtheProphet
    Mohammedastheysawhim.Theythenhadnohesitationabout Toanswerthefirstone,theredoseemtobesomedifferent
    publishingthewittycontributions. NationalCharactersandtheANOVAsuggeststhesedifferences
    arereal.ThebiggestdifferenceswereonControland
    Itmightalsoexplainwhy,whenthepaper(andthecartoonists) Emotionality.Ofthe12measureswechoseControlwasrelated
    wereattackedfortheireffortsitwastheDutchwhowereamong to7.Emotionalitywasrelatedto7andEnergyto5.Willwas
    thefirsttoleaptotheDanesdefense.Anditwastheywhore relatedto4andAffectionto2.
    publishedthecartoonstoprovethattheycouldntbepushed
    aroundandwouldnotbowtopressure. Soifyouaretryingtobuildabusinessinaforeignclimethese
    countrydifferencesaresignificantandsomeareimportant.You
    cannotopenapaperwithoutseeingreferencetotheemerging
    GDPPERCAPITA 10
    economiesofChinaandIndia.Punditstellustheyarethesource
    offutureworlddevelopmentandpossiblythesavioursofthe
    Thismeasureisverywidelyusedandunderstoodevenifnot
    westerneconomies.Soweneedstrategiestoapproachthemand
    everyoneagreesaboutwhatitmeansorwhetheritstandsasa
    theyneedtobestrategiesthatareappropriate.Thetypical
    measureofhappiness.Itisameasureofacountryswealth.So
    WesternEuropeanwayistochargeinwithadealthatcantbe
    whoaretherichguys?Andwhy?
    refused.TheUSputsadealonthetablebutwrapsitupinabit
    OurresultsshowedasingleclearlinktolowControl.Countries moreprocessandregulation.Meanwhileoursavioursneed
    suchasNorway,theUSandIrelandareallverywealthycompared moreconsultation,moreconsiderationandalessinyourface
    toIndia,China,BulgariaandBrazil.Theyarealso,mostly,more style.InChinascasewealsoneedtoshowrespectforthepeople
    freethinkingandcreative.Emotionalitycomesclosesuggesting involvedandtaketimetogettoknowthem.Bothhavemore
    thatselfassurednessmayalsobeacontributortoeconomic ControlthanalotofEuropeancountriessowillwantmore
    performance. assurance,referencesandhistory.Theyvaluetraditionandthis
    shouldnotbeignored.
    Asthechartshowstherearesomebigresidualsaswell.TheUSis
    thewealthiestcountrybutitisactuallysomewhathigheron OnthisbasistheUKisprobablybetterequippedtoworkwith
    Control.NetherlandsisverylowControlbutitisnotaswealthyas IndiaandChina(althoughtherecouldbeanelementofshort
    Denmark,NorwayorHongKong. termismfromlowControl)thanassertiveanddominantGermany.
    TheUSisprettywellsetbutneedstolearnpatienceandhumility.
    Australiaisactuallyquitecomfortablesharingaconservative
    LIFEEXPECTANCY 11 approachwithanemphasisonfairness.Itmustavoidprojecting
    toomuchofasmugselfsatisfiedmanner.Ohanditreally
    Sowholivesthelongest?JapanslongevityislegendarybutHong
    wouldhelptolearnMandarin.
    Kongsissimilar.LesswellknownisAustraliaatNo.3withCanada
    closebehind. Thesecondquestionisdifferent.Whatdoyoudowithamulti
    culturalteam?LetsrememberourANOVA.Wevelookedatthe
    AgainlowControlseemstocontributegenerallybutAustralia
    WithinGroupSSandtheBetweenGroupSSandwiththehelpof
    messesitupabitbybeingquitehighControl.Itsthemultipler
    SPSSdeclaredthattheresenoughheretosayheytheyre
    thatgivesthegameaway.Theregressionequation,while
    different.WeveevenropedintheCohenstohelpussayand
    weightinglowControlheavily,alsofactorsinabitoflowWill,abit
    someofthesedifferencesareimportant!Butletsnotlosesight
    oflowEmotionalityandabitofhighAffection.Putittogetherand
    ofthefactthattheWithinGroupSSisstillwaybiggerthanthe
    yougetafairlyeasygoing,selfeffacingandrelaxedgroup.And
    BetweenGroupSS.Thedifferencebetweenindividualsismuch
    thisconvertstolongerlife.TheIndians,Bulgarians,Brazilianstry
    ITCConference1316July2008LiverpoolUK Page4
    NationalCharacter
    biggerthanthedifferencebetweenCountries.SoashyChinese
    personisstillshyeventhoughhesChinese.Andswitchingthe
    normsdoesntmakehimlessso.AbelligerentDutchmanisstill
    belligerentandswitchingthenormsisntgoingtochangethat.So
    formulticulturalgroupsitishowtheycomparetoeachother
    thanmatters,nothowtheycomparetothepeopleintheirvillage,
    townorcountry.

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    ITCConference1316July2008LiverpoolUK Page5

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