PHILIPPINE ISLAM AND PRE-COLONIAL BORNEO was given to the Sulus,
RELATIONS beginning of their historical right over
- Began w/ the arrival of Arab merchants and Sabah. Sufis that belong to the Makhdumin section - CHANGE IN POLITICAL LANDSCAPE: in the Sulu Archipelago (13th Cent). when Malays under the Madjapahit began - MakhduminsSuhrawardis from Baghdad; to emigrate from the Malay Peninsula to founded by Shihabud Din Suhrawardi. Manilaformation of Malay settlements in - TUAN MASHAIKA: first to arrive Luzon. Makhdum Karim Makhdum Aminullah - ADVENT OF SPANISH COLONIALISM: - Makhdumin: composed of 7 BROTHERS quasi-trilateral alliance with Brunei who had a faith-based relationship. TEMPORAL POWER. EVIDENCE: sending - RAJAH BAGUINDA and ABU BAKR: set of military vintas to Manila by Brunei to help the stage of SULU ISLAMIZATION the perps of the TONDO CONSPIRACY in - ABU BAKR: first sultan of Sulu Shariful routing the Spaniards. Was not a success. Hashim, spread Islam in Maguindanao, first - Raids characterized the Moro-Hispanic sultan of Maguindanao. War. - SULTANATE: first Islamic pol. institution in - SIX STAGES OF MORO WARS the PH; in BUANSA, JOLO. o Arrival of Legaspi and ransacking of - Sultans had TREATY RELATIONS w/ their Brunei Spanish forces Asian neighbors + British, French, and o Spanish attempts to make Sulu and Americans. Maguindanao vassals of Spain - Sultans in Maguindanao were responsible o Moro raids along the coastlines of for furthering Islam in Mindanao and Visayas and Luzon thwarting SPANISH INCURSION o Spanish fortification of Zamboanga SULTAN KUDARAT. o Re-fortification of Zamboanga by - Before the Sultanates, there were already Spaniards relations with Brunei and Chinatrade and o Spanish assault on Sulu commerce + marriage. - MORO WARS: represented a logical - Intermarriages in BRUNEI, SULU, MANILA, impulse as an inevitable response to AND CHINA. foreign aggression - SULTAN BULKEIAH with PUTRI LELA - Moros were left alone in defending the last MEN CHANEI; frontier of Islam is SEA. Absence of - Commercial contact w/ ChinaPADUKE ISLAMIC SOLIDARITY. PATALA: generation grandson of Philippine o Geographical distance East King. o Islamic world was in disarray due to - FORT OF SELALILAbuilt by grandpa of dissolution of Abbasid Caliphateno Sulayman, Selalila. single center of power in the world of o Became the life blood of early Islam Muslim settlements of Manila - SULU ZONE: SULU, BORNEO, o Served as a watchtower on inner MINDANAO, CELEBES. settlements of Kingdom of Sapa, - Height of trade and navigation, quasi- Pasig, Tunduk. regional trade area BRUNEI-SULU-MANILA ALLIANCE - Included a loosely integrated political - Rise of Sulu did not begin with the system that encouraged trade to flourish establishment of the Sultanatewas first from the 18th century to the 189th century. facilitated by early contact of Sulu with - Restrengthened relations between Sulu in Bruneiconversion of Madjapahits Rajah China after a fallout for about 300 years. to Islam Malaccan Empire - Inter and intra-island commercial activities - Commercial, cultural, familial ties, political also evolved from the coast of Borneo, Jolo and military alliances were formed and Maguindanao. assistance of Sulu to Bruneis Sultan, - JOLO-MANILA tradehalf a century worth helped quell a rebellion. NORTH of trade efforts strengthened by the establishment of LABUAN-JOLO - Non-committal attitude was caused by the ENTREPOT TRADE + founding of HISTORICAL ANTAGONISM bet MOROS Singapore = SINGAPORE-JOLO-MANILA AND INDIOS since the Spanish occupation. trade. JOLO as EMBARKING CENTER by o Sultan doubted the stamina of Chinese and Malays to and from Singapore Filipinos in waging war against U.S. and Manila. o Letters were presumptuous. - TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP between - US also cut down Moro contacts w/ Islamic RAJAH SULAYMAN AND MARTIN DE Powers. EVIDENCE: STRAUS (minister to GOITI. Turkey) said that the Sultan of Turkey o Premised on the condition that wishes that the Moslems in PH does not Sulayman was pleased to be the engage in war with the US, nor side w/ friend of Spaniards as long as there insurgents. are no abuses and their honor was - JOHN BATES vs. SULTAN: sultan said that not touched. he and his men could not understand how - H. DELA COSTA1737 PEACE TREATY the Americans had any claim to sov. over between SULU AND SPAIN: one between sulu or how it was possible for Spain to sell two sovereign and independent states, or cede their territory without their each recognized as such by the other. knowledge, but Sultan of Jolo conceded to - Sultanates were rendered insignificant by due superior weapons of American soldiers. the 19th until the 20th century due to the o SIGNING OF BATES TREATY: development of armaments and forced recognition of U.S. steamboats by the west. Sovereignty. - CARPENTER AGREEMENT: between - US wanted to penetrate Mindanao by Jamalul Kiram II and Frank Carpenter contacting the Chinese population in sovereignty of US in the Sulu Archipelago. Cotabato - Confluence of external pressures and o PETITION TO THE PROVOST- internal crisiswithering of influence in MASHAL-GENERAL IN THE external trade and commerce. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS PAX AMERICANA - Bates treaty was abrogated U.S. wanted - Cuba rebellion against Spain became the to rule the Moros under a provincial grand justification for America to control the governor who was responsible to the civil PH. governer and the PH commission. - Ottoman Empire as forerunner of Islamic o GENERAL LEONARD WOOD caliphate was also rendered insignificant instituted legislative, administrative, due to the falling to Europe, which then and judicial organizations; ROUGH acted as centrifugal force in the Islamic RIDER POLICY; launched extensive world. military operations against Moro - FRANCE, BRITAIN, AND US began to resistance: BATTLE OF BUD DAJO control major continents More access to o GENERAL TASKER BLISS natural resources and boosted their VELVET GLOVE POLICY, economic interest peacemaker though did not rule out - TREATY OF PARISBENEVOLENT the use of military force; succeeded ASSIMILATIONselling, buying a country in recruiting Moros into PH and a people that Spain did not possess constabulary and used them to (Corpuz). Distinctness, struggle, law and discipline fellow Muslims customs did not matter to the U.S. o JOHN PEARSHINGlay down a - US tried to neutralize the moros. Emilio framework of civil governance and Aguinaldo attempted to form an alliance economic development, although with them, by Kiram II did not respond, problems of peace and order happened again w/ his brother. remained. BATTLE OF BUD BAGSAK. - Moros began to be attracted by US policies FILIPINIZATION - People to people contact of Filipino - WOODROW WILSON as president, Muslims to the Islamic community around American policy in the PH changed; geared the world did not cease towards the ultimate independence of the o Arrival of Arabia, Bokhara, and Islands. Afghanistan to Cotabato o FILS were given majority control in o Setting up of pandita schools the PH COMMISSION supported by WOOD and BLISS, but o Policy of FILIPINIZATION (Frank not PEARSHING. Carpenter) to bring Moros and other o NAJEEB SALEEBY: first school ethnic groups in Mindanao under a superintendent of the Moro single government. Provincerecommended the o MORO PROVINCE teacher of Islam and Arabic DEPARTMENT OF MINDANAO language in Mindanao and Sulu. AND SULU - Spread of islam in Mindanao: RELIGIOUS o Received w/ enthusiasm by the PH MISSIONS by MOHAMMED WAJIH, COMMISSION. SHEIK MUSTAFA AHMAD, SHEIK - Worked more in favor of the AMS than the ABDURRAHIM ABDULLA, SHEIK ALI FILS. spread the Mohammedan Faith - Muslims liked the Americans, so when the - 1926: Establishment of MUSLIM admin of their affairs would be relinquished ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES to the PH LEGISLATURE, they reacted (MUSAPHIL)became the most influential negatively. Wanted to be under AMS than Muslim ORG in PH; founded by MAULANA FILS if they could not govern themselves. ABDUL ALEEM SIDDIQUE AL QADERI. - ROBERT BACON: created a bill w/ 2 PH o Organized Islamic schools GOVERNMENTSone in LUZVI and in o FIL-MUSLIM ORGS MINDA and SULU. o MADRASAH schools o Complete union of FILS AND - Teaching of Islam in MADARIS invited MOROS is distasteful to the latter Muslim missionaries abroad to come to the due to bitter racial and religious PH. hatreds. - Subsequently, Muslims from Mindanao - Anti-Muslim Filipinos and Aguinaldo said began to flock as pilgrims to the Middle that to reverse the Filipinization bill is a East; Muslims youth began to study in Al- matter of justice and it hurts the Filipino Azhar University and other schools. feelings. PHILIPPINE DIPLOMACY IN THE ISLAMIC - Non-identification of the Moros w/ the PH WORLD govt resulted in difficult Moro-Fil relations - After WWII, PH had to identify with the US. since 1935. PH deprioritized her peripheral interests. - Disintegrated socio-political and econ - Relations with the Islamic world was not a structure of Moro society, influx of settles in priority of the new republic. Mindanao from the north and the extensive - Turmoil in middle eastproblematized diplomatic campaign of FIL statesmen in Palestine and Africa. the US and the collaboration of some Moro - POST NEW DELHI CONFERENCE: PH leaders with AM authorities CHANGED began to face the need to expand its THE MOROS ACTIVE RESISTANCE foreign policy in the Middle East. INTO PASSIVE ACCEPTANCE OF - PRESIDENT QUIRINO: Asian bloc should FILIPINIZATION include the Middle East. However, no o Isolated show ambivalence, but Middle Eastern states were invited in the accepted their fate under the BAGUIO CONFERENCE. commonwealth. - Despite this, PH knew how important o Independence of PH gained no Middle Eastern relations were because they massive reactions from the Muslim have inherited remnants of colonialist trade populace. relationsPH had been dependent on oil o Absence of Romulodelegate did from the Middle East. an ABOUT-FACE on the issue - AFRICA: PH engaged w/ trade in Egypt voted in favor of the partition which MALAY NEIGHBORS was DUE TO US PRESSURE THAT - INDONESIA: first Muslim country in SEA w/ THE AM ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE the PH strongly identified with TO THE PH DEPENDED ON PH - PH supported INDOs struggle against the SUPPORT FOR THE PARTITION DUTCH RESOLUTION. - Championed INDO to the UNasked UN to o Reciprocated by Daniel LewinUS stop Dutch police actions in INDO and will not forget asked for PH to participate in the cease-fire o Turn-around decision reflected committee. NATIONAL INTEREST - GEOGRAPHICAL PROPINQUITYPH will o PH was elected in the UNCOP be affected if INDO will have conflicts. o PH was negotiated w/ the US for - INDO supported PH w/ Sabah claim against financial and military assistance Malaysia soft and long term loans for the US, - PH had a strong historical basis for the w/ QUID PRO QUO for America claim: Sulu was gifted by the Sultan of signing of the MILITARY BASES Brunei after helping it quell a rebellion in the AGREEMENT (MAR 14 1947); 17th century. MILITARY ASSISTANCE - Sultan leased Sabah to BNBC, rental for AGREEMENT 5,300 Malayn dollars annually. - Formal diplomatic relations w/ Middle East - MALAYSIA: formed the Federation of and Africabegan as early as the PH Malaya and included Sabah as one of its Independence in 1946. states. o Hazy spasmodic interactions o Insisted on the validity of a plebiscite lop sided dependence due to under the auspices of the UN, evolving PH interest and fluctuating wherein Sabahans voted in favor of stability in Middle East and other Malaysia. Islamic lands. o PH challenged Malaysia to bring the o UN: PH allied w/ the cause of small issue to a WORLD COURT, but the nations, Asian economic recovery, latter refusedPH had no political human rights, and the welfare of non nor legal leg to stand on. Countries self-governing people. severed diplomatic ties. o EGYPT: treaty of friendship; cultural - INDO sympathized w/ the OH. agreement; air agreement PALESTINE PROBLEM o PAKISTAN: air agreement; treaty of - PH had a fledging status in the world friendship, SEATO, visit of Pakistan community PM, JOINT COMMUNIQUEPH - ROMULO displayed exceptional effort to would support UN in all efforts to make its presence felt in the UN solve any intl dispute o Championed the cause of the Third o Supported PAK towards Kashmir World. o MACAPAGAL: PAN-ASIAN Union o ARAB CAUSEROMULO stood ASSOC OF SEA (ASA) in collab w/ against the Partition of Palestine: not PAK. the policy of PH govt to serve as an o Two weeks after his visit to PAK, he instrument of territorial changed his grant Asian vision to a dismemberment of any country; UN smaller regional ORG has no precedent for partition. MAPHILINDO. o PRAGMATISM dominated the - POLICY OF NEUTRALITY in the MidEast overall stand of the PH on the issue conflict, PH signed a treaty of friendship w/ of partition. Israel in 1963 TREATY ON TECHNICAL COOPERATION AGREEMENT FOR COOPERATION IN THE PEACEFUL o Preservation and enhancement of USES OF ATOMIC ENERGY Islam w/c is the heritage of the entire - Ambivalent foreign policy thrust towards the FIL people Islamic world due to an evolving PH policy o Preservation and advancement of in Asia. Islamic culture and traditions RELATIONS DURING THE MARCOS o Promotion of well-being of the PERIOD Muslim communities, including the - new relations w/ Asia and the Islamic restoration of their rights to their worldidentified w/ PH FP immediately ancestral lands after he became President (before, he MIDDLE EAST CONFLICT scorned Asia for Asians). - crisis in Mideast due to the creation of the - IRANdiscussed bilateral relations State of Israel war reached peak when (HORMOZ GHARIB) Egypt and Syria launched a two-front attack - TURKEYwill open an embassy in MNL w/ on Israel a resident ambassador (TURGUT UYUG) - MIL ADVANTAGE, ISRAEL - SAUDI ARABIA (1969), PH ambassador to - POL OBJECTIVE OF ARABS achieved and Cairo was accredited as non-resident CONTEXT OF CONFRONTATION altered ambassador to SAUDI. - ARABS exposed the fallacy on w/c - GUIDELINES IN ADDRESSING PH ISRAELI STRATEGY had been based POLICY TOWARDS ASIA AND THE since the Six Day War: CONTROL OF WORLD WIDE BUFFER ZONES TOGETHER W/ o National interest MIL SUPREMACY RENDERED ISRAEL o Econ development IMMUNE TO ARAB ATTACK o Increased regional cooperation and - Arabs employed OIL as weapondenied friendship w/ peace-loving states all supporters of Israel w/ MidEast oil. - MARTIAL LAW: aggressive FP toward Arab o Overwhelming impact bc most and MidEast countries countries depende on Arab oil from - UNEQUIVOCAL POLICYsupport Arab the MidEast countries in their struggle for a just and o PH as third world country, would be enduring peace in the MIDEAST hit hard - SIX MAIN POLICY GUIDELINES OF PH o OIL WEAPON caused the PH to RELATIONS undertake a redefinition of its o Intensify relations w/ members of the NEUTRAL POLICY, tilting the ASEAN balance IN FAVOR OF THE ARABS o More vigorously pursue the AND THE PALESTINIAN PEOPLE establishment of diplo relations w/ o PH supported UN GA resos that Socialist states (PRC and SU) recognized the PLO as the legit o Seek closer identification w/ 3rd representative of the Palestinians. World o PLO as an observer in the GA and o Continue beneficial relationship w/ other organs and specialized Japan agencies of the UN + intl o Support Arab countries in their conferences under the auspices of struggle for a just and enduring the U.N. peace in the MidEast o ROMULA: NOV 1973VERBAL o Find new basis, compatible w/ the PROMISE from King FAISAL to emerging realities in Asia for a supply the countrys oil requirements continuing healthy relationship w/ the of 100 million barrels per year. US. - PH adopted a neutral policy in the - FP statement towards the Arabs and MIDEAST conflictrecognized Islamic World PALESTINE rights to self-determination, support ISRAELI to exist as a state. o NEUTRALITY inconsistent, swayed as well as their families and depending on factors dependents. o ORIG POSITION: support - Foreign remittances were vital to PH PALESTINE economy but workers were subjected to o UNDER US PRESSURE: shifted risks at home and abroad policy and supported ISRAEL o EFFECT: reconfiguration of social balance sheet w/ respect to its classes primarily the middle class Mideastern interest vis--vis the US appeared to emerge since many of econ assistance weighed heavily in these workers belong the this social favor of the ltter ladder o Absence of econ pressure from the o LABOR AGREEMENTS normally US: show support for PALESTINE entered into on a BILATERAL BASIS not born out of charity but a RESPONSE TO MNLF DIPLOMACY CALCULATIVE MOVE at - JOSE INGLES: redefinition of PH FP in the maintaining the balance of neutrality Islamic world was hastened not only by on the BASIS OF NATL INTEREST energy crisis but also by the Muslim prob in DEVELOPMENT DIPLOMACYoil-rich Southern PH. countries - MNLFwaged a secessionist war and - SAUDI ARABIA launched a diplomatic campaign against the - KUWAIT PH in its bid to establish an independent - UAE state in Mindanao. - IRAQ - Impact: disastrous on the PH govt, - IRAN threatened: INFLUX OF FIL WORKERS o PH sovereignty - LABOR is another area that underscores o Territorial integrity PH relations w/ the MidEast countries o PH economy - 70s: not particularly substantial, overseas - MNLF launched a two-pronged diplomacy employment not strictly differentiated o Directed to indiv muslim countries - INFLUX OF WORKERS WAS LARGELY o Directed to OIC DUE TO THE PROSPECT OF EARNING A - MALAYSIA, LIBYA, SAUDI, AND PAK HIGHER SALARY extended humanitarian and moral support - TRIGGERED BY ECON DEVELOPMENT to MNLF OF OIL-RICH ARAB COUNTRIES - Attacked JOLO, destruction of property, - Overseas workers: fastest growing industry displacement of war victims and evacuees in the PH - War boosted the MNLFs diplomatic - LABOR CODE IN 1974, ACT 2486 campaign in the Muslim world o Encourage overseas employment - MARCOS GOVT RESPONSE: DOMESTIC o Increase employment opps and AND INTL CONTAINMENT POLICIES promote skills devt o LOCAL: PRESIDENTIAL TASK o Generate additional foreign FORCE FOR THE exchange RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVT o Attract foreign investments OF MINDANAObypassed MNLF o Ease countrys perennial trade deficit hierarchy; began posting Muslims in o Ensure continuing supply of oil from strategic govt offices, including the Mideast esp Saudi fielding of Muslim FIL diplomats in o Enhance countrys intl prestige some MidEast countries o OEDB + NSB = POEALetter of - AFTER JOLO WAR: MNLF abandoned its Instruction WELFARE FUND OF bid for independence OVERSEAS WORKERS: tasked to o ICFM convinced the MNLF to seek protect and promote the interests for regional autonomy instead. and well-being of overseas workers o PH Govt agreed to hold talks w/ MNLF in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. No substantial results were achieved defense and foreign policy among due to intransigence. others. o Eventually resulted to the TRIPOLI - TRIPOLI AGREEMENT: framework of AGREEMENT in Libya. regional autonomy for the thirteen - MALAY and INDO had a closer provinces in Mindanao understanding of the MNLF sentiments, but o Implementation problems by the MNLF bid for an independent state did not Marcos govt. capture their interest. o NUR MISUARI: sanction PH govt to o MALAY: Sabah claim reduce capacity to commit more o INDO: valued their gratitude and crimes and violence against muslim long-time friendship w/ the PH people and humanity. - Does not imply that they did not extend y - But cannot impose sanctions because: assistance towards MNLF, but only gave o Islamic Factor of PH diplomacy minimal aid. o Support for Palestinian cause o Served as honest brokers between o PH multilaterial ties w/ OIC member MNLF and the PH Govt states o But highly asean unity cannot be o OIC not an economic power, jeopardized by an otherwise internal dependent on member states only PH problem. o Arab-Israle conflict > Bangsamoro - This is the reason why MNLF heeded other question Mideast countries because they were more o OIC failed to forward bangsamoro sympathetic towards the MNLF cause. grievance to the UN. - MARCOS sent her first lady to Libya to help o Liability to PH and OIC because resolve the Mindanao problem. most member countries have ties w/ - TRIPOLI AGREEMENT: led the MNLF to the PH. engage in country-to-country appear for o OIC charter does not have any muslim countries to impose strong provision to allow the sanction measures against the govt. o Member countries call the shorts - Marcos continued to appoint Muslim whether or not they should sanction, personalities to public office and to field not dependent on OIC but the Muslim ambassadors, especially in the member countries voting Mideast. - IMPORTANT FEATURE: OFWs o 80s: MNLF gained Irans support contribution to economy o PH did a good job containing MNLF AQUINO GOVERNMENT diplomatic campaign - new configuration in PH foreign relations - OIC employed the methods of peaceful o Win recognition and support for new settlement in the conflict bet the PH govt govt and the MNLF. o Secure econ assistance o GOOD OFFICES: urged the ICFM to o Expand trade and econ promotion create a fund to finance the Muslims. o Intensity regional cooperation o MEDIATION: speech in 5th IFCM in through ASEAN Kuala Lumpur: PH govt must find a o Implement new policy on HR and political and peaceful solution thru civil liberties negotiation w/ Muslim leaders in o Closer identification w/ the third order to arrive at a just solution still world in accordance w/ natl sovereignty o Help locate hidden wealth abroad of and territorial integrity. the Marcoses o 1975: MNLF peace talks in Jeddah, - FP lacked articulation towards Arab and no settlement was reached becayse Islamic Word they demanded beyond the powers - RAUL MANGLAPUSpromote harmonious of a unitary and constitutional relations w/ the Arab world and the Third governmentself-govt, control of World Islam was seen to be an integral, historic, and outstanding component of our were hastily sent back to the PH. nationhood. Government taking back their people o Deplored U.S. bombing of Libya as a made Mideast countries feel that violation of Intl Law. they could not depend of FIL workers o Supported self-determination of in their time of need. Western Saharans against Morocco o Oil supply95% of PH oil come from and Mauritania. the Mideast, third world would be hit o PH adopted a neutral policy in the by the crisis; Ramos implemented Iran-Iraq war chose to deplore austerity measures, contingency fratricidal conflict and support efforts programs, and oil conservation for its just and equitable solution. schemes; OVER-REACTION drove o Condemned South Africa for people to queue in gasoline stations apartheid policy and Israeli and supermarkets; BLAS OPLE: no occupation of Arab territories even sense in appealing for calm and though US voted against them. sobriety while threatening to call up o Recognition of the Palestinian 250,000 reservists to serve in AFP state neutralized the continuing insisted on penal sanctions to nuisance posed by the MNLF which those who will violate law on wants to claim a status similar to the hoarding and profiteering; govt of the PLO. should set the example of quiet o MNLF showed support for the state readiness, pose, confidence and of Palestine, but Palestine could not equanimity DESERT STORM break the PH commitment to Israel. cancelled flights to Mideast. o POLICY OF PRAGMATISM o Linakges of U.S. military bases in PH continued to rule PH interest in the w/ MideastPH became a launching Mideast. ground for warinsult to PH - Welfare fund of OCWs was renamed sovereignty according to Anti-base OWWA. proponents, but PH adopted an anti- o Protect interest and promote welfare Hussein policy of FIL OCWs and depedents o PH-Iraq relationsalleged Iraqi o Implement Labor code provisions national bombed the Thomas o Provide social welfare services like Jefferson Cultural Center in Makati social work assistance and cultural persona non-grata to Iraqi consul and entertainment services general, MUWAFAK AL-ANI. Some o Skills development services airlines refused him flight, only o Studies and researches for the Malaysian airlines helped. enhancement of their social, econ, - Impact of war on Arab countries proved and cultural well-being profitable to the US. Arab countries sought o Develop, support, and finance U.S. military hardware. projects for the welfare of FIL OCWs. - Effect on OFWs: Saudi adopted o Interagency network system SAUDIZATION policy, Saudis were obliged o Protect the rights of working FIL to work on jobs previously handled by women in the Mideast. foreign workers. FILS were encouraged to - Constant increase of OCWs except during go home. the Gulf War. - War cause the PH govt to take a second - Opened diplomatic relations w/ Oman, look at its foreign policy in the Mideast Qatar, and Bahrain. JEDDAH ACCORD - Increase in maltreated FIL workers. - MNLF continued to exert pressure on - GULF WAR: invasion of Saddam Hussein Aquino admin of Kuwait. Affected FILs in four fronts: - Aquino met w/ Misuari at the Carmelite o OFWs in Iraq and Kuwaitmany convent to push w/ the peace process. were evacuated, laid off, and some o Negotiations did not result to positive o End of cold war may have erased results because once again, MNLF the danger of nuke confrontation but demands were too much for unitary loosening of BIG-POWER and constitutional government. TENSIONS make the breaking out of o Did not only get the 13 provinces in quarrels more likely accordance w/ the Tripoli agreement o Spirit of bi-partnership but all 23 provinces. o ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY o Aquino created a REGIONAL acquired special resonance and vast CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE to new potentials and renewed urgency determine the structure and function in view of the sweeping events that of regional autonomy for Mindanao have dramatically transformed the o REPUBLIC ACT 6734Created the world in the last few years. ARMM, joined by 4 muslim ECONOMIC WELL-BEING provinces. and PEOPLES SECURITY o OIC pressured PH again, saying that as primary motivation of PH it failed to honor its commitment to diplomacy and foreign implement the Tripoli Agreement. relations - MNLF tried to be a member of the OIC to - DFA had a two-pronged approach elevant belligerent status and to become o Determine markets or countries so more influential in the Islamic world. that we do not dissipate out o Eliminate racial segregation capabilities, resources, and o Discrimination manpower o Eradicate colonialism to strengthen o To determine specifically what we struggle of all Muslim peoples have to promote, sell or secure for o Safeguard their dignity, those countries independence, and national rights. o ROBERTO ROMULO: Forge more - PH Solution: APPLY FOR MEMBERSHIP substantial economic ties w/ Mideast IN THE OIC. + newly independent states which - Influential personalities of the OIC did not are seeking economic potentials consider the MNLF application and PH would do well to join the indicated that they were prepared to give countries responding to their call. AQUINO time to prove her sincerity. - PHILIPPINE 2000 - FAILURE of MNLF was due to these o Welfare of FILS overseas reasons: o Economic diplomacy o PH Govt moved quickly to promise o National security to give FIL MUSLIMS autonomy - SUMMIT-LEVEL DIPLOMACY: weaving o Lack of preparation by OIC together PH agenda of econ diplomacy, Secretariat to renew MNLF request welfare of OFWs and govts peace process for membership w/ the MNLF. o Some muslim countries were not o Enables the PH govt to embark on a enthusiastic about MNLF comprehensive diplomacy thus membership in the OIC. accruing greater benefits for the - OIC: adopted a safe position; MNLF only country attached itself to OIC because survival was - MEETING W/ KING FAHD IN 1994: not in view of dwindling grassroots support. only revitalized relations w/ key nation but RAMOS PRESIDENCY served as a gesture of the FIL peoples - DIPLOMACY FOR DEVTcenterpiece of appreciation for the support for the Saudi foreign policy of the Ramos admin. Govt to the peace efforts w/ the MNLF o Persistent efforts to secure o KSA now co-owns PETRON continued access to world markets CORPORATION, the largest oil firm and technology in the country. - IRAN: MEMORANDUM OF o AL ALA SHARIAH COURT UNDERSTANDING between Ali Akbar sentenced her to seven years prison Velayati in 1994. and ordered her to pay the o Joint commission at the minister lvl ALBALOUSHI FAMILY 1.47 million for cooperation in econ, agriculture pesos as blood money and fishery, mining and industry, etc. o PH government worked hard to - KUWAIT: received a pledge from SHEK rescue Sarah. Plea by MAHATHIR JABER AL AHMED AL JABER AL SABAH MOHAMMAD to UAE to support the Zone of Peace and Devt in o WILLIAM GATCHALIAN provided Mindanao thru more investments and other the blood money to the Albaloushi forms of assistance KUWAIT FUND FOR family. ARAB ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT - REPRESENTS AN INTERWEB OF PH o Lifted 9-year old ban on the SOCIAL DYSFUNCTION deployment of Filipino domestics to ENCOMPASSING POVERTY AND Kuwait INEFFICIENT BUREAUCRACY, o KUWAIT PH BUSINESS COMPOUNDED BY CULTURAL COUNCILeffort to reinforce PH DIVERGENCE W/ THE ARAB WORLD. diplomatic relation through private FINAL AGREEMENT sector participation. - Resolution of GRP-MNLF dispute - LIBYA: one of the members of OICs - FINAL PEACE AGREEMENT BETWEEN quadripartite committee. THE PH GOVERNMENT AND THE MNLF o Ramos appreciated the (SEPT 2 1996)hallmark of Ramos indispensable leadership and diplomacy support of the Great Jemahiriya for o Ramos was already keen on fixing peace in Southern Philippines. the problem even before he was o Meeting w/ Muammar Khaddafy president to boost his chances of - IRAQ: relations were snail paced after the winning. gulf war. o JOINT STATEMENT by rebel groups o RAMOS approved 20-man + MNLF in LIBYA on OCT 4 1992 contingent to Iraqto show PH END OF EXPLORATORY AND commitment to the UN purpose of INFORMAL OFFICIAL TALKS IN maintaining international peace and PURSUIT OF A PEACEFUL JUST security and of dealing w/ AND HONORABLE SOLUTION TO international humanitarian problems THE CONFLICT IN SOUTHERN PH. Continued to pay obligation to o SHIFTING VENUE FORMULAheld Iraq at neutral country to diminish o PH NATIONAL CONSTRUCTION security issues and so that MNLF CORPORATIONdid not violate UN can amplify its international image sanctions because it simply involved o STATEMENT OF the delivery of basic and non- UNDERSTANDING signed in embargo commodities like sugar, INDONEISA IN APRIL 16 1993 coconut oil, and medicine; also o Full implementation of the TRIPOLI concerned w/ OFWs who have no AGREEMENT, w/ other portions of papers the agreement left for further or later - PAKISTAN: BENAZHIR BHUTTOgave discussion + transitional an assurance that PAK does not interfere implementing structure and with the internal affairs of other countires, mechanism. including the PH. - FINAL AGREEMENT inked in - SARAH BALABAGANmaid who was MALACAANG between MANUEL YAN attempted to be raped by employer at AND NUR MISUARI; took place under the knifepoint. auspices of the OIC. - Peace agreement served as a comprehensive framework for peace and development in Mindanao. - SOUTHERN PH COUNCIL FOR PEACE AND DEVELOPMENTfinal agreement is envisioned to accelerate the govts development agenda and to provide stability and peace and order in Mindanao. - Still faced w/ problems and challenges o MNLF complained for the lack of funds and support o Major challenge came from extremist movements and islamist groups. o Sporadic wars have been sparked from time to time. o ISLAMIST ABU SAYYAF GROUP wreak havoc against the military and undermined peace and order in the south; joined other islamist groups abroad. o PH congress tried to pass a law on terrorism but was not well-received by NGOs and cause-oriented groups. CONCLUSION - Evolved from a deeply rooted history - Ideological divide gradually transformed into continuing rapprochement and understanding - Islam and its values are continuing to find solace in other parts of the world. - SAMUEL HUNTINGTON: Islamic Threat more of a myth than a reality. - Pattern of power relationships among muslim countries has remained relatively stable. - No major triggering point of conflict that can radically disturb the balance of power in the Muslim world. - Stable balance of power in the Mideast and the Islamic world is favorable to the PH. - MAIN ISSUES o ARAB OIL o MINDANAO CONFLICT o PH EXPORTS o OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKERS