1

On-site Low Voltage Determination of

Zero Sequence Impedances for Station
Auxiliary Transformers
Mariana Kamel, Haytham Saeed, Abdelrahman
Karrar, Ahmed Eltom, Mark Bowman, Tamatha
Womack, Preston Cooper
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga & TVA
 2

Background
Motivation for this research was the incident of
January 30, 2012 at Byron Station NPP which
involved an open-phase condition on the primary of
two SATs.
This research describes a new method for finding
the zero sequence parameters for typical SATs.
The method cuts the costs of prevailing methods,
particularly for on-site measurements.
Initial simulations were promising. Method was
then validated using actual measurements.
 3

Background - 2
In the standard IEEE/ANSI method, at least one
measurement must be carried out from the high
voltage side. This measurement is shown in figure as
Z1No
The usual setting for this Zp-0
Z1Ns or Z2Ns
Zs-0
test would be a high
voltage laboratory, Zm-0 Zt-0

where suitable test Z1No Z2No

voltages are available.

 4

Background - 3
Onsite measurements however would require
renting high voltage mobile laboratories at a high
cost.
Our method eliminates the high voltage test, and
replaces it with the low voltage test shown below.
Only a low voltage (230 400 V) three phase supply
is required. primary phase A
opened Ia
Three-phase low
A voltage source
Vab V V Vca
Ib
A
Vbc V
Ic
A

primary phase B secondary

and C short- neutral point
circuited disconnected
 5

Background - 4
Our test configuration requires application of a three
phase voltage to the secondary under the following
conditions:
1. Secondary neutral is disconnected.
2. Two primary (high voltage) terminals are shorted to the
neutral, with the remaining terminal left open.
This connection creates conditions involving all three
sequence component voltages and currents.
 6

Methods
Our method exploits the primary open phase
sequence model.
Two methods were proposed. A simplified
approximate method and an iterative based
exact method.
E1
I1 Zps-1 Zs-1
I2 Zps-2 Zs-2
I0 Zp-0

Zt-0//Zm-0 V2 V1
 7

Methods - 2
The simplified method makes use of Ic

symmetry resulting from neglecting the

transformer resistive components.
I2 I1

This assumed symmetry allows to -

Ia

calculate positive and negative

sequence currents from line currents Ia, Ib

Ib and Ic .

Vc

= = = cos1 Vca
2
Vbc V1 V2
Va

2 2
1 = cos( + 30) 2 = cos( 30) Vab
3 3 Vb

0 + 1 + 2 = 0
 8

Methods - 3
The exact method includes transformer resistive
components and involves using the six current and voltage
measurements Ia, Ib, Ic, Vab, Vbc and Vca in addition to the
sequence network model to solve for real and imaginary
values of I1, I2, V1 and V2 . From this solution Io is deduced
and used to find the real and imaginary components of
the zero sequence impedance.

The equations are non-linear and further overdetermined

by one. Thus, a non-linear least square estimation
method, for example the Newton-Gauss method is used
for a solution.
 9

Results
Summary of results for a test carried out on a TVA 18 MVA SAT
at a test site in Virginia.
 10

Conclusions
The test is expected to be valuable to those
seeking to determine zero sequence
parameters not available on many legacy SAT
units with affordable costs.
Method is extendable to transmission type
transformers authors are developing model.
Field testing has confirmed the high accuracy
offered by the method.
 1

Paper No: 16PESGM1489

AnalysisofOpenPhaseFaultEventsUsing
ETAPUnbalancedLoadFlowModule

PrestonO.CooperIII
TennesseeValleyAuthority
pocooper@tva.gov
 2

Background
Multipleeventsacrossthenuclearpower
industry
Existingschemesdidnotprovideadequate
protection
Needforgreaterunderstandingofwhat
happensduringanopenphasefault(OPF)
 3

Event
OPFabovetransformer
Magneticcircuits
reconstructmissing
phase
Configurationaffects
lowsideunbalance
 4

WhySteadyState?
WorstcaseV1 andV2 shouldnottrip
instantaneousmotorprotection(current)
I2 createsadditionalheatinginmotors
Motorshavethermalmass
 5

Methodology

IEQ EquivalentCurrent

I1 PositiveSequenceCurrent

I2 NegativeSequenceCurrent

IFL MotorFullLoadCurrent

ILR MotorLockedRotorCurrent
6
7
 8

Results
Greatertransformerloadingyieldsgreater
unbalances
Lessimpedancetogroundyieldsgreater
unbalances
Lackofastabilizingwindingyieldsgreater
unbalances
Twodifferenttransformersinthesamesystem
yieldequalmaximumunbalances
 9

ProtectiveDevices
Possible
TransformerPhaseOvercurrent
TransformerNeutralOvercurrent
TransmissionLineNegativeSequence
Discounted
TransformerDifferential
DegradedVoltage
 10

Summary
AdditionalheatingduetoV2 andI2 isa
significantconsequenceofanOPF
Transformerconstructioniscrucial
Steadystatecalculationsareviable
Threedimensionalsurfaces
Visualizetheeffectsofanopenphasefault
Validateexistingordevelopnewprotection
 1

Open-Phase Study in Nuclear

Power Plant
Presented by: Dr. Zia Salami
Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering
 2

Outline
Acknowledgment
Introduction
Equivalent 3-Phase Power System Model
Open-Phase Scenarios Studied
Sample of Results
Notable Results & Conclusion
Questions
 3

Acknowledgment
Mr. Joel Mathewson,
Mr. Mario Poujol,
Mr. Volodymyr Habovda
Graduated in 2014, UNC Charlotte

Mr. Lee Easter,

PowerC, LLC Vice President
 4

Introduction
Equivalent 3-Phase Power System Model
(in EMTP)
 Transformer Data/Model
3 winding transformer (i.e. 3x1 phase)
Ratings: 345/6.9/4.16 kV, 40/35/5 MVA
Yg-Yg-Yg connected (primary solidly grounded, resistive ground on
secondary 6.6 ohms, and tertiary 4.0 ohms, 600A)
 7

Complete Equivalent 3-Phase Power

System Model
 8

Open-Phase Scenarios Studied

Sample of Results
10
 11

Sequence current (A), ES Bus,

Normal Operation:
Scenario 1, Case 0 (base)
Scenario 1, Case 1 (single)
Scenario 1, Case 4 (double)
 12

Sequence current (A), BOP

Bus, 7000 hp starts:
Scenario 7, Case 0 (base)
Scenario 7, Case 1 (single)
Scenario 7, Case 4 (double)
 13

Notable Results & Conclusion

I2/I1 are minimum in Cases 3 and 4 (i.e. solid grounded open-phase
on the high voltage side of transformer and double open-phase). This
value can be used to set open-phase pickup to be less than this
minimum value.
I1 & I2 maximum are in case 2 (i.e. line to ground open-phase from
the grid side). This value can be used for blocking the open-phase
logic in case of any short-circuit fault in the system.
Longer motor acceleration times during double open- phase
condition.
Bottom line, there is no single bullet to identify open-phase worst
case scenario. It depends on system configurations, loadings,
equipment, grid conditions, and more. I believe all possible plants
permissible scenarios/ configurations should be studied and analyzed
to identify the worst case open-phase condition.
 14

QUESTIONS?
 1

Influence of Zero Sequence

Impedances of Station Auxiliary
Transformers on Equipment
Performance under Open-Phase
Faults
 2

AGENDA
Introduction
Open Phase Fault Network
Test Results
Conclusion
Questions
 3

INTRODUCTION
Primary open-phase faults on SATs result in voltage
imbalance at the auxiliary equipment level.
Primary to ground zero sequence impedance has a
major role in balancing the secondary voltages
during open phase faults.
This study investigates the impact of voltage
imbalance on the performance of station auxiliaries.
 4

OPEN PHASE FAULT NETWORK

Single Line Diagram for Corresponding Sequence
System Studied with Primary Network
Open Phase Fault
 5

SERVICE TRANSFORMER DATA

SAT 1 SAT 2 SAT 3
Sequoyah Sequoyah J. M. Farley
33 MVA (base) 18 MVA (base) 26 MVA (base)

Z1 P-S (%) 10.26 8.6 14.6

Z0 P-N (%) 8.75 10.37 32.41

 6

TEST RESULTS
The analysis performed to answer:
Is the motor able to accelerate successfully to rated speed
under open-phase conditions?
If yes, what is the acceleration time required?
What is the voltage unbalance ratio V2/V1 during and after
attaining steady state operation?
 7

TEST RESULTS
Voltage imbalance was 8.6% at the instant of starting
and 1.2% at steady state conditions
10
V2/V1 (%)

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (sec)
200
V1 (%)

100

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (sec)
10
V2 (%)

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (sec)
 8

TEST RESULTS
Voltage imbalance increased the starting time to 17 s
(3 seconds delay).
1000
Ia (%)

500

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (sec)
500
T (%)

-500
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (sec)
500
wr (rad/sec)

-500
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (sec)
 9

TEST RESULTS
Results for all three transformers under base (actual
data) conditions
SAT 1 SAT 2 SAT 3
Sequoyah Sequoyah J. M. Farley
33 MVA 18 MVA 26 MVA
Start Run. Start. Run. Start. Run.

Accel. time Normal (s) 14 - 15 - 17 -

Accel. time Open Phase (s) 17 - 24 - 45 -

V2/V1 % 8.6 1.2 16 2.3 28.4 4.15

Ia current increase % -15.3 -8.64 -27.51 -16.13 -44.2 -28.36

Ib , Ic current increase % -4.3 5.6 -6.06 11 -9.03 20.87

Total heating increase % -15.1 2.16 -23.66 5.58 -34.5 14.5

 10

TEST RESULTS
Results under unified MVA and positive sequence
impedance conditions:
SAT 1 SAT 2 SAT 3
Sequoyah Sequoyah J. M. Farley
33 MVA 18 MVA 26 MVA
Start Run. Start. Run. Start. Run.

Acceln. time (s) 17 - 18 - 28.5 -

V2/V1 % 8.6 1.2 10 1.4 25.4 3.64

Ia current increase % -15.31 -8.64 -18.34 -10.04 -40.5 -25.49

Ib , Ic current increase % -4.31 5.6 -4.27 6.65 -8.56 18.43

Total heating increase % -15.05 2.16 -16.68 2.8 -32.46 12

 11

TEST RESULTS
Results under base conditions with Two SATs in
Parallel:
SAT 1 SAT 2 SAT 3
Sequoyah Sequoyah J. M. Farley
33 MVA 18 MVA 26 MVA
Start Run. Start. Run. Start. Run.

Acceln. time (s) 15.5 - 19.6 - 28.5 -

V2/V1 % 4.6 0.65 8.8 1.24 17 2.39

Ia current increase % -9 -4.6 -16 -8.8 -20.7 -16.65

Ib , Ic current increase % -2.3 2.96 -3.9 5.5 -10.9 11.17

Total heating increase % -8.77 1% -14.85 2 -26.1 5.56

 12

CONCLUSION
lower values of primary to ground zero sequence
impedance better voltage imbalance better
starting and running performance.
A maximum voltage unbalance (V2/V1) of less than
10% during starting allowed adequate acceleration of
RCP.
Delayed motor acceleration, or possibly failure to
start could be expected if the voltage imbalance goes
beyond 10%.
 13

CONCLUSION
Accurate determination of zero sequence
impedances is necessary to assess the response of
substation auxiliaries and accordingly decide on the
appropriate measures in the event of an open phase
fault on the primary SAT level.
 1

Open Phase Detection

Considerations for Nuclear Power
Generating Station
Electrical Systems
Tony Sleva, LSM - IEEE
Senior Engineering Consultant
Altran
 2

Typical Nuclear Generating Station

One Line Diagram
 3

Typical Nuclear Generating Station

Positive Sequence Diagram
 4

Typical Nuclear Generating Station

Negative Sequence Diagram
 5

Typical Nuclear Generating Station

Zero Sequence Diagram
 6

Typical Nuclear Generating Station

Combined Sequence Diagram
 7

Observations
Sequence Models are functions of Connected Load
Load Impedance is a function of Motor Speed
Positive Sequence Motor Impedance is different
than Negative Sequence Motor Impedance
Positive Sequence Torque = Accelerating Torque
Negative Sequence Torque = Decelerating Torque
No Zero Sequence Torque
 8

Observations
Sequence Voltage and Current are functions of
Connected Load
When Zero Sequence Impedance is High,
Zero Sequence considerations are minimal
When Zero Sequence Impedance is Low,
Negative Sequence considerations are
minimal
 9

Observations
High Zero Sequence Impedance
(Zero Sequence considerations are minimal.)
Motors Rotating during open phase conditions:
o Positive sequence torque is reduced

o Negative sequence torque is low

o Motors will continue rotating

o Motors will overheat (minutes)

 10

Observations
High Zero Sequence Impedance
(Zero Sequence considerations are minimal.)
Motor Acceleration during open phase conditions:
o Positive sequence torque is reduced

o Negative sequence torque is high

o Motors will not accelerate to rated speed

o Motors will overheat (seconds)

 11

Observations
Low Zero Sequence Impedance
(Negative Sequence considerations are minimal.)
Motors Rotating during open phase conditions:
o Positive sequence torque is reduced

o Negative sequence torque is minimal

o Motors will continue rotating

o Motors will not overheat

 12

Observations
Low Zero Sequence Impedance
(Negative Sequence considerations are minimal.)
Motor Acceleration during open phase conditions:
o Positive sequence torque is reduced

o Negative sequence torque is minimal

o Motors will Accelerate

o Motors will overheat slowly

 13

Observations
Traditional Open Phase Detection Schemes are
applied on a per Motor basis
Non-Nuclear Electrical Systems are designed for
staged load increases
Nuclear Power Generating Station Electrical
Systems are designed for Rapid Step Loading
 14

Conclusions
Understanding Zero Sequence Impedance is KEY

Open Phase Detection with Microprocessor Based

Protective Relays is achievable

Utilize Open Phase Watchdogs

Consider Voting Logic Applications

 15

Conclusions
Open Phase Watchdog Parameters
Monitor for Negative Sequence Current
Monitor Total Current
Monitor Positive Sequence Phase Angle
Negative Sequence Current, Large Phase Angle (~700),
High Total Current
Motor Acceleration Quick Trip
Negative Sequence Current, Moderate Phase Angle
(~400), Moderate Total Current
Motors Rotating Slow Trip
 1

Open-Phase Fault (OPF)

Modeling and Analysis
in ETAP
Salman Kahrobaee Tanuj Khandelwal
Senior Electrical Engineer Senior Principal Engineer
ETAP ETAP
 2

Agenda
Unbalanced System
OPF Study Objective & Requirements
OPF Analysis and Related Indexes
General Element Modeling
Examples
Conclusion
 3

Real Unbalanced Power System

Distribution System
3-phase, 2-phase, and single-phase network
components
Unbalanced loads
Transmission System
Untransposed long transmission line
Unbalanced loads (e.g., electrical railway traction
motors)
Abnormal condition with open-phase fault
 4

Impact of System Unbalance

Overheating of equipment

Stalling of running motors

Longer motor acceleration times

Nuisance tripping of protective relays

Increased real power losses

Lifetime reduction
 5

OPF Study Objectives

Identify the level of unbalance (voltage and current)
throughout the plant
Analyze system performance during OPF
Determine whether existing protective systems will
detect the OPF condition
Determine the protective device settings to avoid
excessive heating
 6

Unbalance Factors/Indexes
System unbalance is considered as a disturbance
Voltage/Current unbalance factors
Ratio of negative sequence to positive sequence
Ratio of zero sequence to positive sequence
Ratio of maximum deviation from average value
to average value
 7

OPF Study Requirements

Positive, negative and zero-Sequence Impedances
Mutual coupling of overhead lines
No-load losses for Buried delta windings for 2&3
winding transformers
Transformer winding connections
3-phase, 2-phase and single-phase network
components
Internal impedance of electric machines
 8

OPF Study Method

The OPF analysis should consider
Operating scenarios (events/loading)
Configurations
Amount of potential voltage unbalance in the incoming
plant power supplies (grid unbalance)
Overall analytical method is a steady-state load flow
technique
Current Injection (CI) method
 9

Buried Delta Winding

Assumption:
Symmetric
Linear no saturation
3 independent variables/impedances: 2-winding
3 sets of test data
6 independent variables/impedances: 3-winding
6 sets of test data
 10

Buried Delta Winding

Impedance modeling based on test data
 11

3-Phase Machines
Sequence models
 12

Loads
Single-Phase Loads
Different connection types: AB, BC, CA, AN, BN or CN

Three-Phase Loads
Connected in Delta, Wye or Wye-G

Lumped loads consisting of constant power, constant

impedance and constant current components
 13

OPF Analysis Software

ETAP NUUG began review of ETAPs ability to perform
OPFA shortly after the Byron open-phase event in
early 2012
ETAP is used throughout the world by nuclear plants,
research laboratories, consulting firms, government
agencies, and other organizations
Multiple OPF simulations can be performed
considering different scenarios (transformer loading
and open-phase grounding)
 14

Steady State Simulation

Protective relaying settings will be based on steady
state values in order to avoid nuisance tripping
Transient studies using EMTP requires considerable
amount of time to model a complete power
electrical system
Most of the electrical systems required are available
and minimal data entry is need in order to expand
the model to perform open phase fault simulation
Phase and sequence reporting
 15

Sequence Network Connection

Open Phase Fault
 16

Example
Steady State vs. Transient
3-phase Currents

3-phase Voltages
 17

Example
Buried Delta & Motor Loading
Scenario Revision Study Case
Scenario 1 Base ULF-100%
Scenario 2 Base ULF-50%
Scenario 3 Buried-Delta ULF-100%
Scenario 4 Buried-Delta ULF-50%

Mtr1 Mtr2
25.00%

20.00%

15.00%

10.00%

5.00%

0.00%
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4
 18

Example
Double Open-Phase Fault
Heavily Loaded Motors
Ground path
Study # Double Open-Phase Fault Study Case
Study 1 B-C open at T1 primary side Summer
Study 2 B-C open at T1 primary side Winter
Study 3 B-C open at T2 primary side Summer
Study 4 B-C open at T2 primary side Winter

Mtr35 Mtr31
Study
V1 L-L V2/V1 V1 L-L V2/V1
(%) (%) (%) (%)
Study 1 34.31 100 33.8 99.97
Study 2 108.3 5.69 107.4 5.62
Study 3 105.8 3.2 70.48 100
Study 4 101.6 0.31 103.5 4.3
 19

Conclusion
Data requirement including element connections,
sequence impedance, unbalanced loads & sources

Application of a validated simulation software

OPF analysis on various scenarios

Protection scheme based on provided limits