Written as per the revised syllabus prescribed by the Maharashtra State Board

of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune.

Social Sciences Part I

History and
Political Science
Std.X

Fifth Edition: March 2016

Salient Features

Exhaustive coverage of syllabus in Question Answer Format.

Covers answers to all Textual Questions.

Self Evaluative in nature.
Simple and Lucid language.
Includes Important Dates to Remember, Key Terms and Important Names to Remember.

Practice Question Paper at the end of each chapter.

Model Question Papers according to the new paper pattern of State Board.
Includes Board Exam Question Papers of 2014, 2015 and March 2016.

Printed at: Repro India Ltd. Mumbai

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
including photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.

P.O.No.13012

10198_10381_JUP
 Preface
In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can get
through to you.

Std. X: History and Political Science is a complete and thorough guide extensively drafted to boost the students
confidence. The book covers the entire syllabus in question answer format. Each and every topic is divided into
subtopics for better understanding of concepts. The format of this book not only helps the student to understand the
concepts but also helps to write the answers based on the concepts. A section of Important Dates to Remember, Key
Terms and Important Names to Remember, is given at end of all the chapters for reference. Additionally, we have
provided Question Papers at the end of each chapter [20 Marks for History and 10 Marks for Political Science] which
will facilitate revision and practice for the student. The book also includes two Model Question Papers as per the latest
paper pattern of State Board.

The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think weve
nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, wed love to hear from you.

Please write to us on : mail@targetpublications.org

A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

Yours faithfully,
Publisher
PAPER

Paper Pattern
History
Q.1. (A) Complete the following statements by choosing the appropriate alternatives from
those given in the brackets.
(3 sentences will be given with 3 options each) (1 mark each) (3)
(B) Match the correct pairs.
(3 correct pairs need to be matched) (1 mark each) (3)
Q.2. Answer the following questions in 25 to 30 words each.
(3 questions will be given. Answer any 2) (2 marks each) (4)
Q.3. Give reasons for the following statements in 25 to 30 words each.
(3 statements will be given. Answer any 2) (2 marks each) (4)
Q.4. Answer the following questions in 30 to 40 words each.
(3 questions will be given. Answer any 2) (3 marks each) (6)
Q.5. Answer the following questions in 60 to 80 words each.
(3 questions will be given. Answer any 2) (4 marks each) (8)

Political Science
Q.6. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word from those given in the brackets.
(3 sentences will be given with 4 options each) (1 mark each) (3)
Q.7. Answer the following questions in one sentence.
(5 questions will be given. Answer any 3) (1 mark each) (3)
Q.8. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.
(3 statements will be given. Answer any 2) (2 marks each) (4)
Q.9. Answer the following questions in about 25 to 30 words.
(2 questions will be given. Answer any 1) (2 marks) (2)
Total Marks 40

Chapterwise Distribution of Marks

History
No. Title Marks Marks with options
1. Imperialism 06 09
2. 20th Century Age of Conflict 12 17
3. Emancipation of Asia and Africa 04 05
4. World after Second World War 06 08
Total 28 39
Political Science
No. Title Marks Marks with options
1. Democracy 03 04
2. Political Parties 02 04
3. Democracy and Diversity 03 04
4. Challenges before Democracy 04 06
Total 12 18
No. Topic Name Page No.
HISTORY
01 Imperialism
(A) Geographical Discoveries and Imperialism 1
(B) Imperialism in Asia 8
(C) Imperialism in Africa 18
02 20th Century Age of Conflict
(A) First World War 25
(B) Russian Revolution 36
(C) League of Nations 47
(D) Dictatorship in Europe 53
(E) United Nations Organization 75
03 Emancipation of Asia and Africa
(A) Asia 83
(B) Africa 99
04 World after Second World War
(A) Cold War 107
(B) Progress in Science and Technology 119
(C) Globalization 132
POLITICAL SCIENCE
05 Democracy 139
06 Political Parties 146
07 Democracy and Diversity 158
08 Challenges before Democracy 167
Model Question Paper I 175
Model Question Paper II 177
Board Question Paper March 2014 179
Board Question Paper October 2014 181
Board Question Paper March 2015 183
Board Question Paper July 2015 185
Board Question Paper March 2016 187

Textual questions are represented by * marks.

Intext questions are represented by # marks.
Questions based on additional information are represented by marks.
01 Imperialism Chapter01:Imperialism

A. Geographical Discoveries and Imperialism

Q.1.A.Complete the following statements by
choosing the appropriate alternatives from
those given in the brackets.
The Background
*1. The imperialism in the modern period is a
result of _______ revolution.
(French, Industrial, Russian)
Geographical Discoveries
*2. The Ottoman Turks conquered _______ in the
year 1453.
(Constantinople, Calicut, Kolkata)
3. The terrestrial way, a short route to Asia was
closed down for the _______ traders.
(American, Russian, European)
4. The traders in Europe were curious to begin
trade in the _______ nations.
(western, eastern, central)
*5. Portuguese King _______ motivated the
navigators. [Mar 14, Jul 15]
(William, Henry, Nicholas)
6. On the assumption of _______, the earth is not
flat but round, the navigators discovered
unknown regions in the world.
(Coparnicus, Galileo, Newton)
7. In the 15th century, Christopher Columbus,
_______, Amerigo Vespucci discovered the
northern, eastern and central parts of the
American continent respectively.
(John Cabot, Vasco da Gama, Henry)
8. Between 1606 and 1732, England set up
_______ colonies in the eastern coast of North
America.
(13, 3, 31)
9. _______ found out the sea route to India.
(Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus,
John Cabot)
10. The Portuguese Sailor ______ was killed
during his voyage.
(Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand
Magellan, Amerigo Vespucci)
The Imperialism
11. Imperialism was caused by _______.
(colonialism, feudalism, socialism)
Reasons for Imperialism
12. The entire nations of Asia and Africa were
brought under the imperial rule by _______.
(1915, 1914, 1912)
13. _______ motivated the creation of modern
weapons.
(Science, Communication, Literature)
14. Huge deposits of Gold and Silver were found
in _______ .
(Asia, Africa, France)
15. Asian nations were rich in the production of
_______.
(cotton, spices, jute)
16. The greatness of a nation was decided by the
number of _______ under it.
(colonies, weapons, ships)
17. The European nations wanted to spread
_______ throughout the world.
(christianity, humanity, socialism)
Economic Imperialism
*18. It is considered that _______ is the origin of
Industrial Revolution. [Mar 15]
(France, England, Germany)
19. The industrial upheaval gave rise to _______.
(feudalism, capitalism, socialism)
20. The _______ expansion moulded a new form
of Imperialism.
(capitalist, socialist, feudalist)
Various forms of Imperial Domination
21. In order to achieve the imperial objectives, the
European nations implemented _______
policy.
(Credit, Divide and Rule, Monetary)
1
Std.X:History
ii. The Kings and Emperors gave less
B. Match the pairs.
importance to the acquisition of wealth
*1. and financial profits, while expanding
Column A Column B their territories.
i. Vasco da Gama a. Circumnavigated Geographical Discoveries
the earth by sea-
route. 4. What was the significance of
ii. Amerigo b. New sea route to Constantinople in European trade?
Vespucci India. Ans: i. Constantinople (Istanbul) was the
iii. Ferdinand c. The northern, shortest route to Asia.
Magellan eastern and central ii. It was captured by Ottoman Turks in the
parts of America. year 1453.
d. Astrolabe iii. Due to this, the route was closed down
for the European traders and the
Ans: (i b), (ii c), (iii a) European trade came to a halt.
2. 5. Which conditions encouraged the European
Column A Column B sailors to discover new sea routes?
i. Constantinople a. Henry Ans: i. The European traders were curious to
ii. Portuguese b. Ferdinand begin trade in eastern nations.
King Magellan ii. Henry, the king of Portugal motivated
iii. Portuguese c. Istanbul the navigators.
Sailor iii. The sailors were also inspired by the
d. King Ashok European kings and traders.
iv. Instruments such as sailors compass,
Ans: (i c), (ii a), (iii b) astrolabe, newly designed maps and
directive books proved helpful during
Q.2. Answer the following questions in 25 to 30 the voyage.
words each.
The Imperialism
The Background
*6. Give the meaning of the word Imperialism
1. Which revolutions have played a key role in and write the definition. [Mar 15]
the modern history of the world? Ans: i. The word Imperialism has been
Ans: i. The American war of Independence, derived from a Latin word imperium
French Revolution and the Industrial meaning rights or rule.
Revolution have played a key role in the ii. Imperialism can be defined as the
modern history of the world. domination of an undeveloped nation by
ii. Industrial revolution was a significant a developed nation by virtue of
development during the eighteenth establishing a colony.
century. Imperialism was a result of this iii. In other words, imperialism consists in
revolution. an absolute domination of one nation by
2. In the olden times, what ambitious motive another nation.
did the Kings have? What was its result? Economic Imperialism
Ans: i. In the olden times, the Kings had the
ambition of dominating the neighbouring *7. What is Economic Imperialism?
or distant regions. Ans: i. The imperialism carried out with an
ii. This royal ambition gave rise to the objective to bring profits to the nation,
Greek, Roman and Turkish empires. by exploiting the natural resources of an
undeveloped nation, by means of
3. What was the source of inspiration of the economic and political dominance is
traditional imperialism? called Economic Imperialism.
Ans: i. The source of inspiration of the ii. Economic Imperialism also means
traditional imperialism consisted of economic domination of one nation by
regional pride and display of the army. another nation.
2

Q.3. Give reasons for the following statements
in 25 to 30 words each.
Geographical Discoveries
*1. The Europeans felt the need for finding out
new sea routes.
Ans: i. In 1453, Constantinople (Istanbul) was
captured by the Ottoman Turks.
ii. The terrestrial way, a short route to Asia
was thus closed down for the European
traders.
iii. As there was an increase in the business
in Europe, and the short route was under
the control of the Turks, the Europeans
felt the need for finding out new sea
routes.
Reasons for Imperialism
2. Scientific inventions gave rise to
imperialism.
Ans: i. The extraordinary inventions brought
about by the scientists, right from John
Kay up to Wright Brothers, provided
momentum to the life of the people.
ii. The inventions of steam power,
electricity, coal and iron brought about a
radical change in the means of transport
and communication.
iii. Science also motivated the creation of
modern weapons which gave an impetus
to the imperial ambitions of human
beings.
As a result, imperialism grew in many nations.
3. *Europeans started to discover new
markets.
OR
Europeans felt an urgent need to find out
new markets.
Ans: i. During industrial revolution, production
increased due to machines.
ii. The pace of production of goods went
up.
iii. As a consequence, it became difficult
for the nations to sell the products
within their national boundaries.
Hence, Europeans started to discover new
markets.
Chapter01:Imperialism
4. European nations turned their imperial
attention towards Asia and Africa.
Ans: i. Due to industrial revolution, the
production of goods increased, leading
to an increased demand of raw
materials.
ii. The markets in Europe were of
competitive nature, thereby Europeans
had to sell their goods at a cheaper price.
iii. This could only be achieved by cutting
down the production expenses and
purchasing the raw materials from
cheaper sources.
iv. The nations in Asia and Africa were rich
in terms of natural resources.
Thus, with a view of taking advantage of these
natural resources, the European nations turned
their imperial attention towards Asia and
Africa.
Economic Imperialism
*5. Economic Imperialism started in Europe.
Ans: i. Economic imperialism was based on the
objective of bringing profit to the nation
by exploiting the natural resources of
the undeveloped nations through
economic and political dominance.
ii. Industrial revolution originated in
England, which was later followed by
other European Nations.
iii. The industrial upheaval gave rise to
capitalism which led to financial
prosperity of the European nations.
iv. The foundation of the European
capitalist economic system was based on
the production and exchange of goods.
v. The European nations endeared this new
form of imperialism leading to the
initiation of Economic Imperialism in
Europe.
Q.4. Answer the following questions in 30 to 40
words each.
Geographical Discoveries
1. Write about the geographical discoveries in
the period between 15th 17th century.
Ans: i. In the 15th century, Christopher
Columbus, John Cabot and Amerigo
Vespucci discovered the northern,
eastern and central parts of the
American continent respectively.
3
Std.X:History
ii. Between 1606 1732, England set up
thirteen colonies in the eastern coast of
North America.
iii. Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route
to India.
iv. Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese Sailor
set out a voyage to circumnavigate the
earth. However, he was killed during the
voyage and his companions completed
his dream project.
v. Spain, Portugal, Holland, England and
France also established many colonies in
the newly discovered regions.
The Imperialism
*2. What is the meaning of colonization?
Ans: i. One countrys people dominating the
other countrys specific territories and
settling down there means colonization.
ii. After colonization, the dominating
country establishes its economic control
and military power to extend its
territories.
iii. Imperialism was carried out through
colonization whereby, many European
nations established their colonies in the
Asian and African continents.
Reasons for Imperialism
3. What attempts were made by the European
nations to spread Christianity?
Ans: i. The European nations were bent upon
spreading Christianity throughout the
world.
ii. They believed that white mans religion
and culture were superior.
iii. The British put their foot in India with
a pair of scales and a copy of the
Bible. The Bible stood for the
propagation of Christian religion.
iv. Establishment of the colonies was
followed by the entry of missionaries.
v. The Europeans established several
missions with the sole purpose of
propagating their religion.
4
Various Forms of Imperial Domination
*4. What are the various forms of Imperial
domination? Write any four of them.
Ans: The European nations created imperial
domination over the Asian and African
continents in various ways. Some of these are
as given below:
i. Political Dominance:
The European nations imposed political
dependence, ensured security to nations
and executed Divide and Rule Policy
for gaining profits.
ii. Business Monopoly (Control of
Trade):
The European nations brought
compulsory business agreements,
thereby creating business monopoly.
iii. Propagation of Religion:
The European nations propagated
christianity, thereby imposing their
imperial culture on the nations of Asia
and Africa.
iv. Economic Dominance:
European Nations adopted the policy of
economic imperialism by which they
economically dominated the colonies in
the following manner:
a. Capturing the colonies for raw
materials and selling the finished
products in the colonial markets.
b. Taking possession of the places with
military importance.
v. Financial Policy:
The European nations improved their
financial situation by imposing
restrictions on the colonies and securing
trade concessions.
Q.5. Answer the following question in 60 to 80
words.
Reasons for Imperialism
1. *Write the reasons for imperialism.
OR
State any three reasons for imperialism.
[Oct 14]
Ans: The European nations changed due to the
Renaissance movement, developing a crave
for modern imperialism. Due to this craving,
Asian and African regions were brought under
the imperial rule by 1914. The reasons for
imperialism were:

i. Scientific Inventions:
a. The inventions of Steam Power,
Electricity, Coal and Iron
revolutionized the means of
transport and communication.
b. Science also motivated the creation
of modern weapons which gave an
impetus to the imperial ambitions
of human beings.
ii. Industrial Revolution:
a. Industrial Revolution boosted
Modern Imperialism.
b. During Industrial revolution,
production increased due to
machines.
c. As a result, it became difficult for
the European nations to sell the
products within their national
boundaries.
d. So, an urgent need was felt to find
out new markets.
iii. Need for Raw Material:
a. An increase in production led to
scarcity of raw materials.
b. European markets were of
competitive nature, which
compelled the traders to sell their
products at a cheaper price.
c. This was achieved by cutting down
the production expenses and
purchasing the raw materials from
cheaper sources.
d. As colonies were the chief source
of raw materials, European
nations increased their imperial
motives in these nations.
iv. Prosperity of Asia and Africa:
a. The Asian and African continents
were rich in terms of natural
resources.
b. The Asian nations were rich in the
production of spices, whereas the
African continent had huge deposits
of Gold, Silver, Diamonds, Iron and
Coal.
Chapter01:Imperialism
c. To take advantage of these natural
resources, European nations
brought Asian and African nations
under their imperial rule.
v. Rise of new European nations:
a. The nations like Germany and
Italy were on their rise.
b. In order to satisfy their desire,
these emerging nations adopted
aggressive imperialism by
seeking inspiration from England.
vi. Ambition of Political Domination:
a. The European nations were
involved in a tussle of winning
terrestrial and marine military
posts of strategic importance.
b. The greatness of a nation was
decided by the number of colonies
under its control.
c. This imperial expansion created a
sense of suspicion among the
European nations.
d. The attempts of colonization
increased and the nations began to
strengthen their security.
vii. Propagation of Religion:
a. The European nations wanted to
spread Christianity throughout the
world.
b. They believed that white mans
religion and culture were
superior.
c. Establishment of colonies was
followed by the entry of Christian
missionaries for the sole purpose
of spreading their religion.
viii. Weakness of Asian and African nations:
a. The Asian and African nations were
weak from political and economic
point of view.
b. These nations were greatly damaged
by invasions and feudalism.
c. Taking advantage of these
situations, the powerful European
nations brought them under their
imperial reign.
5
Std.X:History

Important Events To Remember

Year Event Significance/Effects/Reasons
The terrestrial way, the short route to Asia was closed
Constantinople (Istanbul) was
1453 down for the European traders. Thus, Europeans felt the
captured by the Ottoman Turks.
need for finding out new sea routes.
England set up thirteen colonies in
1606-1732
the eastern coast of North America.
The European nations changed due to the Renaissance
Asia and Africa were brought under Movement, developing a crave for modern imperialism.
1914
the imperial rule. Because of this craving, the entire regions under Asia
and Africa were brought under the imperial rule.
Key Terms
1. Divide and Rule Policy The Divide and Rule Policy refers to a strategy that breaks up existing
power structures and prevents smaller power groups from linking up.
The main aim of this policy is to achieve profits.
Eg. The Britishers used the Divide and Rule policy to divide the people of
India on the basis of their religion and gain control of the various smaller
territories of India.
2. Imperialism Domination of an undeveloped nation by a developed nation.
3. Cut-throat Competition A competitive or fierce situation.

Important Names To Remember

Christopher Columbus,
Cabot, Amerigo Vespucci
Vasco da Gama
Ferdinand Magellan
John These sailors, discovered the northern, eastern and central parts of the
American continent.
Discovered the sea route to India.
A Portuguese Sailor, who intended to circumnavigate the earth but was
killed on his voyage.

Flowchart
Scientific Inventions
Industrial Revolution
Need of Raw Material
Prosperity of Asia and Africa
Reasons for Imperialism
Rise of New European Nations
Ambition of Political Domination
Propagation of Religion

Weakness of Asian and African Nations

Various Forms of Imperial Domination

Economic Propagation of Business Monopoly Political Domination Financial Policy

Dominance Religion

6
 Chapter01:Imperialism

Question Paper
Total Marks: 20
1. A. Complete the following statements by choosing the appropriate alternatives from
those given in the brackets: [3]
i. The Ottoman Turks conquered _____________ in the year 1453.
(Constantinople, Calicut, Kolkata)

ii. Portuguese King _____________ motivated the navigators.

(William, Henry, Nicholas)

iii. The imperialism in the modern period is a result of ____________ revolution.

(French, Industrial, Russian)

B. Match the following: [2]

Group A Group B
i. Ferdinand Magellan a. The northern, eastern and central parts of America
ii. Amerigo Vespucci b. New sea route to India
c. Circumnavigated the earth by sea-route.

2. Answer the following questions in 25 to 30 words each (any two): [4]

i. Which revolutions have played a key role in the modern history of the world?
ii. Give the meaning of the word Imperialism and write the definition.
iii. What is economic imperialism?

3. Give reasons for the following statements in 25 to 30 words each (any two): [4]
i. Scientific inventions gave rise to Imperialism.
ii. The Europeans felt the need for finding out new sea routes.
iii. Economic imperialism started in Europe.

4. Answer the following questions in 30 to 40 words each (any one): [3]

i. What is the meaning of colonization?
ii. What attempts were made by the European nations to spread Christianity?

5. Answer the following questions in 60 to 80 words each (any one): [4]

i. Write the reasons for imperialism.
ii. What are the various forms of Imperial Domination?

7
Std.X:History

B. Imperialism in Asia
Q.1.A.Complete the following statements by 14. _______ organized the members of the Sikh
choosing the appropriate alternatives from community.
those given in the brackets. (Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Maharaja Udai
Singh, Maharana Pratap)
Imperialism in India
15. Maharaja Ranjit Singh died in the year _______.
1. In 1498 AD, Vasco da Gama, came to the (1839, 1840, 1841)
Calicut port of India via _____ peninsula. 16. The state of _______ was merged under the
(South African, South Asian, East African) pretext of maladministration.
2. Calicut is a port on the _______coast of India. (Ayodhya, Jhansi, Nagpur)
(western, eastern, southern) The Imperialism in China
*3. Vasco da Gama sought business concessions
17. _______ is the biggest nation in terms of
from King _______ of Calicut.
population in the Asian continent.
(Jahangir, Zamorin, Shah Alam)
(China, Japan, Myanmar)
4. In the initial stages of their stay, the ________
*18. At the end of eighteenth century, China was
had great importance in the Indian politics.
regarded as a ________ nation.
(Portuguese, American, Dutch)
(dormant, awakened, progressive)
5. The Portuguese were followed by the _______
19. The _______ reign was held responsible for
in India.
allowing a gigantic China to be brought under
(French, Dutch, British)
the reign of the Europeans.
6. The _______ established their control over the (Wanli, Kangxi, Manchu)
South-east Asian islands.
20. The _______ were the first European traders
(British, Dutch, French)
in China.
7. The_______ began their trade in India from (French, Portuguese, Dutch)
the year 1625 AD.
21. The Portuguese alighted at the _______ port
(Dutch, British, French)
of China.
8. In India, the East India Company was (Shanghai, Tianjin, Canton)
established by Britain in the year _______.
22. In the later stages of their stay, Portuguese
(1600 AD, 1612 AD, 1630 AD)
captured _______ port in China.
*9. Badshah Jahangir had given permission to (Macau, Shanghai, Manchu)
start business centre at _______.
23. The Chinese society was moulded in the
(Mumbai, Surat, Calicut)
ancient _______ philosophy.
10. The Karnataka Battle was fought between (Confucian, Legalism, Taoism)
_______ and _______.
*24. The European traders in China established an
(England, France; America, Japan;
organization named _______ .
Portugal, Russia)
(Cohong, Peking, Nanking)
11. The Battle of Plassey took place in the year
25. The British merchants used to sell the
_______.
_______ got from India in China.
(1757, 1755, 1752)
(Opium, Silk, Tea)
12. The Battle of Buxar took place in the year 26. The First Opium war was fought in the year
_______. _______ .
(1762, 1764, 1766) (1841, 1839, 1842)
13. Bajirao II had to face defeat at the battle of 27. After the first opium war, ________ treaty
_______ . was signed between England and China.
(Ashti, Plassey, Buxar) (Peking, Nanking, Macau)
8
 Chapter01:Imperialism
28. The second opium war was fought in the year
_______ . B. Match the pairs.
(1842, 1856, 1839) *1.
29. Russia attacked China in the year ______. Column A Column B
(1860, 1858, 1856) i. Portuguese a. Pondicherry
30. _________ defeated China by waging a war in (Pudducheri)
1894-95. ii. French [Mar 14] b. Surat
(England, America, Japan) iii. England c. Plassey
31. During imperialism, ________ controlled the d. Goa
business and excise of China.
(England, France, Japan) Ans: (i d), (ii a), (iii b)

32. The Open Door Policy of America was 2.

putforth in the year ______ . Column A Column B
( 1899, 1898, 1888) i. India a. Cape of Good
The Imperialism in Japan Hope
ii. China [Mar 14] b. Shimonda
33. _______ is known as the Land of Rising iii. Japan c. Calicut
Sun.
d. Canton
(Japan, China, India)
34. The Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch tried to Ans: (i c), (ii d), (iii b)
spread _______ in Japan.
(Christianity, Jainism, Buddhism) 3.
Column A Column B
35. _______ was known as a recluse nation. i. Maharaja a. Son of Hyder
(India, China, Japan) Ranjitsingh Ali
36. Japan was a backward _______ nation. ii. Robert Clive b. Leader of Sikh
(autocratic, aristocratic, plutocratic) empire
37. America paid special attention to Japan in the iii. Tipu Sultan c. King of Belgium
year _______ . d. British
(1850, 1860, 1870) Commander
38. In the year 1852, ________ was appointed as Ans: (i b), (ii d), (iii a)
the Chief of the American naval mission to
Japan. 4.
(Commodore Matthew Perry, Amerigo Column A Column B
Vespucci, Tokugawa Shogun) i. Cutting of a. England was
Chinese given control of
39. In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry first
Melon four ports along
came to gulf of _______ in Japan.
with Canton port.
(Edo, Peking, Nanking)
ii. Open Door b. Accelerated the
40. Kanagawa Treaty was signed on ______. Policy partition of India.
(31st Jan 1854, 31st March 1854, 31st May 1854) iii. Nanking c. Division of China
Treaty under the power
41. According to Kanagawa treaty, America was sectors of the
allowed entry to _______ and _______ ports imperial nations.
of Japan.
d. Equal rights to
(Hakata, Osaka; Shimonda, Hakodate;
conduct trade
Kobe, Macau)
anywhere in
42. Shogun governance was subverted by the China.
_______ revolution.
(Meiji, American, Chinese) Ans: (i c), (ii d), (iii a)
9
Std.X:History
Q.2. Answer the following questions in 25 to 30
words each.
Imperialism in India
*1. In which regions of Asia, European nations
imposed their imperialism?
Ans: European nations imposed their imperialism in
the Asian regions of India, China, Japan,
Myanmar (Burma), Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines and Thailand (Siam).
2. Which route was taken by Vasco da Gama
to come to India?
Ans: The Portuguese Sailor, Vasco da Gama, came
to the Calicut (now known as Kozhikode) port
of India via the South African Peninsula in the
year 1498 AD.
3. Name some places which were dominated
by the Portuguese and the French during
their stay in India.
Ans: i. The places where Portuguese imposed
their rule in India were Goa, Daman and
Diu islands.
ii. The areas dominated by French during
their stay in India were Chandranagar,
Pondicherry (Pudducheri), Karraikal,
Yenam and Mahe.
*4. Why did Britain pay attention to Indian
politics?
Ans: i. The East India Company set up by
Britain in India was initially concerned
with only business purposes.
ii. However, with the signs of decline of
Mughal rule and the cropping up of
intra-dynasty conflicts after the death of
Badshah Aurangzeb, Britain started
paying attention to Indian politics.
The Imperialism in China
5. Write about the first European traders in
China.
Ans: i. The Portuguese were the first European
traders in China.
ii. They came to China via sea route and
alighted at the Canton port of China
where they were allowed trade
concessions.
iii. Later on, the Portuguese captured the
Macau port in China.
10
6. What was the effect of Industrial revolution
in China?
Ans: i. China used to earn a lot of profit by
virtue of selling tea, silk and chinese
vessels.
ii. However, after industrial revolution, the
western goods started to sell in Chinese
markets.
iii. The European traders in China
established an organization named
Cohong for the promotion of trade.
7. How did Imperialistic nations establish
economic dominance over China?
[Oct 14]
Ans: i. The imperialistic European nations
established economic dominance over
China by acquiring various commercial
concessions from it.
ii. England controlled the business and
excise, France took over the Chinese
postal service whereas, the Chinese
railway was dominated by other
European nations.
The Imperialism in Japan
*8. Why was Japan called a recluse nation?
Ans: i. Japan was more or less involved in
business with the Portuguese, the Dutch
and Spanish right from the 16th century.
ii. However, they were expelled, as these
people tried to spread christianity in the
region.
iii. Japan became self centered and its doors
were closed for the European nations for
one hundred and fifty years.
Hence, Japan was called a recluse nation.
9. What request was made by Commodore
Matthew Perry to the Japanese
Government?
Ans: i. Commodore Matthew Perry, chief of the
American naval mission to Japan, first
came to the Gulf of Edo in 1853.
ii. He made a request to the Japanese
government to ensure safety to the
American ships within the marine
boundaries of Japan and to provide
business concessions.

Q.3. Give reasons for the following statements
in 25 to 30 words each.
Imperialism in India
*1. The Portuguese couldnt set up their
empire in India. [Oct 14]
Ans: i. Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese sailor
came to the Calicut (Kozhikode) port of
India in 1498 AD.
ii. He was allowed business concessions by
King Zamorin.
iii. The Portuguese initially had a great
importance in Indian politics.
iv. However, later on they tried to
propagate their religion, expand their
rule and business at the same time.
Therefore, the Portuguese could not set up an
Empire in India and got restricted to Goa, Diu
and Daman islands only.
2. The imperial roots of Britain got deeper
into the Indian soil after its victory in the
Karnataka region.
Ans: i. Three battles were fought in the
Karnataka region due to the rivalry
between England and France.
ii. The first battle was won by the French,
because of the bravery of their
Commander Dupleix.
iii. The second battle was won by the
British, as their Commander Robert
Clive showed a greater war strategy and
the French had to bring a treaty at
Pondicherry with England.
iv. In the third battle, England defeated the
French army at Wandiwash in
Karnataka, thereby establishing its
complete commercial dominance in the
region.
Thus, after its victory in the Karnataka region
the imperial roots of Britain got deeper into
the Indian soil.
The Imperialism in China
*3. China remained undivided.
Ans: i. China was being divided under the power
sectors of the Imperial nations, known as
Cutting of the Chinese Melon.
ii. With a view to avoid actual political
division of China and to take financial
advantage, America came out with its
Open Door Policy in 1899.
Chapter01:Imperialism
iii. The policy consisted of equal rights for
all nations to trade in China.
Except Russia, all the imperial nations,
showed their acceptance towards this policy
and hence, China remained undivided.
The Imperialism in Japan
4. *Decline of Tokugawa Shogun began.
[Mar 14]
OR
The non-aligned status of Japan came to an
end.
Ans: i. Commodore Matthew Perry, chief of the
American naval mission to Japan made
a request to the Japanese government, to
ensure safety to the American ships
within the marine boundaries of Japan
and to provide business concessions.
ii. Considering the extent and strength of
Perrys Navy, the Japanese governance
Tokugawa Shogun signed a business
agreement with America on 31st March,
1854 at Kanagawa.
iii. As per this agreement, Japan granted
many concessions to America including
the permission to do business in Japan
under local rules.
Due to this, the non-aligned status of Japan
came to an end and the decline of Tokugawa
Shogun began.
Q.4. Answer the following questions in 30 to 40
words each.
Imperialism in India
1. How did British rule start in India?
Ans: i. The British entered India with the sole
purpose of initiating business activities.
The East India Company was set up by
Britain in the year 1600 AD.
ii. When the Britishers came to India,
North India was ruled by the Mughals.
iii. In 1615 AD, Badshah Jahangir
permitted the East India Company to
build a business centre in Surat.
iv. Initially, the company was involved
only in business activities.
v. However, with the signs of decline of
Mughal rule and cropping up of
Intra-dynasty conflicts after the death of
Badshah Aurangzeb, the company
started to dabble (take part) in Indian
Politics.
11
Std.X:History
2. How did the British expand their rule in
South India?
Ans: i. In the second half of 18th century,
South India was dominated by Nizam,
Hyder Ali and the Maratha rulers.
ii. Hyder Ali was defeated by the British in
collaboration with the Nizam and the
Marathas.
iii. Later, Tipu Sultan, the son of Hyder Ali,
was also defeated.
iv. During the period of 1775-1818 three
battles took place between Maratha and
British. In the first battle British were
defeated but in other two battles
Maratha rulers were subdued.
v. Nizam accepted the subsidiary alliance
system which paved way for the Britishers
to expand their territories in India.
3. How was the Maratha rule conquered by
the Britishers?
Ans: i. Between 1775 1818, three battles were
fought between the Marathas and the
British.
ii. In the first battle, Mahadji Shinde of the
Marathas defeated the British.
iii. However, Britishers won the second
battle.
iv. Later, in the third battle at Ashti, Bajirao
II faced defeat at the hands of British
army and the Maratha rulers were
subdued (brought under control).
4. How did the British expand their power in
Punjab?
Ans: i. After the defeat of Marathas, except for
the Sikh reign, all other princely states
were under the British rule.
ii. It was Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who
organized the members of the sikh
community.
iii. The East India Company was under the
threat of Maharaja.
iv. No damage was possible as long as
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was on the throne.
v. The Sikh empire expanded to the
regions of Punjab, Sindh, Kashmir and
areas in Pakistan.
vi. In the wake of Maharaja Ranjit Singhs
death in 1839 and the disputes among
the successors (followers) of Sikh
empire, Britain took advantage and won
the vast Sikh empire between 1845
1849.
12
5. How did the British rule spread over the
entire region of India?
Ans: i. Lord Dalhousie introduced the Doctrine
of Lapse and adopted the policy of
merging local princely states into the
British empire.
ii. The adopted successors of the princely
states of Jhansi, Nagpur, Satara,
Sambalpur, Udaipur were rejected.
iii. The state of Ayodhya was merged under
the pretext of maladministration.
iv. Some other princely states were
deprived of the periodic pensions and
were brought under the British empire.
v. Thus, in the span of hundred years
between 1757-1857, England brought
the entire region of India under its
governance.
The Imperialism in China
6. What policy was adopted by China with the
advent of foreign traders?
Ans: i. After Portuguese, the traders from
France, England, Holland, Belgium and
Russia started setting up commercial
centres in coastal regions of China.
ii. However, China did not allow any
country to interfere into its internal
region for almost two hundred years.
iii. The Chinese society was moulded in the
ancient Confucian philosophy.
iv. The eight-point regulation announced by
China imposed several restrictions on
Europeans.
v. Those who wanted to enter into China
were made to pay tributes to the Chinese
Emperor.
7. *According to Peking treaty what restrictions
were imposed on China by England?
OR
Write about the Peking treaty.
Ans: i. In the year 1856, England and France
had a war against China. This was called
as the Second Opium War.
ii. The Second Opium War led to the
defeat of Chinese Manchu Empire and
signing of Peking treaty.
iii. According to the Peking treaty, another
group of six Chinese ports were opened
for the foreign traders.
iv. The business of opium was given
permission.

v. Foreign envoys (messengers or
representatives) were allowed to stay in
Peking only.
vi. The Christian missionaries were given
security and freedom of spreading the
cause of their religion.
*8. Write about the Opium War between
England and China.
Ans: First Opium War:
i. The British merchants used to sell
Opium brought from India into the
Chinese market.
ii. The Chinese people exchanged silver to
buy Opium which led to a stream of
silver export to England.
iii. The Chinese government, was against
this business, however, European traders
continued to smuggle Opium into China.
iv. This led to the First Opium War
between England and China in the year
1839.
v. In this war, China was defeated, which
compelled the Manchu empire to sign a
treaty with England in 1842 known as
the Nanking Treaty.
vi. According to this treaty, England was
given the control of four ports along
with Canton port. England also won the
Hong Kong island.
vii. Taking advantage of these
developments, in the following ten
years, America, France, Belgium,
Holland, Portugal and Russia sought
commercial concessions from China.
Second Opium War:
i. In the year 1856, England and France
had a war against China. This was
known as the Second Opium war.
ii. The war came to an end with the defeat
of the Manchu emperor and the Peking
Treaty.
iii. By this treaty, another group of six
Chinese ports were opened for the
foreign traders.
iv. The business of Opium was given
permission. The foreign envoys were
allowed to stay in Peking.
v. The Christian missionaries were given
security and freedom of spreading their
religion.
Chapter01:Imperialism
9. What is known as Cutting of Chinese
Melon?
Ans: i. China was economically dominated and
exploited by various imperial nations.
ii. England controlled the business and
excise of China.
iii. France had the Chinese postal service
under its authority.
iv. Chinese railways were dominated by
Europe.
Thus, China was divided under the power
sectors of the imperial nations and this event is
known as the Cutting of Chinese Melon.
10. Write about the Open Door policy of
America.
Ans: i. With a view to avoid the actual political
division of China and to take financial
advantage, America came up with its
Open Door Policy in 1899.
ii. The policy consisted of equal rights for
all nations to trade in China.
iii. Except Russia, all the imperial nations
showed their acceptance towards this
American decision and China remained
undivided.
iv. However, in the following years, the
imperial nations exploited China to a
large extent.
The Imperialism in Japan
*11. Give a brief information about The
Kanagawa Treaty.
Ans: i. America appointed Commodore
Matthew Perry as the chief of its naval
mission to Japan.
ii. Commodore Matthew Perry first came
to Gulf of Edo in Japan in 1853.
iii. He made a request to the Japanese
government to ensure safety to the
American ships within the marine
boundaries of Japan and to provide
business concessions.
iv. Considering the extent and strength of
Perrys Navy, the Japanese governance,
Tokugawa Shogun signed a business
agreement with America on 31st March,
1854 at Kanagawa.
v. As per this agreement:
a. America was allowed entry to
Shimonda and Hakodate ports for
procuring wood, coal and water.
13
Std.X:History
b. The American representative
could stay in Japan.
c. The American sailors in distress
would be provided help by the
Japanese.
d. America was allowed to do
business in Japan adhering to the
local rules and regulations.
vi. Due to this treaty, the non-aligned status
of Japan came to an end.
Q.5. Answer the following questions in 60 to 80
words each.
Imperialism in India
*1. How was India brought under the reign of
England? [Mar 15]
Ans: India was brought under the reign of England
in the following manner:
i. Policy of East India Company:
East India Company was set up by
Britain with a view to carry out business
activities in India.
Initially, the company focussed only on
business.
However, later, it dabbled into the
Indian politics as the Mughal rule began
to show the signs of decline, with intra-
dynasty conflicts cropping up after the
death of Badshah Aurangzeb.
ii. The Karnataka Battles:
Three battles were fought in the
Karnataka region because of the rivalry
between England and France. France
won the first of the three battles,
whereas, England defeated France in the
other two. After the defeat of France, the
roots of Britain got deeper into the
Indian soil.
iii. The Rise of British Rule in Bengal:
The British victory in the Battle of
Plassey in 1757 and the Battle of Buxar
in 1764 paved way for the inception of
the British rule in India.
iv. The Expansion of British Rule in
South India:
Nizam, Hyder Ali and the Maratha
rulers dominated South India in the
second half of the 18th century. Hyder
Ali and his son Tipu Sultan were
defeated by the British in collaboration
with the Nizam and the Marathas.
Between 17751818, there occurred
14
three battles between the Marathas and
the British. Mahadji Shinde of the
Marathas defeated the British in the first
battle, while Britain won the other two
battles.
v. Subsidiary Alliance System:
The Nizam accepted the Subsidiary
Alliance System which forced him to
station British army at his cost. This
helped the British to expand their
territories in India.
vi. The Power Expansion in Punjab:
The British couldnt do any damage to
the Sikh reign, as long as Maharaja
Ranjit Singh was on the throne.
However, after his death, there arose
conflicts among the successors. This
proved advantageous to the Britishers
and they finally conquered the Sikh
empire between 1845 1849.
vii. The Absolute Rule of the British:
Lord Dalhousie undertook the mission
of merging the local princely states into
the British Raj by rejecting the adopted
successors in Jhansi, Nagpur, Satara,
Udaipur and Sambalpur. The state of
Ayodhya was merged under the pretext
of maladministration.
Thus, in the hundred years between
1757 1857, the entire region of India was
brought under the governance of England.
The Imperialism in China
*2. Write about the Nanking treaty. [Mar 14]
Ans: i. The British merchants used to sell the
Opium got from India into China.
ii. The Chinese government was not in
support of this business.
iii. But, the European traders continued to
smuggle Opium into China.
iv. The Chinese people used to buy opium
in exchange of silver, causing a stream
of silver export to England.
v. This led to the First Opium War
between England and China in the year
1839.
vi. China was defeated and the Manchu
empire was compelled to sign the
Nanking Treaty in 1842.
vii. As per the treaty, England was given the
control of four ports along with Canton
port. England also won the Hong Kong
island.
 Chapter01:Imperialism
viii. Taking advantage of these iii. It modernized itself by drastically
developments, in the following ten years changing the economic, social and
America, France, Belgium, Holland, political fields.
Portugal and Russia sought commercial iv. Japan took motivation from the
concessions from China. scientific and artistic developments with
The Imperialism in Japan which the European nations had
defeated it.
3. How did Japan become a powerful imperial
nation in Asia? v. After modernizing itself, Japan endeared
OR the policy of imperial expansion.
Japan, a victim of Imperialism, became a vi. It defeated the powerful nations like
powerful imperial nation in Asia. Explain. China and Russia and annexed regions
Ans: i. The imperialist nations acquired trade belonging to China.
concessions from Japan by virtue of vii. Japan brought Korea and Formosa under
modern power. its empire.
ii. Japan soon realized its weaknesses and viii. Thus, Japan, a nation which was a
changed its policy towards these victim of imperialism, became a
nations. powerful imperial nation in Asia.

Important Events To Remember

Year Event Significance/Effects/Reasons

IMPERIALISM IN INDIA
1498 Vasco Da Gama came to the Calicut (now The Portuguese tried to propagate their religion,
known as Kozhikode) port of India on the expand their rule and business at the same time.
western coast. Therefore, they could not set up an empire in
India.
1600 Establishment of East India Company. With the purpose of initiating business with India,
the East India Company was set up by Britain.
1615 East India Company was permitted to build a
business centre at Surat by Badshah
Jahangir.
1625 The French began their trade in India. The French dominated Chandranagar, Pondicherry
(Pudducheri), Karraikal, Yenam and Mahe.
1757 Battle of Plassey
1760 England defeated France in the Third battle
in Karnataka.
1764 Battle of Buxar
1775-1818 Three battles were fought between Marathas British defeated Marathas in the second and the
and the Britishers. third battle which helped them to expand their
empire in India.
1839 Maharaja Ranjit Singh died
1845-1849 The British empire won the vast region under

the Sikh empire.
1757-1857 England had almost the entire region of India
under its total governance.

15
Std.X:History
IMPERIALISM IN CHINA
1517 Portuguese alighted at Canton port of China Portuguese, who came to China via the sea route,
were the first European traders there. After that,
the traders from France, England, Holland,
Belgium and Russia acquired commercial
concessions in China.
1644-1911 Manchu Reign Manchu Reign was held responsible for allowing a
gigantic China to be brought under the reign of the
Europeans.
1839 First Opium War between England and In the First Opium war, England defeated China,
China due to which Manchu empire signed a treaty with
England called the Nanking Treaty.
1842 Signing of Nanking Treaty between England According to this treaty, England was given the
and China. control of four ports along with Canton port.
1856 Second Opium War between England, The second Opium war came to an end with the
France and China defeat of Manchu Emperor and the Peking Treaty.
By this treaty, another group of six Chinese ports
were opened for the foreign traders.
1860 Russia attacked China Russia won the Amour sea coast of China.
1894-95 Japan defeated China by waging a war on it.
1899 Open Door Policy of America The policy consisted of equal rights for all nations
to trade in China.
IMPERIALISM IN JAPAN
1850 America paid special attention to Japan. America felt that Japan was a favourable place for
business. With this commercial intention, America
decided to make friendship with Japan.
1852 Commodore Matthew Perry was appointed
as the Chief of the American naval mission
to Japan.
1853 Commodore Perry first came to the Gulf of Commodore Perry made a request to the Japanese
Edo in Japan. government for ensuring safety to the American
ships within the marine boundaries of Japan along
with business concessions.
1854 Japanese Governance signed a business Due to this agreement, the non-aligned status of
st
agreement with America on 31 March, Japan came to an end and the decline of
1854, at Kanagawa Tokugawa Shogun began.

Cohong
Open Door Policy
Cutting of Chinese Melon
Key Terms
An organization in China, established by the European traders for the
promotion of trade.
The policy initiated by America in the year 1899, so as to avoid the political
division of China and to take financial advantage. The policy consisted of
equal rights for all the nations to trade in China.
The division of China under the power sectors of the imperial nations.

Important Names To Remember

Maharaja Ranjit Singh The leader of the Sikh empire.

Commodore Matthew Perry The chief of the American naval mission to Japan
Lord Dalhousie Doctorine of Lapse
Tipu Sultan Son of Hyder Ali

16
 Chapter01:Imperialism

Question Paper
Total Marks: 20
1. A. Complete the following statements by choosing the appropriate alternatives from those
given in the brackets: [3]
i. Calicut is a port on the ___________ coast of India.
(Western, Eastern, Southern)
ii. Portuguese alighted at the __________ port of China.
(Shanghai, Tianjin, Canton)
iii. Kangawa Treaty was signed on ________.
(31st Jan, 1854, 31st March, 1854, 31st May, 1854)
B. Match the following: [2]
Group A Group B
i. Japan a. Canton
ii. China b. Calicut
c. Shimonda
2. Answer the following questions in 25 to 30 words each (any two): [4]
i. Why was Japan called a recluse nation?
ii. Why did Britain pay attention to Indian politics?
iii. What request was made by Commodore Matthew Perry to the Japanese Governement?
3. Give reasons for the following statements in 25 to 30 words each (any two): [4]
i. China remained undivided.
ii. The portuguese couldnt set up their empire in India.
iii. Decline of Tokugawa Shogun began.
4. Answer the following questions in 30 to 40 words each (any one): [3]
i. How did the British expand their power in Punjab?
ii. Give a brief information about The Kanagawa Treaty.
5. Answer the following questions in 60 to 80 words each (any one): [4]
i. How was India brought under the reign of England?
ii. How did Japan become a powerful imperial nation in Asia?

17
Std.X:History

C. Imperialism in Africa
Q.1.A.Complete the following statements by 11. _______ set up its colonies in the Niger river
choosing the appropriate alternatives from basin of Africa.
those given in the brackets. (Belgium, England, France)
12. England took possession of _______ under the
Introduction
pretext of providing security to the Suez canal.
1. The Portuguese sailor, _______ undertook a (Egypt, Ethiopia, Uganda)
mission of discovering India. 13. Barring Ethiopia and _______, the entire
(Bartholomew Dias, Amerigo Vespucci, African continent was colonized by the
Matthew Perry) European nations.
(Uganda, Liberia, Ivory Coast)
2. In his voyage, Bartholomew Dias could only
reach _______. The Effects of Imperialism
(Rio de Oro, Cape of Good Hope, Cape
14. European nations brought about _______
Town) governance by putting down the royal reigns
*3. The African continent was known as _______ and feuds of the colonies.
until the 18th century. (monopolistic, bipolistic, socialistic)
(Nation of Slaves, Unknown Continent, 15. In order to maintain their reign, the imperial
Undeveloped Nation) nations adopted the policy of _______.
(secularism, divide and rule, capitalism)
4. The book written by _______ an American
journalist, created a sense of curiosity among B. Match the pairs.
the Europeans towards the African continent.
1.
(Stanley, Horace Greeley, Thomas Nast)
Column A Column B
5. ________ was the first European tourist to i. Dutch a. Somaliland
visit Timbuktu, an African city. ii. Spain b. Orange Free
(Mungopark, David Livingstone, Sir State
Samuel Baker) iii. Italy c. Angola region
d. Rio de Oro
6. David Livingstone discovered the regions
around _______, Tanganyika and Nyasa lakes. Ans: (i b), (ii d), (iii a)
(Congo, Timbuktu, Niger) *2.
Column A Column B
The Division of Africa and Imperial Expansion
i. Bartholomew a. Courageous
7. _______ brought under its control Dias European traveller
Mozambique and Angola. ii. Mungopark b. American journalist
(Portugal, France, England) iii. Stanley c. Portuguese Sailor
d. Preacher
*8. _______ became the first colonizer in the
African continent at the end of 19th century. Ans: (i c), (ii a), (iii b)
(England, France, Belgium) 3.
9. _______ of Belgium erected a colony in the Column A Column B
Congo river basin. i. Berlin a. Ivory Coast
(Captain Spake, Mungopark, King Leopold) ii. Travelogue b. Conference
iii. France c. Stanley
*10. In 1884, European Nations held a conference d. Somaliland
at _______.
(Berlin, Ethiopia, Mozambique) Ans: (i b), (ii c), (iii a)

18

Q.2. Answer the following questions in 25 to 30
words each.
Introduction
1. What mission was undertaken by
Bartholomew Dias?
Ans: i. The Portuguese sailor, Bartholomew
Dias undertook the mission of
discovering India.
ii. However, he could only reach upto Cape
of Good Hope.
*2. The discovery of interior parts of Africa did
not take place. Why?
Ans: i. Till the middle of the 19th century, the
westerners didnt have any idea of the
interiors of the African continent.
ii. Africa had dense forests, big lakes,
perennial (constantly recurring) rivers
and large tracts of deserts.
iii. Specific composition of Africa was not
known to the world at large.
iv. It was known as Unknown or Dark
continent.
As a result, the discovery of interior parts of
Africa did not take place.
3. *During the second half of the 19th century
which courageous European travellers
came to the limelight? [Jul 15]
OR
Name the European travellers who
discovered the regions belonging to the
river basins of Africa.
Ans: In the second half of the 19th century, the
courageous European travellers Mungopark,
Captain Spake, Sir Samuel Baker, David
Livingstone and Stanley discovered the
regions belonging to the basins of the Nile, the
Niger, the Congo and the Zambezi rivers in
Africa and brought them to the notice of the
world.
4. What were the objectives of the researchers
in the second half of the 19th century?
Ans: The objectives of the researchers in the second
half of the 19th century were:
i. To inform the civilized world about the
internal regions of Africa through
discoveries.
Chapter01:Imperialism
ii. To initiate the inhabitants of Africa into
Christian religion for spreading their
European culture.
iii. To find out the natural resources in
Africa.
The Division of Africa and Imperial Expansion
5. Which African regions were colonized by
France and Spain?
Ans: i. The African regions of Sahara Desert,
Algeria, French Guinea, Ivory Coast,
French Congo, Madagascar Island and
Morocco were colonized by France.
ii. The areas colonized by Spain in Africa
were Rio de Oro, North of Morocco and
some areas in Guinea Coast.
6. Name the African regions that were
colonized by Portugal and Italy.
Ans: i. The African regions colonized by
Portugal were the eastern regions,
Angola and Mozambique.
ii. Italy captured the African regions of
Eritrea, Somaliland, Tripoli and
Sirenica.
The Effects of Imperialism
7. Which physical reformations were
introduced in the colonies by the European
nations?
Ans: In order to maintain control over the colonies,
the European nations introduced physical
reforms such as making of roads for quick
military movement and internal transportation,
railway, post, telegraph, canals, aeroplanes etc.
8. How did imperialism give rise to new
leadership?
Ans: i. European nations abolished the royal
regimes and the feuds of the colonies
and brought up a monopolistic
governance.
ii. The newly educated middle class started
to oppose the western imperialism.
iii. As a result, the progressive-minded
members of the middle class led many
freedom struggles, thus giving rise to a
new leadership.
9. What was the Divide and Rule policy of
the Europeans?
Ans: i. In order to maintain the reign, imperial
nations adopted the policy of Divide and
Rule.
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Std.X:History
ii. As per this policy, Europeans sowed a
sense of hostility among social groups.
iii. This led to degradation of morality in
the colonies due to enemity, violence,
selfishness and indulgence among the
people.
10. Why did the European nations enter into
an arms race?
OR
What was the cause of increasing enemity
between the European imperial nations?
Ans: i. The intensity of tension in the
international politics grew rapidly due to
the cut throat competition between the
imperial nations.
ii. Every European nation grew suspicious
of the other and started strengthening its
military powers which led to an arms
race.
Q.3. Give reasons for the following statements in
25 to 30 words each.
Introduction
*1. The Travelogue written by Stanley created
curiosity among the Europeans about Africa.
Ans: i. Stanley, an American journalist wrote
the books Through the Dark
Continent and Darkest Africa.
ii. The travelogue created, among the
Europeans, a kind of attraction towards
Africa and there arose a public opinion
favouring colonization of regions in the
African continent.
iii. A sense of competition grew among the
European nations to capture the best
and strategic regions of Africa.
Thus, the travelogue written by Stanley
created curiosity among the Europeans
towards Africa.
*2. Africa was known as a dark continent until
the 18th century. [Mar 15, Jul 15]
Ans: Refer Q.2. (2)
The Effects of Imperialism
3. Indian villages lost their self-reliance.
[Oct 14]
Ans: The Indian villages lost their self-reliance
because:
i. The land revenue system adopted by the
British government had a totally adverse
influence on the rural life in India.
20
ii. Farmers mortgaged (a legal agreement
by which a person takes a loan using
their house as security) their land for
paying taxes, due to which they became
bankrupt.
iii. The goods exported to England were
taxed.
iii. Also, the workers became jobless due to
the closure of many small scale
industries.
Q.4. Answer the following questions in 30 to 40
words each.
Introduction
1. How did the European travellers bring the
African regions to the notice of the world?
Ans: i. In the second half of the 19th century,
courageous European travellers took the
ambitious task of discovering the
interior parts of the African continent.
ii. Mungopark, discovered the stream of
the Niger river in the south of the Sahara
desert. He was the first European tourist
to visit Timbuktu, an African city.
iii. Captain Spake and Sir Samuel Baker
went to the dense forests of Africa and
found out big lakes in Central Africa.
These lakes were given the names of
British Kings and Queens.
iv. David Livingstone, the fearless Scottish
preacher, first brought to the worlds
notice the course of the Zambezi river.
He also discovered the regions around
the Congo, Tanganyika and Nyasa
lakes.
The Division of Africa and Imperial Expansion
2. Write about the Berlin Conference.
Ans: i. The European nations held a conference
at Berlin in 188485.
ii. It was based on the principle of
Effective Possession.
iii. It gave consent to King Leopolds
possession of the Congo region and
passed a set of directives for the division
of the African continent.
iv. It was collectively agreed that the new
possession of a region would be
interactively decided.
iv. Later, by 1914, the European nations
colonized the entire African continent.

The Effects of Imperialism
3. How did imperialism bring an intellectual
change in the minds of the people?
Ans: i. Due to imperialism, people got familiar
with the western innovative ideas,
technology, science, philosophy,
literature, law and politics.
ii. There began an intellectual exchange
among the people belonging to different
parts of the world.
iii. The colonized people realized the
principles of liberty, equality and
fraternity and the philosophies of
nationalism, socialism, communism and
democracy.
iv. A progressive mind set was formed due
to the removal of ignorance and blind
faith by social and religious reformers.
v. Thus, imperialism created an intellectual
change in the minds of the people.
4. How did a sense of national integrity arise
among the people in the European colonies?
Ans: i. The imperial nations brought various
parts of the colonies under one reign.
This centralized governing system
integrated the colonies.
ii. Before the imperial reign, most of the
colonies were divided and governed by
various rulers.
iii. Lack of uniformity gave rise to
irregularities in governance, law and
legal system.
iv. Imperial nations brought the scattered
regions and reigns under one banner and
established one governing system,
uniform rules and regulations and one
legal system.
Consequently, there came into being, a sense
of national integrity among the people in the
European colonies.
Q.5. Answer the following questions in 60 to 80
words each.
The Division of Africa and Imperial Expansion
*1. Write in detail on the Imperialism in Africa.
Ans: Till the middle of the 19th century, the
westerners did not have any idea of the
interiors of the African continent.
In the second half of the 19th century, the
courageous European travellers brought these
regions to the notice of the world.
Chapter01:Imperialism
i. The Berlin Conference: The European
nations held a conference at Berlin in
188485. The conference was based on
the principle of Effective Possession.
It gave consent to King Leopolds
possession of the Congo region and
passed a set of directives for the division
of the African continent.
Later, the European nations distributed
the African regions among themselves
by the year 1914. It was collectively
agreed, that the new possession of a
region in Africa would be interactively
decided.
ii. England: England set up its colonies in
the Niger river basin of Africa.
It dominated the regions of Cape
Colony, Sudan, Uganda, Rhodesia, East
Africa, Zambia, Nigeria etc.
It also took the possession of Egypt
under the pretext of providing security
to the Suez Canal.
iii. Dutch: The Dutch set up colonies in
Cape Colony, Natal, Orange Free State
and Transwal.
iv. France: The French moved up to the
Senegal basin. It went on to capture the
Sahara desert, Algeria, French Congo,
Madagascar Island and Morocco.
v. Germany: Germany colonized the
south-west Africa, Cameroon and the
east African regions.
vi. Spain: Rio de Oro, north of Morocco
and some areas in Guinea Coast were
colonized by Spain.
vii. Portugal: The Portuguese dominated
the eastern regions, Angola and
Mozambique.
viii. Italy: Italy captured Eritrea, Somaliland,
Tripoli and Sirenica regions in Africa.
Barring Ethiopia and Liberia, the entire
African continent was colonized by the
European nations.
The Effects of Imperialism
*2. Write about the constructive effects of
imperialism.
Ans: The constructive effects of imperialism were:
i. Physical Reformations:
Europeans brought about many physical
reformations such as making of roads
for quick military movement and
21
Std.X:History
internal transportation, railway, post,
telegraph, canals, aeroplanes etc. These
developments helped the local people by
creating a kind of interaction among
them.
ii. Spread of Education:
Instead of importing educated people
from their native places, the colonizers
began to educate the local people for
raising qualified manpower necessary
for assisting in administration. They also
gave a boost to education for the sake of
business purposes and propagation of
their religion.
iii. Intellectual Change:
An intellectual exchange started among
the people belonging to different parts
of the world.
The people got acquainted with the
innovative western ideas, technology,
science, philosophy, literature, law and
politics.
The colonized people realized the
principles of Liberty, Equality and
Fraternity and the philosophies of
Nationalism, Socialism, Communism
and Democracy.
iv. National Integrity:
The imperial nations brought various
parts of the colonies under one reign.
This centralized governing system
integrated the colonies.
Earlier the colonies were divided and
governed by various rulers which gave
rise to irregularities in governance, law
and legal system.
Imperial nations brought the scattered
regions and reigns under one banner,
thereby establishing one governing
system, uniform rules and regulations
and one legal system.
This led to a sense of national integrity
among the people in the colonies.
v. Rise of New Leadership:
A monopolistic form of governance was
brought about by putting down the royal
regimes and the feuds of the colonies.
The newly educated middle class started
to oppose the western imperialism.
As a result, the progressive-minded
members of the middle class led many
struggles for freedom, thereby giving
rise to a new leadership.
22
3. What were the destructive effects of
Imperialism? [Jul 15]
OR
*Write any three destructive effects of
Imperialism.
Ans: The destructive effects of imperialism were:
i. Trade of Slaves:
The imperial nations ill-treated the
people by buying and selling slaves for
getting labour at cheaper prices.
ii. Decline of Values:
The policy of divide and rule adopted
by the imperial nations in order to
maintain their reign, sowed the seeds of
hostility among social groups.
This led to degradation of morality
because of enemity, violence,
selfishness and indulgence among the
people.
iii. Economic Exploitation:
The European nations competed amongst
each other to procure raw materials and
markets for their products.
Undeveloped nations were the best
source of such needs. Hence, they were
colonized and exploited to the full extent.
iv. Destruction of Village Autonomy:
The land revenue system adopted by the
British government had a totally adverse
influence on the rural life in India.
Farmers mortgaged their land for paying
taxes to the British government. As a
result, they became bankrupt. The
workers also lost their jobs due to
closure of many small scale industries.
v. Suppression of Underdeveloped
Nations:
In order to develop their economy,
Imperial nations colonized many
underdeveloped nations.
vi. Armament Race:
The cut-throat rivalry amongst the
imperial nations gave rise to an arms race.
Every European nation grew suspicious
of the other and braced up its military
powers.
The desire for ruling other nations and
small scale struggles gradually magnified
into an intense conflict which eventually
led to the First World War in the year
1914.
 Chapter01:Imperialism

Important Events To Remember

Year Event Significance/Effects/Reasons

1884 Conference of European nations in Berlin.The Berlin Conference gave consent to King
Leopolds possession of the Congo region and
passed a set of directives for the division of the
African regions.
1914 European nations distributed the African It was collectively agreed in the Berlin conference,
regions among themselves. that the new possession of a region in Africa
would be interactively decided.

Key Terms

Effective Possession The conference held by the European nations at Berlin (between 1884-1885) agreed to
a principle of Effective Possession whereby it gave consent to King Leopolds
possession of the Congo region and passed a set of directives for the division of
African regions.
Trade of Slaves The practice of buying and selling slaves for getting labourers at cheaper prices.
Cape of Good Hope A rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa.

Important Names To Remember

Bartholomew Dias A Portuguese sailor who undertook the mission of discovering India. He could only
reach upto Cape of Good Hope.
Mungopark A traveller who discovered the stream of the Niger river in the south of the Sahara
Desert.
He was the first European tourist to visit Timbuktu, an African city.
Captain Spake and Went to the dense forests of Africa and found out big lakes in Central Africa.
Sir Samuel Baker
David Livingstone The fearless Scottish preacher who first brought to the worlds notice the course of
Zambezi River.
He also discovered the regions around the Congo, Tanganyika and Nyasa lakes.
Stanley An American Journalist who wrote the books Through the dark continent and
Darkest Africa.
His travelogue created a curiosity among the Europeans regarding Africa.

Flowchart

Effects of Imperialism

Constructive Effects Destructive Effects

Physical Reformations Trade of Slaves
Spread of Education Decline of Values
Intellectual change Economic Exploitation
National Integrity Destruction of Village Autonomy
Rise of New Leadership Suppression of Under developed Nations
Armament Race
23
Std.X:History

Question Paper

Total Marks: 20
1. A. Complete the following statements by choosing the appropriate alternatives from those
given in the brackets: [3]
i. The African continent was known as _____________ until the 18th century.
(Nation of Slaves, Unknown Continent, Undeveloped Nation)

ii. In his voyage, Bartholomew Dias could only reach_____________.

(Rio de Oro, Cape of Good Hope, Cape town)

iii. In 1884, European nations held a conference at ____________.

(Berlin, Ethiopia, Mozambique)

B. Match the following: [2]

Group A Group B
i. Mungopark a. Portuguese Sailor
ii. France b. Courageous
European traveller
c. Ivory Coast
2. Answer the following questions in 25 to 30 words each (any two): [4]
i. Which African regions were colonized by France and Spain?
ii. Which physical reformations were brought about in the colonies by the European nations?
iii. During the second half of the 19th century which courageous European travellers came to the
limelight?
3. Give reasons for the following statements in 25 to 30 words each (any two): [4]
i. Africa was known as a dark continent until the 18th century.
ii. Indian villages lost their self-reliance.
iii. The Travelogue written by Stanley created curiosity among the Europeans about Africa.

4. Answer the following questions in 30 to 40 words each (any one): [3]

i. Write about the Berlin Conference.
ii. Write any three destructive effects of Imperialism.

5. Answer the following questions in 60 to 80 words each (any one): [4]

i. Write about the constructive effects of Imperialism.
ii. Write in detail on the imperialism in Africa.

24
 BoardQuestionPaper:July2015

BOARDQUESTIONPAPER :JULY 2015

Time: 2 Hours Total Marks: 40
Note:
i. It is compulsory to attempt all questions.
ii. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
iii. Question 1 to 5 are based on History and Question 6 to 9 are based on Political Science.

1. A. Complete the sentences choosing the correct alternatives from those given in the brackets
and write them on the answer sheet. (three out of three) [3]
i. The Portuguese King _______ motivated navigation.
(Henry, William, Nicholas)
ii. The Balkan area was a part of the _______ Empire.
(German, Turkish, Austrian)
iii. Krantisinha Nana Patil established a Parallel Government in _______ district.
(Solapur, Sangli, Satara)
B. Match the correct pairs: [3]
Group A Group B
i. Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam a. German Thinker
ii. Kemal Pasha b. The father of Missiles Programmes in India
iii. Karl Marx c. The father of People of Turkey (Ataturk)
d. French Thinker
2. Answer the following questions in 25 to 30 words each (any two): [4]
i. During the second half of the 19th Century, which courageous European travellers came to light?
ii. What is meant by Aggressive Nationalism?
iii. Write the background of Benito Mussolini before he entered into politics.
3. Give reasons for the following statements in 25 to 30 words each (any two): [4]
i. Africa was known as a Dark Continent until the 18th century.
ii. An all-round development of Russia did not take place.
iii. After the Second World War, the economic life of common people got badly influenced.
4. Answer the following questions in 30 to 40 words each (any two): [6]
i. Write the main functions of the General Assembly. (U.N.O.)
ii. How did America destabilise Japan?
iii. What are the disadvantages of Globalisation?
5. Answer the following questions in 60 to 80 words each (any two): [8]
i. What were the destructive effects of imperialism?
ii. Explain the nature of Globalisation.
iii. Write the information about the Indian Independence Movement with reference to:
a. The Quit India Movement
b. The Azad Hind Sena
6. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word from those given in the brackets: [3]
i. Parliamentary Democracy exists in England and _______.
(India, China, Italy, America)
ii. The claim that we are superior to others creates _______.
(equality, inequality, conflict, mutual understanding)
iii. _______ is a primary political activity.
(Criticizing the government, Deciding the policies, Voting, Attending meetings)
185
Std.X:HistoryandPoliticalScience
7. Answer the following questions in one sentence each (any three): [3]
i. What term is used as plebiscite?
ii. Which great leader did Tarabai Shindes family follow?
iii. What is the core of democracy?
iv. What is the average voting percentage in Lok Sabha Elections in India?
v. For what reason is the Government required to take extra caution about the security of the
people?
8. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons (any two): [4]
i. People who share common political opinion form a political party.
ii. We find a completely homogeneous society in India.
iii. In the United States, there are no restrictions on citizens holding arms.
9. Answer the following questions in 25 to 30 words (any one): [2]
i. People feel affiliated with political parties. Explain.
ii. Write the important features of democracy.

186