MBB 100

For 2nd Article: Describe a process

1) Explain the process how GMOs are made?

2) Describe a procedure on how they test the safety GMOs upon eating it at various level (ex. Mice,
then humans)

For 3rd Article: Discuss what happens with the process in relation to the point you want to defend

1) In the process describing how GMOs are made, cite how none of the materials used in creating
GMOs are not included in the final products, or if there are any, cite how these materials dont
possess any harm to the product and consumer as well
2) Explaining what happened with the feeding tests

Edible fractions of GM foods are mostly plant thus it is accurate to refer them as GM crops.

2nd Article:

Assessment of food, may it be genetically modified or not, is done since these food possess risks
depending on their nature, intended uses, and the receiving environment. Thus, before deliberate release
and commercialization of GMO crops, field trials and consent from authorities and are needed. Field trials
are based on various paradigms. One of which is that GM crops should be substantially equivalent with
their non-GM crops counterparts. This requires a comparative and detailed compositional analysis of the
key nutrients, antinutrients, secondary metabolites and toxins. Comparisons allow us to see whether or
not the process of transformation, with the obvious exception of added protein and its intended effect on
phenotype, did not result in any unintended changes that would make the product not safe to eat. If
comparisons show substantial equivalence, GM crops can be treated with non-GM crops in the same
manner with regard to safety.

Another safety paradigm is to check attributable elements that cannot be assessed by

compositional analysis. Example of these element is the toxicity of proteins produced by GM crops.
Assessment of toxicity usually requires procedures based on animal studies. Common design includes
long-term feeding of male and female laboratory rats or livestock species with diets containing either GM
crop or non-GM crop. Different concentrations chemical (i.e. GM crop) are also administered to check
whether dosages have adverse effects on the health of rats. End of the procedure involves hispatological
examination of reproductive organs, liver, kidney, and spleen are done to determine the highest amount
of GMO diet that the animals could tolerate without evidence of adverse effects. Feeding experiments are
completely unethical when done in humans. However, collective studies have shown that rodents, like
mice and rats, are acceptable models for humans since rodents respond to drugs, chemicals, and foods
similar to human.

Other paradigms are present to assess the idea that modified DNA in GM crops can incorporate
to the DNA and cause unintentional mutations to whomever consume it. International Life Sciences
Institute determine the safeness of DNA by reviewing certain attributes of DNA such as its chemical
characteristics, metabolic fate and allergenicity. Mutagenecity of modified DNA can be measured by
performing Ames test which uses bacteria or mice to test whether a substance is carcinogenic.
3rd article, Discussion and Conclusion

As of now, various published compositional studies conducted with GM crops, such as insect
resistant and herbicide tolerant GM maize and GM soybean plants, show no unintentional
compositional changes. Thus, the process on how GM crops are made and the expressed proteins in GM
crops are clear of risk. On the other hand, feeding studies on mice with various GM crops, whether they
made of higher concentration and long term dietary exposure, gave no evidence of adverse effects. This
is supported by hispatological examination of the reproductive organs, liver, kidney, and spleen of GMO-
eating animals and non-GMO-eating animals wherein no differences were observed between the two
types of organisms. Reviewed attributes of modified DNA are found to be completely indistinguishable
from traditional DNA, thus the results of Ames test on bacteria and mice that GM DNA, like non-GM
DNA, did not cause mutations in consumers.

Overall, evidences from assessment studies clearly dictate that GM food are as safe as non-GM
food. The notorious image of GM food is therefore a product of the lack of understanding and false
propaganda when it comes to gene manipulation. It is therefore a must for us to show the general
audience how GM food are not only edible but also free of risks when consumed.