APRIL/MAY 2012

+
LEDsmagazine.com

Outdoor
Seattle LED street
light tests P.35

Technology
Understand color
science to succeed
with LEDs P.51
TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
Materials
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and thermal needs P.75

LEDs sparkle inside

and out P.97

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 ISSUE 51

April/May
2012 Cover Story
The designers of the Dior faade facing
57th Street in New York, NY, used over
450 LED LitePads from Rosco to create

features
a glowing 3500-lux pattern with a color
temperature of 5300K (see page 97).
Photo courtesy of Dior.
31 RETAIL LIGHTING Tim Whitaker
LED lighting adds sparkle and saves energy in F.Hinds
jewelry stores

35 STREET LIGHTS Maury Wright

columns/departments
Seattle conducts LED street light testing and hosts
symposium
4 COMMENTARY Maury Wright
Many lessons remain in
45 LIGHTING Wendy Norman & Michael Smolyansky
mastering LED lighting
Model Lighting Ordinance: Evaluating the BUG rating
method
11 NEWS +ANALYSIS

51 COLOR SCIENCE George Kelly Cree Lighting announces

striking street-light luminaire
Understand color science to maximize success with LEDs
Philips appoints Eric Rondolat
as CEO of Lighting business
61 RELIABILITY Jack Josefowicz
Strategies Unlimited projects $3.7
Reliability prediction for electronic power supplies in LED
billion LED retrofit lamp market
outdoor luminaires

67 FOCUS ON Maury Wright 23 FUNDING+PROGRAMS

Outdoor Lighting DOE refreshes PAR38 L Prize,
Philips ships A-lamp

75 LUMINAIRE DESIGN Bayer MaterialScience team IES publishes LM-82 for testing LED
lighting products at temperature
Polycarbonate components simplify LED lamp design
NEMA publishes standard
83 STANDARDS Jianzhong Jiao for retrofit lamps
JEDEC test standards and LED package reliability
103 DESIGN FORUM
87 THERMAL Aboud Haddad Match LED driver topology and
implementation to application
Two-phase heat exchangers provide cooling for LED light
engines Tony Armstrong & Jeff Gruetter

91 FABRICATION Anish Tolia & Ian Travis

108 LAST WORD
High-purity gases have key role in LED manufacturing LED wafer bonding is enabling
when used properly
94 DISTRIBUTION Ted Konnerth
Thomas Uhrmann
Lighting distributors make big move toward LEDs

97 CONFERENCES Laura Peters

LEDucation brings out experiences of lighting designers

LEDsmagazine.com APRIL/MAY 2012 3

commentary
Many lessons
remain in mastering
LED lighting
A
s we were rushing to fi nish this issue
and ship it off to the printer for distribu-
tion at Lightfair International, it occurred to
me just how little we know about LED light-
ing. The concept of solid-state lighting (SSL)
is barely a decade old, and LEDs have only
garnered a significant part of the general
illumination market in the past few years.
Consider outdoor lighting where SSL
is widely used yet unanswered questions
remain. We cover a lot of outdoor-related
unknowns in this issue in articles on the
recent Seattle street light tests (page 37),
the Model Lighting Ordinance (page 45),
and coverage of recent LED installations
(page 67). Disagreement or misconception
on key points abound.
As I was reviewing my notes and writ-
ing the article on the Seattle symposium
and tests, I found numerous examples. For
example, where is the best place to start
with an LED street-light project? Seattle,
WA felt the best return on investment (ROI)
was in residential retrofits. San Jose, CA
chose arterial roadways thinking that there
was not enough energy to be saved in res-
idential projects, and that the bright LED
luminaires needed for downtown areas still
cost too much.
Even small things that you might not
expect create uncertainty. For example,
SSL is assumed to save a lot in maintenance
costs. Indeed Anchorage, AK found mainte-
nance savings to be more important than
electrical savings. But a failed photo sensor
used on street lights can actually require
maintenance visits even if the lighting ele-
ments in the fi xture are working perfectly.
That means networking of street lights
may be a requisite to maintenance sav-
ings because then lights can be turned off
remotely, eliminating the sensor.
The industry cant even defi nitively pre-
4 APRIL/MAY 2012
scribe proper light levels and LEDs have
complicated that problem. Im not imply-
ing that its a simple problem of balancing
safety, energy use, and light pollution. Work-
ing on that problem was one of the goals of
the Seattle tests.
Still some things about light levels that
seem like no brainers arent. I would think
that in a nighttime emergency, first respond-
ers would want street lights at full brightness.
Maybe thats the case sometimes, but other
times they may want the lights off so that
infrared gear functions optimally. Moreover,
having lived in the sun belt my entire life, who
knew you needed less light in the winter in
places where snow is on the ground.
Indeed SSL is a complicated technology
intertwined with the equally or more com-
plicated sciences of light, color, and human
physiology. We promise to do all we can to
help you navigate the complex space. For
example, we have the fi rst article in a mul-
tipart series on color science (page 51) in
this issue.
What is without question is that LEDs
have begun a revolution in lighting. That is
true whether your task is projecting a better
beam pattern on a roadway, or making jew-
els sparkle like never before (pages 31 and 97).
As someone that has worked with LEDs
since graduating from engineering school
too long ago, I certainly didnt foresee the
revolution coming until a few years ago.
But Im excited to be involved in it, and you
should be as well.
See you at Lightfair.
Maury Wright, EDITOR
maurywright@gmail.com
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT Christine Shaw
& PUBLISHING DIRECTOR cshaw@pennwell.com
EDITOR Maury Wright
mauryw@pennwell.com
ASSOCIATE EDITOR Nicole Pelletier
nicolep@pennwell.com
SENIOR TECHNICAL Laura Peters
EDITOR laurap@pennwell.com
CONTRIBUTING Tim Whitaker
EDITOR twhitaker@pennwell.com
MARKETING MANAGER Luba Hrynyk
PRESENTATION MANAGER Kelli Mylchreest
PRODUCTION DIRECTOR Mari Rodriguez
SENIOR ILLUSTRATOR Christopher Hipp
AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT Debbie Bouley
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ADVERTISERS index
Aeon Lighting Technology Inc. .....................74
Alanod ....................................................... 66
Alta LED..................................................... 24
American Bright Optoelectronics ................ 21
Amerlux ................................................... 106
Bayer Material Science, LLC ....................... 19
Beautiful Light Tech.................................... 15
Brillianz Electronic Systems Ltd. .............. 106
Cirrus Logic................................................ 22
Cookson Electronics .................................. 71
Cree, Inc. ................................................ CV4
Dominant North America Inc. .................... 20
EBV Elektronik .................................... 8-9, 57
Edison Opto Corporation ............................ 82
Ellsworth Adhesives ................................... 95
Eptronics ................................................. 106
Future Electronics, Inc. .............................. 60
GE Lightech ............................................... 69
Global Lighting Technologies ...................... 37
Helio Optoelectronics Corp. ....................... 80
Indice Ecotech ........................................... 64
Indium Corp. .............................................. 32
Instruments Systems GmbH ...................... 63
Intertek ...................................................... 49
Inventronics (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd. ................ 53
Konica Minolta Sensing Americas ............ 107
Lambda Research Corporation ................... 14
Lauren Manufacturing ................................ 59
Ledlink Optics Inc. ..................................... 13
LightFair International ................................ 93
Litetronics.................................................. 73
Luminis Devices......................................... 84
Matrix Lighting Limited, Hong Kong .......... CV2
MBN GmbH................................................ 43
Mean Well USA Inc. .................................... 33
Microsemi.................................................. 18
Mikron Agie Charmilles AG ........................... 5
NMB Technologies Corporation .................. 65
Nusil ............................................................ 1
Optronics Laboratories............................... 34
Para Light Corp. ......................................... 79
Philips........................................................ 89
Philips Emergency Lighting ....................... 107
Philips Lighting BV...................................... 44
Philips Lumileds ........................................... 2
Posco LED ................................................. 27
Powerbox Group, USA............................... 105
Proto Labs Inc. .......................................... 86
Recom Power Inc. ...................................... 47
SELC Ireland Limited ...................................17
Seoul Semiconductor Co. Ltd. .................... 10
Shanxi Guangyu
LED Lighting Co. Ltd................................. 38
Sharp Electronics Europe GmbH................. 36
Shat-R-Shields ................................... 26, 107
Shenzhen Baikang Optical Co., Ltd. ........... 39
Shenzhen Bang-Bell
Electronics Co. Ltd. ................................. 85
Shenzhen LED Association ......................... 90
Shenzhen Refond
Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. .......................... 16
Shenzhen Ruizi Light Electricity
Technology Co., Ltd. ................................ 77
Shin-Etsu Silicones of America Inc. ............ 42
Sichuan Jiuzhou Electric Group Co. Ltd. ..... 81
Signcomplex Limited .................................. 50
Spectra Optronics International Inc. ......... 107
Sylvania ..................................................... 25
The Bergquist Company ............................. 29
The Korean Consulate General ................... 30
Thomas Research Products ......................... 7
Underwriters Laboratories .......................... 41
Unilumin Group Co. Ltd. ............................. 28
USHIO America .......................................... 48
Vossloh-Schwabe Deutschland GmbH ........ 78

___________
LEDsmagazine.com
LEDs
LED smagazine.
e.com
com APRIL/MAY
APRIL/
I /MAY
MAY 2012
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 ____________
news views
OUTDOOR LIGHTING
Cree Lighting
announces striking
street-light luminaire
We keep hearing that LEDs free lighting manufacturers to
adopt all new form in products, and Cree certainly went that
route with the new Aeroblades family of luminaires, devel-
oped in partnership with lighting designer Speirs + Major.
The visually-striking design is also functional in terms of
good thermal properties, support for different light-distri-
bution patterns, and modularity for different lumen-out-
put options.
We're challenging traditional fi xture design," said Chris-
topher Ruud, Cree Lighting vice president and general man-
ager. "Aeroblades can only be an LED-based fi xture."
While everybody else was creating standard shoeboxes
and other conventional designs, we were approached with
a revolutionary technology that allowed us to throw out all
preconceptions of how urban luminaires should appear,
BUSINESS
Philips appoints Eric Rondolat
as CEO of Lighting business
Royal Philips Electronics (NYSE:PHG, AEX: PHI) has
appointed Eric Rondolat as CEO of Lighting and a member of
the companys Executive Committee, effective April 1, 2012.
Rondolat succeeds Frans van Houten, CEO of Philips, who has
led Philips Lighting on an interim basis since
the departure of Rudy Provoost in 2011.
Rondolat joins Philips from Schneider Electric.
I look forward to working together with the teams
to further drive Philips Lighting innovations in this
dynamic market, said Rondolat. Philips is a company
with a rich heritage and is well positioned to grasp fur-
ther growth opportunities.
Van Houten said that Rondolat has had an impres-
sive international career in the technology industry
covering both established and fast-growing emerging
markets, most recently Asia Pacific based in China.
Philips Lighting is the worlds largest lighting company and gener-
ated sales of EUR 7.6 billion ($9.94 billion) in 2011. In the last quarter
of 2011, LED products accounted for 18% of lighting sales at Philips.
LEDsmagazine.com
said Keith Bradshaw, director, Speirs + Major. The result
is the Aeroblades luminaire, designed for the best LED per-
formance and the form followed.
To control the beam pattern, the luminaire design relies
on the total internal reflection (TIR) lens optics called
NanoOptic that Ruud Lighting developed for page 12
RETROFIT LAMPS
Strategies Unlimited
projects $3.7 billion LED
retrofit lamp market in 2016
The LED replacement lamp market will grow 30%
annually, in terms of units sold, between 2012 and
2016 according to new research published by analyst
fi rm Strategies Unlimited.
The "LED replacement lamp market analysis and
forecast" report projects a global LED-retrofit-lamp
market that exceeds $3.7 billion by 2016. The growth
in solid-state lighting (SSL) products intended for
existing sockets is from a $2.2 billion base in 2011,
and the fi rm projects an annual 30% growth in the
number of units sold.
According to the report, there were 39.9 million
SSL A-lamps (A19 lamps with a legacy Edison base)
sold globally in 2011. Strategies Unlimited analyst
Katya Evstratyeva said that Japan led the way in con-
suming LED A-lamps with 24.7 million of the global
total. The Japanese Eco-point program was page 12
APRIL/MAY 2012 11
news+views
Retrofit from page 11
in part responsible for the high market
numbers, but Evstratyeva said other fac-
tors such as environmental concerns and
high prices in compact-fluorescent lamps
(CFLs) contributed as well.
Perhaps surprisingly, the market for
LED-based linear fluorescent replace-
ment lamps was strong globally as well.
Strategies Unlimited reports 19.3 million
units sold with 41% of those sales coming
in China, 21% in Japan, and only 18% com-
bined in the US and the European Union.
The Strategies Unlimited report does
temper the positive across the retrofit
lamp market with some concerns. Th e
fi rm is forecasting a 14% annual decline
in the average selling price of LED-based
lamps. That decline can help spur growth
but will reduce the total sales numbers
and in some cases profit margin. Strate-
gies Unlimited does expect lighting man-
ufacturers to benefit from LED compo-
nent price drops.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/4/1
Cree from page 11
the BetaLED brand prior to being acquired
by Cree. Each of the blades has 10 LEDs, and
each has a NanoOptic. The design can sup-
port more than 20 optical distribution or
beam patterns.
The Aeroblades concept can support con-
figurations with two, four, or six blades. The
luminaire can be mounted in a traditional
manner for street and area lighting or with
the blades sideways and mounted on a wall
for some security applications, according
to Ruud.
The blade design was meant to add aes-
thetic value, but it also adds thermal mass
that helps cool the LEDs. Ruud says that the
cooling enables Cree to drive the LEDs in
Aerobaldes with 1A of current, whereas a
similar optical module used in the existing
LEDway SLM luminaire can only be driven
at 750 mA.
The option of a higher drive current
means that Cree can offer a range of lumen-
output packages based both on the number
of blades in a luminaire and the specified
drive current. Higher current may impact
the life of the fi xture to some extent. But as
Cree explained in a recent LEDs Magazine
12 APRIL/MAY 2012
feature article (www.ledsmagazine.com/
features/9/2/3),
_________ the latest LEDs can reliably
tolerate the high current and provide access
to what has been unused lumen capacity.
MORE: http://www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/4/3
COMMERCIAL LIGHTING
E.ON demonstrates LED advantage
for commercial lighting
E.ON, a large electric utility provider based
in Germany, has launched a new consulting
service for commercial lighting, and has
installed LED luminaires at one of its main
offices. The company is offering consultancy
and installation work to replace inefficient
traditional lighting with innovative LED
solutions in offices in the UK.
E.ON is demonstrating the potential
energy-cost savings of its commercial light-
ing offering with a project at one of its main
offices. A total of 1692 LED luminaires will
replace traditional luminaires at E.ONs New-
stead Court offices. The company expects that
the installation will reduce energy consump-
tion by 55%, leading to a saving of GBP40,000
(about $63,500) per year. This is based on sav-
ing 452,000 kWh per year at GBP0.089 /kWh.
A reduction in maintenance costs of up to
GBP16,000 (about $25,400) per year is also
projected, and the new lighting will signifi-
cantly reduce carbon consumption by up to
253 tonnes per year.
According to E.ON, 80% of the UKs com-
mercial market has not yet realized the bene-
fits of energy-efficient LED lighting. Moreover,
research conducted on behalf of E.ON in Sep-
tember 2011 found that only one in five (21%)
of UK small businesses have energy-efficient
equipment in the workplace, and almost nine
out of 10 (86%) dont have lighting timers or
motion sensors in their workplace.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/3/25
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTYW
LED PatentEdge offers
comprehensive LED
patent database
A research database compiled by IP
Checkups contains over 100,000 patent
documents from worldwide patent author-
ities, which are fi ltered into more than 50
LED categories. The database from the
Berkely, CA-based patent research and ana-
lytics fi rm, attempts to make LED patent
information readily accessible to non-pat-
ent experts.
PatentEdge is a web-based competitive
intelligence solution and research database.
It contains issued and published patent
documents from the United States, Europe,
Japan, and the World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO) are fi ltered into more
than 50 LED categories such as bulbs,
components, drivers, networks, materials,
and others.
Within each LED category, users can
apply search terms to track patent publica-
tions by company, inventor, region, technol-
ogy keywords and many other fields. Robust
analytics enable users to track the
top companies and inventors in
each LED category, and monitor the
growth of new patent publications
through patent fi ling and publica-
tion velocity data.
The LED PatentEdge solution is
updated twice per month, allow-
ing users to track emerging inno-
vations and changes in technology
ownership. It shows, for instance,
that European patents have increased
incrementally over the last five years, but
still account for a small share of all innova-
tions in the market compared to the United
States.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/3/6
CONTROLS TECHNOLOGY
Daintree gets Zigbee recognition
Controls-specialist Daintree Networks has
gained ZigBee Certified status for its lighting-
oriented Wireless Area Controller (WAC) that
serves at the center of its ControlScope plat-
form. The ZigBee Alliance certified the WAC
for use in both ZigBee Building Automation
LEDsmagazine.com
____________________
news+views
and ZigBee Home Automation systems.
Since the companys inception, Daintree
has been focused on the wireless, mesh Zig-
Bee network as the basis for its lighting-
control system. CEO Danny Yu said, "Dain-
tree Networks is proud to be the first ZigBee
Building Automation lighting solution to
obtain ZigBee Certified product status, an
important milestone in our mission to bring
wireless lighting controls to the mass mar-
ket of commercial buildings."
Daintree's Technology includes the WAC
that bridges the ControlScope lighting-man-
agement software to ZigBee-enabled light
fi xtures, occupancy and light sensors, con-
trol panels and switches, and other network
elements. The standards-based approach
has been a missing element in lighting-con-
trol systems.
ZigBee compliance will ultimately mean
that lighting designers can seamlessly mix
and match fi xtures, sensors and controllers
from multiple vendors. And the ZigBee Alli-
ance just completed the ZigBee Building Auto-
mation standards this past September.
FUNDING
Nuventix secures $10
million investment
Nuventix, the Austin, Texas-based developer
of SynJet coolers, has closed a $10 million
round of funding. All of its existing inves-
tors including Braemar Energy Ventures,
CenterPoint Ventures, InterWest Partners,
Rho Ventures, The Bergquist Company, and
GE (NYSE: GE) contributed to the round.
Nuventixs SynJet modules provide active
cooling for LED lighting products. Nuventix
has customers in over 50 countries, said the
companys CEO, Jim Balthazar. Th is fund-
ing will power both our continued global
expansion and technology growth as we
continue to advance SynJet technology for
use in LED lighting and electronics cooling.
Nuventix said that it hit record perfor-
mance in 201 including an increase in rev-
enue of more than 300 percent.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/press/34572
CASE STUDY
Seesmart LED tubes light
Pasadena college
Seesmart announced a $2.3 million con-
tract that is has struck with Pasadena City
College in Pasadena, California to supply
the school with more than 34,000 LED-
based retrofit tubes that will replace linear
fluorescent fi xtures.
The college is projecting annual energy sav-
ings of $720,000 and a carbon footprint reduc-
tion of 5 million pounds. "Not only will this
save more than 55% of electrical consumption
for lighting, but it saves in manufacturing
resources and disposal costs and impacts,"
said Richard van Pelt, CFO and assistant
president of Pasadena City College. "We start
saving money on the first day the LEDs are

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news+views
The Pasadena City College classroom with 4-foot 15W single-end power LED tube lamps (left) and fluorescent lighting before the
retrofit (right).
installed, so the payback is instantaneous."
In total, the retrofit will include class-
rooms, offices, stairwells, parking struc-
tures, maintenance areas, and a gymnasium
spread across 26 buildings. The project will
be funded in part by an $850,000 rebate from
the Pasadena Water Power utility.
"Integrating Seesmart LED lighting
__________
products into Pasadena City Colleges infra-
structure will not only save energy, it will
bring cost-avoidance opportunities," said
Ray Sjolseth, president of Seesmart. "The
long lifespan of our LED products obviates
the need for frequent replacement of indi-
vidual lamps. Th is minimizes maintenance
costs and facility waste and means that on-
staff labor will be available for other servic-
ing needs."
FUNDING
Seren Photonics raises $2.8
million in equity funding
Fusion IP plc (AIM: FIP), the university
__________
news+views
IP commercialization company, has
announced that Seren Photonics Ltd, its
LED technology company, has raised GBP
1.8 million ($ 2.8 million) in equity fund-
ing to enable Seren Photonics to transfer its
technology to its first manufacturing part-
ner. The fi rst manufacturing agreement is
with an Indian manufacturer.
Serens new processing technique, devel-
oped by Professor Tao Wang from the Uni-
versity of Sheffield, has been demonstrated
in tests to greatly increase the efficiency with
which an LED converts an applied voltage
into light and significantly reduces heat gen-
erated under normal running conditions. The
patent-pending technology can lead to LEDs
with higher light output or lower power con-
sumption than existing devices. The company
targets mainstream white-light LED markets
including back lighting, signs and displays,
as well as architectural and street lighting.
The $2.8 million in funding will be used to
purchase capital equipment for LED pilot-
18 APRIL/MAY 2012
scale development and to create an engineer-
ing team for the technology transfer of Serens
processes to its technology partners.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/press/34457
RETAIL LIGHTING
Nualight forms $100-million
agreement with Hussmann
Nualight, an Enterprise Ireland-supported
company, announced an agreement with
Hussmann in Washington DC during the
St. Patricks Day visit of Enda Kelly, the
Taoisearch (Irish Prime Minister). The $100
million co-development agreement with
Hussmann Corporation, a manufacturer
of refrigeration systems and display cases
based in Bridgeton, MO, will allow the firms
to combine sales and marketing resources in
North America, Central America and South
America, according to Liam Kelly, CEO of
Nualight.
Kelly said Nualight has become a global
company with in excess of 200 employees in
just five years. Digital lighting is not a com-
modity and its introduction into refrigerated
display environments is not simply a mat-
ter of bulb replacement. Each display case
presents a unique set of characteristics. The
collaboration of our two companies and the
convergence of case innovation with digi-
tal lighting are now setting the standard for
food merchandising excellence.
Kelly explained in an interview with LEDs
Magazine that many of the refrigerated case
designs of the past were retrofits: typically
replacing fluorescent tubes with linear LED
lamps. When you do that, youre often get-
ting a very good result, but not an optimal
result." On this project, Nualight and Huss-
mann have co-designed the LED lighting
and the refrigerated cases, allowing an opti-
mized solution for the specific application,
whether that is beverage dispensing, fruit
and vegetable displays, cheese displays, or
meat, poultry and fish displays.
www.microsemi.com
LEDsmagazine.com
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The two companies are offering a newly expanded EcoShine II fam-
ily of LED lamps, which offers the versatility to deliver retailer-spe-
cific lighting solutions. Flexibility within the product portfolio provides
lighting alternatives that can enhance the retailers food merchandis-
ing strategy. Retailers are using lighting as a method to attract cus-
tomers, said Kelly.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/3/15

FUNDING

Albeo Technologies completes $8

million financing round
Lead by Braemar Energy Ventures, Albeo Technologies has raised $8
million in Series C equity and debt financing, which is designed to
aid in product development while deepening its channel presence.
The equity investment included existing investor Green Spark Ven-
tures. Silicon Valley Bank provided a working capital financing line.
Boulder, Colorado-based Albeo manufactures LED lighting prod-
ucts for industrial and commercial buildings, such as cold storage,
data centers, schools, and retail and commercial buildings. Products
include high-bay and low-bay fi xtures, and linear, surface-mount and
under-cabinet fi xtures. The company says that it has lit over 7 mil-
lion sq. ft. of space to date.
Albeo believes that it is meeting the needs of the lighting market-
place by providing customers with LED products that are fully cus-
tomizable before and after installation, while also reducing energy
and maintenance costs.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/3/16

FUNDING

Intematix receives $16.2 million in new funding round

Intematix has received $16.2 million in funding from current inves-
tors Draper Fisher Jurvetson and Crosslink Capital, as well as from a
new investor. The Fremont, California-based phosphor manufacturer
plans to use the latest round for facility expansion, working capital and
development of its ChromaLit remote-phosphor and other products.
This investment further enables Intematix to continue its growth
trajectory as it addresses the light quality needs required by the gen-
eral lighting and display markets, said Maurice Carson, the compa-
nys CFO.
Intematix says that its phosphors enable white light that is com-
parable to conventional sources, while its ChromaLit remote-phos-
phor systems have shown more efficient cooling leading to compact
light-bulb solutions.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/3/8

DRIVERS

Cirrus Logic enters LED driver IC market

Cirrus Logic, an IC maker based in Austin, Texas, has entered the LED
driver IC market with its introduction of its CS161X LED driver IC. The
________________
company has claimed nearly 100% compatibility with triac dimmers.
Although Cirrus Logic is a newcomer to this market, the com-

pany expects to make an
immediate impact assert-
ing that a tier-1 lighting
vendor will shortly ship
a high-volume, retrofit-
lamp product based on
the new CS161X IC. The
company says that it has
tested the 2-stage CS161X
solid-state lighting (SSL)
driver IC with more than 200 triac dimmers
and that the IC delivers smooth, fl icker-free
dimming down to below 2% of maximum
output current.
Cirrus has taken a similar path to Marvell
and iWatt in recently-launched dimmers
attempting to recognize the characteristics
of the connected dimmer and then selecting
an optimal operating mode for that dimmer.
Cirrus describes its TruDim technology as a
digital implementation in a mixed-signal IC,
but evidently the IC is not based on a program-
mable processor core such as Marvell uses.
The TruDim data
sheet describes a dim-
mer switch detection
a lgorithm that can
place the IC in leading-
or trailing-edge oper-
ating modes. Moreover,
once the driver IC is in
full operation, the IC
performs a dimmer vali-
date function that periodically ensures that
the mode selection is still accurate.
In addition to smooth, full-range dim-
ming, Cirrus says that the new design is
more efficient than most dimming driver
ICs. The datasheet specs efficiency at 85%,
but strategic marketing manager Will
Draper said that designs have achieved bet-
ter than 90% electrical efficiency.
In part the efficiency is attributable to
a different way of working with triac dim-
mers. Most dimming-capable SSL driv-
ers maintain a current bleeder circuit that


news+views
keeps the triac active at all times, but that
wastes some amount of power, especially at
low dim settings. Draper said "The need for a
hold current is conventional wisdom but not
necessarily true." According to Draper, the
Cirrus design does not transfer power from
the triac to the load on every half cycle of the
AC line. Draper says that the 2-stage driver
design has storage elements that can result
in power transfer only on each 9th half cycle.
Still, Cirrus returns to the dimming perfor-
mance as the key value proposition of the new
IC. The company claims to have evaluated the
IC in a reference design against several well
know retrofit lamps including two from Phil-
ips. Presumably the test included operation
across the full dimming range and in single-,
5-, and 10-lamp configurations, with the mul-
tiple lamps connected in parallel to the dim-
mer. As you might expect the Cirrus design
performed best in class, although the results
are pretty meaningless until Cirrus details
the exact nature of the tests.











 






 





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 _______________
 

LEDsmagazine.com APRIL/MAY 2012 21

 Light Years Ahead
Setting the Standard for Dimmer Compatibility

CS161X Family of TRIAC Dimmable LED

Driver ICs
The CS161X family of digital LED controller ICs have been
tested to provide near 100 percent compatibility with a
wide array of dimmers worldwide. Featuring TruDim
technology, the CS161X's digital intelligence recognizes
the dimmer in use and adapts the algorithm to provide
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2012 Cirrus Logic, Inc. All rights reserved. Cirrus Logic, Cirrus, the Cirrus Logic logo designs,EXL Core,
and the EXL Core logo design,TruDim and the TruDim logo design are trademarks of Cirrus Logic, Inc.
LEDMAG04152012
 funding
programs
DOE refreshes PAR38 L Prize,
Philips ships A-lamp
The US Department of Energy (DOE)
has relaunched the L Prize compe-
tition for LED-based PAR38 direc-
tional lamps after temporarily sus-
pending the competition in early
2011. Meanwhile Philips has begun
shipping the L Prize winning A lamp
into the professional market, and a
broad launch to the residential market
is slated for green-oriented Earth Day on
April 22.
The PAR38 L Prize competition challenges
the US lighting industry to develop an excep-
tionally high-performance, ultra-efficient
LED alternative for PAR38 halogen lamps.
The program has restarted with largely the
same performance criteria that were defined
in the Energy Independence and Security Act
(EISA) of 2007 (www.ledsmagazine.com/
news/9/3/5).
_______ Headline fi gures for the PAR38
competition are a light output exceeding
1350 lm with a power of less than 11W and
an efficacy greater than 123 lm/W.
When the PAR38 L Prize competition
NEMA publishes standard for retrofit lamps
The US National Electrical Manufacturers
Association (NEMA) has published NEMA SSL
4-2012 entitled SSL Retrofit Lamps: Suggested
Minimum Performance Requirements. The
standard gives suggested minimum perfor-
mance requirements for integral lamps.
Integral LED lamps are defined as a lamp
with LEDs, an integrated LED driver, and
a base that meets appropriate American
National Standards (ANSs) and is designed
LEDsmagazine.com
was suspended in 2011
(www.ledsmagazine.com/
news/8/1/6),
_______ the DOE said the
intent was to "retool the competition
based on lessons learned through the 60W
competition." The changes are primarily
intended to "shorten the competition time-
line and reduce testing cost" according to
Jin Brodrick, lighting program manager at
the DOE. The goal is a 30% reduction in the
evaluation time of candidate lamps without
reducing the rigor of the evaluation.
Specifically, the new rules require the
entrants to pay for LM-79 photometic testing.
The DOE will use the recently-adopted TM-21
method for extrapolating lumen maintenance
for candidate lamps (www.leds- page 24
to connect to the branch circuit via an ANS-
compliant lampholder or socket.
The criteria apply to both integral LED
lamps of non-standard form, and those
intended to replace standard general-service
incandescent lamps, decorative (candelabra
style) lamps, and reflector lamps.
Other types of replacement lamps may be
added in the future.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/3/3
IES publishes LM-82
for testing LED lighting
products at temperature
The Illuminating Engineering Society of
North America (IESNA) has published
LM-82-12, the approved method for
Characterization of LED Light Engines
and LED Lamps for Electrical and
Photometric Properties as a Function
of Temperature. The new standard is
designed to establish consistent methods
of testing and data presentation to assist
luminaire manufacturers in selecting
LED light engines and integrated lamps
for their luminaire products.
The thermal environment near the
LED is altered by both the luminaire
design and the application environment.
By measuring the performance charac-
teristics at various temperatures the
luminaire manufacturer can model the
expected light output of a given lumi-
naire design, including those for decora-
tive lighting and non-directional appli-
cations, said Rita Harrold, director of
technology at the IESNA.
The new standard references LM-79
for all photometric and electrical mea-
surements, but with the measurements
performed at elevated temperatures.
Therefore, LM-82 can be viewed as essen-
tially the LM-79 standard procedures,
but with that characterization extended
to include any performance degradation
of LED light engines and integral lamps
that might occur at elevated tempera-
tures. The LM-82-12 publication is avail-
able from the IES for $25 for non-mem-
bers and $17.50 for IESNA members.
An LED light engine is defined as an
integrated assembly comprised of LED
packages (components) or LED arrays
(modules), LED driver, and other opti-
cal, thermal, mechanical and electrical
components, according to the ANSI/
IES RP-16-2010 standard. Integral lamps
refers to all types of replacement lamps
that fit in standard sockets.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/3/23
APRIL/MAY 2012 23
 funding programs

L Prize from page 24
magazine.com/features/8/11/10). Dimming is
no longer a requirement since many PAR38
applications don't require that capability.
Also, a smaller number of lamps must be sub-
mitted for evaluation.
The EISA legislation authorized a $5 mil-
lion prize for the PAR38 replacement L Prize,
which the DOE says it has set aside from fis-
cal year 2012 appropriations. The L Prize in
the 60W-incandescent-replacement cate-
gory was awarded to Philips in August 2011
along with a $10 million prize (www.leds-
______
magazine.com/news/8/8/8).
________________ The reward was
greater in the A-lamp case because there are
more such lamps used and therefore more
energy to be saved according to the DOE.
In the case of the A-lamp winner, Philips
began shipping the product into the profes-
sional/consumer segment earlier this year.
The product has been available through
all commercial distributors of Philips LED
lighting products.
There has been considerable condemna-
tion of the high price of the lamp, given that
the original L Prize collateral mentioned a
lamp in the $25 range. On-line wholesaler
bulbs.com posted the lamp for sale at a price
of $59.99 back in early March (www.leds-
______
magazine.com/products/34459).
___________________
In reality the price is being offset by incen-
tives in many cases and the DOE had prom-
ised incentives all along, although Phil-
ips has not made those incentives widely
known. Andrew Lindstrom, director of busi-
ness development for lamps in North Amer-
ica said, "Utilities are incenting this product
in some markets as high as $25."
In the commercial sector, there are pur-
chase incentives currently offered by the
Cape Light (Massachusetts), Puget Sound
Energy (Washington), Platte River Power
Authority (Colorado), Vermont Efficiency,
and SMUD (Sacramento, CA) utilities. The
rebates vary from $10 to $25.
Home Depot will sell the lamp for $50 and
is expected to have the lamps on its shelves
on April 22. Philips expects utilities around
the US to offer incentives that could range
from $5 to $40. The incentives will be set by
utilities, and consumers will have to look for
those rebates locally from their own utili-
ties, although retailers will likely promote
the incentives locally as well.
Meanwhile we have learned more about
the internal design of the L Prize winner
from Philips. If you see a photo of the prod-
uct, you will notice that the remote phosphor
is more yellow in color relative to the almost-
orange tint of the 65W- and 75W-equivalent
lamps that Philips has been selling under the
EnduraLED and AmbientLED brands. The
new lamp mixes red and royal blue LEDs in
each of three illumination chambers. Lind-
strom said the technique was required to
achieve the greater than 90 CRI required for
the L Prize. The red light yields a warmer color
temperature and broadens the spectral power
distribution for better color rendering.

DOE announces new round

of SBIR/STTR awards
The US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science has announced
that it will sponsor another round of Small Business Innovation
Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR)
funding opportunities. Specific topics pertaining to solid-state
lighting (SSL) for this Phase 1, Release 3 round of funding includes
improvements that will increase package efficacy beyond the SSL
2015 Multi-Year Program Plan (MYPP) goals of 224 lm/W for pack-
aged LEDs or 125 lm/W for OLED panels. The program also seeks
simultaneous improvements in the color rendering index (CRI) above
90, a 10 reduction in color variations, and a 10 lower manufac-
turing cost for OLED and LED packaged products and components.
According to the award literature, these goals may be achieved
by solving technical barriers such as light extraction and panel pro-
duction for OLEDs or by improving the efficiency of LED monochro-
matic light production in the red, green and amber regimes. A third
alternative involves creating entirely novel geometries or materials
systems for both LEDs and OLEDs.
The DOE has made two important changes to program procedures.
Firstly, the published topics for SSL are intentionally broad and gen-
eral in order to promote maximum participation and innovation, but
performance goals and metrics based on the DOE SSL MYPP will be
used for evaluation purposes. Secondly, the proposal submission pro-
cess has been simplified using a staged procurement methodology.
The DOE will host a webinar on Monday, May 19 at 2:00 pm EDT
to share details of this new process.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/3/10

24 APRIL/MAY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

 www.sylvania.com/LED
Gold Bridge Photo Tito Wong
Certain photography

Our solid state lighting performs

on a global scale.
SYLVANIA is a leader in LED lighting solutions in North America, and together with
OSRAM, we delivered over a billion dollars in solid state lighting sales worldwide last
year. Constantly investing in innovative technologies and products that span the complete
range of solid state lighting, SYLVANIA shines bright in the new world of lighting. And
with SYLVANIA Lighting Services, were the only lighting manufacturer with its own
full-service installation and maintenance business. To learn more about our cutting-edge
LED solutions, call 1-800-LIGHTBULB or visit us online at www.sylvania.com/LED.
Please visit our booths at Lightfair International: #1610, #1908 and #2114.

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 funding programs
WEEE Directive impacts LED lighting in the UK
In the UK, LED-based lighting products fall under the Waste
Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) regulations, which
govern how such products must be treated when they reach end-of-
life. Th is EU legislation restricts the use of hazardous substances in
electrical and electronic equipment according to Directive 2002/95/
EC and promotes the collection and recycling of such equipment
according to Directive 2002/96/EC.
The WEEE Directive has recently been recast to clarify some spe-
cifics which have, in the past, been open to interpretation. For exam-
ple, LED lamps are now specifically named in the Directive, avoid-
ing the confusion of such products being in-scope in some countries
and out-of-scope in others.
The new Directive calls for more aggressive targets. The current
target for WEEE collections is 4kg of WEEE per resident.
The Commission proposes to set mandatory collection targets equal
to 65% of the average weight of electrical and electronic equipment
placed on the market over the two previous years in each Member
State. Member States with a high consumption of such equipment
would have more ambitious collection targets under the new Directive.
Companies involved in LED lighting can become members of a
Producer Compliance Scheme like Recolight. Registration with a
26 APRIL/MAY 2012
compliance scheme is a legal requirement that all producers and
importers need to be aware of, in order to avoid enforcement action
being taken against them by the Environment Agency.
In the UK, the Environment Agency classifies LEDs as in-scope,
so companies importing, producing, or own-branding LED- or
OLED-based lamps should already be complying with the WEEE
regulations.
The Environment Agency has made changes to the way the WEEE
Regulations are enforced. The clarification means that companies
(producers) may no longer pass financial responsibility for recycling
onto the business end-user when their products are sold via an inter-
mediary such as a wholesaler.
Since most lamps are sold through an intermediary, in the past,
businesses used regulation 9.2 of the WEEE regulations to comply
with the WEEE .However, regulation 9.2 may no longer be used in
such situations, and Recolight and its producer members do not use
regulation 9.2.
Purchasers of lighting products are advised to ensure that the
producer is not attempting to use regulation 9.2 to pass on the cost
of recycling to them.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/29
______________
LEDsmagazine.com
____________
 funding programs
DOE releases report on Getty museum
The J. Paul Getty museum near Los Angeles has replaced 60W halogen
lamps with 12W LED PAR38 lamps in three of its galleries. A Gateway
report from the US DOE projects a simple payback period of 2.3 years.
The LED evaluation was conducted by the DOE's Pacific North-
west National Laboratory in collaboration with the Getty Conserva-
tion Institute (GCI). It involved a retrofit of track lighting to deliver
energy and maintenance savings. The team projected a 10-year, life-
cycle cost analysis of the LED lamps that yielded present-value energy
savings of $4621 and total savings of $9843 including maintenance.
Based on an electrical rate of $0.12/kWh, the simple payback is pro-
jected at 2.3 years.
In addition, the team studied the potential damage caused by light
on valuable artifacts and specifically the impact of LED lighting rela-
tive to legacy halogen sources.
Over the course of more than six months in 2011, the Getty museum
hosted a special exhibit entitled "In Search of Biblical Lands: From
Jerusalem to Jordan in Nineteenth-Century Photography." The pieces
were produced between 1840 and the early 1900s and included salted-
paper prints, daguerreotypes, and albumen silver prints.
Jim Druzik, senior scientist at the GCI, performed in-situ color
measurements every two weeks from three exhibited photographs,
hoping to detect color changes or fading. The goal of the team was
_______________________
collecting data that would allow it to predict in advance when light-
ing might cause a detectable change in a photo.
The tests used a Cree PAR38 LED lamp that has a 20 beam angle
compared to a 30 beam angle for the halogen incumbents. With
both lamps the museum used screens in front of the bulbs to reduce
light output to the prescribed 50-lx level.
At the end of display, the GCI team fitted the measured color data
to a mathematical model that projected color changes measured in
CIEDE2000 (a CIE standard for measuring color difference) units. The
result was a projection of a 1.5 CIEDE2000 shift over a 110-week expo-
sure to the LED source. The 1.5 unit difference is the level that is called
a just-notable difference. The deterioration was judged no worse than
what filtered-halogen sources cause with similar lux-hour exposure.
The Gateway report doesn't quantify the color shift as favorable
or unfavorable but simply states that curators must monitor and
control the exposure of art to light to meet preservation targets.
The deterioration was judged no worse than what fi ltered-halogen
sources cause with similar lux-hour exposure.
The report did note that LEDs may offer an advantage going for-
ward in that SSL technology can allow for a tunable spectral power
distribution that could eliminate short wavelengths in the visible
spectrum that are known to damage art.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/3/22
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retail lighting | JEWELRY STORES

LED lighting adds sparkle and saves

energy in F.Hinds jewelry stores
A jeweler with 110 retail stores throughout the UK is at the forefront of converting its lighting to
LEDs, writes TIM WHITAKER.

F
.Hinds, a family-owned jewelry busi-
ness that operates a chain of 110 retail
stores throughout the UK, is part-way
through a program to convert all its light-
ing to LED fi xtures. In collaboration with
Brillianz Electronic Systems Ltd, a UK-based
LED lighting specialist, F.Hinds has refitted
a number of stores and is already seeing the
benefits of reduced energy and maintenance
costs, as well as a very positive impact on
sales especially in its diamond business.
A number of F.Hinds stores have already
been converted to LED lighting, but only in
the retail areas; however, the company will
shortly open another store which has LED
lighting throughout, including the back-
room offices used by staff. This is thought to
be a first, at least in the UK.
The long-term financial benefits of switch- FIG. 1. BayLite downlights illuminate a window display in the F.Hinds store in High
ing to LED lighting were the main reason for Wycombe, and also provide the main lighting for the interior retail space.
moving ahead with the project. We are very
careful about how we spend our cash, said not ready in time, said Neil Hinds. Follow- These are positioned above the sales coun-
Neil Hinds, a director of the company. The ing the busy Christmas season in 2009, the ters, above the central retail space in the
payback on this lighting initiative, together store underwent a refit in 2010. store, and in the windows where they are
with the improved merchandise illumina- F.Hinds worked very closely with Bril- angled to illuminate the window displays
tion and reduced maintenance, was a com- lianz, based in Welwyn Garden City, to (Fig. 1).
pelling argument to proceed straight away. develop several different types of LED The 48W downlights have an output of
Given the need for high-quality illumination lights that are now being installed through- over 3000 lm, and were designed to replace
in the stores, its clear that cost savings were out the F.Hinds portfolio. Prior to the start 75W MH lamps. Each downlight has a remov-
not the only factor. The lighting had to be of the program, the company had a total of able light engine that contains six multi-chip
better, otherwise we wouldnt have made the more than 4800 metal-halide (MH) down- LEDs. Linear reflectors create a rectangular
change, said Hinds. lights, a further 1500 halogen track lights, beam pattern of 45 60 (Fig. 2).
The company had been looking at LED and around 3 km of fluorescent lighting Getting 3000 lumens into a recessed LED
lighting for several years but had not been for undershelf and case lighting. Overall, downlight was a serious technical challenge
able to fi nd suitable products to meet its the companys direct electricity charges and required advanced technology from sev-
requirements. A new store in High Wycombe for lighting amounted to around 267,000 eral continents to be integrated into what
opened in August 2009 but was initially fit- (approx. $424,000) in 2010. for the customer just needed to be a simple
ted with metal-halide lamps. We wanted to form, fit and function replacement for the
open the store with LED lights, but they were High Wycombe existing luminaire, said Gerry Howley, one
Following its refit, most of the lighting in the of Brillianzs two owner-directors.
TIM WHITAKER is a Contributing Editor with High Wycombe store is provided by BayLite The downlights use active cooling via
LEDs Magazine. R48 recessed LED downlights from Brillianz. a Nuventix SynJet, which delivers tar-

LEDsmagazine.com APRIL/MAY 2012 31

 Bismuth geted pulses of air directly to the LED light
LOW MELTING engines heat sink. Th is maintains a heat
sink temperature of less than 55C. Bril-
SOLDERS lianz says that the efficiency is 85 lm/W
(measured as hot lumens, i.e. at the operat-
ing temperature of the LED), and that the
CRI exceeds 80.
A color temperature of 4200K has been
chosen throughout the F.Hinds retail chain.
We have tested some lights with a more blu-
ish-white light, but these will be replaced,
said Neil Hinds. FIG. 2. The BayLite R48 recessed LED
The High Wycombe store also uses VisiLite downlight has an array of six multi-chip
linear LED lighting systems supplied by Bril- LEDs and produces a rectangular beam
lianz. In other stores, F.Hinds has used BayLite pattern (45 x 60).
track-mounted spotlights that contain simi-
lar light engines to those in the downlights, consumed by the light fixtures and also to the
and are compatible with standard Concord reduced use of air conditioning to maintain
Lytespan track fittings. These are available as the desired store temperature. Fig. 4 shows the
a T32 Trac (32W) model with a minimum of 10-year estimates for overall savings by lamp
2000 lm, equivalent to a 50W MH lamp, and type. The total operational savings per lamp
Available as: the T60 Trac (60W), which can replace 100W are estimated to be 62%, 82% and 57% respec-
MH lamps and has an output of 4500 lm. tively for MH, halogen and fluorescent.
Elsewhere, notably in backroom areas in Of course, a substantial capital outlay is
the stores, F.Hinds is replacing 600x600-mm required to replace all the lights throughout

ceiling fixtures (known as troffers in the US) the stores. This is likely to be in the region of
that are typically fitted with two fluorescent 1.5 million ($2.25 million) in total. The Bay-
tubes. Brillianz has supplied
58W LED panels that deliver
4000 lumens (Fig. 3).
Bismuth
Financial impact
F.Hinds is part-way through
its retrofit program that will
Learn more: eventually see LED lights in
http://indium.us/F302 all of its stores. Neil Hinds
said that in some cases the
lighting retrofit takes place
when the entire store is refur-
bished, while in other cases
only the lighting is replaced.
Some stores have been given
priority where there is prob-
lem lighting, said Hinds, FIG. 3. Brillianz Trac T60 track-mounted spotlights, as well
for example where there are as a Nova-PaneLite fi xture that is edge-lit with LEDs.
lights in high ceilings that
are particularly expensive to relamp. Lite R48 products, for example, cost about
Maintenance costs, including the cost twice as much as the metal-halide lamps
www.indium.com/bismuth of buying and fitting new lamps, are essen- they replace. However, once operational
askus@indium.com tially zero for LED fittings over a 10-year life costs over a 10-year life span are taken into
span. This forms part of the overall cost sav- account, Neil Hinds estimates that each LED
ASIA CHINA EUROPE USA
ing that can be achieved with the LED retro- unit will save approximately 300 ($500)
2012 Indium Corporation fit. However, the bulk of the saving comes from over that period, compared with MH lamps.
reduced electricity cost, due the lower power The payback is somewhere between two and

32 APRIL/MAY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

_____________________
retail lighting | JEWELRY STORES

900 12000
800
10000
700
600 8000
Savings
500 CO2 emissions
( thousands) 6000
400 (tons)
Other savings
300 4000
200
Energy savings 2000
100
0 0
Metal halide Halogen Fluorescent Conventional lighting LED lighting

FIG. 4. Overall cost-savings estimates over a 10-year period for
LED lighting installed throughout all 110 F.Hinds jewelry stores
in the UK. The numbers are extrapolated from data measured
in early conversion projects. Other savings include relamp and
maintenance costs.
four years, depending on the specifics of the
individual store and various other project-
related factors.
The LED lighting installed by F.Hinds qual-
ifies for Enhanced Capital Allowance; this
FIG. 5. Total carbon footprint reduction over 10 years from the
replacement of conventional (MH, halogen and fluorescent)
lamps with LED lighting.
scheme allows all of
the capital cost of
certain types of equipment to be written off
against taxable profits in the year of purchase.
For larger companies, the energy savings can
be used to reduce carbon tax liability, but this
does not (currently) apply to F.Hinds. Even so,
the company estimates that the LED lighting
project will reduce its carbon footprint by 4900
tons (Fig. 5).
Customer response
From outside the High Wycombe store, the
lighting appears uniform and attractive,
striking a good balance between highlight-
ing the products in the window displays
without being obtrusive or overwhelming.
The retail space inside is welcoming but not
too bright. Compared with adjacent stores
in the small, low-ceilinged mall, the lighting
stands out and has attracted envious com-
ments from other store managers, said Jim
Knight, the store's manager.
For a store that sells jewelry items, and
in particular gemstones such as diamonds,
lighting is of course crucially important, par-
ticularly when the customer takes a close look
at the product. We have seen a major bene-
fit in diamond sales, said Neil Hinds. With
LED lighting, the sparkle is greatly enhanced,
and this has a very positive impact on the cus-
tomer. Th is is especially the case with the
BayLite downlight, which has six points of
light in each light engine. This magnifies the
sparkle effect as light reflects from the dia-
monds facets. Any movement of the dia-
mond or the customers head relative to each
other creates sparkle, said Hinds.
F. Hinds diamond buyer Andrew Hinds is
similarly delighted by the quality of the light-
ing. The stores new lighting is even better
than I expected and is a significant improve-
ment on the previous lighting the dia-
monds really sparkle and the watch faces are
brighter, he said.

34 APRIL/MAY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

demonstration | SEATTLE STREET LIGHTS
Seattle conducts LED street light
testing and hosts symposium
Outdoor lighting experts gathered in Seattle, WA for a full-day symposium on LED street light
technology followed by a three-night demonstration and test session focused on determining safe
roadway lighting levels reports MAURY WRIGHT.
I
n Seattle, WA, the Virginia Tech
Transpor tation Instit ute (V TTI)
and lighting consultancy Clanton &
Associates recently led a LED street light
symposium and conducted three nights
of solid-state lighting (SSL) roadway tests
focused on the balance of dimming lights
and safety. The symposium included lessons
learned from LED lighting case studies, a
review of previous VTTI tests of light levels
and safe object/pedestrian detection dis-
tances, and an explanation of the goals of
the Seattle testing. Participants in the test-
ing program provided both qualitative and
quantitative data to the project team that
will build on a growing knowledge base
focused on energy efficiency and safety.
The Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance
(NEEA) hosted the symposium and test ses-
sion, and Continuum Industries helped orga-
nize the tests. The actual demonstration and
tests took place in Seattles Ballard neigh-
borhood on the nights of March 6-8, 2012
along a closed stretch of 15th Ave. The Seat-
tle City Light utility assisted in the site selec-
tion and arranging for the road closure.
The symposium kicked off with a brief pre-
sentation from Mark Rehley, emerging tech-
nology operations manager at NEEA. Reh-
ley said that the goal of the Seattle test was
to help establish national and regional stan-
dards that dictate Whats the right amount
of light to put on the roadway.
The issue of course is that lower light lev-
els equate to less energy used and thats
important even in the case of inherently-
efficient LED lighting. We think that SSL
MAURY WRIGHT is the Editor of LEDs
Magazine.
LEDsmagazine.com
U
alone is not the answer, said
Rehley. The biggest value
comes when you combine 100
[SSL] with advanced con- 90
trols. The advanced con-
trols provide the value 80
of being able to turn the G 100
lights on and off at very
90
precise periods instead of 60
G 80
relying on a photo sensor
B
that gets dirty and perhaps
fails more readily than the SSL.
60
Rehley also discussed the added 30
implications of smart street lights mak- B - Backlight/trespass
ing the analogy of having a smartphone U - Uplight/skyglow
0
and apps on light poles. He suggested that G - Glare/offensive light
networked street lights in the future will
strobe to guide emergency workers to an FIG. 1. The BUG classification system is
accident. And he said such lights could now used in luminaire specification.
indicate detour routes in the case of a
natural disaster. faces along with the ability to optimize color
contrast. Indeed she was foreshadowing
Questioning conventional wisdom some of the concepts that VTTI is research-
Nancy Clanton, president of Clanton & ing through LED street light tests.
Associates, took the podium to start the Clanton certainly doesnt ignore more
technical presentations and immediately commonly discussed attributes of LED
issued a challenge to the audience. About sources including inherent efficiency, com-
street lighting she asked, Are we doing it patibility with dimming controls to further
the right way? And specifically she was increase efficiency, and the ability to effec-
referring to deploying street lights with tively control beam patterns. Dimming
LEDs as a revolutionary light source. lights when traffic is reduced late at night is
We take this LED light and stick it on part of the efficiency equation. Clanton sug-
a pole because thats how we have always gested that we need a nighttime level that
done street lighting. said Clanton. LEDs is more subdued and just bright enough so
are great at grazing. Maybe we should have that a driver knows a pedestrian is cross-
more layered lighting like we do in interior ing the road.
design with an ambient and a task. Clanton, however, explored a more sub-
Clanton suggested that just putting light tle concept with controllable LED light-
down on a road isnt sufficient. She said ing that could have a big impact in slash-
effective lighting requires contrast of sur- ing power usage. She said that in the case of
APRIL/MAY 2012 35
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demonstration | SEATTLE STREET LIGHTS

legacy sources such as high-pressure sodium cept. Clanton defi ned the example as well-
(HPS) lamps, there is little chance to select designed lighting because it does illuminate
the light level needed for an application. If the sidewalk although it only allows back-
a 150W HPS lamp falls just short of meet- light on the base of the building. That per-
ing the requisite level for a given application, formance is superior according to Clanton
the only recourse has always been to go to to either a light that only illuminates the
a 250W lamp. But with LEDs you can step street, or one that casts a lot of backlight on
up to the brighter source but dim it down the building.
to where it just meets the required level and
pocket the energy savings. Seattle LED installations
A presentation of several LED street light
Beam patterns and BUG case studies was among the most informa-
Control of the beam pattern both saves tion-packed elements of the symposium.
energy by efficiently using the produced light Edward Smalley presented Seattles experi-
and eliminating light pollution. Clanton ence to date with LEDs. Smalley works for
was very involved in developing the Model Seattle City Light, although he has spent the
Lighting Ordinance (MLO) thats being rec- bulk of his time in the past two years on his
ommended for area lighting, and has been duties as director of the US Department of
involved with ways to specify beam con- Energy (DOE) Municipal Solid-State Street
trol for roadway lighting working with the Lighting Consortium. But Smalley led
Illuminating Engineering Society of North Seattles foray into LEDs.
America (IESNA). Smalley said Seattle City Light is the 10th
Clanton described the new backlight, largest municipally-owned utility in the US
uplight, and glare (BUG) approach to defin- and has an inventory of around 84,000 street
lights. In 2008 when they
started experimenting with
LEDs, the annual energy cost
for street lights was $5.3 mil-
lion. Including maintenance
and other expenses such as
debt service, the total cost
was $11.5 million. And Smal-
ley said they faced a 17% rate
hike in 2009.
The cost issues led the
city to consider LEDs, and
a chief concern was cost of
FIG. 2. Street lights that light the sidewalk but not the
the luminaires. Smalley said
building adjacent to the sidewalk may be ideal. he was asked in 2008, What
will it take for Seattle to pull
ing beam control for luminaires (Fig. 1). Spe- the trigger on LED street lights? implying a
cifically, lighting standards can set maxi- major deployment. Smalley said at the time
mum ratings for uplight or light pollution, the luminaire they were considering for resi-
glare that might adversely impact a driver, dential streets was selling for more than $400.
or backlight that might trespass on the side He said $350 was their target trigger point.
of a building or into someones second story Fast forward to today, and Seattle has con-
window. The light levels are specified based verted somewhere between 18,000 and 21,000
on the angles shown in the figure. lights they have products in inventory to
Ironically, perhaps, Clanton said that reach the higher number. They have realized
some LED fi xtures control light too rigidly. $1 million per year in savings. The expendi- _____________

She is a dark sky advocate and was not sug- tures to date are in the $8 million range. Smal- _____________

gesting any tolerance for light pollution. But ley said the projected payback is 7.6 years.
she said many people prefer a fuzzy cut- The economic picture gets even brighter
off. Fig. 2 provides an example of the con- looking forward. Smalley said that Seattle

LEDsmagazine.com APRIL/MAY 2012 37

demonstration | SEATTLE STREET LIGHTS

is paying around $240 per luminaire today.

He said, Prices are going to drop and thats
a good thing. He attributed the expected
declines to the semiconductor industry that is
behind both LED components and the driver
electronics. Smalley projects that the price
will ultimately bottom out in the $175 range.

Colorado Springs LED experience

The experience of Colorado Springs, CO with
LEDs is at a much earlier level than Seattle,
but the lessons learned there may be equally
valuable. City traffic engineer David Krauth
described the dilemma the city faced three
years ago with municipal budget cuts and
the cost of operating street lights. Krauth
said, Our answer was were going to turn
off one third of the lights.
Ultimately the city did turn off 3500 lights
on hand-picked arterial roads out of a total
inventory of 25,805 lights. They continued to
operate all lights in residential areas. Krauth
said that the process of evaluating the arterial
FIG. 3. Philips Lumec Roadstar luminaires in a prior installation.
streets revealed that the city was lit extremely
inconsistently and in many cases was wasting
energy on lights that were too bright.
Krauth said when he started work for
the city, 400W HPS lights were common on
arterials and that the city also had a num-
ber of high-mast lights that had six 1000W
lamps per pole. He said turning three poles
off saved $16,000 per year.
Krauth detailed some of the common
issues with over-lighting a city. He said One
bright spot begats a bigger bright spot. After
people go through an over-lit area, Krauth
said a correctly-lit area appears to be under
lit. That inconsistency can lead a municipal-
ity to brighter and brighter lights.
In Colorado Springs after the selected
lights were extinguished, Krauth said the

___________ ________

38 APRIL/MAY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

___________
demonstration | SEATTLE STREET LIGHTS

city received over 1000 complaint calls. But

the complaints werent just about safe light-
ing on streets. Krauth said, Its amazing the
number of people that want their backyards
lit by street lights, and the number of peo-
ple that dont. That was a recurring theme
at the symposium in that some citizens like
light spill onto their property. It led Frauth
to rhetorically ask, How do you run a sys-
tem that does both?
The city has installed around 500 LED
street lights including a mix of cobrahead-
and acorn-style fixtures. But the city is
struggling with consistency even with the
LED lights. Krauth said that in the case of
the acorn fi xtures, the city maintained the
same pole spacing that it has used with HPS
lights, but the LEDs are brighter. He said,
We have one street that goes into the air-
port that Im amazed an airplane hasnt
landed on it yet. It is bright. Krauth is plan-
ning a new set of consistent standards devel- FIG. 4. Street lights with an asymmetrical beam pattern left periodic dark areas on
oped from the ground up. the roadway.
Ultimately the move to LEDs is focused on
operating cost. Krauth said the city wants to ments used standard Type II beam pat- lanes only projected light south, and vice
make sure we can pay for the system and terns with the difference being correlated versa for the northbound lanes.
keep operating it. He did point out a surpris- color temperature (CCT) 3500K, 4000K, The survey was primarily based on 12
ing place where SSL is adding to the savings. and 5000K (see, www.ledsmagazine.com/ statements for which the respondents had
He said the city had 450 lights incapacitated features/7/9/8 for more information about
_________ to choose among five choices ranging from
by copper wire theft totaling almost a quarter beam pattern). strongly disagree to strongly agree. Exam-
million feet of wire. He said lower-power LED The fi nal segment used a custom asym- ples include there is too much light on the
fixtures do allow for smaller, lower-cost wire. metrical beam pattern that directed all street, the light sources are glaring, and
light in the direction of traffic with no glare I like the color of the light. There are also
Ballard test site in evidence for drivers (Fig. 4). The roadway numerous questions involving how safe a
At the end of the symposium, the bulk of is three lanes in each direction with a cen- respondent feels walking in the area. Down
the attendees made their way to the test ter turn lane. The lights for the southbound the road, we will see those results tabulated.
site in the Ballard area, where some brief
presentations (www.ledsmagazine.com/
news/9/3/4),
_______ including one by Seattle mayor
Mike McGinn, were followed by a walking
tour of the test site. The symposium attend-
ees went through the qualitative lighting
evaluation process just as public volunteers
would over the course of three nights.
The evaluation was based on a survey
form that had to be completed for each of
the six roadway segments that had different
lights installed. As documented in the above
link, one segment was lit by the 400W HPS
legacy lights for the roadway, a second seg-
ment was lit by 250W HPS lights, and LED
lights lit four segments. All of the LED-lit
segments used 105W Philips Lumec Road- FIG. 5. The HPS lights on the right create significant light trespass on the buildings
star luminaires (Fig. 3). Th ree of the seg- while the LED lights on the left only light the sidewalk.

40 APRIL/MAY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

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 demonstration | SEATTLE STREET LIGHTS

FIG. 6. A data acquisition system in the VTTI test vehicle links

to cameras, sensors, a GPS receiver, and the pushbuttons used
 by testers.
 Evaluating the lights
  Here, I will summarize my own observations of the lighting. Upon
first impression, the 400W HPS sources provided far better pedes-
 trian visibility than any of the other lights tested. But without ques-
tion that test area was over lit. Consider Fig. 5. Those side-by side


 images are of completely different buildings yet you can easily see

 the differences in backlight. In the HPS example on the right, there
 is substantial light on the wall and window on the second floor of
 the house on the far right. In the image on the left with LED lighting

there is virtually no light cast on the walls of the one-story building,

yet you can see that the sidewalk is lit.
     While the 400W HPS sources produced what seem to be more than




 plentiful light, the lights did not render colors well. Watching other
 participants in the walking tour with various colors of clothing, you
could see how color contrast might come into play allowing better
 


object detection even at lower light levels.

I was very surprised that I couldnt really discern the differences
in CCT with the three sets of LEDs that used a standard beam pat-
  tern. Those three lights generated uniform light levels on the road-
  way and sidewalk, and also rendered colors very well.
 The road segment with an asymmetric pattern was immediately

recognizable. You could see that the light on the roadway got dim-
 mer farther from the pole. And there was no light from the next pole

 helping to fill in and make the light level appear uniform. Essentially
 you could see periodic dark sections on the road. Ultimately, that may
or may not be a problem, as it could enable superior contrast thats
among the reasons the team chose to test the asymmetric fi xture.
We were also afforded the opportunity to view the LED lights
dimmed to 50% and 25% of full light output. One of the project team
 
members used an iPad to change the light levels of individual lumi-
 
 naires and groups of luminaires. While you could see the dimming

happening by focusing on the light projected on the road, it was dif-


______________
 ficult to discern any difference in visibility once the luminaires were
stable at 50%. There was noticeably less light at 25%, although Im not
sure I would have felt unsafe walking in that light.

42 APRIL/MAY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

 demonstration | SEATTLE STREET LIGHTS

Quantitative tests
Ultimately its the quantitative testing that
will determine how well drivers might see
objects or pedestrians under the lights
including tests conducted at the 25% and
50% dim levels for the LEDs. We wont see
that data for several month. But I did have
a chance to participate in one of the tests.
VTTI equipped an SUV with a data
acquisition system used for the tests (Fig.
6). Th at system links to a number of light
sensors, cameras, a GPS receiver for precise
location, and a push button that test sub-
jects use to signal when they spot an object.
The VTTI team located 7x7-in objects of
various colors along the test site. And VTTI
drivers navigated the roadway at a constant
35 MPH while test subjects looked for the
objects and responded with the push but-
ton with the GPS logging the location of
each depression of the button.
I really cant pass judgment as to whether
I saw objects more easily under one light
type or another. Its simply too much effort
to concentrate on looking for the objects
and trying to know which light type you are
under. What I do know, and a fellow tes-
ter agreed, is that you regularly spot some
objects that are further away before you
spot one that is nearer. That could be due
to object color or perhaps the light at any
given spot.
I asked Ron Gibbons of VTTI how the sys-
tem accurately detected an instance of two
button pushes when the test subject may
have seen the further object fi rst. Gibbons
said the forward-looking mono and binoc-
ular cameras mounted in the SUV mimic
the human visual system and would see the
objects in similar order to testers. Evidently
the system uses that camera data to corre-
late the data generated by the volunteers.
What will come out of the test is likely to
be similar to the results we have seen from
Gibbons and his team before. Gibbons uses
the reference source and compares the other
test sources in terms of object detection dis-
tance. In prior tests, for example, LEDs have
provided detection distance 66-78% as great
as the reference source while generating only
9-18% of the illuminance, and of course the
LEDs use far less energy.
During the symposium, Gibbons said,
Lighting level has very little to do with
detection. Gibbons said the human body
responds to sensory things like lighting on
a logarithmic scale. He added, Foot can-
dles are meaningless. Its all about detec-
tion distance.
We will cover the results once released
and the fi nding will surely be interesting.
Gibbons said in similar previous tests, the
team had not been able to reduce the light
level of the LEDs low enough to render the
tested lights unsuitable in terms of detec-
tion distance. We will see if the 25% level in
Seattle does so, and what impact the asym-
metric pattern may have had on detection
distance.

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lighting | OUTDOOR
Model Lighting Ordinance:
Is the BUG rating method effective
at limiting light trespass?
The MLO offers two different options for evaluating the off-site impact of different outdoor lighting
design schemes, but unfortunately they do not give the same results, according to WENDY NORMAN
and MICHAEL SMOLYANSKY.
T
he Model Lighting Ordinance
(MLO), recently published by the
International Dark-Sky Association
(IDA) and the Illuminating Engineering
Society (IES), is designed to help municipal-
ities develop standards for environmentally-
responsible, yet safe, outdoor lighting. The
guidelines for area lighting apply to busi-
nesses, property owners, and building own-
ers. They specify light levels and allowable
light pollution based on defined zones that
are appropriate for different settings rang-
ing from residential to New York's Times
Square. But, the MLO offers options in terms
of how light levels and pollution are char-
acterized and today, as we will show with a
case study, you can get drastically different
answers as to whether a luminaire is appro-
priate for a given installation.
One of the main purposes of the MLO is to
minimize adverse offsite impacts of lighting
such as light trespass and obtrusive light.
The MLO can be downloaded from the IDA
website (http://bit.ly/iRt0Dk).
The MLO requires that all outdoor light-
ing comply with one of two methods: the
prescriptive method or the performance
method.
Both methods require a total site lumen
limit. These limits are different depend-
ing on which method is chosen. The perfor-
mance method allows anywhere from 25% to
40% more lumens per site than allowed with
the prescriptive method.
The main difference is that with the pre- the site do not exceed the allowed levels.
WENDY NORMAN is a Senior Applications Engineer at Cooper Lighting and MICHAEL
SMOLYANSKY is a Senior Applications Engineer with Cooper Lighting Canada.
LEDsmagazine.com
MLO options
Limits to off-site impacts
The prescriptive method is
simple; calculate the total site
lumens allowed according to
one of two tables (limited to
Prescriptive method Performance method
hardscape areas) and choose
fi xtures that meet the given
BUG rating restrictions.
Total site Limits Total site Limits
lumen to off-site lumen to off-site With the performance
limit impacts limit impacts method, you need to deter-
m i ne tot a l site lu mens
allowed by assigning usage
OR
for each area of the site. Then,
the allowed levels for the
areas are combined to come
Option A: Option B: up with a total site lumen
BUG rating method Calculation method
allowance. The designer then
  MLO Table C   MLO Table F
must meet foot-candle allow-
  No uplight allowed   Less than 15% of total lumens
spill over property line
ances for each area while at
the same time keeping the
  Uplight allowed
spill light at or below given
levels. The MLO uses lighting
FIG. 1. Limits to off-site impacts.
zones (LZs), which reflect the
base light levels and obtrusive
scriptive method there are no limits on foot- light measures desired by a community.
candle levels leaving the site; there is only a As shown in Fig. 1, the MLO proposes
restriction to use fi xtures that have allowed two options, which are designed to aid the
BUG (Backlight, Uplight and Glare) ratings. selection of appropriate luminaires to limit
The performance method requires that the off-site impact. The prescriptive method
you prove spill light by following either the is referred to as option A or the BUG rating
BUG rating method, or by providing com- method, while the performance method is
puter calculations showing that there is no referred to as option A or option B (the cal-
vertical illuminance on the sides of the prop- culation method).
erty line and that the total lumens leaving According to the MLO, both option A and
option B are capable of preventing off-site
impact such as glare, sky glow and light
trespass.
The BUG rating method, as described
APRIL/MAY 2012 45
lighting | OUTDOOR

in TM-15-11 Addendum A, LZ1 LZ2 LZ3 LZ4 All zones vertical grid rose 33 ft above
establishes a BUG rating for the pole. The tested luminaire
Comply with
any luminaire based on a 12 23 21 28 84 was installed in the middle of
option A
lumen limit in each second- one of the three positions (1-2
Comply with
ary solid angle. 3 3 3 7 16 mh, 0.5-1.0 mh, or less than
option B
According to the MLO, in 0.5 mh) according to MLO
order to conform to the BUG TABLE 1. Testing statistics for 84 luminaires rated and installed Table C. The actual pole spac-
rating method, any fi xture on according to option A (BUG rating method). ing from the property line was
the site must comply with the designated as either 1.5, 0.75
maximum allowable BUG rat- Maximum vertical Calculated or 0.25 mh. The total length of
ings in Tables C-1 (backlight Luminaire BUG rating illuminance (fc) from maximum vertical the testing site was 200 ft.
rating), C-2 (uplight ratings) MLO, Table F illuminance (fc) The graphical results of the
and C-3 (glare ratings) from maximum vertical illumi-
the MLO. LED- 1 B1-U0-G1 0.8 4 nance calculations are shown
The calculation method LED- 2 B1-U0-G1 0.8 6.3 in Fig. 3. The red lines show
does not limit the design- LED -3 B1-U0-G1 0.8 7.2 the value of maximum verti-
ers ability to select the lumi- 150HPS-1 B2-U0-G1 0.8 10.8 cal illuminance threshold as
naire type or location. It just 100HPS-1 B2-U0-G1 0.8 15.3 per option B (MLO Table F).
requires that computer light- The highest obtained value
LED-4 B1-U0-G1 0.8 9.4
ing calculations show com- of maximum vertical illu-
pliance with the maximum TABLE 2. Maximum vertical illuminance test results for not ideally minance is 8.7 fc; this is 5.8
vertical illuminance at any oriented luminaires. times higher than the option
point in the plane of prop- B threshold for LZ4.
erty line, as shown in Table F of the MLO. LZ3 in positions that are a distance of 0.5 Table 1 provides the calculation sum-
to 1.0 mounting height (mh) from the prop- mary for each LZ and all test summaries.
Comparing options erty line. A total of 84 luminaire installations were
In an effort to verify and compare options A If the same luminaire is supposed to be approved based on option A, but only 16
and B, the following comparison tests were used for LZ2, the allowed position for this of those were able to meet the option B
run. Fifty-one LED and HID luminaires with luminaire is 1-2 mh from the property line. requirements. Therefore, only 19% of the
distribution types 1, 2, 3 and 4 were selected luminaires that complied when using
for 84 installations, according to option A Maximum vertical illuminance option A also complied with option B.
(BUG rating method, Table C). Some lumi- The measurement of maximum vertical The MLO also rates luminaires that are
naires were selected for three installations illuminance as per option B (calculation not ideally oriented. In this type of instal-
for different LZ and positions, some for two method) was done for each of the 84 lumi- lation there is an additional glare value lim-
and others for one only. Luminaire wattage narie installations, which were all in com- itation noted in MLO Table C-3.
varied from 25W to 310W for LED, and from pliance with option A. Six luminaires (both LED and HID) were
100W to 250W for HID. Fig. 2 shows the lighting layout used for rated and installed in not-ideally-oriented
All tested luminaires were installed to the calculation of maximum vertical illu- positions in LZ3, at 0.5-1.0 mh to the prop-
be ideally oriented. According to the MLO, minance. The pole height was 20 ft, and the erty line. All installations complied with
this means that the backlight option A according to Table
portion of the light output is Vertical C-1, C-2 and C-3 for backlight,
illuminance
oriented perpendicular and in the plane of uplight and glare (not ideally ori-
towards the property line of property line ented), respectively.
concern. Light
Ligh
g pollution According to option B, the
Le t m

cconcern area
con
ss o h
0. o 2

All installations were done maximum vertical illuminance

5
0. 1 m
1

5 h
t

m
h

based on compliance with the for LZ3 should not exceed 0.8 fc.
maximum allowable BUG rat- As shown in Table 2, the lowest
ings as shown in Tables C-1, C-2 Area for lighting maximum vertical illuminance
200 ft.
and C-3. The maximum allow- 0.5 mh value of the six tested luminaires
able ratings are defined accord- 1 mh was 4 fc, which is five times
2 mh
ing to the LZ and installation higher than the allowed thresh-
Property line
position. For example, lumi- old. The worst result exceeded
naires with a BUG rating of B=3, FIG. 2. Lighting layout used for maximum vertical illuminance the threshold 19 times.
U=0, G=1 could be installed for calculation.

46 APRIL/MAY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

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lighting | OUTDOOR
Discrepancies
This discrepancy between the two options is alarming. Both
options should be consistent and compatible. If lighting fix-
tures were appropriate for the first option, all selected luminaires
The BUG rating system is not
capable of accounting for the effect
of a multiple-luminaire installation.
should have been appropriate for the second option as well, and
the reverse is true.
All previous tests have been done for single luminaires installed on a
200-ft-long test site. In real practice, more than one pole would be used
for lighting design, sometimes with two or more luminaires per pole.
In a real situation, every luminaire would contribute to the off-site
impact of lighting. The BUG rating system is not capable of account-
ing for the effect of a multiple-luminaire installation. The comparison
between the BUG rating method and the calculation method would be
even worse in the case of an actual site installation.
The MLO has a purpose of limiting spill light and offers two
_______
48 APRIL/MAY 2012
Maximum vertical illuminance at property line (fc)
10
9
8
7
6
5
3
2
1
0
0.25 0.75 1.5 0.25 0.75 1.5 0.25 0.75 1.5 0.25 0.75 1.5
LZ1 LZ2 LZ3 LZ4
FIG. 3. Maximum vertical illuminance for different LZ and
luminaire installations.
options to meet this goal. As is shown by the comparisons run, the
calculation method (option B) is much more effective at meeting
this goal. However, the BUG rating method (option A) is easier to
use and not as restrictive on spill light, therefore many sites will
default to the BUG rating method for ease of use.
From these examples, it is apparent that the BUG rating method
(option A) and calculation method (option B) are not equal at lim-
iting light leaving the site. The prescriptive method is more restric-
tive regarding the total site lumens; however, it allows for a greater
amount of spill light because it is solely based on the BUG rating
method from Table C.
The MLO allows for the use of BUG ratings along with the per-
formance method as long as there is no uplight used. Th is scenario
would not only allow for more lumens on the site as compared to
the prescriptive method, but also would allow for a greater amount
of light spilling from the site than would be seen from sites that
restrict the spill by using the calculation method. As proven from
the studies done for this article, the BUG rating method cannot
effectively control these extra lumens of spill light.
If the objective is to put the best lighting on the site and limit
light leaving the site, then option B using the calculation method
is by far the most effective means of limiting light trespass.
LINKS
Model Lighting Ordinance http://bit.ly/iRt0Dk
Planting virtual trees: the challenge of meeting LEED requirements
for light-pollution reduction LEDs Magazine October 2011,
p27 www.ledsmagazine.com/features/8/10/6
LFI outdoor sessions addrsss best practices and MLO
www.ledsmagazine.com/features/8/7/17
LEDsmagazine.com
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technology | COLOR SCIENCE

Understand color science to

maximize success with LEDs
GEORGE KELLY explains that color science is especially important in LED-based lighting, and
participants across the SSL industry need a basic understanding to succeed in realizing light
systems with optimal color rendering and quality.

A
s LEDs continue to make inroads
into general illumination, the color
quality of the light LEDs produce
is becoming increasingly important. Th is is
the fi rst in a series of articles that explore
the science of color as it applies to LED
technology. Th is article begins by explain-
ing the origins of the CIE Chromaticity
Diagram and the science that led to the
CIE 1931 standard that lies behind the
Chromaticity Diagram. Future articles will
discuss natural and artificial light sources
and their color rendering characteristic as
well how to use color science to improve the
color quality and color rendering charac-
teristics of LED light sources.
The LED industry has focused a great deal
of energy on LED chromaticity binning, first
by ensuring accurate LED production line
testing and then in turn reducing the chro-
maticity variance in the manufacturing
process. This is essential to the widespread
adoption of white LEDs especially in general
lighting applications. Even so the chromatic-
ity coordinates of an LED only tell part of the
story. Chromaticity coordinates only quan-
tify the color appearance of an LED when it
is viewed directly, but are not always good
predictors of the color appearance of objects
illuminated by an LED.
In fact, it is possible for two light sources
to have the exact same chromaticity coor-
dinates, but have very different spectral
power distributions (SPD) as in Fig. 1. If
we directly view the light emanating from
these two light sources, they will appear to
have the exact same color. If we use these
it is that the colors of objects illu-
minated by the two light sources
will also differ.
The reason for this is that the
color of an object is not solely
dependent on the properties of
the object itself. Color is a complex
interaction of the spectral charac-
teristics of the light source inter-
acting with the spectral reflec-
tance of the object and fi nally the
spectral sensitivity of the eye. The
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
human visual system further mod-
FIG. 1. The SPD of a 3000K incandescent source ifies the signal from the retina to
(blue) and a 3000K LED (red), both with CIE produce the fi nal color perceived.
coordinates of x = 0.437 and y = 0.404. Colloquially we talk of color as if it
were a property of the object itself.
light sources to illuminate colored objects, An apple is red a banana is yellow. In truth
the perceived colors of the illuminated the intrinsic property of an apple that makes
objects can vary significantly from one light it look red is that it reflects more long wave-
source to the other. The more the SPDs of length light than it does medium or short
the two light sources with identical chro- wavelength light. A banana on the other
maticity coordinates differ, the more likely hand will reflect light centered around 580-
S M L
400 450 500 550 600 650 700

GEORGE KELLEY is an LED Technical FIG. 2. Normalized L, M and S cone receptor response curves with the colors of each
Specialist at Avnet Electronics Marketing. wavelength displayed along the bottom of the graph.

LEDsmagazine.com APRIL/MAY 2012 51

technology | COLOR SCIENCE

Calculating cone response curves

590 nm. If we illuminate a banana with a red
LED it will look red, so clearly yellowness
or redness is more than an intrinsic prop-
erty of the object itself.
Retina function
Calculating cone response curves is a step that helps understanding the concept
of color matching. The first equation below shows how to calculate luminous flux for
instance by integrating an SPD over the visible spectrum (380-780 nm) weighted
by the V() curve. Intensity, luminance or illuminance can be calculated in the same
manner provided SPD() is in the proper units, (cd, nits, lux respectively).
780 nm

By now you might feel like you are reading a
college freshman philosophy paper. To bring Luminous Flux = = 683 V() SPD () d () lumens
this back to reality we need to delve into how 380 nm
the retina actually detects light. The retina Similarly cone receptor response, for the L, M, and S cones, can be calculated using
has two types of light-sensitive receptors the cone response curves in place of the V() curve.
called rods and cones. Cones are responsible
780 nm
for color vision and high resolution vision,
while rods which are much more sensitive
L Cone Response = R L
380 nm
L() SPD () d ()
to light than cones and have no effect on
color vision. Rods are responsible for night 780 nm
or low-light vision and for motion detection
primarily in the periphery.
M Cone Response = R M
380 nm
M() SPD () d ()

There are three varieties of cone receptors,

780 nm

each with their own range of spectral sensi-
tivity curves that overlap each other, but are
yet distinct. Fig. 2 plots the spectral response
of each of the cone receptors. Although the
spectral response of each cone type corre-
lates roughly with the colors red, green and
blue, visual psychologists prefer to call them
L, M and S cones, which stand for long,
S Cone Response = RS S() SPD () d ()
380 nm
In color analysis, we typically measure the SPD of a light source with a
spectroradiometer that samples the power of the source at discrete narrow wavelength
bands on the order of a few nanometers. The integrals of above trio of equations are
then replaced with the equivalent summation in the equations below.
N

L SPD
medium and short wavelengths respectively.
RL = i i
The relative ratio of the response of these
three cone receptors to a given SPD deter- i=1
mines the color we perceive. N
We can understand this better by exam-
ining the details of Fig. 2, which also shows
RM =
M SPD
i=1
i i

the colors associated with each wavelength.

At the shortest wavelengths when only the S N
cones are being stimulated we see the color
violet. As the wavelength increases the M
RS =
S SPD
i=1
i i

cones start to respond in addition to the S

cones and violet turns to a deep blue. As the
response of the M cones increases further
relative to the S cones the color perceived
shifts to a greenish-blue, then to a bluish-
green and fi nally to a pure green when the
ratio of the M cones to the L and S cones is
at its highest.
The trend continues as the wavelength
increases to the point where the L cones start
to respond significantly to stimulation. Yel-
low occurs at roughly the point where there
is a balance between the M and L cones.
As the wavelength continues to increase,
the response of the M cones decreases rap-
idly resulting in a rapid shift from yellow
to orange and then red. From 640 nm and
The i subscript denotes the i th sample of both the cone responses and the SPD, while
is the sampling period. We can think of this discrete sampling of the SPD, as an
N dimensional vector where N is the number of wavelength samples and the response
of each type of cone receptors is simply the inner product of the SPD with the cone
response curves.
above, the response of the M cones is so low Combining cone response
that the color perceived is a deep red that The neural signals leaving the cones
changes very little in appearance, regardless undergo further processing before entering
of the wavelength since only the L cones are the optic nerve for transmission to the visual
responding. From this analysis, it is easy cortex at the back of the brain. The L, M and
to see that the color of any wavelength is S responses are combined into three chan-
strictly determined by the ratio of the cone nels, one that encodes brightness (intensity
responses at that wavelength. or luminance) information and two that

52 APRIL/MAY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

_________________________________
technology | COLOR SCIENCE

encode for color. Fig. 3 is a schematic rep-

resentation of this processing. There is still L - L - M Color channel 1
some debate about the exact nature of this
encoding, but there is general agreement
on the broad picture. The L and M channels
are added together in a weighted average to
produce the luminance signal. The S cones M + L + M Brightness channel
contribute little and possibly nothing to the
luminance channel.
The combined response of the cones that
constitutes the luminance channel results in
the well-known photopic curve, V() under
S - L + M - S Color channel 2

daylight conditions. Under nighttime illu-

mination levels the cones are too insensitive
and contribute little to vision. The rod cells FIG. 3. The output of cones is transmitted from the retina to the visual cortex via the
which are much more sensitive than cones optical nerve in a brightness channel and two color channels.
take over and dominate. Rod cell contribu-
tion to the luminance channel is charac- cone type to the LEDs SPD. Likewise, Fig. 4b the same color because the cones respond
terized by the scotopic curve designated by shows the cone response to an incandescent identically to each of them. Two light sources
V(). All photometric measurements such bulb at 3000K. Note that the cone response with differing SPDs, but which nonetheless
as intensity (candelas), flux (lumens), illumi- for both the LED and the incandescent bulb appear the same color are called metamers.
nance (lux) or luminance (nits) use either the are identical even though their SPDs are very Metamers are very important in color sci-
V() or V() curves (depending on illumina- different. These two light sources will look ence, particularly in color printing, color
tion level) to weight the SPD of the light being
measured. Photometric flux for instance is
a)
calculated by integrating the SPD weighted
wavelength by wavelength by the V() curve
over the visible spectrum.
The two color channels consist of an L
cone minus M cone channel and an L plus
M minus S channel. These two channels are
often referred to as the red-green channel
and the yellow-blue channel and are widely
thought to be responsible for the opponent
S M L
color nature of red/green and yellow/blue,
meaning that we do not see colors that are
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
reddish-green or yellowish-blue.
So far we have only discussed the eyes
response to single wavelengths. What hap- )
pens when light is broadband rather than
a single wavelength? In the case of broad-
band light falling on the retina, the response
of each cone type is the integral of the SPD
of the light source multiplied by the spec-
tral response of each cone on a wavelength
by wavelength basis. For these detailed cal-
culations see the sidebar, Calculating cone
response curves. M L
S

SPD of a source 400 450 500 550 600 650 700

Fig. 4a shows the SPD of a typical warm
white, 3000K LED superimposed on the FIG. 4. The SPD of a 3000K LED source (a) and a 3000K incandescent source (b)
cone response curves, along with a bar superimposed on the cone response curves. The bars represent the relative cone
chart showing the resulting response of each response to the LED SPD.

54 APRIL/MAY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

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MARKET INTELLIGENCE


technology | COLOR SCIENCE

Plotting a light source on a

displays, photography, paint matching and in LED illu-
mination. When a color is reproduced by a color display
for instance, the display does not have to reproduce the
exact SPD of the original color that is being reproduced.
The display only has to produce an SPD that is a metamer
of the original SPD. LCDs use three colored pixels of red,
chromaticity diagram
The color-matching functions of the primaries of a color space combined
with the SPD of a light source, or reflected light, determine how the light
is plotted in the CIE Chromaticity Diagram. To plot the x, y coordinates of
a light source on the CIE Chromaticity Diagram, first calculate the X, Y, Z
tristimulus values using the first three equations below.

The CIE 1931 standard is N

one of an endless number X = 683

L SPD
i=1
i i

of possible color spaces. N

green and blue, generally referred to as the displays pri-

Y = 683
i=1
M i SPD i
mary colors or primaries. When mixed together in the
correct proportions, these primaries produce metamers N
to a wide range of possible SPDs and their associated col-
ors. The SPD reproduced by a mixture of the primaries
Z = 683
i=1
S i SPD i

only has to stimulate the L, M and S cones in the same

proportion as the original SPD does to accurately repro-
duce the color of the original SPD. The CIE chromaticity coordinates are then derived from the tristimulus
As you might imagine it is not a simple task to find the values using the following three equations.
right combinations of the three LCD primaries to create a X
metamer for a known SPD. The history of color science is x=
X+Y+Z
essentially the history of solving this problem. In the early
days of color science at the beginning of the 20th cen- Y
y=
tury, the spectral response of the cones was not known. X+Y+Z
In fact, the number of cone types was not known, but was
assumed to be three because three additive or three sub- Z
z=
tractive colors are all that are necessary to mix all of the X+Y+Z
basic colors. The first step in the process was to charac-
terize the spectral response of the eye. While X, Y and Z increase with increasing brightness x, y and z are
James Clerk Maxwell was the first to empirically mea- independent of brightness and thus only specify chromaticity. Further
sure the ratio of mixtures of three light sources to cre- the last three equations above ensure that x + y + z = 1 so only two of
ate arbitrary colors. He even created a color triangle that x, y, or z are required to completely specify a color. The ubiquitous CIE
foresaw the CIE Chromaticity Diagram. Several scientists Chromaticity Diagram shown in Fig. 7, plots the x and y color coordinates
refined his techniques over the next 70 years culminating ignoring the z coordinate since it is redundant.
in experiments that formed the basis of the CIE 1931 stan-
dard. These experiments, known as color matching exper-
iments involved a monochromator that generated a test light con- a different set of color matching functions. We will refer to a set
sisting of a single wavelength illuminating one half of a small screen of color matching functions from a given color matching exper-
that subtended two degrees from an observers viewpoint. For each iment as a CMF. How are two CMFs from experiments with dif-
test light wavelength in the range from 700 nm to 400 nm the subject ferent primaries related to each other? It turns out that all CMFs
would adjust the intensity of three other monochromatic sources or are related to each other by a linear transformation. The below
primaries illuminating the test light half of the screen until the mix- equation represents such a linear transformation in matrix form.
ture of the three primaries matched the color of the test light. Fig. 5 It transforms the CMF consisting of a(), b() and c() into a new
shows the basic layout of a color matching experiment. CMF, a(), b(), c().

Color space transforms

The results of color matching experiments are three curves or func-
tions, which show the relative intensity of each primary required
to match the color of a light of a single wavelength over the visi-
[ ][
a'() ...
b'() ...
c'() ...
k11 k12 k13
= k21 k22 k23
k31 k32 k33
][
a() ...
b() ...
c() ... ]
ble range of wavelengths. If the primaries are changed to a differ- The 3 3 matrix of coefficients (kij) is often referred to as a color
ent set of monochromatic sources, then the experiment results in space transform. Finding the coefficients of this matrix is not dif-

56 APRIL/MAY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com


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technology | COLOR SCIENCE
Three primary light sources
P1
Viewer adjusts the
P2
intensity of the three
primaries independently
P3 to match the color of
the test light
Test light
source
FIG. 5. A schematic representation of a typical color matching
experiment.
ficult and will be discussed in detail in a later article. For now all
we need to know is that all CMFs and their associated color spaces
are linear transforms of each other.
The CIE 1931 standard is just one of an endless number of pos-
sible color spaces, all of which can be derived from any other set
of color matching curves with a linear transformation. The CIE
1931 standard was derived from data from two independent color
matching experiments performed by W David Wright and John
Guild in the 1920s. Each of these color matching functions were
transformed into a new color space that corresponded to a differ-
ent set of idealized primaries. The results after the transformation
were nearly identical for both Wright and Guilds data as would
be expected because as stated above all color matching functions
are linear transformation of each other. The differences were due
to experimental error and natural variability amongst the observ-
ers participating in the experiment.
The specific primaries chosen for the CIE 1931 standard were
not arbitrary, but were chosen so that the resulting color matching
curves would possesses a few special features. One of those fea-
z
x
y into how we see color. These three concepts are 1) that color can
375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725
FIG. 6. The CIE 1931 Color Matching Functions, x(), y and z().
58 APRIL/MAY 2012
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
y
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
x
FIG. 7. The CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram
tures is that one of the three curves, y- () is identical to the phot-
opic curve, V() discussed above. Fig. 6 shows the color matching
functions of the CIE 1931 standard. The integral of these curves
with the SPD of a light source or reflected light determines the X,
Y, Z tristimulus values for the standard and uniquely determine
both the photometric quantity (flux, intensity or luminance) and
CIE chromaticity coordinates off the light. The sidebar, Plotting a
light source on the CIE Chromaticity Diagram shows how to cal-
culate the tristimulus values, X, Y and Z for a given SPD and then
how to calculate the corresponding chromaticity coordinates x
and y for plotting the color of the SPD on the CIE Chromaticity
Diagram (Fig. 7).
Two-coordinate color
The simplicity of identifying a color with just two numbers
makes the CIE Chromaticity Diagram a very useful tool for speci-
fying the color of an LED in a universal standardized way across
the industry. More importantly though by studying the origins of
the CIE 1931 standard we gained a better understanding of the
science underlying color vision. In the process three fundamental
concepts of color were introduced that provide powerful insights
be explained by the relative cone responses, 2) metamers and 3)
all color matching functions are linear transformations of each
other. When these concepts are properly understood they can be
applied to great effect to a wide variety of problems facing the LED
engineer. In future issues of LEDs Magazine we will exploit these
three concepts and the CIE 1931 standard to explore current hot
topics in the LED industry relating to color, such as color render-
ing and color mixing.
LEDsmagazine.com
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luminaires | RELIABILITY

Reliability prediction for electronic power

supplies in LED outdoor luminaires
Existing and mature electronic-reliability prediction models can be applied to the power supplies in
LED luminaires, and this can provide failure rate and end-of-life analysis for use in calculating life-
cycle costs, writes JACK JOSEFOWICZ .

A
dvances in street and roadway lumi-
naires, featuring light sources with
long life expectancy, have shown
superior photometric performance and
energy-saving advantages compared to leg-
acy high-pressure sodium (HPS) lighting. In
recent years, the front runner has been the
LED. Other light sources such as plasma
devices and induction lamps have also seen
modern developments for street and area
lighting. However, to date, the conversion of
conventional HPS-based lighting has been
led by conversion to LED-based luminaires.
Organizations such as the IESNA, US DOE,
ANSI and NEMA have all focused and devel-
oped guidelines for LED device performance
prediction over time and especially deprecia-
tion-projection methodology. However, there
have been few, if any, guidelines for reliability
prediction models for power supplies in out-
door LED luminaires.
Th is article focuses on reliability predic-
tion methodology that can be used to ana-
lyze the failure rate and life expectancy of the
power-supply drivers in the new generation
widely used for reliability prediction of elec-
tronic products. These include MIL-HDBK-217,
Bellcore/Telcordia SR-332, RDF 2000, NTT Pro-
cedure, Siemens SN29500 and China 299B.
Failure-rate characteristics
Every electronics product has a charac-
teristic failure rate as a function of oper-
ating time in the field, as shown in Fig. 1.
Most new electronic systems have a period
where unexpected failures occur early in
the life of the product. Th is early-failure
period is often referred
to as the infant mortal-
ity period. The use of Early life failure
(Infant mortality)
quality assurance and
stress-testing meth-
ods can help screen for
such issues as defective
components, defective Failure
surface and through- rate
hole electronic assem-
bly, defective man-
u fa c t u r i n g a nd/or
assembly, poor connec-
Reliability prediction overview
In general, predictive methods tend to be
based on three different approaches, namely
parts count, part stress, and statistical pre-
diction of failure rate based on field-track-
ing data.
In reviewing concepts used in reliability
prediction, it is informative to define the lan-
guage, terminology, and basic parameters
that are part of reliability analysis.
The first basic parameter failure rate
has the symbol and is defined as the num-
End of life
wear out
Useful life
(Constant failure rate)
Time

of street and area luminaires. These incor-
porate modern, solid-state, power-supply
electronics. For such power supplies, estab-
lished models for reliability prediction anal-
ysis have proven to be useful to identify the
major causes of electronic-system failure and
to enable appropriate corrective action to be
taken to improve reliability.
In applications involving commercial,
industrial, aerospace, automotive and medi-
cal systems, and others, several guidelines are
JACK JOSEFOWICZ is Executive VP of
Technology Solutions with LED Roadway
Lighting Ltd (www.ledroadwaylighting.com) of
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
tors, bad wiring-har- FIG. 1. The bathtub curve of failure rate over the life of
ness installation, and an electronic system. Infant mortality is typically a result
other defects that can of device defects, manufacturing defects, connector
cause early failure in a malfunction or poor assembly.
product soon after it is
manufactured.
Clearly, it is the intention of manufac- ber of units that fail per unit time. This is the
turers of electronic systems to weed out parameter that is in the vertical axis of the
premature failures through quality-assur- bathtub curve in Fig. 1.
ance screening prior to shipping products As can be seen in the graph, after the
to customers in the field. However, when a period where there may be early-life fail-
new electronic system is introduced con- ures associated with post-assembly defects,
taining a new design with new components the product enters a period of approxi-
and new materials, it is initially difficult to mately constant failure rate (i.e. is con-
identify all the failure mechanisms associ- stant) where the failures occur randomly.
ated with infant mortality. This period of useful life of the product ends

LEDsmagazine.com APRIL/MAY 2012 61


FIG. 2. SAT-96M luminaires from LED Roadway Lighting, each containing 96 LEDs and operating at 86W, have been installed
around the Armdale rotary in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The retrofit achieved an energy saving of 56%.
with an exponential increase in failure rate
when the parts in the electronics system
enter a wear-out period.
There is often a misunderstanding about
the steady-state failure rate (or period of
constant ) and the end-of-life or wear-out
phase (lifetime). They are not the same and
it is not possible to predict the lifetime from
the steady-state mean time between failure
(MTBF). They are completely different fail-
ure models.
During the useful life of the electronic
product, where failure rate is random and
constant, the MTBF is the inverse of the fail-
ure rate :
MTBF = 1/
Further, the models that are referred to
in this discussion predict the reliability R(t),
which is the fraction of product working
properly after a defi ned time t in the field:
-t
R(t) = e-t = e ( MTBF)
Th is reliability function can be used to
determine the number of expected fail-
ures after time t of product in the field. For
example, when t = MTBF in hours, the reli-
ability R(MTBF) = 0.37. This means that 63%
of product units in the field will have expe-
rienced failure.
Two examples of electronic products can
be used to further clarify the above reli-
ability prediction model. One product has
MTBF = 200,000 hours (4.3% failures/year)
62 APRIL/MAY 2012
and the other has MTBF = 2 million hours
(0.43% failures/year). Table 1 shows the reli-
ability prediction for a population of 10,000
electronic products in the field, and after 10
years in the field. For LED street lights that
are assumed to be on for 12 hours per day,
the total failures in Table 1 would apply to a
prediction for 20 years in the field.
Useful life and failure rate
The useful life of a product is that period
of time when failures occur randomly and
where the failure rate tends to be constant.
Th is is not generally related to the lifetime
(end of life) of the product. To add clarity
to the difference between failure rate and
MTBF and lifetime, consider the following
example. For people living in the United
States in 2009, the age group 15-24 years
old had a low failure rate (death rate) of 82
per year out of 100,000 people, or 0.00082
per year. The MTBF for this group of people
is therefore 1,220 years. Clearly, most peo-
ple in that age group have a lifetime of less
than 100 years. The death rate and MTBF
during useful life have no connection with
lifetime for this population.
Prediction model approach
The basic approach to modeling the failure
rate of an electronic system is to include the
failure rates of each component that may
result in system failure. This is referred to
as the Parts Count Method (PCM). PCM is a
quick way of determining relative failure rate
and may pertain to component failure rates
Photo credit: Andrew Herygers.
at a reference condition (useful for comparing
early designs relative to each other).
Another more detailed and more realis-
tic failure-rate analysis method is the Parts
Stress Method (PSM). Here, real operating
conditions (actual ambient temperature and
corresponding electrical stress on the com-
ponents) are used to calculate failure rate.
In this scenario, the failure rate is assumed
to be constant and random.
Parts count method (PCM)
For this method, the steady-state failure rate
under reference conditions (ss) is equal to
the sum of the steady-state failure rate of the
individual devices (ss,i) multiplied by indi-
vidual device factors (i):
n
ss =
i=1
i ss i
The device factors are selected assuming
typical conditions that include estimated
operating conditions and failure criterion,
mode of operation (continuous or non-con-
tinuous), climatic factors, mechanical stress
and electrical stress. Data that is sourced for
such device factors should be for the latest
component products. Nevertheless, not all
methods are revised often enough to incor-
porate the latest component characteristics.
Clearly, the best data for device conditions
are derived from field data if it is available.
Parts stress method (PSM)
The PSM analysis method results in failure
LEDsmagazine.com
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luminaires | RELIABILITY
rate that is different from the PCM method
and represents a more realistic in the field
result. Th is method requires the specific
parts complexity determination, applica-
tion stress determination, environmental
factor consideration, as well as multi-level
quality specifications. The PSM failure rate
for parts under specific operating condi-
tions is:
n day) for two different electronic products, each for a population of 10,000 units.
ss = E ref
i
( s T Q A)
i=1
Where E is the environmental factor
applied to the unit, S is the stress factor,
T is the temperature factor, Q is the qual-
ity factor, and A is the adjustment factor.
The MIL-HDBK-217F or Telcordia SR-332
methods provide failure-rate values for the
various conditions described above. How-
ever, MIL-HDBK-217F was last updated in
1995, while Telcordia SR-332 was updated
in January 2011. It is important to update
_________________________________
64 APRIL/MAY 2012
Product 1 Product 2
MTBF 200,000 hr 2,000,000 hr
Failure rate (from Eqn. 1) 4.3% failures/yr 0.43% failures/yr
Reliability R(t) after t = 10 yr = 87,660 hr R(t) = 0.645 R(t) = 0.957
(from Eqn. 2)
Total failures after 10 yr 0.355 x 10,000 products 0.043 x 10,000 products
= 3550 failures = 430 failures
TABLE 1. Reliability prediction after 10 years in the field (20 years at 12 hours per
the reliability-related changes for new com- Thermal management
ponents in order to provide the most real- The rule of thumb for the relationship
istic determination of failure-rate predic- between the lifetime of an electronic
tion. It is also important to use the same device and its reliability is that for every
reliability prediction method when com- 10C increase in junction temperature in
paring different power-supply products the semiconductor component, there is an
because different methods will produce dif- approximately 50% decrease in device life-
ferent failure rates and MTBF. Finally, it is time. Th is is based on the Arrhenius equa-
important to use the same baseline values tion below, which shows that time-to-fail-
for factors related to environment, operat- ure is dependent on an exponential function.
ing temperature, and other parameters that
are critical to the calculation of reliability. Lifetime = e (-E A /k B T)
LEDsmagazine.com

Where E A is the activation energy of the
failure mechanism being accelerated, k B is
Boltzmanns constant, and T is the absolute
temperature of the system.
It has been common practice for LED
street lights to house power-supply elec-
tronics in containers that are fi lled with
potting compound. There is a serious and
negative impact on reliability when power-
supply components run at high tempera-
ture. Therefore, it is highly desirable and
beneficial to integrate the power-supply
assembly into the luminaires thermal-
management system design so that the
power-supply integrated-circuit compo-
nents, as well as capacitors and other com-
ponents, can operate at a relatively lower
temperature. An encapsulated active
device will heat up considerably without
some design feature being included to dis-
sipate heat (e.g. heat sinks or metal fi ns).
For example, one of the most failure-prone
components used in LED-luminaire power
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is much more likely to fail catastrophically
due to "dry-out" when it operates at high
temperatures approaching its specifica-
tion limit.
Summary
The development and rapid introduction of
LED luminaires for street and area lighting
has introduced new solid-state power elec-
tronics into the field. In order for the busi-
ness case to be made for the replacement of
HPS lighting by LED lighting, the life-cycle
cost savings must be compelling.
One of the weak links in an LED lumi-
naire is the power supply. Understand-
ing and being able to predict failure rate
is an essential part of calculating mainte-
nance costs. Additionally, there are issues
of proper component selection that impact
lifetime.
It has been shown that existing and
mature electronic-reliability prediction
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luminaires | RELIABILITY
models can be applied to the power supplies
in LED luminaires. Such failure predictions
are useful for new design assessment where
the reliability goals can be analyzed and fail-
ure rate can be predicted.
Additionally, identification of design and/
or component weaknesses can help miti-
gate lower-than-expected product lifetime.
A multi-stage reliability prediction approach
should include both MTBF and failure-rate
analysis, as well as careful component
assessment and selection.
By careful selection of components and
careful design of the electronic system, and
with the assistance of electronic-reliability
prediction modeling, a power supply can be
designed for long-life LED luminaires that
will allow the luminaire system to achieve
the target lifetime in the field.
MORE: A more detailed and extensive version
of this article can be downloaded from:
www.ledsmagazine.com/features/9/4/1
www.digikey.com www.arrow.com
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focus on Outdoor lighting
Street and area lighting, including parking garages, continues to be one of the largest growth areas
for LED-based luminaires. Solid-state lighting (SSL) technology provides significant energy and
maintenance savings. Many early outdoor SSL projects were funded by grants or other incentives. But
LED luminaire prices are dropping and municipalities and businesses are finding that LED-based
lighting delivers reasonable payback periods even without incentives. MAURY WRIGHT reviews some
recent outdoor lighting installations that demonstrate the breadth of applications.

US National Mall
Osram Sylvania donated the SSL retrofit kits and utility
Pepco provided free installation of the 174 LED fi xtures
that now light the US National Mall in Washington, DC. The
LED lighting will reduce energy
consumption by 77,500 kWh per
year relative to the mix of high-
intensity discharge (HID) sources
and compact fluorescent lamps
(CFLs) that were replaced. The
LED lights will eliminate 188,480
pounds of greenhouse emissions
per year and better control the
light beam reducing light pol-
lution. Moreover, the new lights
preserve the Malls aesthetics.
Caroline Cunningham, president
of the Trust for the National Mall,
said, Because the Sylvania LED
Retrofit Kit does not require new
construction, it fit into the Malls
existing cast iron light fi xtures,
eliminating the need for new con-
struction and preserving the his-
toric fluted bronze street light
posts that support the fi xtures.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/1/34
Palatine Gateway Center garage
Projected long fixture life and energy efficiency have
allowed the municipality of Palatine, IL, just northwest
of Chicago, to project a payback of only 1.22 years for an
LED lighting retrofit at the Gateway Center parking garage.
Walker Parking Consultants guided the project that led the
city public works department to replace 451 metal-halide
(MH) lamps with LED-based Evolucia luminaires from
Sunovia Energy Technologies. Combined with drivers from
Thomas Research, the new fi xtures have a projected life of
70,000 hours. Moreover the new LED lights each consume
90W whereas the previous MH lights each consumed 232W.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/products/34523
Presidio of San Francisco
Borden Lighting has supplied
LED-based, post-top luminaires
that now light the walkways
of the historic Presidio of San
Francisco, CA that has served
as a military post for three
nations dating back to 1776.
Now a US National Park and
part of the Golden Gate National
Recreation Area, the Presidio is
a treasured public space and
Architectural Lighting Design
sought to retrofit the lighting
while maintaining the historic
look and scenic vistas. SSL fi x-
tures based on Bridgelux ES
LED arrays with a 3000K CCT
provide warm light and elimi-
nate the light pollution radiated into the sky.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/33

LEDsmagazine.com APRIL/MAY 2012 67

focus on Outdoor lighting
Tulsas Brady district
The historic Brady district in Tulsa, OK is now lit with LED-based
luminaires from Amerlux. The D142 and D154 decorative downlights
support light output of 7600 lm and 5000 lm respectively. The city
has installed the lights along streets around the new Driller Stadium
home of the minor league baseball team the Tulsa Drillers. As is
increasingly the case with municipalities, Tulsa sought better light
quality along with energy and maintenance savings. Paul Strizek,
planning and contracts manager for the City of Tulsa, said, We deliv-
ered on the Citys commitment to reduce our energy use, increase sus-
tainability, and offer our citizens a better quality of light.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/casestudies/34286
Austin City Hall garage
Faced with the expense of lighting a parking garage 24 hours a day,
Austin, TX turned to LED lighting to retrofit its City Hall parking
garage. The city replaced 425 175W MH lamps with 53W luminaires
from Cooper Lighting. The city projects a $46,000 reduction in elec-
tricity costs annually based on a reduction of 575,462 kWh in energy
usage. The city manager equated the energy savings to the amount
needed to supply 48 typical Austin area homes. The project utilized
Coopers McGraw-Edison Concise luminaires that are based on mod-
ular LED LightBARs.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/products/33693
68 APRIL/MAY 2012
Arizona hospital parking
Kingman Regional Medical Center in Kingman, AZ was prompted
by its security department to improve parking lot lighting so that
security cameras could capture better images. Howard Industrial
Sales proposed LEDtronics shoebox-style luminaires as a replace-
ment for the previous high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights, and sub-
sequently the medical center retrofitted 104 fi xtures. The LED lights
are rated for 50,000 hours of usage and, at 88W, offer a 60% reduc-
tion in energy relative to the HPS lights. The lights are warrantied
for five years and the medical center expects to realize more than
$100,000 in savings over that period.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/casestudies/33680
Asheville street lights
Asheville, NC projects that it will save $260,000 annually in electric-
ity and maintenance costs once it completes a retrofit of 3643 street
lights with LED luminaires from Cree. The city touts the savings and
environmental aspects of the project. This exciting initiative helps
affi rm Ashevilles role as a leader in carbon footprint reduction,
said Maggie Ullman, energy coordinator for the Asheville Office of
Sustainability. Upgrading to LED street lights allows us to decrease
energy consumption, increase energy efficiency and contribute to the
sustainability of our community.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/1/26
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focus on Outdoor lighting
LEDs light FDR Drive
The US Department of Energy (DOE) has been spearheading a test of
LED lighting along Franklin D. Roosevelt Drive (FDR Drive) in New
York City, NY for two years and recently released a final report on
the project as part of its Gateway demonstration program. The DOE
worked with The Climate Group and the New York City Department
of Transportation on the test that documents a lifecycle-cost advan-
tage for LED lighting over legacy HPS lights. The report projects a
payback period ranging from 8 to 16 years for the different lumi-
naires tested in the project. Those lengthy periods, however, were
based on the cost of luminaires more than two years ago and prices
have dropped considerably since.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/1/33
Acuity LEDs and controls
Adaptive control and network technology is a critical element in
outdoor lighting, enabling both maximum energy savings through
dimming and automated outage detection, and streamlined main-
tenance procedures. Acuity Brands Holophane business unit has
used its Granville, OH campus as a setting do demonstrate control
technology based on the Acuity Roam system. Moreover, the dem-
onstration allows visitors to experience lights with a range of CCTs
from 2000K to 6000K, and to compare the color rendering capabil-
ities of different lights ranging from LEDs to legacy HPS sources.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/11/25
70 APRIL/MAY 2012
Californias central coast
The city of Carpinteria, CA in Santa Barbara County has replaced 199
138W HPS lamps with 29W LED-based retrofit lamps that work in
the citys existing decorative, pendant-style fi xtures. The LEDtronics
lamps do require removal of the existing ballast, but include a stan-
dard E26 base for mounting into existing pendant and post-top fi x-
tures. The cost of the Carpinteria project was $78,580, and the city is
projecting annual energy savings of $11,600. Matthew Roberts, direc-
tor of the citys Parks and Recreation Department that installed and
maintains the street lights, said, The LEDtronics lamps fit into the
existing light fi xtures with only minor modifications and look great.
I think the consensus is that the new bulbs produce fewer glares,
are easier on the eyes, and have a very appropriate color tempera-
ture for our needs.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/33
Welland street lights
Welland, Ontario mayor Barry Sharpe took to a bucket truck to
install the fi rst Appalachian Lighting Systems (ALSI) street light
to kick off a CAD $4.4-million ($4.41 million USD) project to retro-
fit all of the citys street lights with SSL. The project will ultimately
include 4300 roadway lights and 2400 acorn-style decorative lights.
Annually, the city projects a $221,553 reduction in energy costs and
a $159,250 reduction in maintenance costs. Welland boasts that
when the project is complete in late 2012 that it will be the fi rst
LEDsmagazine.com
alpha led tec hnologies

Alphas LED materials technology brings

value to the LED Market by:
Increasing efficiency and brightness
Increasing reliability and lifetime
Reducing cost/lumen
The applications we address include:
LED die attach and chip-on-board (Level 1)
Package-on-board assembly (Level 2)
Luminaire board assembly and interconnect (Level 3)
Power driver and control system board assembly (Levels 4 and 5)

Alpha offers the following products for LED applications:

ALPHA Lumet Solder Paste with SAC and MAXREL alloys

ALPHA Cored Solder Wire

ALPHA Exactalloy MAXREL Solder Preforms
ALPHA SACX Plus Low Silver Bar Solder Alloy
ALPHA Argomax Sintered Silver Products
ALPHA Atrox Conductive Adhesives.

For more information go to

www.alpha.cooksonelectronics.com/Markets/LED.
Or, send an email to
alphaledtechnologies@cooksonelectronics.com.

Worldwide/Americas Headquarters 109 Corporate Boulevard South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA +1-814-946-1611 Dial 0 www.alpha.cooksonelectronics.com
European Headquarters Forsyth Road Sheerwater Woking GU215RZ United Kingdom +44-1483-758-400
Asia-Pacific Headquarters 1/F, Block A 21 Tung Yuen Street Yau Tong Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong +852-3190-3100
2011 Cookson Electronics
focus on Outdoor lighting

city in North America to complete a 100% conversion of its street-

light inventory. The installation of ALLED SL4 street lights and
ALLED Acorn lights also includes the ALSI ALLink wireless net-
work technology that supports adaptive controls and dimming to
boost energy savings.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/9/31

GE Lighting down under

GE Lighting is partnering with UGL Limited on a AUS $7 million
(USD $7.4 million) project with the city of Sydney, Australia to
upgrade 6450 street and area lights to LEDs. Sydney projects energy
savings of AUS $800,000 (USD $850,000) annually
and a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emis-
sions. According to the city, one third of its
annual energy use is attributable to public
lighting. The lighting project is an element
of Sydneys Sustainable 2030 program that
is intended, by 2030, to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions by 70% relative to 2006 levels.
Separately, GE Lighting announced that it would
relight the Wanganui City Bridge in New Zealand.
The projected NZ $9000 ($7,400) annual savings in
energy and maintenance costs will result in a pay-
back period of 6.2 years.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/3/14
a new Bridgelux LED-based module. Bridgelux and Chevron say that
municipalities will get the energy- and maintenance-saving bene-
fits of LED lighting with little or no upfront cost. Chevron will pro-
vide the financing, and presumably the municipality can pay for the
lights directly through the reduction in energy and maintenance
costs. The program will rely on a retrofit module that is installed in
existing cobrahead lights. The installation will require the removal
of the existing ballast and socket, but does not require municipali-
ties to dispose of the housing adding a green angle to the offering.
The first cities taking advantage of the project are excited about both
the savings and higher-quality lighting. All of us in city government
look forward to the energy savings and improved street-level visibil-
ity, said Dublin,CA mayor Tim Sbranti. Our community is excited
about the evaluation we are doing with Chevron Energy Solutions
and Bridgelux. Livermore, CA mayor John Marchand said, The pilot
installation has been received with great excitement.
MORE: http://www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/3/1

Beaverton gas station and market Philips supplies LED lighting for Zrich bridge
Cree LED luminaires are being used both in outdoor canopy light- Royal Philips Electronics has provided LED lighting to improve the
ing at an Beaverton, Oregon gas station and inside the adjacent con- safety and energy efficiency of the Hardbrcke, a bridge in central
venience store to deliver 70% energy savings. Outdoors in the gas Zrich, Switzerland. The new lighting under the bridge provides
station canopy, the retrofit encompasses 24 105W Cree (BetaLED) greater security for pedestrians. Moreover, the lighting designers
304 Series recessed canopy lights that replaced 368W metal-halide
(MH) fi xtures. Gas station owner Bob Barman cited light quality,
economic, and environmen-
tal benefits attributable to
the lighting retrofit. Barman
said, The high-quality LED
light makes everything
appear brighter and safer
and that translates into
a better customer experi-
ence. Cree also noted that
the NanoOptic total internal
reflection (TIR) lenses, that
were originally developed by BetaLED before Cree acquired that
company, tightly control light distribution in the installed fi xtures. took into consideration users of the bicycle and pedestrian paths as
Green practices are demanded in Oregon, and those TIR optics elimi- well as a newly laid S-Bahn rapid-transit rail line and an additional
nate light spill for the outdoor sources and enable the station to meet public-transportation lane. The underside is lit with 1750 LEDline2
local light-pollution ordinances. luminaires. The top of the bridge is lit with Koffer2 luminaires.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/2/19 Philips said that the bridge project is the largest LED-based light-
ing project in Switzerland to date. The lighting on the top side will
Bridgelux and Chevron Energy Solutions reduce energy consumption from 32 kW to 21 kW providing annual
Chevron Energy Solutions will provide financial backing to munici- savings of 41,000 KWh.
palities that want to retrofit street lights with SSL technology using MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/12/16

72 APRIL/MAY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

_________
__________________________
luminaire design | NEW MATERIALS

Polycarbonate components
simplify LED lamp design
Polycarbonates bring particular optical, thermal and mechanical properties to LED diffusers, lenses,
reflectors and housing components, a Bayer MaterialScience team explains.

M
arket demand for energy-efficient
lighting solutions has been rising
rapidly, and LED lighting products
are the focus for the next-generation of fi x-
tures in architectural, commercial, indus-
trial, and residential lighting. New materials
are playing a pivotal role in the optimization
of these LED replacement lamps and outdoor
fixtures (Fig. 1), driven by the specific thermal
and mechanical needs of LED lighting.
Several different grades of polycarbon-
ate (PC), a type of thermoplastic, have been
optimized for use as LED parts including
reflectors, diff users and lenses. PC reflec-
tors provide a diff use light from LED-based
troffers, while PC-based heat sinks and PC
lenses with ultraviolet (UV) protection can
offer increased design flexibility to the man-
ufacturers of LED replacement lamps and
luminaires.

Polycarbonate vs. PMMA FIG. 1. Outdoor LED lamps (faade mounted) provide even light distribution outside of
The increasing adoption of LED light- the Bayer building in Vienna.
ing creates applications for polycarbon-
ates that were previously the preserve PC and PMMA components can be lighter Special grades of PC have a light trans-
of materials such as glass and metal. For and thinner than glass, and offer design mission in the visible-wavelength range just
instance, because LEDs emit cold light f lexibility. In addition, the components under 90%, but they absorb radiation in the
without infrared (IR) radiation, thermal have been cost eff ectively scaled to pro- UV as well as mid- and far-IR regions. UV
stress on the lamp components is reduced, duction volumes using injection-molding exposure will damage standard grades of
making it possible to replace glass lenses processes. Relative to PMMA, polycarbon- PC, resulting in an increasing yellowness that
with those made of transparent thermo- ate benefits from greater heat resistance, impairs the transparency of lenses and covers
plastics, most notably polycarbonate and higher impact strength and increased for lighting fixtures. To counter this phenom-
polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). PC and resistance to breakage. PC is also more enon, a new infusion process has been devel-
PMMA have already been applied to LED fl ame-retardant. Benefits of PMMA over oped to concentrate UV protection at the sur-
lamps and luminaires, especially as parts PC include its higher light transmission (> face of PC products (see sidebar).
of housings or transparent covers. 92%) and better resistance to UV radiation.
PC lenses
KEVIN DUNAY is a Market Segment Leader of the Electrical/Electronic market, CHRISTOPH If PC is to be used in LED lenses, its opti-
KLINKENBERG is a Process Specialist and KLAUS REINARTZ is Head of the Global LED Program cal properties must remain unchanged after
at the Polycarbonates Business Unit of Bayer MaterialScience AG. DIRK POPHUSEN is Head of long-term exposure to LED light. Testing
Business Development with the Functional Films Division and WOJCIECH CIEPLIK is Marketing has been performed on 4-mm thick polycar-
Manager of the Semi-Finished Products Division (www.BayerMaterialScience.com). bonate lenses exposed to commercial LED

LEDsmagazine.com APRIL/MAY 2012 75

luminaire design | NEW MATERIALS

lighting with an intensity of 46 lumens per
square centimeter for over 6000 hours at
90C. Light transmission, clouding and yel-
lowing values (yellowness index, ASTM E
313) changed little under these conditions.
A further advantage to polycarbonate
in lens applications is its high refractive
index, which allows thinner lenses to be
fabricated. Bayer MaterialScience offers
several polycarbonate grades that differ in
viscosity, color and degree of UV protec-
tion, but transmission remains a function
of PC thickness (Fig. 2).
PC grades can also be optimized for
flame-retardant characteristics. For exam-
ple, TerraGlos Alba Series of luminaires
(Fig. 3) are designed with the driver cir-
cuitry and LED board underneath the fix-
ture enclosure. As a result, the fixtures
needed an enclosure material that was
rated to the flammability standard UL94
5VA. The company selected a 3-mm trans-
parent lens cover made from Makrolon
FR7087 polycarbonate. The material has
been tested by UL including glow-wire
flammability and ignition testing.
Diffusers and reflectors
Often, a diffusing effect is needed to evenly
distribute the light emitted by LEDs to
reduce glare or provide even backlighting.
With PC, there are two ways to achieve a
diffusing effect. The material can be made

Infusion process solves UV protection issues for outdoor luminaires

A new process called Aura Infusion Technology has helped to The resulting products UV stability rivals that of polymethyl
alleviate one of polycarbonates most significant shortcomings for methacrylate (PMMA). High UV stability and resistance to
outdoor applications: its vulnerability to yellowing after UV exposure. yellowing (Fig. 2), when combined with polycarbonates other
The Aura process was first developed by Bayer MaterialScience in properties of heat and impact resistance, making it a viable option
2000 to enable infusion of organic materials into polymers after they
have been formed through injection molding or extrusion. Recently, Delta yellowness index
this approach has allowed the fabrication of UV-protected PC lenses 14
for outdoor LED lighting applications. 12
For instance, Peerless Lighting of Berkeley, CA, an Acuity Brands 10 Makrolon
company, has used the Aura processing to control UV degradation in 8
the lens of its LED strip lighting fixture (Fig. 1). The 4 x 1-ft lens uses 6
a clear Makrolon polycarbonate. 4
2 Makrolon AURA UV infused
UV protection 0
Formerly, the high temperatures associated with injection-molding -2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
processes had limited the ability to combine PC with many
Time (thousands of hours)
organic molecules. The Aura process infuses a UV additive into
the companys PC materials below 100C after injection molding, FIG. 2. Improvement in yellowness index with UV-infused
avoiding break-down of the UV additives. polycarbonate.

for outdoor transparent applications such as LED lenses, covers

and enclosures.
The process concentrates UV absorber into the top 0.2 m
surface of the polycarbonate. Light transmission is impacted
minimally because a lighter total load of UV additives can be used.
Therefore, efficacy is increased when compared to compounded
UV materials which are dispersed throughout the polymer matrix at
higher concentrations. The UV protection with the new process is
fixed in the polymer matrix and will not delaminate like a coating.
Finally, the infusion process is sustainable because it works in a
water-based medium and uses a minimum of organic additives. The
liquid can be recycled and reused.

Bayer MaterialScience has licensed the Aura technology to Radco

Infusion Technologies LLC of Toledo, OH, for worldwide use. Radco has
developed automated systems for processing lighting components in
FIG. 1. Peerless LED strip lighting fixture uses a clear its Ohio plant. Radco also has sublicensed its automation system for
polycarbonate lens. toll manufacturing by OmniFusion, LLC.

76 APRIL/MAY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com



_______

_______

Light Controller LW
Lighting Solutions for
Indoor Applications
 64 addresses/16 groups
 For installation in
distribution boards
 Manual configuration
 With wireless technology
(EnOcean)
oducts:
d d iti o na l Li CS Indoor Pr
A
S
ntroller L and
 Light Co
 Extender
Motions Sen
 Light and
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78 APRIL/MAY 2012
luminaire design | NEW MATERIALS
translucent by incorporat- Transmission (%)
ing appropriate additives. 91
In this case, diffusion 90 Makrolon LED2245
strength and transmis- 89
sion depend greatly on 88
87
the additive type and con- 86 Makrolon LQ264
centration. Alternatively, 85
irregular, satined surface 84
structures (grain size of 10 83
m) can diffuse light due 824 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
to refraction. Thickness (mm)
The diffusing effect
FIG. 2. Light transmission through polycarbonate films
is measured by using
decreases with increasing thickness.
a goniophotometer to
determine the half-value
angle as defined in DIN 58161. This corre- reflector and adjacent components into a
sponds to the reflecting angle at which the single component.
luminance has fallen to half the light inten-
sity passing through in a straight line from Polycarbonate heat sinks
the diffuser component. The larger the half- PC grades with high thermal conductivity
value angle, the higher the light diffusion. have been developed to act as heat sinks
An additional advantage to PC-based dif- in LED retrofit lamps. For example, at the
fuser components is that they can provide Strategies in Light show in February, Bayer
a single-piece alternative to multi-compo- MaterialScience demonstrated a functional
nent film and lens systems, thereby simpli- PAR30 LED replacement lamp with a PC
fying lamp assembly. heat sink and PC lens. The TC8060 PC fea-
In order for polycarbonate to be used as tures a thermal conductivity of 22 W/mK.
a reflector, it can be colored or light-reflect- The material is flame-retardant, comply-
ing pigments can be added to the material. ing with UL 94 V-0 rating at a thickness of
This produces a product that reflects light 2.5 mm.
diff usely. When PC is used for heat sinks there
A recent example of a commercial reflec- is greater design flexibility than can be
tor is the Twelve LED troffer reflector that accomplished using aluminum. Compo-
has been injection molded by Fraen Cor- nents with non-traditional shapes and
porations Optics Division in Reading, MA. more complex geometry can be fabricated.
This reflector design uses Makrolon 6265X, With injection molding, the heat sinks also
a polycarbonate grade that is also flame can be lighter and don't require rework.
retardant. The diffuse illumination from
the reflector could also be applied to low-
bay commercial and architectural fixtures.
If directed light from the LED source
is required, a thin layer of metal can be
applied to the surface of an injection-
molded component. For example, the Mak-
rolon and Bayblend (a blend of polycarbon-
sors
ate and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
copolymer) grades can reflect up to 95% of
the incident light in such applications.
PC reflectors can be more cost effective
than metal reflectors, which often require
expensive, time-consuming processes such
as vacuum coating or wet-chemical electro-
plating. As with diffusers, additional cost FIG. 3. TerraGlo Lightings Alba Series
reduction can result from designing the luminaire with flame-retardant lens.
LEDsmagazine.com
 luminaire design | NEW MATERIALS

Flat or rounded designs

In many cases, it can make sense not to use
injection molding to make PC components
for LED lamps and luminaires, but rather
semi-fi nished products such as thin fi lms
or sheets.
PC fi lms can be printed and are easy to
shape and reinforce through back-injec-
tion with a thermoplastic. Such extrusion
fi lms can provide homogeneous, diff used
light based on either the surface structure
or light-diff using particles in the polycar-
bonate matrix.
Reflector fi lms can also be produced with
appropriate additives. Makrofol LM 327
polycarbonate, for example, is just 250-m
thick and easy to thermoform, yet its light
reflection is 97% (based on ASTM E 1331,
against a white background). Diff user and FIG. 4. Polycarbonate diffuser sheets can be used in backlight units of LCDs.
reflector fi lms have great potential for use
in the backlight units of LCDs (Fig. 4). achieved using a fi nely impressed grid of parent covers for strip lighting and LED
Light-directing fi lms can also be made lines that also ensures good homogeniza- tubes. A newer application for PC films
of polycarbonate. The required effect is tion of the light. Applications include trans- involves light-extraction fi lms for organic

_______________
 luminaire design | NEW
FIG. 6. Polycarbonate focusing lenses have potential for use in
automotive LED headlamps.
LED (OLED) panels.
Solid polycarbonate dif-
fuser sheets are compati-
FIG. 5. A polycarbonate cover on an LED street light ble with fl at cover designs.
resists extreme heat and breakage. In some cases, modification
of the color temperature is
also possible. For instance, The Makrolon
DX warm diff user sheets convert cool LED
light to a warmer light with a transmission
of over 70%. The half-value angle is very
high at more than 50, which means that
thin diff user elements can be made. Pos-
sible applications of diff user plates include
large covers for LED street lights (Fig. 5),
smaller LED indoor lamps and LED bill-
boards or signposts.
Improved manufacturing of LED lenses
Polycarbonate lenses represent a current
area of research and development. At Bayers
Technical Service Center in Leverkusen,
Germany, it is testing collimator lenses (Fig.
6), typically focusing lenses with free-form
surfaces and asymmetrical geometries. One
target application is automotive LED head-
lamps using a single-lens design. Today, LED
headlamps are comprised of several sepa-
rate components that are heavier than poly-
carbonate-based lenses.
One downside to injection molding of PC
lenses with free-form surfaces is the very
long cycle times, sometimes up to 20 min-
utes, to achieve high optical quality with
low stress and high dimensional accuracy.
To improve on this approach, the company
____________
has developed a multi-layer injection mold-
80 APRIL/MAY 2012
MATERIALS
ing process combined with new techniques
for dynamic mold-temperature control. The
component is gradually assembled in sev-
eral layers, resulting in shorter cooling and
cycle times.
Multi-layer injection molding can result
in improved component quality, lower yel-
lowness index and less transmission loss.
There are fewer defects such as shrinkage-
related sink marks, for example, because a
greater proportion of the shrinkage takes
place during the premolding step. In addi-
tion, lower injection pressures result in
lower internal stresses.
To further optimize the injection-mold-
ing process, modeling of the multi-layer
process makes it possible to calculate the
necessary adjustment of temperature-
dependent factors that impact compo-
nent quality, such as warpage, shrinkage,
stresses, and creep behavior. The next step
will involve the use of simulation to fully
optimize PC component quality.
Conclusions
Advanced polycarbonate materials can
bring desirable properties to LED lamp
and luminaires, including design flexibil-
ity, low weight and UV protection. To date,
indoor LED troffers, alternative heat sinks
and LED street-light covers have been opti-
mized using these materials.
As PC grades are optimized further for spe-
cific applications, increased design flexibil-
ity will be brought to the makers of LED
replacement lamps and luminaires.
LEDsmagazine.com
________________
______________
standards | UPDATE

JEDEC test standards and

LED package reliability
LED packages that pass JEDEC tests are more reliable in real-life applications, but as yet there is
no way to use the results of severe stress-testing of LED packages to project their rated life, as
JIANZHONG JIAO explains.

W
ith the ongoing development packages. Specifically, the AEC Q101 stan- humidity conditions, in conditions where
of LED standards in the area of dard, entitled Stress Test Qualification for the temperature is cycled between high and
testing LEDs for reliability, the Discrete Semiconductors, comprises a list low repeatedly while LEDs are not operat-
industry is referencing standards that have of JEDEC standards to be referenced for test- ing, and also when the LEDs are in opera-
already been established by long-standing ing requirements. tion. These tests are intended to identify the
industry bodies such as JEDEC, the Joint In established and/or proposed SSL spec- mechanical, electrical and optical degrada-
Electron Device Engineering Council. For ifications, JEDEC standards are referred to tion of the device induced by temperature
over fi fty years, JEDEC has developed test- as part of LED package-level reliability test and humidity.
ing methods and product standards crucial requirements. This was the case first for There is also a thermal shock test; this
to the electronics and semiconductor indus- the US-DOE-sponsored Com- is a more severe tempera-
try, which includes LEDs. mercial Building Energy Alli- ture-related test, where LEDs
Specifically, JEDEC standards are being ance (CBEA) Parking Struc- are transferred from very hot
relied on heavily in developing standards ture Lighting Performance environments (as high as 85C
and regulations for outdoor LED lighting Specification, and later also to 150C) to very cold envi-
applications such as street and area light- for the DOE-sponsored Munic- ronments (as cold as -40C
ing, where the life requirements of solid- ipal Solid-State Street Lighting to -65C) within twenty sec-
state lighting (SSL) luminaires can extend Consortium (MSSLC) Model onds. Usually these tests are
beyond 50,000 hours and LEDs are exposed Specification for LED Road- intended to identify mechan-
to extreme environmental conditions. To way Luminaires. ical failures of electrical con-
ensure that the critical LED packages inside nections within the LED
luminaires can maintain a certain lumen Environmental stress packages.
output over the claimed life and handle the JEDEC tests applicable to LED packages for Another applicable JEDEC environmental
environmental stress, the LED packages outdoor lighting applications include three test measures corrosion caused by salt. In
may need to undergo a series of reliability categories of stress to the LEDs. The first cat- both automotive and outdoor lighting envi-
or qualification tests. egory, environmental stress, includes tem- ronments, salt corrosion of LED components
The need to evaluate an LED packages perature, humidity and salt corrosion and may occur over time, depending on deployed
reliability against environmental stress was consists of nine separate tests. The LEDs materials. Product quality and a compo-
first introduced in automotive LED lighting are tested under extreme high and low tem- nents behavior in a corrosive environment
applications. The Automotive Electronics peratures while they are in operation, and can vary greatly from one manufacturer to
Council (AEC) Component Technical Com- also in a storage situation. The LEDs are another, thus testing under these conditions
mittee has established a list of tests for LED also tested in high temperature and high is critical. Corrosion can lead to mechanical
failure of electrical connections, as well as
JIANZHONG JIAO (jianzhong.jiao@osram-os.com), Director of Regulations and Emerging optical degradation. In practice, LED man-
Technologies at OSRAM Opto Semiconductors, Inc., is an internationally-recognized lighting ufacturers have identified that other chemi-
expert who is actively involved in LED and SSL standards-development activities. He is the cals in the environment, or the outgassing of
Chairman of the SAE Lighting Committee, past Chairman of NGLIA, and past Chairman of other components inside the SSL luminaire,
the NEMA SSL Technical Committee. He is an active member of the IESNA Testing Procedure can lead to corrosion. Th is can cause the
Committee and Roadway Lighting Committee, ANSI SSL Working Groups, the Standard LEDs to fail or can result in reduced perfor-
Technical Panel of UL8750, and standards committees within IEEE, CIE USA, SEMI, JEDEC and mance. Because the technologies and mate-
other organizations. rials used in LED packages and luminaires

LEDsmagazine.com APRIL/MAY 2012 83

standards | UPDATE

vary, the tests for other types of chemical LINKS

corrosion are usually determined by LED or
SSL manufacturers.
Mechanical stress
The second category of LED-package stress
mechanical stress requires two tests: a
mechanical shock test and a variable-fre-
quency vibration test. In automotive or road-
way lighting applications, the luminaires
are subjected to both mechanical shock
and vibrations while being installed and in
usage. There are many mechanical inter-
faces and connections within an LED pack-
age that may not survive severe and repeated
impact or vibrations over time. These stress
tests identify the mechanical behavior or
failures of LED packages.
Assembly process stress
The third category assesses LED assembly
process stress. This can include two or three
tests depending on the LEDs configuration,
Lumen-maintenance testing for LED lamps, light engines and luminaires
LEDs Magazine Feb 2012, p21; www.ledsmagazine.com/features/9/2/4
The elusive life of LEDs: How TM-21 contributes to the solution
LEDs Magazine Nov/Dec 2011, p37; www.ledsmagazine.com/features/8/11/10
Understanding the difference between LED rated life and lumen-maintenance life
LEDs Magazine Oct 2011, p51; www.ledsmagazine.com/features/8/10/12
such as surface-mounted versus through- Additional JEDEC tests
hole-mounted. The tests are designed to There are some additional JEDEC stan-
characterize LEDs for moisture or reflow dards used in the LED stress tests such as
sensitivity and solder heat resistance. LED an electrostatic discharge (ESD) test. One
packages are usually soldered onto a board test measures ESD sensitivity using the
and then integrated into the final SSL prod- human body model (HBM), identifying an
uct assembly. During the LED-to-board LED packages susceptibility to damage or
assembly process, the LEDs can be exposed degradation by exposure to a defined elec-
to extreme temperature. These tests are the trostatic HBM discharge.
basis of the LED package specifications, and The testing or stress conditions used for
LED manufacturers often provide the solder LEDs are meant to simulate the real-life
temperature profile in the LED products stresses described above. In practice, in
datasheets. It is obviously important that order to minimize testing time while still
LEDs survive the initial stress of assembly reflecting real-life stresses, manufacturers
when putting them onto the boards. use the most accelerated or over-stressed

We do the engineering. You get the glory.

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1100 Technology Park Drive Billerica, MA 01821

conditions possible without damaging the
LED packages. Because JEDEC standards
are developed for all solid-state or semi-
conductor electronic devices, the testing
parameters and durations may need to be
re-selected to test LEDs specifically.
The JEDEC tests have been widely used
by reputable LED manufacturers, ini-
tially in LED automotive-lighting appli-
cations, and now for outdoor-, street- and
area-lighting applications, as the standard
qualification tests prior to product launch.
LEDs that undergo and pass these JEDEC
tests have been proven to be more reliable
products in terms of lumen-output main-
tenance or other performance measures.
Unresolved issues
However, two questions remain. The fi rst
is how can the industry standardize the
requirements for SSL outdoor lighting in
LED package-level qualification, stress or
reliability tests? In the above mentioned
CBEA and MSSLC specifications, although
some JEDEC tests are mentioned or refer-
enced, the detailed requirements are still
not clearly specified. For example, the defi-
nition of failure criteria is unclear, and test
conditions and durations are not standard-
ized. While there was some discussion dur-
ing the development of the above specifica-
tions, the final answer is still unclear.
The second question, which is more chal-
lenging to answer, is how to quantitatively
link the JEDEC test results of the LED pack-
ages to their projected reliability in terms
of rated life in number of hours. As men-
tioned in a previous article (www.ledsmag-
_________
azine.com/features/8/10/12), rated life is a
_________________
statistical measure. If the LED packages
passed all of the above JEDEC tests, typ-
ically measured in 1000 hours or equiva-
lent time duration, the LEDs were surely
exposed to high levels of stress. However,
the question remains as to how many hours
of real-life operation can be claimed for the
standards | UPDATE
LEDs rated life?
The rated life of LEDs is typically stated
as 50,000 hours or longer in many SSL out-
door-lighting applications. The link may
exist between this rated life and 1000 hours
of severe stress-test results, and perhaps
this is also a statistical measure. However,
there is no standard approach yet estab-
lished that can identify the link. The indus-
try needs to build a standard procedure,
based on the practice of testing LEDs per
JEDEC standards and perhaps LM-80 tests,
to project the rated life of LED packages.
Currently, it is known that LED pack-
ages that pass the above JEDEC tests will
be more reliable in real-life applications.
In the recent IESNA Testing Procedures
Committee (TPC) meetings, a project to
pursue standardized LED rated-life pro-
jections was proposed, and a working
group has formed. Stay tuned for updates
on the progress of IESNA TPC standards
development.
___________
 Real parts. Really fast.
A product development team needs parts
to meet its rapidly approaching deadline.

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thermal | PASSIVE COOLING

Two-phase heat exchangers provide passive

cooling for high-power LED light engines
Passive cooling using a finned heat-exchange system provides a lightweight, adaptable and noise-
free method to maintain a lower LED operating temperature, writes ABOUDHADDAD.

E
fficient removal of heat from LED light
sources is a crucial factor in ensuring
that an LED lamp or luminaire exhib-
its the expected levels of performance and
lifetime. Conventional light sources release
heat to the ambient through the emission of
infrared radiation, and convection is also
an important mechanism in the case of flu-
orescent lamps. These modes of heat trans-
fer typically do not require advanced cooling
methods to facilitate the process. However,
LED sources lose heat through conduction,
which requires the additional knowledge of
how to efficiently carry waste heat out of the
LED in order to prevent performance degra-
dation and system failure.
Various techniques can be used to remove
heat from LED sources in LED-based light-
ing systems, including both passive and
active approaches. Many LED luminaires
and lamps use passive cooling based
on finned heat-sinks made from cast or
extruded metal. These tend to be heavy and
bulky, and their operation is orientation-
dependent. However, they do not suffer from
performance degradation over time, and do
not create any noise.
Active cooling approaches include con-
ventional fans and diaphragm-based forced
air cooling. While enabling higher power
dissipation, these generally produce noise
and may have issues of reliability and perfor-
mance degradation over time. They are not
orientation-dependent, but add slightly to
the operating cost since they consume elec-
tricity. In general, there is a split between the
advantages and disadvantages of active and
passive approaches.
ABOUDHADDAD is Director of Engineering
with FrigoDynamics Europe Ltd (www.
___
frigodynamics.com).
___________
Capillary wick
Heat input Heat output
Container (pipe) Liquid flow
Vapor flow
Evaporator Adiabatic section Condenser
FIG. 1. Operating principle of a two-phase heat-transfer device. The pipe is evacuated
and then filled with a very small amount of liquid. A capillary wick is often included;
typically this is a sintered metal powder or a series of grooves parallel to the pipe
axis. Heat from the LED module causes evaporation of the liquid from the wick. The
liquid travels to the cooler end of the pipe and condenses, releasing thermal energy.
The liquid enters the wick and travels back along the tube by capillary action. The
FrigoDynamics approach uses fins to remove heat from the cooler end of the tube.
Two-phase heat exchangers the speed of sound, and takes place inside
Another passive cooling approach is the a hermetically-sealed tube that is filled
two-phase heat exchanger, which works on with a minute quantity of liquid. Fig. 1 out-
the same principle as a heat pipe. One exam- lines the heat-exchange mechanism. Such
ple, the HPK-Fin from FrigoDynamics, is a devices have been field-tested by the mili-
two-phase heat exchanger that aims to com- tary and in various commercial industries
bine the advantages of both active and pas- for decades, proving their reliability in elec-
sive systems. tronic systems.
Two-phase heat-transfer devices do not The effective thermal conductivity across
consume electricity, but only require the a two-phase heat-transfer device can be up
disposable heat in order to initiate their to several hundred times greater than an
powerful heat-transfer cycle. In this case, equivalent aluminum or copper rod. The
two-phase means the use of evaporation process can even work independently of
and condensation in order to dramatically the devices orientation. The HPK-Fin cool-
increase the heat-transfer characteristics ers have a series of fins around the tubes to
of the device. The process happens at nearly dissipate heat (see Fig. 2).

LEDsmagazine.com APRIL/MAY 2012 87

thermal | PASSIVE COOLING
FIG. 2. An HPK-Fin two-phase heat
exchanger from FrigoDynamics. The LED
module would be attached to the base of
the cooler, and heat is transferred along
the tubes that run vertically in this image,
before being dissipated by the fins.
Thermal tests
The effectiveness of the passive HPK-Fin
two-phase heat exchangers was tested
using an SC HPK-Fin 150 (fi n diameter of
100 mm with 150-mm overall length and
weight of 220g) in combination with a
Xicato XSM 2000-lm, 36W LED module. A
variety of orientations were tested.
The key measurement is the case tem-
perature (Tc) of the LED itself. Th is is the
temperature on the LED surface that makes
contact with the HPK-Fin two-phase heat
exchanger. For this particular LED mod-
ule, the maximum allowable Tc is 90C, in
order to guarantee the specified lumen out-
put and 50k hours of operation.
At an ambient temperature of 40C, the
Tc point was measured at around 70C,
giving a margin of 20C on the maximum
allowable temperature. Furthermore, very
FIG. 3. Thermal (infrared) camera image,
illustrating effective thermal spreading
across the full 230-mm length of a two-
phase heat exchanger. The LED module,
a 4000-lm Tridonic TALEXXengine STARK
SLE, is at the base of the heat exchanger
at the bottom of this image.
88 APRIL/MAY 2012
little effect on performance was seen at
different orientations. With such a per-
formance margin, this means in practice
that it would be possible either to extend
the lifetime of the LED significantly beyond
50k hours, or to use a module with an even-
higher lumen output.
Passive cooling relies heavily on surface
area for free convection to occur, in con-
trast to active cooling which places more
emphasis on the forced air-flow rate. There-
fore, it is crucial that the heat can be spread
effectively across the available area. To
illustrate this point, a longer SC HPK-Fin
230 (230 mm in length) was analyzed with
an infrared (IR) thermal-imaging camera.
Fig. 3 demonstrates that the heat is dis-
tributed very evenly, at a temperature dif-
ference of less than 2C along the whole
length and surface of the two-phase heat
exchanger.
Th is is particularly notable when consid-
ering that a large amount of heat is coming
from a relatively small footprint at the base
of the two-phase heat exchanger. Using only
solid extrusions or castings would lead to
considerable thermal gradients when sub-
jected to a concentrated heat load, result-
ing in less-effective heat dissipation at the
areas far away from the heat source.
Adaptable design
The confi guration and layout of the two-
phase heat exchangers and fins can be
adapted and tailored to meet specific
+ 54
44.9 +
46.9
48.0 +
48.9 +
48.0 +
48.4
47.6 + +
FIG. 4. The Alpha LED Metropole
from Projection Lighting Ltd uses a
FrigoDynamics SC HPK-Fin 110 two-
phase heat exchanger and a Xicato
2000-lm XSM LED module.
product-design embodiments. Two-phase
heat exchangers are typically larger than
active cooling devices, but are still low in
weight. Given their performance, they are
compact relative to other passive solutions.
All air-cooled solutions, whether active
or passive, operate better when in an open-
air environment. However, many applica-
tions require that a housing is built around
the light engine for aesthetic and safety
reasons. Products from FrigoDynamics
with specially-designed fins can have
enough thermal margin to enable proper
operation and cooling inside a housing.
However, without airflow, passive cooling
solutions are rendered useless, thus the
designer must ensure that correctly-situ-
ated air inlet and outlet ventila-
C
tion holes are available.
One recent example can be
seen in Fig. 4, where the SC110
51 FrigoDynamics HPK-Fin two-
48 phase heat exchanger is inte-
grated into the AlphaLED Metro-
45 pole light fi xture from Projection
42 Lighting Ltd, enabling high per-
formance in an entirely passive
39
fashion and with a lightweight
36 design.
In summary, the passive two-
33
phase heat exchanger approach
30 combines the advantages of other
passive and active cooling sys-
27
tems, including high reliability,
no sensitivity to orientation, and
23
zero operating cost.
LEDsmagazine.com
 2012 Philips Lighting Company, A Division of Philips Electronics North America Corporation.

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______________________________
LED fabrication | GASES

High-purity gases have a key

role in LED manufacturing
The availability of a reliable, stable supply of high-purity gases, including ammonia, nitrogen and
hydrogen, is a key requirement for a high-volume LED manufacturing facility, according to ANISH TOLIA
and IAN TRAVIS.

Other electronic

V
ery large volumes of high-purity
gases play a crucial role in the LED
chip manufacturing process. The
most critical stage in the process and the
cost-intensive one from a materials point
of view is the growth of the active semi-
conducting layers by epitaxial deposition.
Th is is accomplished by a process called
metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
(MOCVD), creating metal-nitride com-
pounds (such as indium gallium nitride,
or InGaN) from volatile metal-organic
precursors such as trimethyl gallium.
The multilayer LED structures are depos-
ited on a wafer, or substrate, which is typ-
ically sapphire. Fig. 1a shows the typical
cost of wafers, metal-organic precursors
and gases in the LED chip-manufacturing
process.
A wide range of gases is used in the LED
manufacturing process, as shown in Table
1. Ammonia (NH 3) and hydrogen (H2) rep-
resent the largest portions of gas costs (Fig.
1b). These two gases form the majority of
the atmosphere in which the crystal layers
are grown, and their purity is critical to the
performance and quality of the LED device.
If moisture (H2O) or oxygen (O2) mole-
cules are present in these gases, even in trace
concentrations above a few parts per billion
(ppb), then oxygen atoms can become incor-
porated into the crystalline structure of the
LED device.
Research has shown that as the mois-
ANISH TOLIA is Head of Market Development,
Global Semiconductors and LED, and IAN
TRAVIS is Head of Product Management,
Equipment, at Linde Electronics (www.linde-
______
gas.com/electronics).
specialty gases
2%
Wafer Nitrogen
rogen
50% 13%
Hydrogen
22% Ammonia
Gases 63%
5%
Depreciation Metal-
and other organics
35% 10%
FIG. 1. (a) Approximate breakdown of the cost structure of LED chip manufacturing,
excluding device packaging. (b) Relative cost of different gases used in LED chip
fabrication.
Gas Notes
Ammonia (NH3) Source of nitrogen (N) in nitride-based LED layers
Hydrogen (H2) Carrier gas for metal-organic precursors
Dopants Gaseous molecules containing boron, and phosphine
Other recipe ingredients Silane (SiH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), helium (He)
Etching gases Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), carbon
tetrafluoride (CF4)
Nitrogen (N2) Pumping and venting
TABLE 1. Gases used in LED manufacturing.
ture concentration in ammonia increases, High-purity ammonia
this leads to a higher concentration of oxy- Since ammonia is required in high flow-rates
gen atoms in the InGaN multi-quantum well during the slow nitride-crystal growth pro-
(MQW) layers of the LED device. The oxygen cess, even trace quantities of impurities in
contamination has two negative effects. the gas can lead to a significant number of
First, the electroluminescence of the device unwanted atoms being incorporated into
(its light output) is reduced as the moisture the device. To combat this problem, state-
content in the ammonia gas is increased of-the-art LEDs are made using ammonia
(Fig. 2). Second, the current-voltage charac- that typically undergoes at least two stages
teristics of the LED device also deteriorate, of purification and contains no more than 1
with higher leakage current. Both factors ppb of moisture or oxygen.
reduce the efficiency of the LED as a light Each MOCVD process chamber consumes
source and hence the commercial value of approximately ten tonnes of ultra-high-
the LED. purity ammonia gas per year. With the new

LEDsmagazine.com APRIL/MAY 2012 91

LED fabrication | GASES
generation of LED fabrication facilities often
incorporating more than 50 MOCVD reac-
tors, cost-effective high-purity supply must
be achieved at very high volumes in order to
support such large fabs.
There are two challenging properties
of ammonia which must be overcome to
ensure delivery of consistent high quality at
high flow rates: moisture contamination and
heat of vaporization.
Ammonias affi nity to absorb moisture
(it is hygroscopic) means that purifying the
material and then keeping it dry through the
fi lling of containers and delivery to the cus-
tomer requires very careful design, instal-
lation, operation and quality control. The
highest semiconductor-industry standards
of cleanliness and integrity are applied,
including the use of leak-tight valves and
high-grade piping systems, to minimize risk
of moisture contamination.
Delivery issues
Ammonia is stored and shipped as a liquid,
and has a high latent heat of vaporization.
A significant amount of energy is required
to vaporize the liquid and deliver the flows
of 2000 to 3000 liters per minute that mod-
ern fabs require.
Compounding this problem is the fact
that moisture impurities tend to concen-
EL intensity (arbitrary units)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1 10 100
H2O concentration (ppb)
FIG. 2. Electroluminescence (EL) intensity of the multi-
quantum well (MQW) layers of a GaN-based LED. Higher
moisture (H2O) content in the ammonia gas used in the
deposition process causes a decrease in EL intensity.
Source: N. Okada et al., Japanese J. Appl. Phys. 2009,
vol. 48, no. 6, p. 062102 (http://jjap.jsap.jp/journal/
JJAP-48-6R.html).
___________
92 APRIL/MAY 2012
FIG. 3. In 2010, Linde LienHwa established an ultra-high-purity ammonia plant in
Xiamen City, China, the first such facility in the country, to supply the needs of local
LED manufacturers (www.ledsmagazine.com/press/28539).
trate in the liquid ammonia. As more liquid
is consumed, the high vaporization rates
drive higher moisture contamination from
the liquid ammonia into the gas supply. To
reduce the risk of moisture contamination
reaching the MOCVD tool, typically more
than 10% of the liquid NH3 must be left in
the container to be returned, re-purified, or
disposed of, increasing costs.
The combination of these
interacting problems has
previously limited the scale
of ammonia supply via con-
ventional gas packages such
as heated cylinders and
drums. As the LED indus-
try grows, and as fab sizes
increase, gas suppliers must
evolve from being com-
modity vendors into being
expert solution providers
for the delivery of such spe-
cialist materials.
1000 10000
Linde has developed
innovative ammonia sup-
ply technology which pro-
vides the high flow-rates
and stable ultra-high purity
required for high-bright-
ness LED manufacturing.
The new Spectra Pure high-
flow ammonia delivery sys-
tem features integrated purification, ensur-
ing delivery of the driest possible ammonia at
stable flow-rates suitable for a large fab.
High-purity hydrogen
Hydrogen gas purity is also important, for the
same reasons as for ammonia. However, puri-
fication techniques for H2 are more mature,
and a choice of technologies from catalytic
adsorption to palladium membranes can pro-
vide 99.9999999% purity at the point of use.
Delivering such high-purity hydrogen
cost-effectively is impacted by regional
variations in supply infrastructure and the
supply specifications of raw materials. In
Europe, liquid hydrogen is readily available
and provides an economic supply mode for
many high-flow demands. In China, com-
pressed hydrogen supplied by tube trailers
is available, but costs are driven primar-
ily by the distance to the source. For larger
LED fabs, an on-site generated supply from a
steam methane reformer is often more cost-
effective, ensuring a continuous, reliable gas
supply without switching containers.
Linde offers a full range of hydrogen sup-
ply solutions, from compressed cylinder
bundles through to on-site generation sys-
tems, which are helping major LED manu-
facturers to drive down costs while main-
taining reliable supply and tight control of
material quality.
LEDsmagazine.com
________________
distribution | SELLING SSL
Lighting distributors make
big move toward LEDs
While two years ago just 61% of lighting distributors stocked SSL, TED KONNERTH reports that the
number has climbed to 91% even as lighting manufacturers and distributors struggle with the
complexity of LEDs and electronic driver circuits.
A
ccording to a recent survey of light-
ing industry executives and buyers,
in less than two years the number
of lighting distributors stocking LED-based
products spiked by more than 50%. A March
2012 survey of the group revealed the signifi-
cant jump. It indicates that 93% of electrical
distributors are stocking LED-based solid-
state lighting (SSL), as compared to 61%
found in a June 2010 survey. Still despite the
growing support for SSL, the legacy lighting
industry is in the process of adapting to LED
technology and a completely new approach
to selling lighting products.
Less than three years ago, many distrib-
utors deemed SSL too expensive to justify
stocking, or even selling LED-based prod-
ucts. As Fig.1 shows, only 61% of distribu-
tors stocked SSL back in 2010, although 82%
said they sold the products.
In 2010, many distributors felt LED light-
ing was fraught with complex issues: war-
ranty questions, high price points, question-
able efficiency claims, varying standards
of performance, and confusion within the
market. Fast forward to 2012. LED lighting
is now understood to be a game-changing
technology, one thats energy efficient and
financially gratifying in the long-term. Fur-
ther, price points have dropped because of a
rapidly growing technology emphasis, a pro-
duction glut of LED emitter chips, and mass
acceptance in certain markets such as com-
mercial and outdoor-lighting applications.
LED technology is revolutionizing the
lighting industry as more and more commer-
cial lighting distributors are stocking LED
TED KONNERTH is the founder, president and
CEO of Egret Consulting Group.
94 APRIL/MAY 2012
lamps or fixtures, anticipating demand from ing owners and other institutions seeking a
a growing customer base. Similarly, manu- short return on investment with long-term
facturers are seeking ways to stay ahead of financial benefits are turning to LED-based
the curve, producing innovative LED-based lighting solutions.
lighting solutions for the growing market. Given that LED technology is redefin-
ing the lighting indus-
June 2010 try, some of the big-
gest electrical lighting
Are you selling LEDs? Are you stocking LEDs?
companies i.e. Phil-
ips, Cooper, Hubbell and
Acuity are striving to
find ways to change and
stay relevant in a sector
Yes Yes that is quickly becoming
82% 61% more technological and
scientific. The Big four
were slow to adopt LED
technology due to leg-
acy investments in tradi-
FIG. 1. In June of 2010, 61% of distributors stocked SSL. tional lamp sources, but
have emerged in the past
200 distributors surveyed year with complete introductions of lamps
The aforementioned survey, conducted by and fixtures; as well as control solutions.
Egret Consulting Group a retained search Simply put, the biggest lighting companies
firm specializing exclusively in the electri- in the world have grudgingly accepted the
cal industry confirms this dramatic shift. new dynamics of technology, innovation,
Most notable is the fact that more than 93% and research and development.
of distributors are stocking SSL equipment,
and 71.5% stock both LED-based lamps and Company leadership
fixtures (Fig. 2). For lighting companies, a big step in the jour-
The survey shows a steadfast confidence ney to LED success is making additions to
in LED-based lighting. More than 900 execu- leadership at the top of organizations.Chief
tives from the top 200 distributor companies Technology Officers (CTOs) are mainstays
answered the survey. The top 200 electrical at LED-component-manufacturing com-
distributors represent more than 10,000 panies, but at lighting fixture companies
branch or distribution-center locations they were non-existent -- even two years
throughout the United States and Canada. ago. Moreover, intellectual property (IP)
Ultimately, demand is driving the uptake. hasnt historically been a concern of light-
Large-scale consumers are buying into the ing companies.
benefits of LEDs. Municipalities, large build- Technology and IP leadership now needs
LEDsmagazine.com
 distribution | SELLING SSL

to be a top priority as technology and March 2012 T he e le c t r i c a l

research drives innovation in the lighting Are you stocking LEDs? industry has been
world. To this point, intellectual property largely inbred for a
No, too expensive No, market demand
attorneys are being hired at the largest light- 3
long time. New prod-
3
ing companies to ensure innovation is pro- uct s mea nt new
tected from patent infringements. es, just xtures shapes, sizes, colors
Top electrical and lighting distributors or mechanical mod-
are making changes too, following the lead ifications. LED light-
es, just lamps Total % of
of mega retailers like Home Depot, Menards 12 distributors ing brings a new era
and Lowes, which now have a growing num- carrying LEDs to the overall elec-
33
ber of LED-based lighting products on the trical industry. Low
shelves. When the CEO of a leading distrib- es, oth xtures voltage, electronic
and lamps
utor, Graybar, openly embraces changing 1 devices require new
the companys sales philosophy from ful- installation tech-
fi llment to promotion, the clarity of the niques, and enable
industrys adoption becomes apparent. FIG. 2. A new Egret survey shows that more than 93% of control devices and
LED-based lighting will require new distributors now stock SSL lamps or luminaires measurement and
sales techniques to be successful. Sales peo- reporting dev ices
ple need to be proficient in electronics, soft- to sell incandescent and CFL technology for that can be integrated into building, area
ware, and fi nancial ROI when presenting as long as they can find demand. For the rest or global communication systems. Change is
LED products. Such a breadth of industry of the industry, the LED market is expected already here. As Winston S. Churchill aptly
knowledge is tantamount to survival in this to grow at a 40% rate annually until at least put it: To improve is to change; to be perfect
new era of electronics. 2015. Thats a growth market! is to change often.

Industry initiatives
The path to success in SSL is becoming
streamlined to a degree. Programs such
Energy Star, Lighting Facts, and other
Department of Energy (DOE) endorsements
all help lighting manufacturers to document
their product claims, and distributors and
buyers to make valid comparisons among
hordes of products flooding the market.
Its apparent that SSL is a gateway for
lighting companies looking for the path to
becoming technology-minded. Th is wasnt
the case as late as a few years ago, when the
threat of a higher cost LED-based lighting
system thwarted many distributors from
carrying such solutions. But as the new Egret
survey shows, most have jumped on the
bandwagon and embraced the LED renais-
sance. The overall benefits LED technology
brings in terms of lighting, colors, automa-
tion, and energy savings are tough to argue
against.
Still why are 6% of distributors still not
stocking LED lighting? The electrical indus-
try has historically been technology-averse.
There is little direct demand for new tech-
nology from distributors customers, so LED
lighting requires pure sales efforts rather
______________________
than order taking. There are people who
believe the world is flat -- they will continue

LEDsmagazine.com APRIL/MAY 2012 95

Face-to-Face with the World

Second international
event involving Our newest event
both Chinese & foreign focused on lighting design.
companies at all levels July 31-Aug. 1, 2012 3,000 attendees and nearly
May 22-24, 2012

THE
LED
of supply chain. 90 exhibitors.

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Shenzhen, China Las Vegas, NV USA
www.sil-ledchina.com www.theledshow.com

Sept. 18-20, 2012

Sept. 25-27, 2012

M.O.C. Event Center Record-breaking
Third annual event
with sell-out programs
Munich, Germany attendance 6 years running.
4,600+ attendees in 2012
and exhibit floor www.sileurope.com
the largest to date.
in 2010 and 2011.

Pacifico Yokohama Feb. 12-14, 2013

Yokohama, Japan
Record-breaking www.sil-ledjapan.com
attendance with more
than 5,000 attendees Santa Clara Convention Center
3-years running. Santa Clara, CA USA
www.strategiesinlight.com

Meet face-to-face with thousands of the worlds most influential and motivated manufacturers,
equipment suppliers, and end-users who come to evaluate products and services and get the
information they need to conduct business within the global LED and lighting industry.
Whether you are a supplier, an LED manufacturer trying to reach new customers,
a designer looking for new product information, or a buyer exploring the latest
technologies, our events can help achieve your objectives.

For more information on exhibiting or sponsoring at ANY of our events, please contact:
United States (West Coast) Europe Japan Mainland China
Tim Carli, Sales Virginia Willis, Sales Maiko Kobayashi, Sales Michael Tsui, Sales
+1 650 946 3163 +44 0 1992 656 663 +81 3 3219 3642 +86 755 259 88571 x1009
tcarli@strategies-u.com virginiaw@pennwell.com led@ics-inc.co.jp michaelT@actintl.com.hk
United States (East Coast) Austria/Germany/Switzerland Hong Kong/Asia Singapore/Taiwan
Mary Donnelly, Sales Holger Gerisch, Sales Mark Mak, Sales Michael Yee, Sales
+1 603 891 9398 +49 0 8856 802 0228 +852 2838 6298 +65 9616 8080
maryd@pennwell.com holgerg@pennwell.com markm@actintl.com.hk yfyee@singnet.com.sg

Presented by: Supported by:

Strategies Unlimited
MARKET INTELLIGENCE

conferences | LEDUCATION

LEDucation brings out experiences

of lighting designers
At the recent LEDucation conference, lighting designers explained why LED lighting suits luxury
retailers, experts provided updates on Energy Star and Caliper programs, and a panel discussed
driver and control compatibility issues. LAURA PETERS reports.

T
he sixth-annual LEDucation con-
ference and exposition was held in
New York, NY, in March. The confer-
ence portion of the event provided attendees
with a chance to better understand the ways
that LED lighting enhances high-end retail
environments.
Presented by the Designers Lighting
Forum of New York (DLFNY), the event also
included a panel session on LED lighting
controls, as well as updates from experts
at Energy Star and the US Department of
Energy (DOE) regarding two new lighting
specifications and Caliper test results.

Where no light has gone before

A panel discussion, headed up by Nelson
Jenkins, a lighting designer with Lumen
Architecture of New York, NY, explored the
advantages that only LED lighting can bring
to luxury retail applications. These include
Photo courtesy of Dior.

an improved aesthetic and the ability to take

advantage of new form factors.
For instance, in a faade lighting project
that Barteluce Architects performed for Dior
on 57th Avenue in New York, Sean Hennessy,
who currently leads Hennessy Design, said
LEDs allow us to bring light to places we
havent previously been able to light; its a
more versatile avenue. In designing the Dior
faade (Fig. 1), Hennessy stated that the need
for a high light intensity of 3500 lux com-
bined with the shallow depth of the store
front made LEDs the best choice. He stated
that halogen lighting created too much heat
in one concentrated spot, while fluorescent
lighting consumed too much space. With
LEDs, the space occupied by the lighting
LAURA PETERS is the Senior Technical Editor
of LEDs Magazine.
FIG. 1. Dior faade in New York, NY uses 5300K LEDs to achieve 3500 lux.
was pencil thin. 450 LitePads from Rosco (13.512-inch). He
We created Diors signature cannage added that they situated the LED drivers for
pattern using four panels of either glass or easy access for maintenance, followed by the
acrylic, one panel with a dot pattern and wiring, the LED LitePads and the panels. The
another with vertical, horizontal and 45 entire system consumes 12,000W.
lines. The combined effect is that of an opti- Next in the retail panel, Ruth Mellergaard,
cal illusion as the observer walks past the an interior designer with Grid/3 Interna-
store, said Hennessy. The color temper- tional in New York, NY, talked about the
ature for the project was 5300K, accom- implementation of advanced lighting in jew-
plished using individual LEDs at 5200K and elry stores. She said that before energy-sav-
a color-correcting fi lm on a panel. He said ing lighting technology, jewelry stores typi-
they evaluated seven LED products and set- cally consumed 7-9 W/ft2, which dropped to
tled on an edge-lit LED approach using over 3-5 W/ft2 when halogen lamps were brought

LEDsmagazine.com APRIL/MAY 2012 97

 conferences | LED UCATION
in. Now, with LED lighting, 1.2 W/ft 2 or less
can be achieved.
Mellergaard emphasized that color tem-
perature is a huge issue when it comes to
lighting jewelry with LEDs. We have found
that many vendors are pushing high color
temperatures, in the 6000-8000K range,
because it makes the diamonds look bet-
ter. She said the downside to this approach
is that a persons skin will not necessarily
look realistic at these high color tempera-
tures and the chosen jewelry will look differ-
ent when the person leaves the store.
Another early issue with LEDs was the
glare from unshielded LEDs. Jewelers had
a tendency to choose very bright light and to
illuminate from the rear of the cases, partic-
ularly with early installations, so glare was
a problem, said Mellergaard. Glare is now
managed by positioning the LED strip lights
on the front of the display cases. In some
instances, companies will add a color-cor-
rected fluorescent light to the rear of the
case, but that approach increases the cost,
said Mellergaard.
Mellergaard highlighted one of the most
significant upsides to using LEDs. She said
that jewels tend to wink under LEDs, a
glittering effect that is not accomplished
with any other light source.
The other key advantage is energy savings.
Some jewelers are used to running their air
conditioning year-round to compensate for
Photo courtesy of Ruth Mellergaard.
98 APRIL/MAY 2012
the heat from metal-halide lighting, said
Mellergaard. With LEDs, the energy savings
from the lighting and air conditioning com-
bined are significant. However, Hennessy
stated that in his experience, depending
on the project, there could be little or no
energy savings associated with LED light-
ing. But the quality of the light is such that
you become convinced it is the best solu-
tion, he said.
Renee Cooley, principal of Cooley Mon-
santo Studio (CoMoS) in New York, NY,
agreed that LED lighting is not necessarily
used throughout a luxury retail establish-
ment: often the lighting solution is a com-
bination of different types depending on
the need. She described a lighting instal-
lation in a Tiffany & Co. store in New York,
one that contains a private room where the
most expensive jewelry is tried on. This room
has a large mirror with LED strip lighting
around its periphery that uses three color
temperatures, 4000K, 3200K and 2800K. By
alternating the light, customers can test the
jewelry under different conditions. We are
trying to persuade our cosmetics clients to
consider this technology as well, but they
havent taken us up on it yet, said Cooley. second report on retail replacement lamps,
Cooley added that LED lighting for luxury
retailers contributes significantly to the aes-
thetics and branding. She also stated that it
tends to bring out different aspects of the
materials it is illuminating in ways that
other sources do not. The designer can take
advantage of the optimization of color tem-
perature and positioning to bring out the
beauty of wood, fabrics, jewelry, etc.
When the panelists were asked whether
they tended to use the same LED products
from the same vendors from one project
to another, both Cooley and Mellergaard
responded that yes, such was the case.
When you find something that works well,
you stick with it, said Mellergaard.
Product consistency
Product consistency was a topic that arose
a few times during the course of the day,
as Naomi Miller of the Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory (PNNL) discussed.
Miller, a former lighting designer, knows
well the challenges that designers face in
choosing LED lighting products that will
perform as advertised. In fact, she reviewed
recent study results from the DOEs Caliper
program in her presentation, which has
indicated dramatic increases in LED lamp
performance, yet still a broad spread in
performance among products tested. For
instance, the DOE recently published the
which involved the testing of 38 lamps from
18 manufacturers and 9 retailers (www.leds-
______
magazine.com/news/9/2/16).
_________________ Lumen output
(Fig. 3) varied by product but exceeded 800
lm in some cases.
The average price per kilolu-
men of the collection of retail
replacement lamps dropped
from $139/klm to $63/klm
between the LED lamps pur-
chased in November 2011 and
the lamps in the first study, pur-
chased in July and August of
2010. In terms of efficacy, eleven
A19 LED lamps achieved a mean
efficacy of 60 lm/W in round 2,
while the fi rst-round products
featured a broad spread with
some A19 lamps performing as
low as 20 lm/W (www.ledsmag-
_________
azine.com/news/8/7/21).
______________
FIG. 2. LED lighting is used in
the down lighting and display
cases of a jeweler in Billings,
Montana.
LEDsmagazine.com
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conferences | LEDUCATION
Miller made a point of the rate of improve-
ment in LED products. During Round 12
testing, one A19 lamp exceeded the 100
lm/W mark. In April or May, the DOE will
be publishing a retrofit down-light report,
with some products performing in the 60
lm/W range, she said. Miller added that
for the first time the industry is testing LED
products that are exceeding the perfor-
mance of their incandescent and fluores-
cent counterparts.
Energy Star update, new specifications
Beyond the anonymous testing of products
that the DOE performs, consumers rely heav-
ily on the Energy Star label. At the confer-
ence, Alex Baker, Energy Star lighting pro-
gram manager, provided recent updates to
the program. As Baker explained, Energy
Star is a third-party certification program
based on ISO standards. Testing labs and
certification bodies (CBs) must be EPA rec-
ognized. To date, there are more than 40 rec-
ognized testing labs for lighting worldwide
and 8 certification bodies (CBs) in the US.
Baker said that when Energy Star specifica-
tions for luminaires and integral lamps are
updated, products are not grandfathered
in. All qualified Energy Star products must
meet the existing current specifications on
the date of manufacture.
Baker talked about the fact that the effec-
tive date of the Energy Star Luminaires V1.1
specification, April 1, was just around the
corner. As of April 1, if a luminaire that was
qualified to the previous Energy Star spec
has not been certified by a recognized CB to
the new specification, it can no longer carry
the Energy Star label (www.ledsmagazine.
com/news/9/3/2).
The Luminaires specification combines
two specs for Residential Light Fixtures (V4.2)
and Solid State Lighting Luminaires (V1.3) to
form a technology-neutral set of performance
requirements. In a similar fashion, the spec-
ifications for Integral LED Lamps (V1.4) and
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (V4.3) are being
combined into the Energy Star Lamps V1.0
specification, which is expected to be final-
ized this year and will go into effect in 2013.
Baker also talked about the publication of
IESs LM-82 standard, which had occurred
the week prior to LEDucation. The new stan-
dard provides the approved method for Char-
100 APRIL/MAY 2012
Output (lm)
1000 RRL1: $139/klm1
RRL2: $63/klm
900
(mean)
800
Retail replacement lamps 2
700 Retail replacement lamps 1
600 Incandescent benchmarks
500
Halogen benchmarks
CFL benchmarks
400
Source: DOE
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Cost per lamp ($)
FIG 3. Between Round 1 and 2 of testing retail replacement lamps, many more lamps
achieved higher lumen output.
acterization of LED Light Engines and LED which cannot be easily measured with LM-79.
Lamps for Electrical and Photometric Prop- Baker stated that the standard outlines
erties as a Function of Temperature. LM-82 the photometric test methods for LED lamps
is designed to establish consistent methods with an ANSI-standard base (integral LED
of testing and reporting the performance of lamps) and LED light engines without an
LED light engines and integrated LED lamps ANSI-standard base. What makes this stan-
at room and elevated temperatures. LM-82 dard different from LM-79, a normative ref-
reports will assist luminaire manufactur- erence for photometric and electrical mea-
ers in selecting LED light engines and inte- surements, is the recommended method of
grated LED lamps for their products, partic- testing the products light engines or lamps
ularly decorative luminaires like chandeliers at elevated temperatures. The specification
Analog Dimming
Dimming Method Pros Cons
0-10V Standard exist, installed base, Not all follow the standard and
separate wiring makes it easier to standard is incomplete, possibility
optimize dimming performance of difference in performance in
large installations, nonetworking
capabilities
Forward phase Large installed base, power and Technology mismatch with LED
(Triac) dimming over single set of wires sources, often problems, no
networking capabilities
Reverse phase Although not optimized for LEDs, less Small installed base, requires neutral
(ELV) issues than with forward phase wire, no networking capabilities
Digital Dimming
DALI Standard exists, network based, offers Not all follow the standard, fairly
more functionality complex implementation, simple
wiring, commissioning can be
complex
DMX Standard exists, network based, Complex wiring and commissioning
offers more functionality
Wireless Network based, offers more No standards exist but many
functionality, no wiring initiatives, expensive
LEDsmagazine.com

outlines a method for testing products light
engines or lamps at room temperature, 50C
above room temperature, and a third tem-
perature, either higher or lower, chosen by
the manufacturer of the lamp or LED engine.
Then, to understand how a light engine or
lamp will perform photometrically and elec-
trically in a given luminaire, the tempera-
ture of the engine or lamp, when operated
in the luminaire, can be compared to LM-82
report data.
Digital lighting, drivers and controls
Chad Stalker, regional marketing manager
of Philips Lumileds in San Jose, CA, pre-
sented a talk about LED lighting and the dig-
ital world. He acknowledged that while LEDs
are, of course, digital, it is the movement of
the entire lighting industry to a digital infra-
structure that is significant on a broader
scale. Stalker commented that some LED
lighting users have stated that LED lighting
actually requires 4X the effort to install as
previous lighting systems. He stated that the
industry needs to solve key control and con-
nectivity issues in order to fuel widespread
adoption of LED lighting.
This talk provided a good basis for the eve-
nings panel session on controlling LEDs.
The overall problem that a panel of experts
took on was the fact that the lighting design
community has been led to believe that
LED lighting can be easily dimmed and
controlled. However, with the increasing
number of products offered, driver and con-
trol incompatibilities have occurred and
installations have not gone as smoothly as
anticipated.
The panel was led by Craig Fox, north-
east architectural regional manager of ETL
Architectural and included Gilles Abraha-
mse, president of eldoLED America, based
in San Jose, CA, Sleiman Zogheib of Red-
wood Systems, Gabe Gulliams, a lighting
designer with Buro Happold in New York,
NY, John Gebbie, systems division man-
ager of Barbizon Lighting Company in
New York, NY and Ethan Biery, design and
development leader at Lutron in Coopers-
burg, PA.
Biery started out by saying that know-
ing that a product is capable of dimming
doesnt mean much. He said a user needs
to know how rapidly the controls dim the
LEDsmagazine.com
light and what the minimum level looks
like. Only then will you know if the prod-
uct can meet your needs. When asked why
the driver and dimmer compatibility issues
are so complicated today, Biery stated that
relative to fluorescent lighting, when there
were a handful of ballast manufacturers,
today there are perhaps a thousand LED
driver manufacturers, and some have little
or no lighting background. He said often
products do not perform as expected due
to a lack of preparation.
Abrahamse added that controls stan-
dards do exist; however, they are interpreted
differently among manufacturers, which is
the reason that compatibility testing must be
done properly. Another panel member, Slei-
man Zogheib of Redwood Systems said that
while standards exist for dimmers, standards
do not exist on the LED board side.
Table 1 summarizes some of the attributes
and drawbacks to using various control
methods, including whether standards exist
and the complexity of wiring and implemen-
tation. A significant benefit of any digital
approach (DMX, DALI, wireless) is the abil-
ity to network the control system, especially
for large installations.
Compatibility testing between dim-
mers and drivers is an inevitability for
LED designs as the panelists discussed.
However, on a given project sometimes it
is not clear which party is responsible for
compatibility testing. Gebbie, who spe-
cializes in systems integration, stated that
when a lighting control systems integrator
is involved, that person is responsible for
compatibility testing. However, often with
projects of limited size or scope, this per-
son is not present and compatibility test-
ing can become a shared responsibility
between the electrical contractor and the
suppliers of the lighting systems, drivers
and control systems.
Gebbie suggested that whichever compo-
nent is purchased fi rst for a project, either
the controls or driver, will limit what can be
purchased in terms of compatibility. Biery
commented that some luminaire manufac-
turers will provide information regarding
which controls and drivers were used in the
testing of their luminaires, which is terrifi-
cally useful. However, often, the onus is on
the user to obtain these details.
conferences | LEDUCATION
Regarding the future of control options,
Zogheib pulled out an internet cable, held it
up to the audience and stated that its time
that lighting systems run like our phones
and security systems -- over a communica-
tions cable. He cited the standard for com-
mercial buildings, the TIA/EIA-862 Build-
ing Automation Systems Cabling Standard,
which includes internal and external light-
ing, provides for low-voltage system con-
trols, and should be applied.
While such an approach does seem like a
leap relative to current approaches, the pan-
elists nonetheless acknowledged that intelli-
gent building systems and architecture, cou-
pled with compatible controls and drivers,
will lead to energy-efficient, cost-effective
lighting systems.
Finally, the panelists discussed the ongo-
ing issue of fl icker. They noted that while
LEDs, as semiconductor devices, are simple
to dim in terms of controlling the current or
duty cycle passing through the LED, they are
not forgiving because their extremely fast
response time makes any disturbance on
the current signal visible as flicker. Whether
fl icker becomes a problem also depends on
whether pulse-width modulated (PWM)
dimming or constant-current reduction
(CCR) dimming is used.
For instance, PWM dimming works well
with phosphor-converted LEDs, so there is
little color shift with dimming and dim-
ming to low levels is accommodated. How-
ever, the occurrence of fl icker becomes a
function of frequency and there is potential
for line noise. Alternatively, CCR dimming
tends to regulate poorly at low dimming lev-
els and color is likely to shift with phosphor-
converted LEDs, but noise and flicker are not
typical problems.
Flicker was a concern that PNNLs Miller
also provided an update on regarding
industry activities. She said that the IEEE
has formed a committee (PAR1789) that is
working toward developing a better fl icker
metric. The DOE is performing research to
establish a range of waveforms from LEDs
and it is discussing the addition of a fl icker
waveform to Caliper testing procedures.
Finally, DOE members are working with var-
ious other industry committees to address
the integrated performance of dimmers and
LED drivers.
APRIL/MAY 2012 101
 OV EA
R
ER EN LY-
3, D BIR
00 JU D
0 NE DI
AT 1 SC
TE 8, OU
________________ ND 20 N
EE 12 TS
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20
11

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design forum | DRIVING LEDS

Match LED driver topology and

implementation to application
LED driver capabilities vary by application explain TONY ARMSTRONG and JEFF GRUETTER. Applications such
as automotive headlights or projectors can require large strings of LEDs and/or very high drive current.

T
he high lumen output available in VIN , 6V to 60V
(80V transient) 22 H
high-brightness (HB) LEDs, along
with soaring efficacy, is opening a 2.2 F
332k
2 VIN
broad variety of application segments to EN/UVLO
solid-state lighting (SSL). Falling component 100k VREF
prices in the HB LED sector provide further 332k
LT3956
incentive for adoption leading product man- CTRL
INTVCC
ufacturers requiring a light source to turn 40.2k
to LEDs. A lot of the recent discussion on 100k
SSL has centered on the general illumina- VMODE
PWM
tion application, and indeed that will be an SS
extremely large market segment. There are RT PWMOUT
VC GND INTVCC
also a number of more-niche applications
28.7k
that introduce unique design challenges 375 kHz 34k
such as support for large strings of LEDs 47 nF 4.7 nF
in series or very high drive currents. Given
the growth potential in such applications,
lets examine the challenge of driving LEDs
in automotive headlights and high-power FIG. 1. Basic LED driver delivers 94% efficiency for a 25W headlight.
applications such as projectors.
HB LEDs have already achieved a critical incandescent light bulbs for headlights.
milestone of 100 lm/W with some manufac- However, this dominance is under pres-
turers claiming much higher efficacy in the sure from both high intensity discharge
laboratory. This year we may see LEDs ship (HID) lamps and HB LED headlights going
at 150 lm/W. Still design engineers need to forward.
implement optimum driver circuits to take HID options include all of the light-source
advantage of LED efficacy and the dropping technologies used in general lighting such
component prices. as High Pressure Mercury Vapor, High Pres-
The value proposition for SSL in appli- sure Sodium, Low Pressure Sodium and
cations such as headlights or projectors is Metal Halide (MH). HID Xenon lamps, essen-
similar to the case of general illumination. tially MH sources, were first introduced for
Energy efficiency is a huge advantage. More- use as an automotive headlight in the late
over, long life of the source and the elimi- 1990s. However, they are very expensive to
nation of maintenance in terms of replac- produce and make, so their use has been
ing lamps is also an important advantage limited to high-end vehicles. HB LEDs are
that LEDs deliver relative to legacy sources. poised to bring the advantages of Xenon
Lets consider the automotive headlamp lamps in terms of brightness to a broader
application. Today, most autos still use base of autos.
TONY ARMSTRONG is Director of Product Marketing for Power Products at Linear Technology
Corporation. JEFF GRUETTER is a Senior Product Marketing Engineer for Power Products at
Linear Technology Corporation.
D1
2.2 F
SW 5
PGND
ISP
0.68 370 mA
ISN
1M
FB
16.2k
25W LED string
INTVCC
4.7 F 1M
3956 TA01a
Headlight drive options
The simplest LED headlamp designs use a
series string of LEDs. For example, you can
realize a design using a string of 18 LEDs
with 350 mA drive current to implement
a light that dissipates around 25W. Such a
design would provide sufficient light output
in mainstream autos.
To create an efficient drive circuit, you
need to consider several issues. For example,
the output voltage of the driver to the LED
string must be in the 66-80V range depending
on the forward-voltage characteristics of the
LEDs. Moreover, the driver may need to oper-
ate from a variable input voltage especially
in the case of hybrid and electric vehicles,
and in new autos that automatically stop and
start the engine, at a stop light for instance.
A driver that supports variable input and
output voltage is necessary. One way to real-
ize such a design is to use the LT3956 LED
driver IC. The IC implements a DC/DC con-

LEDsmagazine.com APRIL/MAY 2012 103

design forum | DRIVING LEDS

verter designed to operate as either a con- undergoing a lot of innovation in LED head- Efficiency (%)
stant-current or constant-voltage regulator. light design, For example, LEDs can offer 100
LEDs require a constant-current implemen- brighter output yet also support automatic 98
Boost Buck
tation as depicted in Fig. 1. dimming for glare reduction. Such appli- 96
The IC features an internal low-side, cations demand brighter components and 94 Buck-boost

N-channel power MOSFET rated for 84V adaptive control capabilities. 92

at 3.3A and is driven from an internal reg-
ulated 7.15V supply. The fixed-frequency,
current-mode architecture results in sta-
ble operation over a wide range of supply
and output voltages. A ground-based refer-
enced voltage feedback (FB) pin serves as the
input for several LED protection features. A
frequency adjust pin allows the design engi-
neer to program the frequency over the 100-
kHz to 1-MHz range to optimize efficiency,
performance or external component size.
The LT3956 senses the output current at
the high side of the LED string. High side
sensing is the most flexible scheme for driv-
ing LEDs, allowing boost-, buck-, or buck-
boost-mode configurations. You can also
use the PWM input to support dimming
with ratios up to 3000:1, or the CTRL input
for analog dimming.
Smart headlights
The high-end of the automotive segment is
Among other advancements, the LED 90
industry is moving to support higher driver 88
current. Higher current equates to more 86
84
lumen output from each source and the
82
ability to use fewer LEDs in a headlight.
80
Still such designs will require attention to 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
efficiency because all of the electrical sys- Input voltage (V)
tems delivered in new autos result in even
stricter power budgets for subsystems such FIG. 3. LED efficiency varies with input
as headlights. voltage
Consider a design that utilizes seven controller is the key to the driver IC oper-
LEDs driven at 2A. The output voltage of the ating from inputs above, equal to, or below
driver must be in the 25V range yielding a the output voltage. Such operation is neces-
50W design. Again the driver must operate sary in stop/start, cold crank and load dump
from a variable input voltage. scenarios. The converter must seamlessly
Fig. 2 depicts one possible design. The transition between buck, pass-through and
LT3791 implements a synchronous buck- boost operating modes. Fig. 3 depicts the
boost DC/DC LED driver that can deliver operating modes and efficiency relative to
over 100W with an input range of 4.7V to the input voltage.
60V. The regulated 2A drive current is pro- The circuit depicted in Fig. 2 can be aug-
vided by a single inductor. mented with PWM or analog dimming
The integrated four-switch, buck-boost capabilities to support desired features

VIN
CIN
4.7V to 58V RIN
C3 VIN 2.2 F
0.003 INTVCC
1 F CVCC 100V
R7 TEST2 D1 D2 4.7 F 4
50 BST2
IVINN C2 COUT
C7 BST1 0.1 F
R1 R5 4.7 F
470 nF TG1 M1 C1
332k IVINP M4 1M 50V
0.1 F 4
EN/UVLO SWI
R2 OVLO L1 10 h R6
121k INTVCC BG1 M2 M3 44.2k
LT3791
R9 R10
SNSP
200k 200k RSENSE
R3 SHORTLED
1M 0.004 RLED
OPENLED SNSN
PGND 0.05
R4 PWM
54.9k IVINMON 25 V LED
ISMON BG2 2A
CLKOUT SW2
VREF TG2
C8
R11 FB
0.1F
1M ISP
CTRL ISN
R12 TEST1 PWMOUT
237k SS SYNC VC RT SGND
RC R8
CSS 2.2k 86.6k
CC 300 kHz M5
10 nF
10 nF
3791 TA02a

FIG. 2. Driver delivers 2A to 7-LED string.

104 APRIL/MAY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

 design forum | DRIVING LEDS

VIN
VIN FIG. 4. Driver design
EN/UVLO EN/UVLO
12V that delivers 20A of
PWM PWM 1 F 220 F
CTRL_SEL CTRL_SEL continuous LED Current.
RT HG M1
82.5k 100 nF
SYNC L1 OUTPUT
CBOOT can handle very high drive
1.0 H 2.5 m 20A MAXIMUM
SW currents. The key in HB
LT3743 C1 D1
VREF VCC_INT 330 F 1 F LED driver design is deliv-
22 F 10 10 3
2.2 nF ering the necessary lumens
50k CTRL_L LG M2 33 nF C3 of light output from the
330 F
RHOT
GND
3 lowest possible level of
CTRL_H M3
499 50k SENSE+ power w ithout causing
SENSE- M4
significant thermal design
CTRL_T PWMGH
constraints. The driver
RNTC PWMGL
10k SS 60.4k knowledge base, and the
10 nF FB driver IC selection, is rap-
C2 idly expanding to match
VCL VCH 10k
330 F
3 3743 TA02 the breadth of the LED
34k 34k
options. Carefully choose a
4.7 nF 4.7 nF topology and implementa-
tion for your specific appli-
cation, and you can deliver
such as automated dimming in an automobile. Efficiency tops out the energy efficiency, performance, and long life attributes now
at 98% and is above 90% across the bulk of the input voltage range. expected in SSL.

High-current LED applications

There are still other end market applications that require even
greater drive current for LEDs, some with currents in excess of
10A. Examples include DLP projectors, laser drivers, and archi-
tectural or entertainment lighting. However, delivering currents
LED DRIVERS
greater than 10A can bring a host of design problems, not the least Why accept a generic, compromised,
of which is the thermal management aspects within the end prod-
OTS driver when you can easily,
uct itself.
Indeed an application such as a DLP projector brings additional quickly, and cost effectively have a
requirements. Such a projector must mix colors and therefore custom driver optimized to your
requires a driver that can change current output level quickly to LEDs, lumenaire, and application?
precisely control color mixing.
The LT3743 enables three-state current control which makes it Powerbox provides custom, high reliability,
a good match for the previously-mentioned, color-mixing require- single and multiple output, LED driver
ments of DLP projectors. The circuit supports very fast (<2 sec) tran- solutions from 10 to 1,000 watts, in CV or CC
sition time between current levels that optimizes color mixing res- with various dimming options, with inputs
olution. That same capability supports very fast current pulsing in from 100 to 480 VAC, conversion efficiencies
laser driver applications. up to 94%, and ambient temperature
You can realize the current states and use the dimming capabil- operation from 40C to +80C. Powerbox USA
ity in the circuit. The LT3743 offers both PWM and CTRL_SELECT is also an ITAR approved manufacturer.
analog dimming, enabling 3,000:1 dimming capability at three sep-
arate LED current levels. The driver design maintains current accu-
racy of +6%.
In terms of thermal issues, the driver design can simplify the ther-
mal-mitigation problem via efficiency. The LEDs must still be cooled. Powerbox USA
But the circuit in Fig. 4 delivers electrical efficiency as high as 95%, 303-439-7220
thereby eliminating any need for external heat sinking on the driver www.powerbox.se/ssl
and significantly simplifying the thermal design of the system. Light Fair booth #1424
Manufacturers of LEDs now offer packaged LEDs over a broad
range of operational characteristics including larger emitters that

LEDsmagazine.com APRIL/MAY 2012 105

PRODUCT showcase TO PROMOTE YOUR PRODUCT HERE, PLEASE CONTACT MARY DONNELLY
AT maryd@pennwell.com, JOANNA HOOK AT joannah@pennwell.com
OR ALLISON O'CONNOR AT allison@jagmediasales.com

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_____________

106 APRIL/MAY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

PRODUCT showcase TO PROMOTE YOUR PRODUCT HERE, PLEASE CONTACT MARY DONNELLY
AT maryd@pennwell.com, JOANNA HOOK AT joannah@pennwell.com
OR ALLISON O'CONNOR AT allison@jagmediasales.com

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LEDsmagazine.com APRIL/MAY 2012 107

last word
LED wafer bonding is enabling when
used properly
LED manufacturers must choose the appropriate materials and processes to fight
low yields, writes THOMAS UHRMANN of EV GROUP.
I
n my discussions with LED manufactur-
ers in different regions of the world, I have
found that engineers are confronting sim-
ilar challenges concerning wafer bonding,
particularly in the processing of vertical
LED (VLED) chips. VLEDs offer certain key
advantages over their lateral LED counter-
parts, though the lateral approach is a sim-
pler process. I will present the differences
both in terms of processing and the optimi-
zation of light output between vertical and
lateral LEDs.
Both LED designs begin with the epitax-
ial growth of GaN on a sapphire substrate.
However, all subsequent processes differ. In
a lateral LED design, the sapphire remains
a part of the GaN LED stack. Since sapphire
is a perfect insulator, both contacts to the
LED diode structure must be formed at the
topside of the LED die.
As a result, valuable device real estate
is consumed by the electrical connections.
Doing a simple back-of-the-envelope calcu-
lation of surface loss for a 4-inch LED wafer,
assuming 300x300-m die and 100x100-m
wire-bonding pads reveals that each diode
contact, to p-doped and n-doped GaN, con-
sumes about 10 percent of the wafer surface,
which is quite significant.
In contrast, with VLEDs, GaN epitaxy is
followed by full-wafer deposition of a metal-
fi lm stack followed by wafer bonding with a
carrier substrate. Since one electrical con-
tact is the bonding layer itself and hence
buried inside the LED stack, manufacturers
of VLEDs immediately save the aforemen-
tioned 10% of real estate. In addition, elec-
trical injection is more efficient for VLEDs,
where their lateral relatives have difficulties,
108 APRIL/MAY 2012
especially when current density is increased.
Optimizing light output
However, optimizing the real estate and the
electrical efficiency is only one aspect of the
process: getting the light output from the LED
remains the challenge. In GaN-based LEDs,
the crystal planes of the GaN lead to a con-
centrated light emission normal to the sap-
phire's c-plane, i.e., normal to the LED sur-
face. In lateral LED designs, photons also
couple into the transparent sapphire wafer
so that light is also emitted from the LEDs
sidewalls. Since losses are higher, efficiency
is decreased.
To increase light output in VLEDs, a
metallic mirror is deposited prior to the
metal bonding layers, leading to the redi-
rection of emitted light to the LED surface.
Optimization of light extraction is further
enabled by creating a resonant cavity in
combination with surface roughening. In
addition to improved light extraction effi-
ciency, the light is well directed.
Samsung Electronics) and Bridgelux have
Added complexity
If the benefits are so profound, why dont all
manufacturers produce VLEDs? Well, in addi-
tion to the more complex patent situation, the
wafer bonding step needs to be well under-
stood to achieve high process yield. In VLEDs,
the bonding layer is multifunctional. It acts as
electrical contact to the p-GaN, therefore con-
ductivity needs to be high to reduce ohmic
losses. In addition, the bonding layer transfers
wasted heat from the LED to the heat sink.
From a material standpoint, many eutec-
tic metal systems (e.g. Au:Sn) or diff usion
solders (e.g. Au:In) fulfill these require-
ments. However, each presents different
processing requirements. The chosen metal
system determines the bonding tempera-
ture. Because the sapphire substrate and
the carrier substrates have quite different
coefficients of thermal expansion, a metal
system with low bonding temperature will
keep strain at a more manageable level. The
selection of these layers is beyond the scope
of this article, but typically metal layers such
as platinum, aluminium and gold and com-
binations of these materials are used.
Next, adhesion and diffusion barriers have
to be chosen to contain the diff usive metals
from the injection contacts or mirror layer of
the LED structure. The correct choices will
result in a high-yield layer transfer process.
GaN-on-silicon: the rookie
The potential use of GaN-on-silicon in LED
manufacturing is an exciting prospect that
seems likely to come to fruition in the next
several years. Announcements by Osram
Opto Semiconductors, Samsung LED (now
indicated that companies are two to three
years from entering mass production, with
laboratory LED efficiencies comparable to
LEDs on sapphire. With a silicon substrate,
wafer bonding provides one of the enabling
steps of transferring the LEDs after growth.
Wafer bonding is a sophisticated pro-
cess that requires extensive knowledge of
material science. However, given the right
material selection and process expertise, it
can prove enabling when bringing up sta-
ble, next-generation LED manufacturing
processes.
MORE: EV Group (www.evgroup.com)
LEDsmagazine.com
New Market
Reviews and Forecasts
Available Now!
NEW!
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Strategies Unlimited has been researching the LED

market since 1994. Find out more about our complete
market reports on the overall LED market, LEDs for
lighting, and LED lighting fixtures and more!

Market analysis and forecast reports include:

High-Brightness LEDs

LED Outdoor Area and Street Lighting

LED Driver ICs

LED Luminaires

LED Replacement Lamps

China Upstream LED Market

...and more!

For more information contact

Tim Carli at: +1 (650) 946 3163,
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Strategies Unlimited
MARKET INTELLIGENCE


LEDs & Lighting Media Group

Strategies Unlimited
MARKET INTELLIGENCE 

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 Smart lighting
stars on
LEED Platinum
campus

M AY 2 0 1 2 S M A R T S U S TA I N A B L E L I G H T I N G www.illuminationinfocus.com
 contents/pr
MARKETS
Innovation guides LEDs to success in a slow
lighting market In a down year for lighting in general, the
LED lighting market almost doubled to $9.4 billion in 2011 spurred
by innovation and efficiency.

INSTALLATIONS
Smart lighting stars on LEED Platinum campus
Efficient light sources combined with adaptive controls allowed the
University of California at Davis to achieve LEED Platinum status
for a student housing complex on its Fullerton campus.

LEGACY SOURCES
Fluorescent technology makes significant
efficiency gains Super T8 lamps, electronic ballasts, and lighting
controls make fluorescent sources a tough technology to best when
the primary measure is energy efficiency.

CONTROLS
Integrate lighting and building controls to
maximize savings Building and business owners have largely
considered lighting systems separately from building systems such
as HVAC, but new networks will integrate support for all systems
and save more energy.

EVENTS
Lightfair International yields compelling new OLED
and LED luminaires Solid-state lighting again shined the brightest
at Lightfair International with new luminaires showing off the freedom of
form that comes without the traditional limitation of lamp and socket.

GUIDELINES
Model Lighting Ordinance provides area-lighting
guidelines Lighting designers and building owners face growing pains
as they learn to follow and adapt to the intricacies of the Model Lighting
Ordinance developed by the International Dark-Sky Association and IESNA.

AWARDS
The DOE and IES announce the 2012 indoor
lighting NGL winners Innovative form factors, reliability elements,
light quality, and serviceability played key roles for the astute judging
panel that evaluated the indoor-lighting products selected as winners in
the Next Generation Luminaires competition.

1 MAY 2012 www.illuminationinfocus.com Illumination In Focus

 Smart sustainable lighting
Imagine complete freedom in terms of form. Consider adaptive controls
that understand your desires without you explicitly expressing them.
Hope for technology that enhances our wellbeing. Dream about lower
electric bills and a smaller carbon footprint savings to our wallets and
lifeblood to our childrens world. Transition to technologies that can be
supported by renewable energy sources. Commit to protecting the night
sky and the myriad unknown impacts to humans, animals and plants
from broken circadian cycles. What is the central theme here? Lighting

eview
smart sustainable lighting.
Welcome to the lighting revolution and welcome to Illumination in Focus
magazine a new resource from the publisher of LEDs
Magazine designed to help you succeed in the new world
of lighting. New light sources, freedom from the lamp and
We really socket, and pervasive electronics are transitioning what
have no has been a stagnant technology space and making it one

choice as a of the most dynamic technology stories in history. The

lighting industry players that grasp the coming change,
society but and proactively act upon it, will become the leaders
to innovate of a new industry that scarcely resembles the old one.
in lighting. Illumination in Focus magazine will chronicle what promises
to be a thrill ride of change.
Our new publication will enable those with the
innovative thinking, drive, and technical savvy to succeed.
We plan to offer a broad scope of information thats critical to lighting
designers, specifiers, architects, lighting manufacturers, facility managers,
municipal officials, and end users. We will cover applications ranging from
task to architectural, implementations from lamps to light that pervades the
fabric of our surroundings, and every market segment from residential to
commercial.
Illumination in Focus will launch a quarterly magazine with a July
issue that will be delivered electronically in PDF format. At launch we
are targeting a circulation of approximately 25,000 readers from North
America. In addition to the quarterly magazine, Illumination in Focus will
include a dedicated website and weekly e-newsletter.
Illumination in Focus will come to you courtesy of the same team that
has long produced LEDs Magazine, serving thousands of readers that
specify, design, and manufacture LED-based products for a wide range
of end-use applications.
We really have no choice as a society but to innovate in lighting. We face
a global energy crisis, and lighting consumes a disproportionately large share.
Indeed there is a new mantra in the world of lighting innovate or
perish. For those of you that plan to do the former, please join us for what
will surely be a wild but fulfilling journey.
Visit www.illuminationinfocus.com/subscribe for a free subscription.
Maury Wright, EDITOR

Illumination In Focus www.illuminationinfocus.com MAY 2012 2

 Markets

Innovation guides
LEDs to success
in a slow lighting
market
By Maury Wright

In a down year Vrinda Bhandarkar, director of research for LED lighting at Strategies Unlimited,
reported LED Lighting revenue of $9.4 billion in 2011 and projected an industry
for lighting in wide compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20% through 2016. The industry re-
general, the LED port and forecast came at the Strategies in Light conference in a talk entitled Global

lighting market Lighting Transformation. Bhandarkar stated, The rate at which we use energy now
is unsustainable, and that energy-conservation theme pervaded the discussion on
almost doubled the uptake of LED-based solid-state lighting (SSL). Its both energy efficiency and in-

to $9.4 billion in novation, in terms of light control and freedom of form factor, that will drive SSL to
the top of the lighting market. Already the LED lighting industry has experienced tre-
2011 spurred by mendous growth. Bhandarkar said, In just 3 years the market has grown 3.5 times.
innovation and SSL revenue climbed from the $2.7 billion range in 2008 to the $9.4 billion figure.
Bhandarkar said that more LED lighting products are becoming mainstream and that
efficiency. is in part the impetus of the growth rate.
Ironically, LED lighting is a growing segment within a declining lighting market.
Bhandarkar said, In 2011, the general lighting market declined in the US and Europe
but the global SSL market grew by 69%. Bhandarkar placed SSL as penetrating only
5-10% of the general lighting market, providing the headroom for LED-based lighting
to experience the tremendous growth.
SSL is impacting a number of application segments. Bhandarkar said, The com-
mercial and industrial segments have been the highest growth segments. Combined
in the projections, commercial and industrial accounted for 15% of the SSL revenue
in 2011. Some niches such as portable lighting including flashlights are essentially
100% LED based at this point. Retrofit lamps accounted for only 13% of the revenue
in 2011 down percentage wise from 15% in 2010. But the retrofit numbers are way
up in terms of actual revenue due to the overall market growth.

SSL doubles in one year

The market almost doubled from $5.5 billion in 2010 to the 2011 level of $9.4 bil-
lion. Bhandarkar summed up the state of SSL saying, No one is questioning whether
LEDs will be there or not. The former skepticism of the technology has largely disap-
peared and the primary driver for SSL uptake is energy efficiency.
Product-specific market statistics offer insight into the growth market. Bhandarkar
said the price of SSL downlights, retrofit lamps, and street lights dropped 15-20% in

3 MAY 2012 www.illuminationinfocus.com Illumination In Focus

Ingrained step and
ambient lighting
(Winona Lighting)
2011. Globally, she said the industry sold
23 million LED-based recessed down-
lights. She said that those sales were not
only in the US and Europe but also in Ja-
pan and other parts of Asia.
Different lighting segments and mar-
ket factors are driving uptake of differ-
ent SSL product types. Bhandarkar said
that the commercial segment has driven
adoption of directional LED PAR lamps.
Illumination In Focus www.illuminationinfocus.com
Price is far more important for omnidi-
rectional A19 lamps where consumers
will ultimately become the driving force
and where retailers establishing new
low pricing levels will gate deployment.
Bhandarkar said, People could think
about a $10 bulb implying a threshold
at which the typical consumer would
consider LED lighting and which was
achieved in low-end lamps in 2011.
David Ziolkowski, HOK/Winonia Lighting
Efficiency drives LED uptake
There are numerous reasons that SSL
will continue on a growth path, accord-
ing to Bhandarkar, but most come back
to efficiency. She pointed out the widely-
debated DOE efficiency guidelines
that have taken effect in the US requir-
ing more-efficient A-lamps. Moreover,
other countries and regions including
the UK, Korea, the European Union,
MAY 2012 4
Canada, Australia, and others are
implementing lamp-efficiency
requirements.
Long term, Bhandarkar projects
SSL as the only clearly viable solu-
tion to the energy issue. She said
many people expect a transition to
halogen sources, but that increas-
ingly-stringent guidelines in the
US would result in a phase-out of
halogen between 2014 and 2016.
Fluorescent technologies including lighting-company market
compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) also strategies and application
have a shaky future. Bhandarkar said scenarios. Bhandarkar pro-
that in general fluorescent technology jected CAGR growth of 19%
provides a good quantity of light, rea-for luminaires through 2016
and 23% for retrofit lamps.
sonable efficiency, and in some products
Planar SSL offers
But remember that the ret-
acceptable light quality. Still, she noted
design freedom
rofit lamp market is growing
that low cost has been the driver of all (GE Lighting)
from a lower revenue base.
fluorescent lighting usage. And the rare-
earth quotas being imposed by China Bhandarkar said the big-
are raising fluorescent pricing levels.gest uncertainty in the pro- Bhandarkar concluded by point-
Moreover, SSL offers additional jection is the impact of price declines. ing out that the LED retrofit market
characteristics that can compound en- She said, Frankly we do not know will quickly become a commodity mar-
ergy savings and enable innovation in how the market will react to price de- ket. She said that all factors includ-
form factors. She said, LEDs become clines. The projected combined CAGR ing rebates and purchase incentives are
the most flexible technol- for all SSL products is 20% pushing the segment toward commod-
ogy that can use con- through 2016. itization, low cost, and broad adoption.
trols easily and of Bhandarkar said that Bhandarkar said, If you are going to
course controls and her projections rely on be in the lamps market, you have to be
dimming increase less aggressive estima- part of the mass market.
the potential for en- tion of price decline rela- Bhandarkar sees the luminaire mar-
ergy savings. The di- tive to data that the DOE ket quite differently, noting that we
rectionality of LEDs has presented. The DOE are just at the stage of having lighting
further allow lamp and has used a relative cost in- manufacturers install LED sources in
luminaire designers to dex of 100 to represent the legacy form factors. She expects LEDs,
eliminate wasted light. cost of an LED-based lamp as a disruptive technology, to result
or luminaire in 2010. By 2015 in new form factors and new ways of
LED lighting projections the DOE projects a reduction thinking about light. Bhandarkar said,
All of the above factors of 80% to a relative index of For the first time you have control
lead to some rather posi- 20. Bhandarkar expects a more over quantity of light. You can tweak
tive projections. Bhan- moderate 13-15% decline the quantity of light. And you can
darkar separates the each year, and that would control it wherever you want. Those
LED retrofit lamp and equate to an index in the factors, according to Bhandarkar, pro-
luminaire segments L Prize lamp range of 38 to 43 in the vide LEDs with a tremendous advan-
noting the different delivers 90+ lm/W DOEs relative measure. tage over other light sources.
(Philips Lighting)
5 MAY 2012 www.illuminationinfocus.com Illumination In Focus
 OV EA
R
ER EN LY-
3, D BIR
00 JU D
0 NE DI
AT 1 SC
TE 8, OU
______________
______________ ND 20 N
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SI
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20
11

ANNOUNCING THE 2012 SPEAKER LINE UP

Featuring the industrys most esteemed thought leaders and specialized experts from companies such as:

  

    



   

For the latest line up, please visit ______________

SECURE YOUR PLACE REGISTER ONLINE TODAY!

Owned and Produced by: Supported by: Events:

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MARKET INTELLIGENCE
 
 CREE CR SERIES TROFFERS:
2x4, 1x4 and 2x2 Architectural Form Factors

2000-5000 lumens | 90-110 LPW | 3000K, 3500K & 4000K at 90 CRI

50,000
0 hour minimum
m lifetime | Recessed
c or surface mount
n
withh accessory kit | Dimming
D standard

NEW! CREE CR SERIES LIGHT ENGINE:

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2000-5000 lumens | 90-110 LPW | 3000K, 3500K & 4000K

0 at 90
9 CRI
0 hour minimum
50,000 m lifetime | Suspended or surface mount
withh accessory kit | Dimming
D standard

COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL LED LIGHTING

ITS PAYBACK TIME.

Cree CR Series Troffers are
powered by Cree TrueWhite
Technology, a revolutionary
way to create beautiful,
energy efficient white light
Now you can get the proven performance, light quality and efficiency
of the revolutionary Cree CR Series Troffers in a light engine designed
for industrial and warehouse settings.
Constructed for easy retrofit and installation, the affordable Cree CR
Series delivers energy and maintenance savings paired with beautiful
90 CRI light for a more productive and safer work environment.
Choose Cree CR Series Troffers for a quick payback on your investment
and a lifetime of savings.

Become an LED revolutionary!

Whatever your project, whatever your budget, visit CreeLighting.com
to learn more about how we can accomplish your goal together.

Visit Cree at Lightfair booth 3008 to see how were

revolutionizing LED lighting.