International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169

Volume: 5 Issue: 5 393 395

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Analysis of Channel Models for Memory Less Nonlinear System

Er. Sukhwinder Partap Rana1 Er. Harisharan Aggarwal2

Research Scholar Head of Department
Department: Electronics & Communication Engineering Department: Electronics & Communication Engineering
Guru Gobind Singh College of Engg. & Technology Guru Gobind Singh College of Engg. & Technology
Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo
Bathinda (PB) Bathinda (PB)
sp_rana72@yahoo.com hs5555@rediffmail.com

Abstract-- OFDM technology has become the foundation technology of Digital communication system. The high power amplifier can
effectively improve the peak-average power ratio of OFDM system, but with deprived linear performance. In this paper focus to improve linear
performance of Memory less non linear system, analyzes the two different channel models i.e. Saleh Model and Rapp Model for their
characteristics and presents a construction method by the corresponding nonlinear performance curve, and then presents a design of pre-distorter
which can improve system linear performance. The nonlinear performance curve is used to do the simulation. The paper presents result for both
models.

Keywords---Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, Peak To Average Power Ratio, Inter Carrier Crosstalk, Wideband Code Division
Multiple Access.
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I. INTRODUCTION simulated and their performance has been evaluated on the

In present Scenario OFDM technology which has high
signal spectrum efficiency and strong resistance to inter-
symbol interference (ISI) has become the core technology of
DTMB system. While OFDM signals are composed of
multiple independent modulated subcarrier signals and
produced signals may produce high peak to average power
ratio (PAPR) [1]. When signals go through a nonlinear
amplifier with maximum power, the power amplifier
nonlinearity will roots to serious distortion of the signals and
destroy the orthogonality between users, and results in inter-
carrier crosstalk (ICI). So, power amplifier with maximum
efficiency has become the focus of OFDM system. Though
the power amplifier is with high efficiency, its linear
performance is unsatisfactory. Therefore its a need that
power amplifier adopt appropriate linearization techniques
to improve the linearity power amplifier. Among the various
linearization techniques use of pre-distortion technology is a
better choice [2]. To construct the pre-distorter successfully,
one should provide appropriate nonlinear model of power
amplifier firstly. Consequently, the nonlinear model of
power amplifier plays a very significant role in the entire
pre-distortion design system. Family of Models have also
been presented by various researchers. Empirical Models of
Nonlinearity such as Saleh Model, Rapp Model, have also
been studied briefly. Various parameter extraction
techniques for nonlinear models such as three box model,
memory less and memory polynomial model have been
IJRITCC | May 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
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basis of modeling accuracy.
The paper has been organized as follows:
introduction to Channel Models in section I, Basics of Saleh
Model And Rapp Model has been presented in section II &
III respectively, simulation results have been disused in
section IV and section V is the conclusion.
II. SALEH MODEL
In this model, nonlinearity is defined using a model that
needs only four parameters. Originally, this model was used
to model TWT amplifier but it has also been used to model
solid-state power amplifiers. In this model, the AMAM and
AMPM characteristics of the amplifier are given by [3]:
a ( f ) A
F [ A, f ]
1 a ( f ) A2 (1)
and
( f ) A2
( A, f )
1 ( f ) A2 (2)
Here a , , a and denote the parameter, of the model
,generally, which are frequency dependent. These
parameters represent the hardness of the nonlinear
characteristics and can be adjusted to give the desired
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 5 393 395
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
nonlinear characteristics. If A is very large, F(A) is
proportional to 1/ A and ( A) approaches a constant [4].
The Saleh model reduces to the memoryless case
when the model parameters are frequency independent. In
this case, the complex envelope of the output of the
amplifier is given by

a x (t ) x (t )
2

y (t ) exp j (t )
2
1 a x (t )
2

1 x (t )

(3)

III. RAPP MODEL

Fig. 1 Nonlinear Characteristics Produced By Using
The Rapp models have a memory less nonlinearity with no Rapp Model
AMPM conversion [6]. The Rapp model is given by
(t )
Gx
(t )
y 1/ 2 p
(t )
2 p
1 x
Vsat

(4)
V
Here G defines the linear gain of the amplifier, sat defines
the saturation input voltage and p is a parameter that
represents the hardness of the nonlinear characteristics. The
Rapp model converges to a hard-limiter model when p
approaches infinity.

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Fig. 2 AM-AM Nonlinear Characteristics Produced By
For the evaluation of the performance of communication
Using Saleh Model. .
system and implementation of nonlinear models, MATLAB
is used as a tool. The simulation of performance metrics is
based on the measurement of the autocorrelation function
and the power spectral density of the output of nonlinearity
for different input signals. The autocorrelation functions are
computed from time autocorrelation functions by assuming
ergodicity, which is a valid assumption for most
communication signals.
A memoryless nonlinearity can be produced by
simulation using one of the empirical nonlinear models such
as the Saleh and Rapp models. These models can be used to
produce nonlinear characteristics over a range of input
power by controlling the parameters of the nonlinear model
such as the , parameters of the Saleh model and the p
parameter of the Rapp model. Figure 1 shows nonlinear
characteristics produced by using Rapp model and Figure 2
and Figure 3 shows the AM-AM and AM-PM nonlinear Fig. 3 AM-PM Nonlinear Characteristics Produced
characteristics produced by using Saleh model. By Using Saleh Model.

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IJRITCC | May 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 5 393 395
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
signal. The main advantage is the simplification of the
model as there is no requirement to model even order
nonlinearities.

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system has no information of past events and therefore the

present output signal is only a function of present input

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