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OBS: the modern sharks have an eixterative set of extrabranchial cartilages resembling
lamprey branchial basket interative cartilages of the lampreys branchial basket cannot
have given rise to the inner cartilages of the jaws and gill supports because both exist in
modern sharks
- de Beer: showed paired medial structures that were thought to represent the
mandibular and hyoid precursors of the cartilaginous jaws (development of the
vertebrate skull in the lamprey
- in jawed vertebrates, development of the jaw cartilages and the hyoid precedes that
of the pharyngeal arches
- the serial, medial pharyngeal cartilaginous skeleton in a secondary evolutionary
acquisition
- Galeaspida and Osteostraci are dead jawed-vertebrates more closely related to
extant jawed than the lamprey
- Long et all: because sclerotic bones appear in fossil species before bones of the jaws
and arepresentin both the jawless Osteostraci and in extant jawed forms, they are
potential candidates to develop bone in the lower jaw
Respiratory turbinates = temporal counter current exchanger te reduce heat and water loss
in expired air (located in nasal cavity)
Called conchae in birds
- their loss in some bird species show that they are not necessary in avian endothermy
(if heat and water savings can occur in the trachea)
- originally, they might have had a role in brain cooling
- hair and feathers might have a role in sensitivity, requiring an enlargement of the
sensorimotor cortex in synapsids and archosaurus and contributed to the increasing resting
metabolic rate
- basal metabolic rates of endotherms is 6-10 times higher than the standard metabolic rate
of similarly sized ectotherms at equivalent body temperature
- RT have been lost only in aquatic mammals (cetaceans), and reduced in warm, humid
climate living mammals (primates); lost in diving birds (pelicaniform species)
- might depend on the trachea length (but maybe its length might be related to vocalisation)
- in extant mammals play a role in heat dissipation and selective brain cooling during heat
stress; in birds, the nose plays a small role; more important is the heat lost through the eyes
- the drop in atmospheric level of oxygen at the end of the Triassic would have resulted in
elevated ventilation rates