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March 2011
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VOLUME 19, ISSUE 3
Gas turbine manufacturers are aiming for both operational As the power industry looks to go beyond ultra-
flexibility and high efficiency. An update on the latest supercritical technology what does this mean for the
advances in gas turbine technology is presented here. industry workhorse, the steam turbine?
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The new easYgen-2000TM gen-set control knows how to improve the energy e-
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CONTENTS
www.peimagazine.com Volume 19 Issue 3 March 2011
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The inaugural Power Engineering
International Gas & Steam Turbine
)/(;,%,/,7<96()),&,(1&< 5$,6,1*7+(%$5 Directory special issue (directory
Gas turbine manufacturers are aiming for both operational
flexibility and high efficiency. An update on the latest
advances in gas turbine technology is presented here.
As the power industry looks to go beyond ultra-
supercritical technology what does this mean for the
industry workhorse, the steam turbine?
starts on p.24).
Photo credits: GE, Alstom
Features
HVDC Technology 16 Gas & Steam Turbine Technical Specifications 36
ABB claims the fourth generation of its HVDC Light technology marks PEi presents key performance data of both gas and steam turbines
an important advance in high voltage direct current technology, and in (larger than 1 MW) from manufacturers across the globe in an easy to
enabling it to contribute to the development of DC grids. read, comprehensive format.
20
16 30
PennWell Global Energy Group, The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powdermill Lane, Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN, United Kingdom. Phone: +44 1992 656 600 Fax: +44 1992 656 700 www.peimagazine.com
Chief Editor Heather Johnstone peinews@pennwell.com Deputy Editor Tim Probert peinews@pennwell.com Associate Editor Nigel Blackaby peinews@pennwell.com Production Editor Piers Evans
Advertisement Sales Manager Anthony Orfeo anthonyo@pennwell.com Advertisement Sales Manager Asif Yusuf asify@pennwell.com Studio Manager Karl Weber peiadverts@pennwell.com
Design Michael Wickers Production Daniel Greene Group Publisher Ralph Boon Corporate Headquarters PennWell Corporation, 1421 S. Sheridan Road, Tulsa , OK 74112 USA Telephone: +1 918 835 3161
Fax: +1 918 831 9834 Sr. VP Audience Development and Book Publishing Gloria Adams Audience Development Manager Janet Orton Chairman Frank T. Lauinger President/CEO Robert F. Biolchini
Circulation and subscriber enquiries P.O. Box 3264, Northbrook, IL 60065-3264 USA Tel: +1 847 559 7501 Fax: +1 847 291 4816 E-mail: pei@omeda.com
Power Engineering International, ISSN 1069-4994, is published eleven times a year by PennWell Global Energy Group, The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powdermill Lane, Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN, UK.
Tel: +44 1992 656 600. Fax: +44 1992 656 700. Copyright 2011 by PennWell Corporation, 1421 S. Sheridan Rd., Tulsa, OK 74112, USA. All rights reserved.
Subscriptions/circulation and reader enquiry office: Power Engineering International, PO BOX 3264, Northbrook, IL. 60065-3264, U.S.A. Paid annual subscription rates: Worldwide $59 Digital Version. E.U. $170,
United Kingdom $140. All other countries $210. Single or back copies: $26 for all regions.
USA circulation only: Power Engineering International, Periodicals POSTAGE PAID at Rahway NJ. Subscription price is $210 Periodicals Postage Paid at Rahway NJ. Postmaster send address corrections to:
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Power Engineering International is a registered trademark of PennWell Corporation. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Power Engineering International, PO BOX 3264, Northbrook, IL. 60065-3264. U.S.A.
Member American Business Press Business Publications Audit3
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UP FRONT
I
t gives me great pleasure to introduce the inaugural Power for cycling applications and this presents a challenge for the power
Engineering International Gas & Steam Turbine Directory issue. industry.
Gas and steam turbines are the workhorses of the power The directory pages starting on p.36 present key performance data
industry, providing reliable baseload and peaking power for electrical of both gas and steam turbines from manufacturers across the globe,
grids and for distributed energy the world over. As the proliferation while the Products and Services section (p.42) features an extensive
of intermittent renewable energy increases, the role of fast-starting, list of providers to the gas turbine industry.
efficient, cost-effective gas and steam turbines has never been so The Company A to Z, which begins on p. 52, comprises an
important. alphabetical listing of companies, with their full contact details.
Therefore, the introduction into the Power Engineering International Paul Breezes highly informative article starting on p.32 provides an
stable of The Gas & Steam Turbine Directory could not be more timely. update on the latest advances in gas turbine technology including the
Ahead of the launch of this directory, Ricardo Cordoba, President new breed of big, high-efficiency gas turbines that edge towards 60
of GE Energy Western Europe & North Africa, said gas turbine per cent efficiency in combined-cycle operation.
technology is set to play a crucial role in securing the worlds long- As Paul notes, however, bigger is not always best. Echoing Ricardo
term energy future. Cordobas comments, there is an increasing trend towards flexibility.
The key will be in regards to flexibility, says Cordoba. Flexible The ever-increasing percentage of renewable energy on the grid brings
power generation allows utilities to match electricity supply to demand inherent instability and creates a need for fast-starting generation to
and flexible technology can reduce total fuel consumption and compensation for these fluctuations.
carbon emissions because it allows utilities to turn down power Meanwhile, ultra-supercritical coal fired plants mark an important
generation when less electricity is needed, and turn it up quickly when development in coal fired power generation. Such plants consume less
more is needed. coal than conventional plants to create the same amount of electricity,
Lothar Balling, head of Siemens gas turbine division, said that in and by using less coal they emit less carbon dioxide per kilowatt
the absence of adequate energy storage systems the only solution is generated.
the increased use of specially designed combined-cycle gas plants in Chris Webbs article starting on p.24 looks at the challenges this
two-shift operation, i.e. startup and shutdown on a daily basis, and creates for developments in steam turbine technology.
sometimes several times per day. We hope you find our Gas & Steam Turbine Directory a useful and
Guy Chardon, Alstom Powers chief technology officer, said steam informative tool.
turbines have also been impacted by the push for more efficiency
Kind regards,
and flexibility, and not only in combined-cycle applications. Higher
efficiency demands that the steam cycle have higher temperatures and
pressures.
It is vital, says Chardon, for the steam turbine to accommodate
increased steam parameters. Unfortunately, many steam turbine- Dr Heather Johnstone,
generator designs for power generation have not proven to be suitable Chief Editor
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ANALYSIS
BY TIM PROBERT
N
o amount of public relations spin can ill-fated Fukushima Daiichi plant, will be under This point of view is understandable, but
alter the fact: the disaster which struck pressure to fortify its aging fleet, particularly it is easy to see why television news, radio
the Fukushima Daiichi plant following on the West Coast. The stuttering new build bulletins and newspapers chose to lead with the
an earthquake and subsequent tsunami was an programme, which even before Fukushima had Fukushima incident. As horrific and deadly as
absolute catastrophe for Japan and the nuclear been rather half-hearted, may now grind to a halt they are, humans find it easier to comprehend
power industry. due to a lack of political will to support it. the destructive waves of a tsunami than
On March 11, Tokyo Electric Power Companys Southeast Asia, like Japan, is a region prone to malfunctioning nuclear reactors.
Fukushima Daiichi plant was hit by an earthquake geological instability where environmentalism is Nuclear physics is complex. Radiation
of a magnitude of 9 on the Richter scale and took strong. Politicians in ecologically sensitive nations is invisible. Sensational headlines about
a battering from a subsequent tsunami. like Malaysia, which has plans to build two meltdowns and fallout play to the laymans
When the earthquake struck, all six of the 1000 MW reactors by 2021, may now stand deep, almost irrational fears about nuclear plants
boiling water reactors shut down as expected to gain greatly by opposing nuclear power in going south.
but the tsunami knocked out the back-up power general elections, thus killing off new build plans. Coal plants, for example, throw far more
supply essential to maintain reactor cooling. This Even authoritarian China, which tends to radiation into the air than nuclear reactors, and
set in train a chain of events which, as PEi went to mould public opinion rather than follow it, coal mining kills and injures thousands every
press, caused the worst nuclear power accident announced that it would suspend approving new year. The explosion of the 1984 Union Carbide
since Chernobyl in 1986. nuclear projects until new safety rules are ready. chemical works in Bhopal, India was more
The knives are now being sharpened for the These measures may be mere politicking: many hazardous to human health and killed several
nuclear power industry. After Fukushima, public governments see the value of nuclear power and thousands more than the Chernobyl accident two
approval for nuclear power has reached a low are playing for time while the understandable years later, yet it is the latter which no one forgets.
not seen since 1986 and short-term prospects moral panic subsides. Nuclear power remains a mystery to most
appear bleak. Reactor vendors will be under pressure to re- people. Despite its many advantages, poor PR
Environmentalists were out in force to call evaluate their latest, Generation III designs. Some has always blighted the nuclear power industry.
for nuclear plants to be shut down. Politicians of these reactors promise passive safety systems Perhaps it always will. Nevertheless, the industry
were quick to see the votes to be gained from in the event of a reactor shutdown to keep the has done too little to put across the meticulously
being tough on nuclear power. Almost instantly, cooling system pumps operating. In reality, high safety standards to which nuclear plants
Switzerland placed a moratorium on plans to however, these reactors will still require back-up adhere and the strong record of recent years.
replace its fleet of reactors. power to avoid the potential for core failure. Too late now. Just as the talk of a global
Chancellor Angela Merkel firstly delayed plans For utilities seeking to invest in nuclear there nuclear renaissance was rapidly becoming
to extend the lifetimes of Germanys reactors and will, no doubt, be second thoughts. US utilities reality, the industry has taken a huge blow that
then closed seven reactors built prior to 1980. often talk about betting the firm to build nuclear could set it back by several years. There can be
Any dim flickers of hope that Germany would plants. Costs for nuclear now seem certain to no worse PR for nuclear power than live television
ever commence a programme of new build rise. The risks of a catastrophe which writes off images of not one, not two, but three reactor
nuclear have surely now been extinguished. valuable assets will have to be reconsidered, buildings exploding and mushroom clouds of
Italy voted to close down its nuclear plants in and the industry will watch with interest for any smoke billowing into a clear blue Japanese sky.
1987 following the Chernobyl incident. Ironically potential liability claims from irradiated persons It would be easy to abandon nuclear power.
there is another nuclear referendum scheduled in Japan. For most countries, however, that would be a
in June, planned well before Fukushima, and the Nuclear power stakeholders I spoke to mistake. Most nations do not suffer earthquakes
accident seems certain to boost voter turnout for immediately after the event were pretty angry and tsunamis on the scale of Japan and modern
a national poll on Enels plans to build four of that media coverage of Japans largest on-record reactor technology promises greater safety.
Arevas EPR reactors. earthquake initially focused on the Fukushima Nuclear power remains the most credible source
The US nuclear industry, home to several crisis and not the far greater death and of low-carbon generation offering baseload
boiling water reactors of similar design to the devastation caused by the tsunami. power and energy security.
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INTERNATIONAL
WORLD NEWS
GCC: The GCC Grid Authority
plans to complete the GCC
power grid by the end of 2011,
Kepco to build 1600 MW
according to chairman Isa bin
Hilal Al Kuwari.
gas fired power plant in UAE
Israel: The Palestine Power
Generating Company (PPGC) has A consortium headed by Korea Kepco said in a statement. Work which includes Japanese trading
a licence from the Palestinian Electric Power Corporation on the plant, which will have a company Sumitomo, has signed
Authority to build and operate (Kepco) has signed a $1.43bn capacity of 1600 MW is scheduled a deal to sell electricity to be
a 600 MW power station in the
deal to build a combined-cycle gas to begin next month for completion produced at the plant to Abu
Jenin area. The power station will
initially generate 200 MW. turbine power plant in the UAE in March 2014, Kepco, South Dhabi Water and Electricity
and sell its output for 25 years. Koreas state power company, said. Company (ADWEC), a wholly-
Jordan: Kepco; AES; Acwa Power/ Under the deal with the The construction of the power owned unit of Adwea, for 25
Man Diesel & Turbo; Malakoff Abu Dhabi Water & Electricity plant will be farmed out to South years, the South Korea power
International/Jordan Dubai
Authority (Adwea), the power Koreas Daewoo Engineering firm said. The consortium was
Capital/Consolidated Contractors
Group; Saudi Oger/Korea East- station will be built in Shuweihat, & Construction and Siemens picked as the preferred bidder
West Power; and Sithe Global a city 260 km west of Abu Dhabi, of Germany. The consortium, for the plant in October 2010.
Power Ventures have prequalified
to build a 500-600 MW heavy
fuel oil IPP in Amman East. DEWA invites bids for its first IWPP Tanzania to
Saudi Arabia: Siemens has Dubai Electricity and Water meet rising electricity and secure 200 MW
received a $1bn order from Authority (DEWA) has floated water requirements in Dubai coal plant loan
Al Arrab and Sepco III Electric a tender for its planned large- and, through the involvement
Power to supply equipment for scale Hassyan power and seawater of the private sector, reduce its Tanzania is close to concluding
the 2400 MW Ras Az Zawr power
desalination complex, which will capital expenditure requirements. a $400m loan to finance a 200
plant. The scope includes 12
SGT6-5000F gas turbines. be developed by the private sector. The 1500 MW power station MW coal fired power project amid
The Hassyan complex will be and 120m imperial gallons a day chronic energy shortages in East
Syria: A 280m ($390m), 300 MW implemented on an independent desalination complex will be built Africas second largest economy.
gas fired power plant built by water and power project basis. by 2014 near the Abu Dhabi border The government has extended
Irans Mapna International will
The project will help DEWA and use natural gas as feedstock. nationwide power rationing after
be commissioned in the second
half of 2011. The plant is an a prolonged drought led to a
expansion of the Jandar plant Masdar secures $615m financing for 230 MW deficit on the national
near Homs. An additional grid. It was first announced in
50 MW unit will be commissioned 100 MW concentrating solar plant 2009, when officials said they were
next year.
UAE renewable energy firm Masdar and Abu Dhabi-based Masdar in talks with China for the loan.
Turkey: Wrtsil is to build a has secured $615m of bank financing plan to build a $600m plant, President Jakaya Kikwete
135 MW power plant for Odas for what could become the worlds named Shams 1, which will have said Tanzania was in talks with
Elektrik Uretim, an independent largest concentrated solar power a 100 MW capacity by 2013. private investors for a separate
power producer (IPP), at Urfa. (CSP) plant and $153m equity from Meanwhile, Masdar is expected 300 MW gas fired power plant
The plant, featuring seven
its Spanish and French partners. to invite bids to build its next in the southern town of Mtwara.
18V50SG gas engines, is
scheduled for completion this Frances Total, Spains Abengoa solar project, Noor 1, by early May.
autumn. Jordan to seek
Uganda: The 18 MW Mpanga partner for $5bn
hydropower plant in Kamwenge IPSA agrees PPA to restart nuclear project
district has been commissioned.
The $26m plant is owned by
CHP plant in South Africa
South Asia Energy Management Jordan Atomic Energy
Systems, based in California, USA. Independent power producer which will form 11.6 per cent of Commission (JAEC) is to issue a
IPSA has agreed a power the enlarged share capital, and request for a strategic partner for
Yemen: Indias BHEL has secured
purchase agreement with South announced it had secured a gas its planned $5bn nuclear plant.
a $436m contract to build the
400 MW Marib Gas Power Plant African state utility Eskom supply from Spring Lights Gas. Khaled Toukan, JAECs
Project (Phase II). The project is from its Newcastle gas fired The funds will be used to restart chairman, said the strategic
scheduled to be implemented combined heat and power plant. IPSAs subsidiary Newcastle partners stake in the project will
within 33 months. The UK-based companys power Cogeneration (NewCogen), which range between 50 and 75 per cent.
plant in Newcastle, KwaZulu was hit first by Eskoms refusal The signing of the projects
Yemen: Russias Inter RAO
UES plans to modernize the oil Natal, has been forced to stand idle. to buy its electricity and then contract is expected to take place
fired Al Hiswa power plant by IPSA said it had managed to by a 4m take or pay penalty in 2012, then the construction
increasing its capacity from raise 1m ($1.6m) by placing from Sasol for the gas that it phase would begin in 2014/2015,
50 MW to 125 MW. 12.5m new shares at 0.08 each, had been unable to consume. with commissioning due in 2019.
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EUROPE
WORLD NEWS
Belarus: Minsk has asked Russia
for a government loan of $9bn
for a period of 25 years for the
EU seeks to curb glut in
construction of a 2400 MW
nuclear plant in the Hrodna region
near the Lithuanian border.
carbon emissions permits
Czech Republic: Installed output The European Commission emissions from factories and power according to EU sources, but the
of new photovoltaic plants has proposed culling surplus plants by issuing a fixed quota of climate department view prevailed.
was the third highest in the emissions permits from the permits, which are now in surplus The set aside has been re-inserted
EU and topped 1 GW in 2010,
European Unions Emissions after financial crisis cut pollution, and the levels being considered
behind only Italy and Germany,
according to state media. Trading Scheme (EU ETS) in causing carbon prices to fall. are the same as previously, said
20132020 under a long-term The fate of a plan to remove an unnamed source, referring to
Finland: Another milestone has plan for curbing greenhouse gases. several hundred million tonnes plans to remove 500m800m
been passed in the construction The proposal appeared in the of permits from 20132020 had ETS allowances. Annual allocation
of the first EPR nuclear reactor at
European Commissions Climate appeared uncertain after squabbling to industry totals about 2bn
Olkiluoto 3, with the installation
of all four of the plants steam Roadmap to 2050 published on 8 between the energy and climate EUAs, each equivalent to 1 tonne
generators. Olkiluoto 3 is March. The EU ETS caps carbon departments of the Commission, of carbon dioxide emissions.
expected to start up towards
the end of 2012, with grid
connection in 2013. Spain scraps phase-out of nuclear power Switzerland and
France: Paris has called upon Germany get
state-owned nuclear firms Spain has reversed a policy of phasing a prior government policy of nuclear jitters
Areva and EDF to concentrate out its 7.5 GW of nuclear generation, phasing out the nuclear plants.
on developing the mid-sized 18 per cent of total output, and Spains power grid is almost In response to a series of explosions
1100 MW Atmea nuclear reactor
has renewed operating licences for completely isolated from the rest at Japans Fukushima plant,
to expand export offerings.
Areva is developing the Atmea three of its eight nuclear reactors. of Europe, which makes energy Germany has temporarily shut
reactor with its Japanese partner Spains Congress has ratified security a leading factor in the nuclear plants that predate 1980
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. legislation that extends reactors decision. The financial collapse of while Switzerland has put approvals
operation beyond 40 years in its solar energy subsidy programme for three new plants on hold.
Germany: Siemens is to supply
a complete turnaround from may also have played a role. Seven German nuclear plants
up to 89 wind turbines for
Danish utility DONG Energy for will close at least until June,
the 320 MW Borkum Riffgrund 1 RWE given go-ahead to build giant leaving only ten in operation.
offshore wind farm in the North Chancellor Merkels decision
Sea about 80 km northwest gas fired power plant in UK reverses a recent decision to extend
of Emden and 55 km off the
The UK Department of Energy The plant, with up to four the life of German nuclear plants
German coast.
and Climate Change (DECC) has combined-cycle gas turbine units, beyond their scheduled phase
Italy: The country will install 5 GW approved RWE npower proposals each of about 500 MW, and four out. Switzerland has ordered extra
of solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity to construct a 1bn ($1.62bn), open cycle gas turbine units, brings safety checks at its five nuclear
in 2011, according to industry body 2400 MW gas fired power plant new capacity consented by DECC plants and suspended the approval
GIFI. Total installed PV capacity is
at Willington, South Derbyshire. since May 2010 to 5456 MW. process for three new plants.
seen rising to 15 GW by 2015 from
about 3 GW at the end of 2010.
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ASIA-PACIFIC
WORLD NEWS
Australia: Australia will
introduce a tax on carbon
emissions on 1 July 2012,
Japanese nuclear power plant
in preparation for a trading
programme that could begin as
early as 2015.
catastrophe after tsunami hits
Bangladesh: China National Tokyo Electric Powers (Tepco) took an intense battering power accident since Chernobyl
Technical Import and Export Fukushima 1 nuclear power plant from the subsequent tsunami. in 1986. The reactor buildings
Cooperation and China National in Northeast Japan was crippled When the earthquake struck of units 1, 2 and 3 exploded,
Machinery Import and Export
after the catastrophic loss of its all six of the boiling water caused by a build-up of hydrogen
Corporation have made a
successful offer of $189m reactor cooling systems following reactors shut down as expected in the reactor pressure vessel.
to build a 300 MW dual fuel an earthquake and tsunami. but the tsunami knocked out Tepco technicians battled
peaking power station at On March 11, the east the back-up power supply to cool the reactor core with
Ghorashal, close to Dhaka. coast of Japan was struck by essential to maintain reactor seawater, but radiation levels
an earthquake of a magnitude cooling. This set in train a chain continued to rise. Water in spent
Indonesia: Indonesia will receive
a $500m loan from the Asian of 9 on the Richter scale and of events which, as PEi went to fuel pools evaporated, leading
Development Bank (ADB) to build the Fukushima Daiichi plant press, caused the worst nuclear to fears of a deadly re-criticality.
three geothermal power plants
with a total capacity of 165 MW.
Construction will begin in 2012. Larsen and Toubro to build 375 MW GE to supply
Japan: Chubu Electric Power gas fired plant in Gujurat combined-cycle
Company said it plans to build plant in Pakistan
a 3-4 GW nuclear power plant Indias Larsen & Toubro (L&T) Gujarat, on an EPC basis.
by 2030. The company plans to has received an order worth L&T`s scope includes design, GE will supply two Frame 9FA gas
invest 600800bn yen ($7.3bn
over 11bn rupees ($243m) detailed engineering, supply, turbines and associated generators
$9.7bn) in its overseas power
infrastructure business by 2030. from Gujarat State Electricity installation and commissioning for a 750 MW combined-
Corporation (GSECL) to build a of the complete power plant on cycle power plant in Pakistan.
Kazakhstan: A $46m contract has 375 MW gas fired power plant. a turnkey basis. The plant will The project will be developed
been awarded to a consortium of The plant will be built incorporate gas turbines and by the Pakistan Electric Power
South Korean firms to lay power
Dhuvaran, near Baroda in steam turbines from Siemens. Co. The turbines are expected to
cables. Kepco will work with
Hyundai to construct 327 km of be installed by September 2012.
220 kV lines to connect a hydro Alstom wins order to build 800 MW The plant should be fully
plant by October 2012. operational by mid-2013. GE
CCGT plant in Singapore will also include control systems,
Laos: Vietnams Viet Lao Power
Alstom has been picked by 500m ($689m) EPC contract installation services and performance
has started building a 332 MW
hydropower plant in Laos. The Sembcorp to build a gas fired includes all associated equipment, testing of the turbines. In February
$441m Xekaman power plant is combined-cycle cogeneration plant including a GT26 gas turbine, 2010, GE signed a memorandum of
being built 80 km from the border on Singapores Jurong Island. steam turbine, turbo generator, heat understanding with the government
between the two countries. Construction will be in two recovery steam generator and ALSPA of Pakistan to help meet projected
phases, each of 400 MW. The Series 6 integrated control system. demand of 54 GW by the year 2020.
Malaysia: The federal and Sabah
state governments have scrapped a
plan to build a 300 MW coal fired
power plant on environmental
World Bank: India can generate PetroVietnam to
grounds. State utility Tenaga has 68 GW from renewables build 1200 MW
been asked to come up with an
alternative solution to replace the
coal plant
proposed plant in Lahad Datu. The World Bank said 68 GW The report also suggested that
costing less than 6 rupees ($0.13) renewable energy development PetroVietnam Power Corporation
New Zealand: Canadas per kWh can be generated in India could become an important (PV Power) and PetroVietnam
SNC-Lavalin, in a joint venture from renewable energy sources. tool for regional economic Construction Joint Stock
with Parsons Brinkerhoff and
The study, Potential of development within the country. Corporation (PVC) have won a
McConnell Dowell, will build
a 166 MW geothermal power Renewable Energy in India, The states of Himachal $1.2bn EPC contract for the Thai
project at Te Mihi. The work is to said annual growth in Indias Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir Binh 2 coal plant in Vietnam.
be completed by 2013. electricity demand is expected to and Uttarakhand have 65 per Covering an area of 43 ha in
average 7.4 per cent in the next cent of Indias small hydropower My Loc commune, Thai Thuy
Philippines: San Miguel
25 years. Generation capacity will resources. Much of the district, Thai Binh northern
Corporation plans to expand and
convert its Limay diesel power have to increase five fold to keep economically attractive wind Province, the two-unit, 1200 MW
plant in the Philippines from the pace. Indias installed capacity potential in Orissa or the biomass plant has a total investment of
current 600 MW to a 1200 MW currently stands at about 170 potential in Madhya Pradesh more than $1.6bn. Construction
gas fired plant this year. GW from all sources of energy. is still largely undeveloped. commenced on 1 March.
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Experience
the Power
of Dow Inside
www.dowinside.com
Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company Dow Wire & Cable is a global business unit of The Dow Chemical Company and its subsidiaries.
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AMERICAS
WORLD NEWS
Brazil: The 720 MW Pecm I
coal fired plant is 85 per cent
complete. A 369 MW turbine is
Alstom signs 500m deal to kit
scheduled to operate from July
2011 and a second is set to start
before January 2012.
out Brazils Belo Monte dam
Canada: Ontarios government Alstom has signed a contract In conjunction with Germanys The Belo Monte hydropower
has put proposed offshore wind worth about 500m ($684m) Voith and Austrias Andritz, plant is expected to take eight
projects on hold. No applications with Norte Energia of Brazil Alstom will deliver fourteen years to be built and to meet the
for Renewable Energy Approvals
to provide power equipment 611 MW Francis turbine- electricity needs of 35m people
and feed-in tariff support will
not accepted until environmental for the Belo Monte dam, generator sets and six smaller when operating at full capacity.
research has been completed. the worlds third largest Bulb units. Alstom will also Renewable energy company
hydroelectric power plant with supply seven Francis units, IMPSA of Argentina landed a
Canada: The California Public a planned capacity of 11.23 GW. hydro-mechanical equipment, $450m contract in February
Utilities Commission has
The Belo Monte project as well as associated gas to supply the hydro plant with
approved Pacific Gas and
Electric Companys purchase of will dam the Xingu river in insulated substations for four generating units with a
renewable energy credits through Brazils northern Par state. the 14 large-scale units. combined capacity of 2500 MW.
three 20-year contracts with
Greengate Power for two Alberta
wind projects totalling 450 MW Congress blocks EPAs enforcement IMPSA to build
and due on-line in 2012.
of greenhouse gas regulations large-scale wind
Chile: Atacama Solar, a 250 MW farm in Brazil
project led by the communities The US House of Representatives has Meanwhile, the EPA has said
of Pica and Pozo Almonte, is voted to block the Environmental it will reconsider some aspects IMPSA, an Argentine-based EPC
undergoing environmental impact
Protection Agency (EPA) from of the boiler and commercial/ firm, has signed an agreement
assessment, said El Mercurio.
regulating greenhouse gas emissions industrial solid waste incinerator with Compania Hidroelectrica
Costa Rica: US company GTherm from power plants, refineries and (CISWI) rules it issued on 23 de San Francisco to build the
and the Costa Rican Institute of other stationary sources until February, 2011. The EPA estimates biggest wind farm in Brazil,
Electricity are in discussions over a the end of the governments its two sets of rules would affect according to Noticias Financieras.
12 MW geothermal pilot project.
fiscal year in September. 200 000 boilers and process heaters. The wind farm will in the
Mexico: State power company township of Casanova in the
CFEs 900 MW La Parota hydro California Senate backs renewable energy state of Bahia. IMPSA will
project in Guerrero state should provide 120, 1.5 MW wind
be doable, despite legal A bill that gives utilities ten years been responsible for implementing turbines manufactured by IMPSA
opposition from local residents,
to get 33 per cent of their electricity an order setting the 33 per cent Wind in the Brazilian state of
said the executive director of the
Global Energy Group of German from renewable energy sources has goal. Administrative rules are Pernambuco under an agreement
bank WestLB, which has financed been passed by Californias senate, considered more easily undone reported to be valued at $360m.
other hydro plants in the country. but still requires approval from the than laws approved by the This is Compania Hidroelectrica
states governor and its assembly. legislature. Some clean-air advocates de San Franciscos first entry
Nicaragua: State energy company
Until now, the appointed reportedly worried the bodys rules into the wind power market.
Albanisa is aiming to add 288 MW
to its 244 MW capacity through California Air Resources Board has offered loopholes for utilities.
projects including the 47.6 NW Chile signs a
Ernesto Che Guevara VI thermal
plant, the 80 MW Alba Rivas wind ODEC quits project to build nuclear training
farm and 90 MW biomass fired
plants in Chinandega and Len.
third reactor at North Anna deal with France
Paraguay: Itaipu Binacional, US utility Old Dominion Electric will not participate in the project. Chile has set up a training
operator of the Itaipu dam, Cooperative (ODEC) has pulled Dominion Virginia Power agreement with France as one
has received seven offers for out of the project to build a third owns the remaining 88.4 per of its first steps to prepare for
providing engineering services
nuclear reactor at the North Anna cent stake in the two existing making decisions on introducing
for the 500 kV Itaipu-Villa Hayes
transmission project, due to nuclear power plant in Virginia. units and is responsible for their nuclear power through the 2020s.
complete by 2013. ODEC has an 11.6 per cent operation. Dominion Virginias Under the deal, 17 Chilean
interest in the two existing parent group said that it is future energy experts will be
US: The Nuclear Regulatory reactors at North Anna and takes not changing its position on a trained in France from 2012.
Commission is to review GE
a corresponding share of the potential new unit at North Four reactors, about 1100 MWe
Hitachi Nuclear Energys
application to renew the design electricity they generate. The Anna, noting that new capacity each, would operate by 2030 under
certificate for its advanced boiling company had been expected to is needed to meet a substantial an outline formulated by the Nuclear
water technology for 15 years take a similar stake in the proposed shortfall in electric power Power Committee of Professional
beyond its June 2012 expiry. third reactor but has now said it generation in the next ten years. Association of Engineers of Chile.
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BABCOCK
THREE LEADING INDUSTRY PLAYERS
ONE KEY PARTNER
www.babcock.co.uk/nuclear
| Airports | Communications | Defence | Education | Emergency Services | Energy | International | Nuclear | Property | Rail | Security | Training |
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COMPANIES
WORLD NEWS
E.ON: An assessment by The
Great Place to Work Institute
has picked E.ON as the fifth best
PPL to buy E.ONs UK grid
company to work for in Germany,
within the category of firms with
more than 5000 employees.
network for 3.5bn
EUAS: Four thermal plants US utility power PPL is to Britain in terms of regulated asset move into steadier, regulated
owned by EUAS, Turkeys state acquire E.ONs UK power value, at a combined $7.8bn. power provision and away from
electricity generation company, networks for 3.5bn ($5.7bn) in E.ONs business, Central the competitive business of
are to be privatized in the
cash to create one of the largest Networks, is the UKs second- power generation. Units with
first phase of process aimed at
transferring 16 GW in capacity. electricity distributors in Britain. largest electricity distributor regulated returns made up just
Reuters reports that PPL and delivers power to over 5m 27 per cent of earnings in 2010,
FirstEnergy: The firm has closed would also assume 500m customers. It would add to but are already forecast to make
its merger with Allegheny of debt in the deal, which is PPLs existing pool of 2.6m up half of this years earnings
Energy Inc, which is intended to
expected to close in early April customers in Southwest England after PPLs purchase of E.ONs
introduce the operating names
Mon Power, Potomac Edison and to create the largest network of and South and West Wales. Kentucky-based power unit
West Penn Power to Alleghenys electricity delivery companies in The acquisition furthers PPLs last year for $6.7bn in cash.
customers.
GE: The firm has completed RWE expects nuclear tax and stalled RWE to invest
its purchase from Wind Tower
Systems of technology aimed at prices to shrink profit by 30 per cent 900m in East
enabling taller towers and cutting Europe, Turkey
installation and transport costs. German utility RWE expects its tax on her countrys nuclear stations.
profits to fall about 30 per cent this RWE also faces slowing earnings as RWE, the German power generator
Jaiprakash Power Ventures: The
year because of a nuclear power plant fuel costs outpace wholesale power and distributor, plans to invest
Indian company has merged itself
with two of its subsidiaries Bina tax and stagnating power prices. prices in the region. RWE said 900m in central and eastern
Power Supply Company and Bloomberg reports that German it plans to reduce debt by selling Europe, including Turkey, by
Jaypee Karcham Hydro Corp to Chancellor Angela Merkel wants assets to raise as much as 8bn by 2013, said Andreas Radmacher,
consolidate the group's power to raise 2.3bn ($3.2bn) each year 2013 and will cut investments chief executive of the companys
generation under one umbrella.
over six years through 2016 with a through 2013 by 3bn to 18bn. Turkey unit, reported Bloomberg.
Japan Steel Works: The company The figure included a 500m
plans to start building larger, Nigeria privatization sparks interest investment in a 775 MW gas fired
102-metre-diameter wind power plant in Denizil in Turkey,
turbines with a 2.7 MW output in Six power stations and eleven power stations had attracted 174 due on line in 2012, Radmacher
a bid to attract overseas demand.
electricity generation firms expressions of interest, while 11 told a press conference in Istanbul.
The first turbine is due to be built
by the summer of 2012. being offered as part of a multi- distribution firms had garnered RWE has 70 per cent and Instanbul-
billion dollar privatization plan 157, said countrys privatization based Turcas Petrol 30 per cent
Mott MacDonald: The global have generated great interest, agency. Nigeria expects to need in the joint venture. RWE also
consultancy is to open an office said the Nigerian government. $10bn investment over the next aims to start an electricity sales
in Boston, US, to expand its
Four thermal and two hydro decade to meet its energy needs. business in Turkey soon, he added.
renewable energy presence in
North America. Tremain Tanner
vice president, Renewable Energy
has been appointed to oversee
GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy to EZ buys Romanian
the iniative. work with Lockheed Martin hydropower firm
Wrtsil: Bjoern Rosengren is to
take over as president and CEO on GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy (GEH) The ESBWR is a frontrunner EZ Romania, a subsidiary of
1 September when Ole Johansson and Lockheed Martin are to work to become one of the first next- Czech-based energy group EZ,
retires. Rosengren, who is based together to design and build digital generation models to be fully has bought a 100 per cent stake
in Shanghai, works as senior control systems and nuclear reactors. certified for US construction in TMK Hydroenergy Power,
executive vice president of Atlas
Lockheed Martins nuclear by the US Nuclear Regulatory which operates the hydroelectric
Copco and business area president
for Atlas Copco Construction and systems and solutions division Commission, which is expected system in the Cara-Severin
Mining Technique. will design and manufacture the to complete its final rule country in western Romania.
main reactor control room systems making of the design by the TMK Hydroenergy Power has
Westinghouse: The firm has for GEHs Economic Simplified autumn of 2011, said GEH. four reservoirs with dams as well as
entered small modular reactors
Boiling Water Reactors (ESBWR). The design was recently four hydro plants. Its total installed
with a 200 MWe integrated
pressurized water reactor, which Lockheed Martin will also provide recommended for approval capacity is about 18 MW. EZs
applies lessons learned from its GEH with related simulation and by the Advisory Committee acquisition is in line with a policy
AP1000 plant under construction training support, as well as services on Reactor Safeguards of focusing on its core businesses in
in China, said the company. and replacement equipment. (ACRS) with no open items. countries with existing operations.
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Source: ABB
Latest development in
in HVDC transmission
ABB has implemented several commercial HVDC power transmission schemes based on VSC (Voltage
Source Converter) technology and is a pioneer in this field. Since the first project commissioned in
1997, its HVDC Light technology has evolved through three generations. It has now reached its fourth
evolutionary stage, based on CTL (Cascaded Two Level) topology.
H
VDC, which stands for high voltage direct current, is a well-proven improved the performance of HVDC transmission systems. And, in 1997,
technology used for transmitting electricity over long distances by a completely new converter and DC cable technology called HVDC Light
overhead transmission lines or underground/submarine cables, was introduced.
with minimal losses.
In an HVDC system, electric power is taken from one point in a three- THE INTRODUCTION OF HVDC LIGHT
phase AC network, converted to DC in a converter station, transmitted The HVDC Light transmission technology deploys a new IGBT (Insulated
to the receiving point by an overhead line or underground cable and Gate Bipolar Transistor) semiconductor-based converter in combination
then converted back to AC in another converter station and injected with XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) DC cable systems. This innovation
into the receiving AC network. complements the traditional bipolar semiconductor-based converter
Typically, an HVDC transmission system has a rated power of several technology and has proved to be a state-of-the-art power system with
hundred megawattsand many are in the 10003000 MW range increased controllability.
With an HVDC system, the power flow can be controlled rapidly and HVDC Light is easy to install and offers a number of environmental
accurately in terms of both power level and direction. This capability is benefits, including the use of underground or subsea power links, neutral
often used to improve the performance and efficiency of the connected electromagnetic fields, oil-free cables and compact converter stations. The
AC networks. technology also increases the reliability of power grids. The continuous
ABB pioneered HVDC technology and is a world leader in the field. In development of HVDC Light has in the meantime increased the power
total, around 140 GW of HVDC transmission capacity is installed in some range from tens of megawatts to 1200 MW at 320 kV with cables.
145 projects worldwide. HVDC Light has also opened up new applications for HVDC transmission,
The first commercial HVDC scheme, based on mercury arc valves was such as providing shore power supplies to islands and offshore oil & gas
commissioned in 1954. This was a link between the Swedish mainland platforms, enabling city centre in-feeds and more recently the integration
and the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. The power rating was 20 of offshore wind farms.
MW and the transmission voltage 100 kV. In future, this technology is likely to play an important part in the
There was a significant improvement in HVDC technology in 1970 when development of DC grids. (multi-terminal DC connections)
thyristor valves were introduced in place of the mercury arc valves. This
reduced the size and complexity of HVDC converter stations substantially. THE NEXT GENERATION OF HVDC LIGHT
The use of microcomputer control equipment in todays projects has also Initially HVDC Light had around 3 per cent losses per converter station,
contributed to HVDCs current success as a powerful alternative to AC while in the latest generation it is now down to about 1 per cent.
power transmission. Reliability requirements have been driven by dynamic performance,
In 1995, ABB announced a new concept for HVDC converter stations, harmonic generation and the flexibility to accommodate changing
HVDC with Capacitor Commutated Converters (CCC), which further grid conditions.
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HVDC T&D
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HVDC T&D
The powering of Norwegian oil company Statoils Troll A gas production platform via a DC link from the is the first time an offshore platform has been powered by such a link originating on land Source: ABB
To keep the voltage at a pre-set value, i.e. to keep the energy balance, installed wind capacity up to 194.4 GW, a 22.5 per cent increase
the MACH-2 system implements voltage control together with power on 2009.
control, where one terminal controls the DC voltage and the other Offshore wind power in particular experienced a new record
terminal(s) is controlling the power. The rectifier is used to control the DC growth in Europe last year. According to the European Wind Energy
voltage and the inverters are used to control the power to the pre-set values Association (EWEA), 308 new offshore wind turbines were installed,
at the two terminals respectively. representing an increase of 51 per cent on 2009s installed wind
When a new power level is requested the DC voltage will change, and power capacity. Approximately 883 MW of new capacity, worth in
the DC voltage controller will act depending on the change and reduce or the region of 2.6 billion ($3.6 billion), was installed in 2010 in nine
increase the power input to restore the voltage in the system. wind farms in five countries, making a total of 2964 MW.
The installed offshore wind power capacity now supplies the
PROVEN TRACK RECORD equivalent of 2.9 million average European Union households with
ABB has a strong track record in deploying its HVDC Light technology electricity from a total of 1136 offshore wind turbines. In an average
with 16 projects either in operation or in progress. Examples of those in year these turbines are expected to produce 11.5 TWh.
commercial operation include: EWEA forecasts continued strong growth with 1000-1500 MW of
new offshore wind power capacity expected to be fully grid-connected
Gotland, Sweden: a 70-km underground cable connection to a wind in Europe during 2011.
park Ten European wind farms are currently under construction representing
Murraylink, Australia: a 180-km underground cable link between grids a total of 3 GW, which will more than double the installed capacity of
Cross Sound, US: a 40-km subsea cable link from Connecticut to Long the 45 existing grid-connected offshore wind farms.
Island EWEA research shows that 19 GW of offshore wind capacity is
Troll A, Norway: a 70-km subsea cable to feed power to an offshore currently consented and could generate 66.6 TWh of electricity in
gas production platform a normal wind year once operational enough to supply 14 of the
Eagle Pass, USA: an interconnection between US and Mexican regional largest capital cities in Europe with electricity, including Paris, London
grids (two 138 kV transmission lines) and Berlin. Germany, the UK and several other countries around
the North Sea have several large offshore wind energy capacity
OFFSHORE WIND GROWTH PRESENTS OPPORTUNITIES expansions planned.
Global wind power installations increased by 35.8 GW in 2010, Offshore wind is clearly an area that will see significant expansion
according to the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), bringing total in coming years and ABB expects its HVDC Light to be a key enabler
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HVDC T&D
in integrating power from remote locations into mainland grids to feed DOLWIN1
consumer needs. TenneT Offshore GmbH awarded ABB an contract to supply a
One of the key characteristics of HVDC Light is its superior ability to 800 MW (320 kV) transmission link that will connect offshore wind
stabilize the AC voltage at the terminals. This is particularly important farms located in the DolWin1 wind farm cluster the 400 MW
for wind farms, where the variation in wind speed can cause severe Borkum West II wind farm, plus future wind farms in the North Sea
voltage fluctuations. to the German grid.
The wind farms will be connected to an offshore HVDC converter
BORWIN1 OFFSHORE WIND PROJECT station which will transmit electricity to the onshore HVDC station at
The first HVDC link to connect an offshore wind farm with an AC grid Drpen, on the northwest coast of Germany via 165 km of underwater
is the BorWin1 project in the North Sea. and underground DC cables.
Using HVDC Light technology, this 200 km link connects the Bard The Drpen/West converter station will in turn feed AC power to
Offshore 1 wind farm located off Germanys northern coast to the the mainland grid. At 320 kV this will be the highest voltage level of
380 kV high-voltage AC grid on the German mainland. The link has a extruded cable ever used for HVDC. Scheduled to be operational in
capacity of 400 MW and a DC voltage of 150 kV. 2013, this network of offshore wind farms is expected to avoid three
Once complete, the BARD Offshore 1 wind farm will comprise million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions per year by replacing fossil
80 wind turbines, each with a capacity of 5 MW. These will feed fuel based generation.
their power into a 36 kV AC cable system. This voltage will then be Germany currently meets in the region of 8 per cent of its electricity
stepped up to 155 kV AC before reaching the HVDC Light converter requirements with wind power and expects to double that by 2020.
station, which is located on a dedicated platform. The latest HVDC Light technology also has the potential to become
Here the AC power is converted to 150 kV DC and fed into two the preferred system for power in-feeds to cities for strengthening
125-km subsea cables, which then continue into two 75-km land power networks in areas where new overhead lines are not a practical
cables to the land-based converter station at Diele in Germany. or desirable option.
www.vaisala.com
sales@vaisala.com
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L
ocated near the village of the same name in Brandenburg on low nitrous oxide combustion and the electrofilters were modernized.
the German-Polish border, the lignite fired Jnschwalde power The same measures were subsequently performed on the other
plant has an installed capacity of 3000 MW and consists of blocks. Half a decade later, decommissioning of the three old
six 500 MW units. It is the second-largest brown coal power plant chimney stacks and commissioning of flue gas desulphurization for
in operation in Germany and is owned by Swedish utility Vattenfall. all blocks marked a milestone in the history of the power plant. Its
Originally built to generate 500 MW each, Blocks A and D now emissions were now below the legal thresholds.
produce 535 MW with less steam. In future, despite lower fuel In the same decade, one modernization ensued which achieved
consumption, the six units will supply a total of 3210 MW instead of increased reliability and power. Block E began operation in 1994
3000 MW an increase equivalent to almost half a power block. as the first of the plants with new control technology and LP turbine
Retrofit projects replace or add equipment to existing power plants sections. The low-pressure sections in the other blocks also underwent
to improve their energy efficiency, increase their output and extend systematic modernization.
their lifespan, whilst lowering emissions. Alstom Power replaces older As a result, not only have LP turbine failures been avoided
turbine components including complete high, intermediate (IP) and their geometry and the medium makes LP final stages particularly
low-pressure (LP) turbines. susceptible to wear but also a further important contribution has
The key components at Jnschwalde have gradually been been made to increasing efficiency.
modernized since the plant entered commercial operation. A look
at the timeline confirms this: Block A of the plant went onstream MORE POWER FROM FEWER, NEW COMPONENTS
in March 1981, with the final block being completed some seven The second, fundamental step towards a power increase was taken
years later. Just three years after that, in 1991, major conversion between 2003 and 2006 when Alstom replaced the high-pressure
measures were implemented. turbines in the six blocks. Wear was not the main reason for this; the
Their key focus was environmental protection. Within the scope of actual deciding factor was the relationship of investment to efficiency
the comprehensive revision, the boilers in Block A were converted for gains, which proved to be particularly attractive.
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Measuring and precision tasks: mechanical wear, strength and form retention are checked by the service technicians on the LP turbines in intervals of around two years Source: Vattenfall
The power plant is currently midway through a phase in which plant components, all steam parameters including temperature and
all intermediate pressure turbines are being replaced, which will mass flow at the three extraction points were to remain the same.
complete the modernization of the turbine sets. The original impulse Alstom Power brought together impulse and reaction steam turbine
machines were produced by the Leningrad Metal Works (LMZ), technologies. This capability allows retrofit solutions to be supplied
St. Petersburg. Within the scope of the forthcoming revisions, these utilizing reaction technology, impulse technology or a combination
turbines are being upgraded using the latest technology. The results of both, irrespective of the original blading technology, to provide an
of the implementation in the first two blocks have been encouraging. optimum result.
Applying reaction blading design to the existing Jnschwalde units,
NEW DESIGN BOOSTS POWER BY MORE THAN 6 MW which originally had an impulse design, proved to be the optimum
Block D was the starting point of the project. It was subjected to a replacement. To ensure that the new design, which is equipped
major overhaul that involved the inspection of all turbines. There was with more stages, fits into the existing outer casing, the inner casing
little to do on the comparatively new high-pressure turbine, and work including the blades were renovated as well as the rotor.
was limited to testing and, where necessary, overhauling valves and Thanks to the two flows with a total of 19 blade rows (or pressure
other auxiliary equipment. stages) many options were available for steam extraction to preheat
However, on the low-pressure turbines, defects became apparent the feedwater and supply the district heating network in the city of
and investigations resulted in the rotors being transferred to the Alstom Cottbus. Complementing this, the outer casing was reworked, as it
plant for reworking. Because the damage was discovered at the start had been slightly deformed by decades of thermal stress.
of overhaul work, extension of the outage was kept to a minimum. The new IP steam path was designed to achieve maximum performance
The intermediate pressure turbine, which had completed around within the constraints of a given outer shell of an existing turbine. Advanced
70 000 operating hours since its last overhaul, was to be replaced 3D reaction type blading was applied to improve the aerodynamic
anyway. As the rotors and blade path exhibited advanced wear efficiency while maintaining enhanced mechanical properties. The rotor
in the first stage area, the retrofit made sense for this reason alone. and inner casing were designed to allow for optimum stage loading while
Furthermore, it was to lead to an increase in power. at the same time matching the steam conditions at the various extraction
The complete renovation of the inner workings, while retaining points to the overall steam cycle requirements.
the outer casing, proved to be the optimum economic and technical Besides blade twist to control span wise reaction, the advanced
solution. To ensure the increase in power had no impact on other power 3D reaction type blading also benefits from small fillet radii at the
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t a European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) GE Energys manager of steam turbine design engineering. Additionally,
meeting in 1994, a group of 40 power generators and improved plant efficiency can help offset the costs of environmental
manufacturers agreed to investigate the potential of nickel-based programmes such as CCS, making such technologies more viable.
alloys as likely candidates for a new, advanced technology, named
AD700. It would become a landmark in the clean coal agenda and WHAT IS USC?
set the scene for further development of ultra-supercritical (USC) technology, Yet even the term USC, though it has been around for many years,
where power plant designers were struggling to punch a way through remains vague. GE typically considers USC to mean a combination
steam parameters in the range of 300 bar and 600 C a barrier that of temperature over 565 C and pressure over 241 bar, Stagnitti
had seemed impenetrable for some time. continues. Other definitions include 565 C/275 bar. In any case,
Now, though technically feasible, the world has yet to see a commercial USC conditions push the boundaries of pressure and temperature for
demonstration coal fired plant capable of operating at 700 C and 350 the steam turbine.
bar. And there is little apparent market appetite for the higher capital costs If consensus exists in the industry, however, it is that transition to higher
though manufacturers are reluctant to put a true figure on them that such levels of USC in terms of greater temperatures and pressures represents
a move is expected to bring. not a quantum leap, but a natural progression. It is a natural continuation
There is no doubt the European Unions target of a reduction in of our, and possibly other companies development path. GE has a long
greenhouse gas emissions of 20 per cent by 2020 will require an eclectic history of advancement in steam turbine USC technology, including,
mix of technologies, including the replacement of older, inefficient power in 1957 the first 1100 F (593 C) steam turbine in the USA and the
plants with new highly efficient units. While the selection of fuel for a new most efficient for its time, 40 per cent. In 2000, came the most efficient
power plant is increasingly driven by CO2 emissions, this is spurring all the USC turbine at 48.7 per cent, with steam parameters of 250 bar/
major turbine manufacturers to take USC to the next stage. 600 C/610 C, in Japan.
Until carbon capture and storage (CCS) becomes commercially GE continues to invest in fossil steam turbine platforms ranging from
available, increasing plant efficiency remains the only route to reducing small 100 MW designs to large 1000 MW configurations. Ongoing
CO2 emissions of coal fired power plants. Two of the main methods of work includes advancing state-of-the-art designs for turbine systems and
improving steam power plant efficiency are steam cycle optimization and components such as rotating and stationary airfoils, rotors, casings, valves
enhancing the behaviour of the steam turbine itself. and seals. Also, one of the key enablers for USC conditions is development
Today, coal fired power plants with USC steam cycle parameters and of speciality materials that have enhanced capabilities to sustain elevated
wet cooling tower can achieve net efficiencies of 45 per cent for hard coal temperature and pressures without sacrificing life and reliability.
and 43 per cent for brown coal at typical central European inland sites, Traditionally, cooling critical areas of the turbine has been an important
with direct cooling providing an additional one per cent being possible. part of high-temperature design. However, cooling is undesirable
But what of the move to that magic 50 per cent efficiency? Does it because of complexity and a negative impact on cycle efficiency, says
represent a quantum leap a leap of faith, some would say in USC Stagnitti. This is where new materials come in. Better materials will permit
technology and particularly in steam turbine design? thinner sections, lower weight and improved ability to handle thermal
Key USC advantages include higher efficiency, which lowers operating transients. This in turn will lead to more efficient and flexible turbines for
costs, reduces fuel consumption and cuts emissions, says James M .Stagnitti, our customers.
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Small on
size, big
on power.
www.rolls-royce.com
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Beyond Ultra-Supercritical
together. Thats what the manufacturers are doing to make their products
commercially attractive and competitive.
In the case of USC, we need to have the boiler and steam turbine
technology that can work at those higher temperatures. We need the
steam turbine and all its associated pipework and systems that make up the
overall boiler/turbine cycle or system to function together at those elevated
temperatures. But were really some years away from achieving commercial
level operations.
A key impetus will be emissions legislation. I think there is a greater
sense of urgency and need in Europe because of the geopolitical structure,
in the sense that you have a number of countries, all of which are looking
for fuel diversity in their electricity production regime. Coal and lignite are
plentiful in a number of countries in Europe and there are issues around
gas supply. So I think there is more of a sense of urgency in Europe to find
A steam turbine for the Neurath power plant in Germany Source: Alstom solutions for cleaner coal than maybe in the US.
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Beyond Ultra-Supercritical
times as much as the chromium steel used today. That is not exactly peanuts our projects in Germany like the RDK8 plant in Karlsruhe and Neurath near
in a turbine requiring some 200 tonnes of such alloys. Cologne. The key issues for the steam turbine at these very high pressures
To reduce material costs, the turbine need not be entirely of nickel alloy, and temperatures include how to keep your cylinder round. Being round
but can be composed of different alloys, depending on the temperatures is very important for clearance control and ensuring the machine doesnt
different areas are subjected to. For example, the inner and outer housings distort through high levels of stresses during transients and so-forth.
are to be thermally separated by a layer of cooler steam, so that normal With our HP construction, because we have the shrink ring design,
steel will be adequate for the outside, which will have to withstand a that wasnt a big issue. Again, for a long time weve had welded rotor
temperature of 550 C. In addition, the 1 metre-thick shaft can be forged construction which meant that we could have a different material on the
in several pieces, with the nickel alloy only employed in the hottest area. very hot part of the HP and then to have a material more suitable for
The need for action is urgent. On average, coal fired power plants the lower conditions lower down. Weve continued to use that concept.
consume 480 g of coal to produce 1 kWh. In doing so, they release We use more creep resistant and more oxidation resistant materials [where
between 1000 g and 1200 g of CO2 into the air, or some 8 billion tonnes necessary].
a year. The industry is responding. One of the most efficient coal fired
power plants in the world, the Block Waigaoqiao III in China, for which THE FLEXIBILITY FACTOR
Siemens delivered two 1000 MW turbines, burns only 320 g of coal per Walker says the biggest challenges concerning building the first commercial
kWh, and thus emits only 761 g of CO2. demonstration 700 C plant are not to do with the steam turbines
In a project led by Trianel Power-Projektgesellschaft, Siemens is building themselves but are, in fact, to be found elsewhere. To understand the real
a comparable power plant for a consortium of 27 municipal utilities on challenges, he says, you need to step slightly away from the cycle question
a site at Lnen in northern Germany. The plant is scheduled to go into and focus on flexibility. The key issues facing the market right now, with all
operation by next year. However, with an efficiency of around 46 per cent, the renewables coming onto the grid, are to do with start-up and shutdown
even these power plants fall short of the Holy Grail of 50 per cent. times and low load idling.
The main problem, living with enormous pressures and thick walled
SIEMENS: 50 PER CENT IN SIGHT components is that plant components do not like fast transients, says
Siemens aim is to achieve 50 per cent efficiency by 2015. Such a power Walker. This is where we and other companies are focused on in terms
plant would consume only 288 g of coal per kWh, and thus produce only of technology development. So far as the 600620 C turbines are
669 g of CO2. Such a step would have significant consequences because concerned which are just coming online at the moment these machines
each percentage point in improved efficiency, if applied to all coal burning do represent a moderate step in technology, so we cant be sure that
power plants, would translate into an estimated 260 million tonnes of CO2 there will be absolutely no issues when they first operate. However, we
emissions mitigated each year. are very confident that the designs are robust so we dont expect any
Peter Walker is another who struggles with the ambiguities of the term significant problems. The step to 700 C in order to get that 2.5 per
USC. The director of Steam Turbine R&D Execution at Alstom, he says the cent or so increase in efficiency will call for more innovation in the design of
term has no real physical meaning. It is just somehow beyond supercritical. machines and materials. But even then, for Alstom it would be an evolution
Does the industry have a specific meaning for it? I think the answer today of the turbine design and not a revolution. Alstom already has its design
is no. People use it, but it doesnt have an agreed definition. In Alstom for ready for a 700 C at 500 MW size.
marketing purposes we define USC as having a live steam temperature The steam turbine wont be the limiting part of the cycle. What seems
above 600 C at boiler outlet, but this is not very meaningful in technical to control the economics of a 700 C machine is neither the turbine nor the
terms. So when we develop steam turbines or other components we refer boiler its the cost of the main steam pipe from the top of the boiler down
to a steam class by its pressure and temperature because that gives us to the turbine. It has to be flexible while carrying full steam temperature and
an exact meaning. Ive also heard USC used by other organizations for pressure. If the main steam pipe has to be made of a nickel alloy then you
[conceptual] plants up to 700 C, for example, and thats purely arbitrary. pay more for your main steam pipe than you do for your turbine.
While the progression to higher temperature and pressure will bring Whether or not the high cost of nickel alloy main steam pipe negates
efficiency gains with less fuel and CO2, Walker says these come with both the benefits of higher efficiency will depend on the market price of fuel
a higher capital cost and some technical consequences. It is a technical and CO2, Walker says. One of Alstoms strategic areas is CO2 capture
challenge to give you the same level of flexibility in terms of start-up and and weve done a lot of work on this. A more economical solution might
shutdown times, particularly, since the higher steam conditions tend to lead be a 620 C plant with carbon capture with the same amount of CO2 as
to worse load cycle fatigue. a 700 C plant without CCS. It depends on how capital cost balances
Nevertheless for Alstom, at least says Walker, and just as for GE, moving out against the cost of CO2 and fuel. The market conditions are changing
up to higher steam values represents merely a natural progression. Alstom rapidly today, with the cost of international fuels currently being very high
has a design that we have used in the supercritical range that is very robust and extremely volatile. Similarly there is a lot of uncertainty on the future
and that is relatively easily scalable to develop to these higher conditions. market for CO2 or the possibility of CO2 penalties and taxes. I personally
Thats not to say that developing it has not been hard work, but it was believe 700 C power plants will only be built once there is a very clear
not a quantum leap. These are the machines that weve supplied to many of regulatory framework that would justify the capital expenditure.
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O
ver the past 20 years gas turbines configured as combined- turbine manufacturers are expecting these technologies to contribute
cycle power generation units have become one of the 20 per cent to 30 per cent of grid capacity in Europe by 2020, so the
mainstays of the power generation industry, particularly in combined-cycle plant, along with energy storage and hydropower, will
the liberalized electricity markets. This popularity has been driven by a be required to provide the main back-up for this intermittent capacity.
number of factors including the relatively low cost of natural gas during Efficiency and flexibility are not complementary. In order to obtain the
at least part of this period, the low cost of gas turbines and the speed flexibility that is required for this type of service, some efficiency must be
with which gas turbine-based power plants can be installed. sacrificed. The main manufacturers are responding to this by offering
Another key attraction of the combined-cycle power plant is energy complementary heavy gas turbine lines, one for ultimate efficiency and
conversion efficiency. A good modern plant can approach 60 per one that offers greater flexibility. Even so, high efficiency remains the
cent fuel to electricity conversion efficiency while the best coal fired equivalent of the space race within the gas turbine world, though one
plants will only achieve around 47 per cent efficiency. where gains are becoming increasingly difficult to find.
During the last decade carbon dioxide emissions have also
become a factor in the equation; gas turbines burning natural gas THE QUEST FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY
emit less carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per unit of electricity For the past decade an important target for all the large gas turbine
than coal fired plants, and so this can assist governments and utilities manufacturers has been to achieve 60 per cent efficiency in a
to meet more stringent emission requirements. combined-cycle plant under standard (ISO) conditions. Although
During this same period the power generation market has seen several have now come close, that goal has yet to be achieved.
significant consolidation and this has affected the manufacturers of Efficiency is important because it affects both operating costs and
gas turbines. Major names such as Westinghouse and ABB have carbon emissions, both of which are important concerns for plant
disappeared from the large gas turbine marketplace and today the operators today. Achieving high efficiency requires optimization across
only companies manufacturing gas turbines in the 200400 MW the whole plant, including gas turbine, heat recovery steam generator
range are GE, Alstom, Siemens, Ansaldo Energia and Mitsubishi (HRSG) and steam turbine. Among these three, however, gas turbine
Heavy Industries (MHI). performance appears to be the key to pushing efficiency to 60 per
Meanwhile, aeroderivative manufacturers such as Rolls-Royce, cent and beyond.
Pratt & Whitney, as well as GE, concentrate on small and medium- A gas turbine comprises three main components, a compressor,
sized turbines (2-60 MW) alongside companies such as Kawasaki a combustion chamber and an expansion turbine integrated into a
Heavy Industries and Solar Turbines. single unit. Thermodynamic efficiency of this unit depends on both the
pressure and temperature drop of the working gas, air, from the turbine
EFFICIENCY VERSUS FLEXIBILITY stage inlet to outlet. Increasing one or both can be used to increase
Gas turbine design has advanced enormously in the last 20 years and efficiency. For this, all three components play their part.
progress continues. In the past higher efficiency was the primary aim The optimization of compressor design can be used to provide a
of gas turbine development. Around 1990, typical combined-cycle higher pressure at the turbine inlet and this is being exploited in high
efficiency was 50 per cent. By 2010 the best installations were above efficiency designs. Thus GE has increased the gas turbine pressure
59 per cent. ratio in its H system turbine to 23:1, aiming for 60 per cent efficiency.
Efficiency remains important to all manufacturers, but there has been The same pressure ratio is used by MHI in its J-series, but the higher
a significant shift towards products that can operate more flexibility turbine inlet temperature results in efficiency in excess of 61 per cent.
in load following and grid support roles. Whereas before combined- Siemens SGT5-8000H has a pressure ratio of 18.2, slightly higher
cycle plants were seen as baseload plants, now their role is equally than its SGT5-4000F. Meanwhile, Alstoms turbines have operated
likely to be for intermediate service and to provide ancillary services. since the mid 1990s with a pressure ratio of about 30:1.
A significant part of this shift is due to the increasing importance The combustion chamber controls the temperature of the gas entering
of variable output renewable capacity such as wind and solar the turbine so changes here can affect overall efficiency. While raising
power to grids across the world. As the proportion grows, and flame temperature is relatively straightforward compared to other
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Source: Siemens changes, combustor designs have tended to stabilize and all the main
companies now have proven designs which they utilize across their
turbine ranges.
This leaves the turbine as the component where the greatest gains in
efficiency are likely to be made, though gains here are becoming hard
to win. Modern computer design has led to the optimization of blade
profiles to gain maximum efficiency so there is little that can be done
there. Thus designers are forced to exploit the one area left to them,
turbine gas inlet temperature. Since thermodynamic efficiency depends
on the overall temperature drop across the turbine, raising the inlet
temperature should equate to an increase in efficiency.
The combustion gas temperature for GEs H-class gas turbine, one
of the 60 per cent contenders, puts it in the 1500 C class, roughly
100 C higher than the companys F-class machines, which constitute
the main large frame GE turbines in use today. Inlet temperature of the
Siemens new H-class machine, which is also hoping to achieve above
60 per cent efficiency, has not been released.
However, both are likely to be topped by MHI. The latters J-series
turbine boasts an inlet temperature of 1600 C, 100 C above that
of the same companys H-series machines and higher than any other
Siemens expects its H-class gas turbine to achieve 60 per cent efficiency in combined-cycle mode
product to date. This machine, which is being tested in Japan today, is
being marketed as capable of 61 per cent efficiency.
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However, abandoning steam cooling is likely to result in a lower GE claims the new 7FA will be capable of 75 per cent output in ten
gas turbine inlet temperature and hence lower overall efficiency. This is minutes during hot start from an overnight shutdown and a ramp rate of
part of the reason why some companies offer more than one product 30 MW per minute. Overall gas turbine output is 211 MW. GE also
line, one using steam cooling for high efficiency and another with air has a 7FB gas turbine, launched several years ago to take advantage
cooling for greatest operational flexibility. of some H-class technologies in an F-class machine.
GE has six of its high-efficiency H-class combined-cycle machines This is now being positioned as an IGCC turbine and has been
operational, one at Baglan Bay in Wales, three in Japan at a Tokyo rebranded as the 7F-Syngas. Two of these are to be installed at a
Electric Power plant and two in California. According to GE, these are 618 MW IGCC facility at the Edwardsport power plant in Indiana
all operating at baseload and though none has achieved the magic owned by Duke Energy.
60 per cent efficiency, GE believes it has shown the machine to be Although efficiency is a primary development driver, all-round
capable of reaching this efficiency. operational flexibility is a key feature of Alstoms product line. It markets
At the same time the company has recently launched a new version its gas turbines as part of integrated combined-cycle packages and this
of is 60Hz 7FA turbine which features 57.5 per cent efficiency in rather than the simple cycle gas turbine is its primary product.
combined-cycle mode but fast start-up and ramp rates and a better The companys KA26 combined-cycle power plant for the 50 Hz
turn-down capability. market is marketed today with an efficiency capability of over 59 per
One of the keys that GE has identified for fast combined-cycle start- cent, while using air-cooling of its turbine blades. Several KA26 units
up is to decouple the gas turbine from the steam turbine bottoming in Europe, including the KA26 plant at Emsland in Germany, have
cycle. This enables the gas turbine to start quickly without the need achieved above 59 per cent efficiency and the company believes
to hold output while the steam cycle components heat up. It has also 60 per cent is potentially possible.
targeted emissions-compliant ramping as an important attribute and According to product manager Mark Stevens the KA26 technology
expects the gas turbine NOx emissions to be below 9 ppm over a utilizing the GT26 gas turbine can still maintain an efficiency of about
wide load range. 53 per cent per cent at around 50 per cent plant load.
______________________________
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__________________________
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PRATT & WHITNEY FT8-3 SwiftPac30* - 36.57 26.57 - 50.6% (net) 50/60 -
POWER SYSTEMS FT8-3 SwiftPac60** - 74.185 54 - 51.3% (net) 50/60 -
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4.7 - - 1020 - - - -
17.9 - - 1013 - - - -
18.2 - - 992 - - - -
22.4 - - 987 - - - -
22.5 - - 959 - - - -
23.6 - - 1006 - - - -
23 - - 980 - - - -
27.9 - - 848 - - - -
29.7 - - 900 - - - -
- - 52.9 564 - - - -
- - 94.3 564 - - - -
- - 94 564 - - - -
- - 85.1 458 - - - -
- - 45.3 500 - - - -
- - 49.1 505 - - - -
- - 49.1 515 - - - -
- - 49.1 545 - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
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GROSS OUTPUT NET OUTPUT NET OUTPUT HEAT RATE GROSS EFFICIENCY FREQUENCY SHAFT SPEED
MANUFACTURER MODEL
(MW) (CCGT) (MW) (OCGT) (MW) (KJ/KWH) (%) (HZ) (RPM)
*Water injected
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TURBINE INLET
EXHAUST MASS FLOW EXHAUST NOX EMISSIONS START-UP TIME WEIGHT DIMENSIONS LxWxH
PRESSURE RATIO TEMPERATURE
(KG/S) TEMPERATURE (C) (PPMV) (MINUTES) (TONNES) (METRES)
(C)
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
20 - 600 600 - - - -
18.2 - 692 577 - - - -
11.7 - 531 536 - - - -
19.9 - 131.5 544 - - - -
23.8 - 113.3 462 - - - -
18.6 - 94 528 - - - -
14 - 80.4 543 - - - -
13 - 97.9 369 - - - -
16.8 - 39.4 555 - - - -
13.7 - 30.2 542 - - - -
12.3 - 29.2 466 - - - -
13 - 17.6 527 - - - -
14.2 - 20.8 534 - - - -
15.6 - 20.6 531 - - - -
11.8 - 365 545 - - - -
17.2 - 510 567 - - - -
19.2 - 820 625 - - - -
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CompressorsTurbo & Reciprocating / Steam Turbines / Gas Turbines / Control Systems / Expanders www.dresser-rand.com
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continuous emission monitoring Pumps McLellan and Partners Ltd Valtorc International
equipment Boerger Pumps Asia Pte Ltd Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Velan
AMETEK Power Instruments Bran & Luebbe Power Machines Voith Turbo GmbH & Co KG
DURAG GmbH CAT PUMPS-High Pressure Pumps & Shanghai Electric Weir Power & Industrial
ETR-Unidata Ltd Systems Siemens AG Energy Sector Welland & Tuxhorn AG
Industrial Accessories Co-IAC CIS (Holmatro UK) Ltd Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery Woodward GmbH
MIDAC Corp D&J Resources SKODA POWER Young & Franklin Inc
TechniData AG Flowserve Corp TGM Kanis Turbinen GmbH
Friatec-AG Division Rheinhutte Triveni Engineering & Industries Ltd Vibration
Thermo Scientific
Pumpen TurboCare analysis
emissions Gorman-Rupp Co Wabash Power Equipment Co CEMB SpA
Thermo Scientific Hayward Tyler Ltd Wood Group GTS Data Physics Corp
ITT Goulds Pumps Woodward Kempen GmbH Flowserve Corp
general Johnson Pump
ACR Systems Inc Steam turbine parts, GE Energy
Kolfor Plant Ltd HTRI Asia-Pacific
AP Sensing GmbH KRAL AG components and
ETR-Unidata Ltd HTRI EMEA
KSB Aktiengesellschaft accessories Metrix Instrument Co
Littelfuse Startco Process Plugins Inc FIAV L MAZZACCHERA SPA
Tyco Thermal Controls PCH Engineering A/S
Roper Pump Co Franco Tosi Meccanica SpA
Rovsing Dynamics A/S
temperature SAMPI SpA GEA Renzmann & Grnewald
ACR Systems Inc SDS Power Co Ltd GmbH control
Solarnetix Inc GE Energy CEMB SpA
AMETEK
SPX Flow Technology Process Plugins Inc PCH Engineering A/S
AP Sensing GmbH
Thompson Pump Promec SRL Ringfeder Corp
Diamond Power International Inc
Voith Turbo GmbH & Co KG Rathbone Precision Metals Inc Technicon Acoustics
Littelfuse Startco
Vooner FloGard Corp Turbocam Europe Ltd
Roctest Ltd monitoring
Weir Power & Industrial Turbo Parts LLC
THERMO ELECTRIC Co ABB Inc
Weston Aerospace Reheaters Superheaters CEMB SpA
Balcke-Drr GmbH Babcock & Wilcox Co epro GmbH
Multipollutant emissions Balcke-Drr GmbH
Competitive Energy Insight Inc Flowserve Corp
control Metso Power
Gaumer Process GE Energy
Babcock & Wilcox Co
Industrial Control Solutions Ltd
Callidus Technologies by Honeywell Seals Temperature monitoring
Metrix Instrument Co
DCL International Inc Burgmann Industries GmbH & Co and measuring PCH Engineering A/S
MIDAC Corp KG equipment Perpetuum Ltd
Solvay Chemicals Inc Flowserve Corp ACR Systems Inc Rovsing Dynamics A/S
Zolo Technologies Inc Turbo Parts LLC AMETEK Tyco Thermal Controls
Nitrogen oxide control Fozmula Ltd
Sensors JNT Technical Services Inc
systems AMETEK
Airgas Specialty Products Fozmula Ltd
Littelfuse Startco SERVICES
THERMO ELECTRIC Co
ATCO Structures & Logistics - FSI Technologies Inc Alignment/balancing
Environmental Systems HEINZMANN GmbH & Co KG Valves Fixturlaser AB
Babcock & Wilcox Co Sherborne Sensors Apollo Valves Sulzer Turbo Services
Callidus Technologies by Honeywell THERMO ELECTRIC Co Aviation Power & Marine (AP&M) PT Sulzer Turbo Services Indonesia
Cormetech Inc Unison Bachmann Industries Inc Voith Turbo BHS Getriebe GmbH
DCL International Inc United Process Controls Bonetti SpA - NACB LLC
EmeraChem CIS (Holmatro UK) Ltd Bearings
Haldor Topsoe A/S Steam generators Copes-Vulcan Kingsbury Repair & Service
Nationwide Boiler Inc Babcock & Wilcox Co
CU Services LLC
NEM Power-Systems Hurst Boiler & Welding Co Inc
Flowserve Corp Cogeneration
Rentech Boiler Systems Inc Indeck Power Equipment Co GE Energy - Jenbacher Gas Engines
HEINZMANN GmbH & Co KG
Solvay Chemicals Inc Nebraska Boiler Harris Group Inc
Hilliard Corp
Steuler Anlagenbau GmbH & Co Wabash Power Equipment Co METKA
Holter Regelarmaturen GmbH &
KG Co KG NEWPOLYGEN
Steam separators and
traps Imbibitive Technologies Combustion diagnostics
Piping
ITT Goulds Pumps
Ashland Inc CU Services LLC and testing
JASC: Jansens Aircraft Systems
Fabricated Plastics Ltd OUESTime
Federal Steel Supply Steam turbines Controls Inc
PSM, an ALSTOM Co
ALSTOM Power Kirloskar Brothers LLC
SRF Europe Ltd
Atomenergomash OJSC KSB Aktiengesellschaft Condensers
Thompson Pump
Belyea Co Inc Leslie Controls Inc
Tioga Pipe Supply Co Inc cleaning
Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd Major Inc
Unison Balcke-Drr GmbH
Combustion Energy & Steam Maxon International BVBA
United Conveyor Corp Beaudrey
Specialists Ltd Meggitt Control Systems/Whittaker
VALLOUREC & MANNESMANN Eimco Water Technologies
Copower LLC Controls
TUBES Specialised Overhaul Service P/L
D&J Resources MK Consulting
ZCL Composites Inc
Dongfang Electric Corp Regeltechnik Kornwesthelm GmbH
Zeleziarne Podbrezova as repair
Dresser-Rand Co Ltd Rely (UK) Precision Castings
Balcke-Drr GmbH
Pressure monitoring, Franco Tosi Meccanica SpA Ritepro Inc
Plastocor-international SA
measuring Gas Turbine Controls Corp Rotork Controls Ltd
RetubeCo Inc
AMETEK Power Instruments GE Energy SIPOS Aktorik GmbH
Fozmula Ltd Hitachi Power Europe SK Valve retubing
Nasatka Security Inc International Energy Systems (1983) SPX Flow Technology Balcke-Drr GmbH
Roctest Ltd Ltd Swagelok Co Niagara Blower Heat Transfer
RST Instruments Ltd International Power Machinery Co Tefulong Group Co Ltd Solutions
Kawasaki Heavy Industries Turbo Parts LLC RetubeCo Inc
MAN Diesel & Turbo SE United Conveyor Corp SPX Heat Transfer Inc
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-VYTVYLPUMVYTH[PVULU[LYH[WLPOV[PTZJVT
________
2009 Swagelok Company
Contrary to what you may think, were much more than a tube tting company.
And we have our obsession with Customer Focus to thank for that. Yes, were
In addition to tube ttings, known throughout the world for our tube ttings. And yes, weve been at it for over
60 years. But when companies are looking harder than ever for greater value, its
we also make valves, our broad range of products, including orbital welders, modular systems, and a
regulators, lters, complete line of hose, that helps us offer more than you expect. See for yourself
at swagelok.com/moreproducts.
and happier customers.
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-VYTVYLPUMVYTH[PVULU[LYH[WLPOV[PTZJVT
________
Hard at work
keeping quiet
Power doesnt have to be noisy or showy.
Alligators, for example, are experts at
masking their presence by maintaining
the lowest possible profile. And if you
want to do the same, we can help.
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- Feasibility Consultancy
- Project Management
- Commissioning
-Trigeneration
- Anaerobic Digestion
- Bio Gas
- Landfill Gas
- Sewage Gas
Edina UK
Unit 13 Rugby Park, Bletchley Road, Stockport SK4 3EF
T: +44 (0) 161 432 8833 F: +44 (0) 161 975 1499
E: sales@edinauk.com
Web: www.edinauk.com
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Aprovis Energy Systems Atomenergomash OJSC Belyea Co Inc Bowman Power Group Ltd
GmbH Bldg 3, 28 Ozerkovskaya 2200 Northwood Ave, Easton, PA Ocean Quay, Belvidere Rd,
Am Kraetzenstein 103, Weidenbach Embankment, Moscow 18045-2239,USA,+1-610-515-8775, Southampton SO14 5QY,
D-91746Germany,+49-9826-6559-22, 115184 Russian Federation, sales@belyeapower.com, UK, +44-23-8023-6700,
info@aprovis-gmbh.de, +7-495-668-20-93, www.belyeapower.com sales@bowmanpower.co.uk,
www.aprovis-gmbh.de www.aem-group.ru Contact: VP Sls/Mktg, Michael www.bowmanpower.com
Contact: Gen Mgr, Steffen Hauff Edwards Contact: Sls Mgr, Tom Gerson
AUMA Riester GmbH &
AP Sensing GmbH Co KG BFI Automation GmbH Braden Manufacturing LLC
Herrenbergerstrasse 130, Boeblingen Aumastrasse 1, Mllheim, Eggerscheidter Str 57, Ratingen, (sub of Global Power Equipment
71034Germany,+49-7031-435-5910, Baden-Wuerttemberg 79379 NRW 40883 Germany, Group), 5199 N Mingo
info@apsensing.com, Germany, +49-7631-809-0, +49-2102-9682-0, Rd, Tulsa, OK 74117,
www.apsensing.com riester@auma.com, www.auma.com info@bfi-automation.de, USA, +1-918-272-5371,
www.bfi-automation.de sales@braden.com,
Aquatech International Aviation Power & Marine Contact: Dir Sls/Svc, Michael www.braden.com
Corp (AP&M) Thomas Contact: VP Sls, Jeff Trost
One Four Coins Dr, Canonsburg, PA 3030 SW 13th Pl, Boynton Beach,
15317, USA, +1-724-746-5300, FL 33426, USA, +1-561-732-6000, Bharat Heavy Electricals Bran & Luebbe
aic@aquatech.com, sales@apm4parts.com, Ltd (div of SPX), 611 Sugar Creed Rd,
www.aquatech.com www.apm4parts.com BHEL House, Siri Fort, New Delhi Delavan, WI 53115, USA,
Contact: Sls Dir Indl Solutions Contact: Gen Oper Mgr, Robert 110049 India, +91-11-66337000, +1-262-728-1900, bl@spx.com,
Americas, Patrick Randall Enslein www.bhel.com www.branluebbe.com
Contact: Dir Indl Sls, Allen
Aquilex Welding Services AxEnergy Ltd BHI Energy Daniszewski
BV (member of Walter Meier Group), 60 Industrial Park Rd, Plymouth, MA
(div of Welding Services Inc), (sub of Talstrasse 35-37, Pfaeffikon, 02360, USA, +1-508-591-1149, Bromford Industries Ltd
Aquilex), Marconiweg 16, Schwyz CH-8808 Switzerland, lauren.buckman@bhienergy.com, Pegasus House, Bromford Gate,
Hellevoetsluis 3225 LV The +41-55-416-6670, www.bhienergy.com Birmingham B24 8DW,
Netherlands, +31-88-278-4539, axenergy_ch@ctfog.com, Contact: Dir Eng, Chris Messier UK, +44-121-683-6200,
emarketing@wsi.aquilex.com, www.ctfog.com info@bromfordindustries.co.uk,
www.aquilex.com/services/ Contact: Pres, Philippe Schuermann Blackthorn Environmental www.bromfordindustries.co.uk
specialty-repair-overhaul
_____________ Ltd Contact: Engr/Bus Dev Mgr, Wes
Contact: Dir Sls Europe, Petter Ekhem Babcock & Wilcox Co Forum House, Stirling Rd, Chichester, Allen
20 S Van Buren Ave, Barberton, OH West Sussex PO19 7DN,
AREVA 44203, USA, +1-330-753-4511, UK, +44-870-0101-800, Buckley Industrial
4800 Hampden Ln, Suite 1100, info@babcock.com, contact@blackthorn.eu.com, Unit 1 Catheralls Estate, Buckley,
Bethesda, MD 20814, www.babcock.com www.blackthorn.eu.com Flintshire CH7 3PS, UK,
USA, +1-434-832-3702, Contact: Mktg Mgr, Steve Bryk Contact: Julian Hammond +44-1244-544080,
donna.gaddybowen@areva.com, sales@buckley-industrial.co.uk,
www.us.areva.com Bachmann Industries Inc Boerger Pumps Asia Pte www.buckley-industrial.co.uk
Contact: Mgr Bus Mktg NA, Donna 416 Lewiston Junction Rd, PO Box Ltd Contact: Gen Mgr, Steve Dransfield
Bowen 2150, Auburn, ME 04210-2150, 16 Boon Lay Way, 01-48
USA, +1-207-784-1903, TradeHub21, 609965 Burgmann Industries
Argon Security bachmann@bachmannusa.com, Singapore, +65-6562-9540, GmbH & Co KG
Technologies Inc www.bachmannusa.com asia@boerger-pumps.com, (sub of Freudenberg & Co), Aeussere
2922A Spring St, Port Moody, BC Contact: Intl VP, Roger Woodward www.boerger-pumps.com Sauerlacher Str 6-10, Wolfratshausen
V3H 1Z7, Canada, Contact: Dir, Dominik Straetling D-82515 Germany, +49-8171-23-0,
+1-604-461-0905, Balcke-Drr GmbH info@de.eagleburgmann.com,
general_info@argonsecurity.com, Ernst-Dietrich-Platz 2, Ratingen 40822 Boldrocchi Srl www.eagleburgmann.com
www.argonsecurity.com Germany, +49-2102-1669-0, Via Trento e Trieste 93, Biassono Contact: Press Officer, Ellen Klier
Contact: Sls Dir, Mike Smith bdinfode@cts.spx.com, 20046 Italy, +39-39-2202-1,
www.balcke-duerr.com bjgallagher@msn.com, Burns & McDonnell
Ashland Inc www.boldrocchi.it Energy Div, 9400 Ward Pkwy,
Ashland Performance Materials, Beaudrey Contact: NA Rep, Bruce Gallagher Kansas City, MO 64114,
5200 Blazer Pkwy, Dublin, OH 343 W Drake Rd, Suite 240, Ft USA, +1-816-333-9400,
43017, USA, +1-614-790-3361, Collins, CO, USA, Bonetti SpA - NACB LLC energy@burnsmcd.com,
tljohnson@ashland.com, c.roam@beaudreyas.com, Via Cesare Bonetti No 17, www.burnsmcd.com
www.derakane.com www.beaudrey.com Garbagnate Milanese, Milan, (MI) Contact: Pres, Walt Womack
Contact: Corrosion Resin Prod Mgr, Contact: Prog Coord, Chandra Roam I-20024 Italy, +39-2-990-72262,
Thom Johnson sales@nacbvalves.com, www.bont.it BWD Turbines Ltd
BEIRENS SAS Contact: USA Sls Mgr, Nelson 1-601 Tradewind Dr, Ancaster, ON
ATCO Structures & ZI Val de IIndre, Buzancais 36500 Agudelo L9G 4V5, Canada,
Logistics - Environmental France, +33-254-38-48-07, +1-905-648-9262,
Systems s.matheis@beirens.fr, BORSIG GmbH wilson@bwdturbines.com,
www.beirens.com Egellsstr 21, Berlin D-13507 www.bwdturbines.com
(formerly Higgot-Kane), 260 Holiday
Contact: Export Coord, Stphanie Germany, +49-30-4301-01, Contact: VP, Joe Daleo
Inn Dr, Unit 1, Cambridge, ON N3C
4E8, Canada, +1-519-220-0600, Matheis info@borsig.de, www.borsig.de
sales@atcosl.com, www.atcoet.com Callidus Technologies by
Contact: Dir Sls/Mktg, Mike Buetow Honeywell
7130 S Lewis, Suite 335, Tulsa, OK
74136-5488,USA,+1-918-496-7599,
chris.ferguson@honeywell.com,
www.callidus.com
Contact: SCR Mgr, Chris Ferguson
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_______________
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Nationwide Boiler Inc The New York Blower Co NORD-LOCK Inc OPRA Turbines BV
42400 Christy St, Fremont, CA 7660 Quincy St, Willowbrook, IL 1051 Cambridge Dr, Elk Grove Opaalstraat 60, Hengelo 7554 TS
94538, USA, +1-510-490-7100, 60527, USA, +1-630-794-5700, Village, IL 60007, USA, The Netherlands, +31-74-245-2121,
info@nationwideboiler.com, nyb@nyb.com, www.nyb.com +1-224-875-3333, info@opraturbines.com,
www.nationwideboiler.com Contact: Mktg Asst, Margaret Norris info-usa@nord-lock-inc.com, www.opra.no/en
Contact: VP Mktg/Sls, Larry Day www.nord-lock.com
Niagara Blower Heat Contact: App Eng, Chris Tatak Orenda Aerospace Corp
Nebraska Boiler Transfer Solutions Magellan Repair, Overhaul &
(div of Cleaver-Brooks Inc), 6940 Wet Surface Air Coolers Div, 673 Notox Ceramic Filters A/S Industrial Div, 3160 Derry Rd
Cornhusker Hwy, Lincoln, NE Ontario St, Buffalo, NY 14207, Brovangen 2, Aakirkeby DK-3720 E, Mississauga, ON L4T 1A9,
68507, USA, +1-402-434-2000, USA, +1-716-875-2000, Denmark, +45-82-30-30-02, Canada, +1-905-673-3250,
sales@neboiler.com, sales@niagarablower.com, info@notoxcf.com, www.notoxcf.com information@orenda.com,
www.neboiler.com www.niagarablower.com Contact: COO, Lars Tinggaard www.orenda.com
Contact: VP Sls/Mktg, Rocky Contact: WSAC Prod Mgr, Mark Johannesen
Bahramzad Vogel Orion Instruments
NPO Saturn (a Magnetrol Co), 6646 Complex Dr,
NEM Power-Systems Nol-Tec Systems Inc 163 Lenin Ave, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl Baton Rouge, LA 70809,
(sub of NEM bv), (div of KC Green Holdings), 425 Region 152903 Russian USA, +1-225-906-2343,
Sibylla-Merian-Strasse 3, Apollo Dr, Lino Lakes, MN Federation, +7-48-55-296-100, www.orioninstruments.com
Recklinghausen 45665 55014, USA, +1-651-780-8600, saturn@npo-saturn.ru, Contact: Gen Mgr, Don Sanders
Germany, +49-2361-9869-0, sales@nol-tec.com, www.nol-tec.com www.npo-saturn.ru
info@nem-ps.com, www.nem-ps.com Contact: Natl Sls Mgr, Sorb-N-Ject Orival Water Filters
Contact: VP Sls, David Clay Technology, Jerry VanDerWerff ODonnell Consulting 213 S Van Brunt St, Englewood, NJ
Engineers 07631, USA, +1-201-568-3311,
NEWPOLYGEN Nooter/Eriksen Inc 2940 S Park Rd, Bethel Park, PA filters@orival.com, www.orival.com
PO Box 725, Kiryat-Ono 55000 1509 Ocello Dr, Fenton, MO 15102, USA, +1-412-835-5007, Contact: Mktg, R Schwartz
Israel, +972-3-5346-447, 63026, USA, +1-636-651-1000, info@odonnellconsulting.com,
info@newpolygen.com, sales@ne.com, www.ne.com www.odonnellconsulting.com Ormat Nevada Inc
www.newpolygen.com Contact: VP Sls/Mktg, Mike Filla Contact: Pres, Bill ODonnell 980 Greg St, Sparks, NV
Contact: CEO, Stanislav Sinatov 89431-6039, USA,
+1-775-356-9029, info@ormat.com,
www.ormat.com
Contact: VP, Daniel Schochet
CONTACT:
9
.
Heat Recovery
Dave Nickerson
Steam Generator
e] dnickerson@powerbargecorp.com
p] 281-450-3924 :
*;<=&
www.powerbargecorp.com of supply
-VYTVYLPUMVYTH[PVULU[LYH[WLPOV[PTZJVT
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OUESTime Piezo Technologies Process Plugins Inc Rentech Boiler Systems Inc
PO Box 15249, Fermandina, FL 8421 Georgetown Rd, Suite 300, 2519 S Shields St, Suite 166, Ft 5025 E Business 20, Abilene, TX
32035, USA, +1-206-260-5858, Indianapolis, IN 46268, Collins, CO 80526, 79601, USA, +1-325-672-3400,
ouestime@earthlink.net USA, +1-317-876-4670, USA, +1-970-266-8551, sales@rentechboilers.com,
Contact: Mgr, Xavier Dhubert info@piezotechnologies.com, info@processplugins.com, www.rentechboilers.com
www.piezotechnologies.com www.processplugins.com Contact: Pres, Jack Rentz
PAN Metallgesellschaft Contact: Dir Apps Engr, John Contact: Pres, Joe Devine
Baumgrtner GmbH & Helgland RetubeCo Inc
CoKG Promec SRL 6024 Ooltewah-Georgetown Rd,
Am Oberen Luisenpark 3, Mannheim Plastocor-international SA Via Marconi 35/G, Ponte San Pietro, Ooltewah, TN 37363,
68165 Germany, +49-621-42-303-0, Ave de la Gare 3, Sierre 3960 24036 Italy, +39-354376383, USA, +1-423-238-4814,
kontakt@pan-metall.com, Switzerland, +41-27-456-49-55, info@promecweb.it, sales@retubeco.com,
www.pan-metall.com info@plastocor-international.com, www.promecweb.it www.retubeco.com
www.plastocor-international.com Contact: Gen Mgr, Luca Gandini Contact: Pres, Ed Overmyer
PAS Technologies Inc Contact: Pres, Richard Kreiselmaier
IDA Business & Technology Park, Proton Energy System Ringfeder Corp
Carrigtwohill, County Cork Plenty Process Filtration 10 Technology Dr, Wallingford, CT (sub of VBG Group), 165 Carver
Ireland, +353-21-428-7300, (div of SPX), 19191 Hempstead Hwy, 06492, USA, +1-203-949-8697, Ave, Westwood, NJ 07675,
www.pas-technologies.com Houston, TX 77065, customerservice@ USA, +1-201-666-3320,
Contact: VP Global Industrial Gas USA, +1-281-469-0550, protonenergy.com, sales@ringfeder.com,
Turbines, Denis McGrath plentyfilters@spx.com, www.protonenergy.com www.ringfeder.com
www.plentyfiltration.net Contact: VP Hydrogen Prod Sls/ Contact: Pres, Carl Fenstermacher
PCA Engineers Ltd Contact: Natl Sls Mgr, Steven King Mktg, John Speranza
Studio 2, Deepdale Enterprise Pk, Ring Power Corp
Deepdale Ln, Nettleham, Lincoln Power Developments PSM, an ALSTOM Co Power Systems Div, 500 World
LN2 2LL, UK, +44-1552-596959, International FZCO 1440 W Indiantown Rd, Jupiter, FL Commerce Pkwy, St Augustine, FL
chris.robinson@pcaeng.co.uk, Office No LOB 16-504, Jebel Ali 33458, USA, +1-561-354-1100, 32092, USA, +1-904-737-7730,
www.pcaeng.co.uk Free Zone, PO Box 17204, power@psm.com, www.psm.com info@ringpower.com,
Contact: Man Dir, Chris Robinson Dubai United Arab Emirates, Contact: VP Strategy/Bus Dev, Jeff www.ringpower-systems.com
+971-4-8871891, info@pdi.ae, Benoit Contact: Asst Sls Mgr, Lyndon Schultz
PCC Structurals Inc www.pdi.ae
4600 SE Harney Dr, Portland, OR QinetiQ Ritepro Inc
97206, USA, +1-503-353-1019, Power Jacks Ltd Energy Div, Cody Technology Park, (sub of BRAY International Inc),
ecator@pcc-structurals.com, S Harbour Rd, Fraserburgh, Ively Rd, Farnborough, Hampshire 12200 Albert Hudon Blvd,
www.pcc-structurals.com Aberdeenshire AB43 9BZ, GU14 0LX, UK, +44-1252-393645, Montreal, QC H1G 3KY,
Contact: IGT Bus Unit Mgr, Edward UK, +44-1346-513131, gkalexander@qinetiq.com, Canada, +1-514-324-8900,
Cator sales@powerjacks.com, www.qinetiq.com strudel@bray.qc.ca, www.ritepro.com
www.powerjacks.com Contact: Sls Mgr, Serge Trudel
PCH Engineering A/S Contact: Cust Svc/Mktg Dir, Bruce Racine Flow Meter Group
Ved Klaedebo 9, Hoersholm Hamper 8635 Washington Ave, PO Box Rochem Technical Services
DK-2970 Denmark, 081580, Racine, WA 53406, 11 Sun Valley Business Park, Winnall
+45-45-76-87-76, Power Machines USA, +1-262-639-6770, Close, Winchester S023 0LB,
pch@pch-engineering.dk, Vatutina Str 3A, St Petersburg info@racinefed.com, UK, +44-1962-890089,
www.pch-engineering.dk 195009 Russian Federation, www.racinefed.com/flow sales@rochem.net,
Contact: Dir, Leif Schaap +7-812-340-70-37, Contact: NA Sls Dir, Tracy Lagona www.rochemltd.com
mail@power-m.ru, Contact: Reg Dir, Bob Auguston
Perpetuum Ltd www.power-m.ru/eng Rathbone Precision Metals
Epsilon House, Enterprise Rd, Contact: Deputy Gen Dir/Sls Dir, Inc Roctest Ltd
Southampton Science Pk, Hampshire Alexey Barvinok 1241 Park St, Palmer, MA 01069, 665 Pine Ave, St Lambert, QC J4P
SO16 7NS, UK, +44-2380-765888, USA, +1-888-283-8961, 2P4, Canada, +1-450-465-1113,
info@perpetuum.com, Powertech Labs Inc richard.leger@ info@roctest.com, www.roctest.com
www.perpetuum.com 12388 88th Ave, Surrey, BC V3W rathboneprofiles.com, Contact: VP Sls/Mktg, Francois
Contact: Dir Bus Dev, Kevin Marzano 7R7, Canada, +1-604-590-6641, www.rathboneprofiles.com Cordeau
hugh.zhu@powertechlabs.com, Contact: Dir Sls, Glenn Eberly
Philadelphia Gear www.powertechlabs.com Rolls-Royce
901 E 8th Ave, Suite 100, King of Contact: Prin Eng, Hugh Zhu Regeltechnik 65 Buckingham Gate, London SW1E
Prussia, PA 19406, USA, Kornwesthelm GmbH 6AT, UK, +44-20-7222-9020,
+1-610-337-5678, Pratt & Whitney Max-Planck-Str 3, Kornwesthelm D www.rolls-royce.com
www.philagear.com 400 Main St, East Hartford, CT 70806 Germany,
Contact: VP, Gerald Matteson 06108, USA, +1-860-565-4321, +49-7154-1314-0, info@rtk.de, Rongxin Power Electric Co
help24@pw.utc.com, www.rtk.de Ltd
PIA Inc www.pw.utc.com Bldg 8, Guiguliangcheng, No 1,
7958 16th Ave, Montreal, QC H1Z Rely (UK) Precision Nongdanan Rd, Haidian
3P5, Canada, +1-514-251-8169, Process Equipment - Castings District, Beijing 100084
info@piacanada.ca, Barron Industries 31 Glenacre Cescent, Uddingston, China, +86-28-8505-7399,
www.piacanada.ca 2770 Welborn St, PO Box 1607, Glasgow G71 6EH, UK, zwhuang@rxpe.com, www.rxpe.com
Contact: Sls Mgr/Tech Dev, Christian Pelham, AL 35124, USA, +44-1698-303010,
Fabry +1-205-663-5330, rely_uk@blueyonder.co.uk,
www.processbarron.com www.rely.co.za
Contact: Pres, Ken Nolen Contact: Bus Dev Mgr, William Keir
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Sulzer Turbo Services Sulzer Turbo Services TGM Kanis Turbinen TorcUP Industrial Bolting
Zrcherstr 12, Winterthur CH-8401 Venlo BV GmbH Tools
Switzerland, +41-52-262-3444, Spikweien 36, AD Lomm NL-5943 Am Flachmoor 6, Nuremberg 90475 1025 Conroy Pl, Easton, PA 18040,
sulzerts@sulzer.com, The Netherlands, +31-77-473-8666, Germany, +49-911-239-568-741, USA, +1-610-250-5800,
www.sulzerts.com sulzertsvenlo@sulzer.com, sales@tgmkanis.com, info@torcup.com, www.torcup.com
Contact: Mktg/Comms, Sue Hudson www.sulzerts.com www.tgmkanis.com
TPS Termiska Processer AB
Sulzer Turbo Services Sutton Stromart Ltd Thermal Ceramics PO Box 624, Nykping 611 10
Argentina SA 8 Carson Ct, Brampton, ON L6T Tebay Rd, Bromborough, Wirral, Sweden, +46-8-53524811,
Talcahuano 736, 7, Buenos Aires 4P8, Canada, +1-905-458-0470, Merseyside CH62 2PH, per.magnus.wicen@tps.se
C1013AAPArgentina,+54-114-373-6327, sssales@mclgroup.com, UK, +44-151-334-4030, Contact: Mktg Mgr, Per Magnus
sulzertsargentina@sulzer.com, www.suttonstromart.com marketing@thermalceramics.co.uk, Wicn
www.sulzerts.com Contact: Sls Mgr U.S., Rick Dezek www.thermalceramics.com
Trihedral Engineering Ltd
Sulzer Turbo Services Swagelok Co Thermamax Inc 1160 Bedford Hwy, Bedford, NS
Brazil 31500 Aurora Rd, Solon, OH 1005 N Commons Dr, Aurora, IL B4A 1C1, Canada,
Rua dos Cardeais 78 - Sala 4, 44139-2764,USA,+1-440-349-5934, 60504, USA, +1-630-405-0600, +1-902-835-1575,
Vinhedo SP13280 Brazil, publicrelations@swagelok.com, rlasner@thermamax.us, vts@trihedral.com, www.trihedral.com
+55-19-3876-2740, www.swagelok.com www.thermamax.com Contact: Dir Mktg, Patrick Cooke
flavio.romero@sulzer.com, Contact: Mktg/Comms Mgr, Heather Contact: US Oper Mgr, Ronny Lasner
www.sulzerts.com Gaynor Triveni Engineering &
THERMO ELECTRIC Co Industries Ltd
Sulzer Turbo Services SWAN Systeme AG 1193 McDermott Dr, West Chester, Steam Turbine Div, 12-A Peenya
Canada Ltd Studbachstrasse 13, Hinwil 8340 PA 19380, USA, +1-610-692-7990, Industrial Area, Peenya, Banglore
5218 68th Ave NW, Edmonton, AB Switzerland, +41-943-62-00, info@te-direct.com, www.te-direct.com 560058 India, +91-80-22164000,
T6B 2X7, Canada, systems@swansystems.ch, Contact: CMO, Jose Alberto mktg@tbg.trivenigroup.com,
+1-780-577-9200, www.swansystems.ch www.trivenigroup.com
sulzertscanada@sulzer.com, Contact: CEO, Peter Kaminski Thermo Scientific
www.sulzerts.com Air Quality Instruments Div, (div of Turbine Air Systems Ltd
Technicon Acoustics Thermo Fisher Scientific), 27 4300 Dixie Dr, Houston, TX 77021,
Sulzer Turbo Services 4412 Republic Ct, Concord, NC Forge Pkwy, Franklin, MA 02038, USA, +1-713-877-8700,
Houston Inc 28027, USA, +1-704-788-1131, USA, +1-508-520-0430, marketing@tas.com, www.tas.com
11518 Old LaPorte Rd, LaPorte, TX, sales@tcnind.com, www.tcnind.com customerservice.aqi@ Contact: Mgr Sls Oper, Ingrid Cortes
USA, +1-713-567-2700, Contact: Sls, Matt Plickert thermofisher.com,
sulzertshouston@sulzer.com, www.thermoscientific.com/aqi Turbocam Europe Ltd
www.sulzerts.com TechniData AG Contact: Mktg Comms Mgr, Abbie (div of Turbocam International), 155
EH&S ENVINET Div, Hans-Pinsel-Str Martin Highlands Rd, Fareham, Hampshire
Sulzer Turbo Services 4, Haar D-85540 Germany, PO15 6JR, UK, +44-1329-845800,
India +49-89-45-66-57-801, Thompson Pump uk@turbocam.com,
7 Purushottam Apt, Plot No 78, envinet@technidata.com, 4620 City Center Dr, PO Box www.turbocam.com
Bhusari Colony, Kothrud, Pune www.technidata.com 291370, Port Orange, FL Contact: Fred Kinchin
411-038 India, +91-20-2528-5676, Contact: VP ENVINET, Claus 32129, USA, +1-386-767-7310,
rajesh.moghe@sulzer.com, Holzheimer sales@thompsonpump.com, TurboCare
www.sulzerts.com www.thompsonpump.com Via Don Lorenzo Perosi 4/A,
Tefulong Group Co Ltd Contact: Inside Sls, Robert Hennessy Scandicci, Florence 50018
PT Sulzer Turbo Services 4th Section of Hi-Teck Park, Wenzhou Italy, +39-557-595627,
Indonesia Economy & Technology Dev Zone, Thomson Technology LLP sales@turbocare.com,
Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011 Power Generation Div, (sub of www.turbocare.com
Kawasan Industri Kota Bukit Indah,
China, +86-577-8658-9988, Regal-Beloit Corp), 9087A 198th Contact: Mktg Dir, Marco Turella
Blok A 11, Kav 1C - 1D,
greatork@greatork.com, St, Vancouver, Langley, BC V1M
Purwakarta 41181 Indonesia,
www.greatork.com 3B1, Canada, +1-604-888-0110, TurboCare
+62-264-351-920,
Contact: Sls Eng, Lisa Xie info@thomsontechnology.com, 2140 Westover Rd, Chicopee, MA
sulzertsindonesia@sulzer.com,
www.thomsontechnology.com 01022, USA, +1-413-593-0500,
www.sulzerts.com
TesTex NDT Ltd sales@turbocare.com,
Sulzer Turbo Services New Maritime House, Lancaster Approach, TIC-The Industrial Co www.turbocare.com
North Killingholme, North Lincolnshire 2211 Elk River Rd, PO Box 774848,
Orleans Inc
DN40 3JZ, UK, +44-1469-541586, Steamboat Springs, CO 80487, Turbomach
1516 Engineers Rd, Belle Chasse,
testexuk@aol.com, USA, +1-970-879-2561, Via Campagna 15, Riazzino, Ticino
New Orleans, LA 70037,
www.testex-ndt.com reedweber@ticus.com, 6595 Switzerland, +41-91-851-15-11,
USA, +1-504-392-1800,
Contact: Simon Mackenzie www.tic-inc.com contact@turbomach.com,
sulzertsneworleans@sulzer.com,
Contact: Corp Mktg Mgr, Melinda www.tubomach.com
www.sulzerts.com
Testo AG Reed Weber Contact: Mktg/Comms Spec, Nadia
Via F lli Rosselli, 3/2, Settimo Mazzucchi
Sulzer Turbo Services
Milanese 20019 Italy, Tioga Pipe Supply Co Inc
Rotterdam BV
+39-2-33519-1, info@testo.it, 2450 Wheatsheaf Ln, Philadelphia, Turbo Parts LLC
Moezelweg 190, Europoort,
www.testoindia.com PA 19137, USA, +1-215-831-0700, (sub of Mechanical Dynamics &
Rotterdam NL-3198 The Netherlands,
jshaw@tiogapipe.com, Analysis LLC), 767 Pierce Rd,
+31-181-282-000,
TE Tecnologie per lEnergia www.tiogapipe.com Suite 2, Clifton Park, NY 12065,
sulzertsrotterdam@sulzer.com,
srl Contact: Mgr Sls, Jeff Shaw USA, +1-518-885-3199,
www.sulzerts.com
Via Montanaro 24, Torino 10154 info@turbopartsllc.com,
Italy, +39-11-2485166, www.turbopartsllc.com
t.e.srl@ipsnet.it, www.pagiregielle.it/ Contact: VP Sls, Jerry Johnson
tetecnologie
______
Contact: Dir, Elio Tessitore
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DIARY DATES
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-VYTVYLPUMVYTH[PVULU[LYH[WLPOV[PTZJVT
________
eurelectric
annual conference
stockholm 13-14 june 2011
delivering investments
to meet europes energy
& climate needs
www.eurelectric.org/Stockholm2011
Gold Sponsor
Silver Sponsor
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Conference Hosts
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GensetRoundup
Aggreko beats big freeze to power US footballs big game
The Green Bay Packers and Pittsburgh broadcasting the event to a worldwide approximately 3000 medium-sized
Steelers American football teams were television, internet and radio audience. homes as well as 4600 kW of
not the only power on display at the This is Aggrekos 21st year heating and about 80 km of cable
Cowboys Stadium in Dallas during last supporting the big game and its many distributed in and around the stadium
months Super Bowl. festivities, and each event brings This job required finding creative
As the Dallas/Fort Worth area a unique experience, said Gordy ways to distribute 50 miles of cable in
experienced some of the coldest winter Broussard, vice president, National and around the building and installing
temperatures in decades, Aggreko Sales and Marketing, Aggreko North temporary utilities while keeping the
provided large-scale power generation America. As they say, everything area safe and not detracting from the
and heating for the entire event, is bigger in Texas, and the sheer beauty of this amazing facility, said
including the half-time show. size of the new stadium makes this Broussard.
Following months of planning and one of Aggrekos largest supply of Aggreko had the support of its
preparation, Aggrekos major events uninterrupted power and heating for a national network of more than 50
division powered everything from single event. service centres and a team of 12
lighting and video during The Black Aggreko also powered both dedicated employees, who began
Eyed Peas half-time performance to teams practice facilities and installing the complex array of
stadium security. Aggreko also provided several celebration sites and VIP equipment weeks prior to the game.
power and temperature control for areas. Services included 13 MW Dismantling required an additional two
the international media compounds of generator power enough for weeks after the final whistle blew.
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www.power-gen-middleeast.com
www.waterworldmiddleeast.com
CHANGING
POWER&WATER
SOLUTIONS IN CHALLENGING TIMES
INVITATION TO ATTEND For exhibition and sponsorship
opportunities contact:
Be part of one of the Middle Easts most important events for the power and water industries as Kelvin Marlow
POWER-GEN Middle East celebrates its 10th anniversary and WaterWorld Middle East launches Exhibit Sales Manager (Power)
its first co-located event at Doha Exhbition Center, Doha, Qatar. T +44 (0) 1992 656 610
F +44 (0) 1992 656 700
POWER-GEN Middle East and WaterWorld Middle East 2011 will gather world-class experts E exhibitpgme@pennwell.com
to address strategic and technical issues facing the power and water industries and help meet
Roy Morris
the ever increasing demand for power and water associated with the exponential growth and
Exhibit Sales Manager (Water)
vitality in Qatar and greater Middle East.
T +44 (0) 1992 656 613
F +44 (0) 1992 656 700
Be a part of the rapid investment across the region by attending these premier events to
E rmorris@pennwell.com
discuss and explore topics such as market trends; market structure and regulation; fossil fired,
renewable and nuclear power technologies; desalination; water and wastewater treatments as For information about participating at
growth and demand for power and water intensifies the conference as a speaker or delegate,
please contact:
POWER-GEN Middle East and WaterWorld Middle East 2011 will also provide the perfect
Samantha Malcolm
opportunity to establish new business contacts with prominent local and international
Conference Manager
companies and to introduce and demonstrate pioneering technologies.
T +44 (0) 1992 656 619
If you are involved in the power or water industries, dont miss this prime opportunity to stay F +44 (0) 1992 656 700
E paperspgme@pennwell.com
ahead of the competition and reach the regions key decision makers.
Supporting Regional
Owned and Produced by: Co-Host: Supported by: Flagship Media Sponsors: Publication:
-VYTVYLPUMVYTH[PVULU[LYH[WLPOV[PTZJVT
________
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EquipmentRoundup
Self-contained tensioner eases pressure for US nuclear plant
One of the more critical aspects of hoses and hook them up, said
nuclear reactor maintenance work Blenkinsopp. That would take us an
at Browns Ferry, a 3.4 GW boiling hour on its own. Now all we do is
water reactor plant near Decatur, run a 480V cable to each tensioner,
Alabama, USA, and every other plant, which takes ten minutes.
is opening and resealing the vessel Outage performance for stud
head flange, which consists of many tensioning at Browns Ferry
large studs and nuts. previously fell into the 150270
These are tensioned to a very minutes range, even with the
high load by applying hydraulic industry-leading QD-H units. But
stud tensioners. Tensioning these after training and experience of the
accurately is a huge undertaking, new system, Browns Ferry reduced
requiring technicians to operate in At each pass four studs can dose to the crew members. Typically, tensioning to 85 minutes in the
high radiation dose areas. be tensioned, each at 90 degrees this system is operated by one or autumn 2010 outage.
The studs are tensioned and nuts to each other, offering optimum two men per stud tensioner and a Industry outages used to take
are seated to elongate the stud; the positioning to reduce stresses. The central pumping system operator, 6090 days and stud tensioning
correct tension signifying the reactor units are then re-positioned several plus plant radiation technicians and would take two to three shifts,
flange is properly seated and sealed. times, each time working on four supervisors. he said. In plants that dont have
Browns Ferry refuelling floor studs at optimum spacing, until the The system is linked by heavy quick-disconnect tensioners, the
manager John Blenkinsopp was vessel is completely resealed. hydraulic lines running from each unit has to be physically screwed
keen to try the latest Biach tensioner Further trim passes might be tensioner to a distribution manifold down on to the stud and that takes
from Hydratight. This Biach Quick- required if the final elongation mounted on the central carousel and a long, long time. The reduction in
Disconnect-Helical (QD-H) design readings do not meet the required from there to the control unit, on tensioning time alone saves Browns
has four stud tensioners mounted on specification. Completing this the refuel floor, where space is at a Ferry in the region of $50 000
a circular carousel supported by the operation quickly means reduced premium. We used to have to fly the an hour per outage, across three
reactor head flange lifting lugs. critical path cost and lower radiation carousel in, then run all the hydraulic scheduled outages every two years.
$'9(57,6(0(17,1'(;
$0(5,&$1%86,1(66&21)(5(1&(6 078)5,('5,&+6+$)(1*0%+
$3 0 0780$,17$1$1&(%(5/,1
%$%&2&.,17(51$7,21$/*5283 %5$1'(1%85**0%+
%5$'(10$18)$&785,1* 18&/($532:(5(8523(
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9(67$6:,1'6<67(06 &
/89$7$
0$1',(6(/6( :22':$5'*29(5125&203$1< &
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-VYTVYLPUMVYTH[PVULU[LYH[WLPOV[PTZJVT
________
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GE Energy
With the demands youre facing, you cant risk a supplier who will just drop off
a product, hope it works, then disappear. GE Energys Filtration Technologies
team leverages our 40 years of application expertise to think beyond simple
product-based solutions. Instead, we offer a complete system approach that
can help lower your energy and maintenance costs. So you can rely on us for
long-term dust collection solutions that help make you more protable.
Thats not just a promise. Its the promise of something better.
-VYTVYLPUMVYTH[PVULU[LYH[WLPOV[PTZJVT
________
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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
10 12 May, 2011, Birmingham, UK CONFERENCES
BEST-PRACTICE CASE STUDIES FROM A RANGE OF MAJOR OPERATORS, ON: FEATURING HIGHLY
The balance between OEM and third party contracting EXPERIENCED
Gas turbine technology and hot gas path component management strategies SPEAKERS FROM:
Plant flexibility and the impact on lifecycle management and balance of plant O&M Centrica Energy
Reducing outage downtime and using outages strategically to extend plant life Cranfield University
Learning the O&M and life extension lessons from a coal-fired power plant
Maintenance approaches and techniques, such as availability centred O&M, and DG Energy, EU
how this can impact best practice Commission
E.ON UK
PLUS EXPERT INSIGHTS ON: Essent
The prospects and challenges for demonstrating Carbon Capture and Storage
at gas-fired power plants in Europe Emirates CMS
Rotor life assessment, life time limiting processes for gas turbines and the Power Company
relationship with operational hours Intergen
Attracting, training and retaining the next generation of O&M professionals in
the power generation industry Laborelec, GDF Suez
Insurance and risk implications in the third party market Marsh
National Skills
Academy for Power
PRE-CONFERENCE WORKSHOPS, 10 MAY 2011
A: Gas Turbine Life Assessment, Life Extension and Life Management RWE npower
Led by: ERA Technology Siemens Energy
B: Maximising Maintenance and Lifecycle Management Strategies Service Fossil
with Enterprise Asset Management Solutions
Led by: SAP Sulzer Turbo Services
Venlo BV
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DEAR SIR/MADAM
PRIOR TO THE CONFERENCE:
As Europe stands on the cusp of a major period of transition in its power
generation infrastructure, CCGT power plants are set to play a key role If you have any particular questions for our expert speakers let us
in a future of diverse and exible low carbon power generation. The know before the event and we will try to arrange a time during
challenging commercial environment however, means that cost effective the conference where you can discuss your issues directly with
O&M and life-cycle optimisation are central to running a commercially the experts.
successful operation.
We are delighted to invite you to this insightful conference on O&M and AT THE CONFERENCE:
Lifecycle Management Strategies for CCGT Power Plants. With 36% of In addition to educational best practice content you will have
Europes electricity production predicted to come from gas-red power optimal access to the experts during the sessions and the breaks,
plants by 2020, it is essential that operators execute an efcient and cost plus time to talk through your challenges with your peers at the
effective long term O&M strategy in order to maximise plant exibility
and life. evening networking event.
Bringing together a range of operators, take this opportunity to share AFTER THE CONFERENCE:
best practice, benchmark your O&M performance and optimise gas
turbine and plant lifecycle management. Whether you are an operator of Our team speaks daily with maintenance and asset management
a new build CCGT or are maintaining an aging eet, the agenda is built to professionals. After the event you can contact our team to
offer you crucial insights into: keep you connected to the community by introducing you to
OEM and third party contracting, and the associated nancial and risk any conference attendee you did not get to meet at the event.
implications Alternatively, join our LinkedIn conference group to meet with
Gas turbine life assessment, life limiting processes, technology and fellow attendees.
hot gas path component management strategies
Mid-life upgrade case studies and the role of outage management
during mid-life upgrades WHO SHOULD ATTEND
Maintenance management approaches and techniques, such as
availability centred O&M, and how this can impact best practice
Attracting, training and retaining the next generation of O&M This event targets operators of CCGT power plants, looking to
professionals in the power generation industry optimise life-cycle management, benchmark O&M strategy and
discover opportunities available in the OEM and third party market.
The event is designed to allow optimal time for networking and to support
discussion on critical issues. Interactive pre-conference workshops will It is designed for organisational leaders in positions such as
allow you time to discuss your issues and challenges with like-minded the following:
industry colleagues, while the main conference will feature networking Fleet, portfolio and generation director
breaks and an evening event for all attendees, to ensure that you have Station management
optimum time to network and share your challenges and approaches. Generation management
Engineering management
Gas-red power generation offers a cost effective and exible solution Operations management
for operators. We look forward to welcoming you in Birmingham for Production management
discussion on our how you can get the most out of your asset.
Corporate engineering
Yours sincerely, Technical gas turbine specialists and metallurgists
Outage strategy
Commercial and trading
Furthermore, we expect the event to attract those within the
Thomas Cook OEM and third party market, including those with responsibility
Managing Director
T.A. Cook Conferences for the following:
Technical performance
O&M
Strategy
Sales, marketing and business development
For more information or to register online, please visit our website www.tacook.com/CCGT ____________________
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PRE-CONFERENCE WORKSHOPS
TUESDAY 10 MAY, 2011
These simultaneous workshops will run from 9.00 am to 5.00 pm with refreshments and lunch provided
Workshop A: Workshop B:
GAS TURBINE LIFE ASSESSMENT, LIFE EXTENSION AND MAXIMISING MAINTENANCE AND LIFECYCLE
LIFE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES WITH ENTERPRISE
This workshop intends to give a comprehensive review on damage ASSET MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
mechanisms concerning key components of a gas turbine. The life This full day workshop will provide you with an extensive review of the
assessment approach will be presented by highlighting critical life limiting usage of SAP EAM in power generation plants. Develop your knowledge
parameters using several practical examples. Evolution of the alloy on the solution techniques for structuring system and equipment
microstructure in line with changes in mechanical properties and the information and learn about how to capture and design operational
coatings protection life are covered in connection with any life extending documentation, work with corrective and preventative orders, build
programme. In addition, damage mechanisms and approach to ling for and use preventative maintenance strategies and understand SAP EAM
the turbine compressor will be discussed. analytics.
The workshop will be ideal for those with a background in gas turbine The workshop will demonstrate how by modeling the application for
operation, asset management, maintenance and repair. This is an maintenance planning and processing, companies can achieve:
Better planning, reduction and monitoring of their maintenance budgets
opportunity for gaining insight on ling of gas turbine components and A better view of how to manage the effect of plant unavailability and
improving the strategies for reducing the costs. damage
Reduction of unplanned unavailability caused by damages How
The workshop agenda includes the following themes: much time did we not produce electricity due to unplanned failures
Gas Turbine Hot Components vs actual after implementation of SAP EAM?
Introduction to hot section life management issues Reduction of the shutdown processing time
Materials and components Designed to allow you optimal time to have your questions answered
Degrading and life limitations in an interactive environment, the workshop will also allow time
Hot section life assessment for discussion on how the goals of implementing Enterprise Asset
Hot section life extension Management are moving beyond the conventional scope, to target:
Improvement of maintenance strategies by obtaining real-time
Compressor Condition Assessments predictive asset health information
Compressor durability The creation of an analytical platform for engineering activities
Compressor assessments Performing condition-based maintenance
The reduction of IT costs
Workshop led by: Siavash Pahlavanyali, Gas Turbine Senior Metallurgist, The standardization and harmonization of maintenance procedures
ERA Technology and processes among a eet of power stations
Dr Siavash Pahlavanyali has been working on gas turbine components for Workshop led by: Miquel Carbo, Utilities Industry Business Specialist, SAP
over 15 years. His PhD research was involved in developing coating for With more than 15 years experience at SAP, Miquels current role as Senior
turbine blades. As a research associate at Cambridge University (2003- Industry Principal is to support the SAP industry practice for power
2004) he was involved in a Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Program in an EU generation, transmission and distribution of electricity, gas and water
funded project. Siavash then worked at Rolls-Royce UTP at Cambridge for the EMEA and India region. His role includes responsibilities for value
University on oxidation lifing of blade alloys and coatings. He joined ERA engineering and roadmap studies, presales and demo support, partner
Technology in May 2008 and has been involved in gas turbine failure alliances management and specic consulting activities
assessment, and lifing turbine critical components such as blades and
rotors and extending the component life.
For more details of the workshops and for detailed agendas, please visit _______________
www.tacook.com/CCGT
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CONFERENCE
WEDNESDAY 11 MAY, 2011
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CONFERENCE
THURSDAY 12 MAY, 2011
11:55 THE EFFECT OF PLANT FLEXIBILITY ON LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT AND BALANCE OF PLANT RIJNMOND POWER PLANT CASE STUDY
Study on the impact of cycling to power plants
Future market demand and the impact on operating profile
The impact of cycling on:
Power plant equipment, e.g. Heat Recovery Steam Generator, boilers
Maintenance costs and availability
Measures to influence the impact on cycling
Flexibility and lifecycle management
Andr van der Niet, Long Term Plant Engineer, Rijnmond Energie, Intergen
15:45 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE: ATTRACTING, TRAINING AND RETAINING THE NEXT GENERATION OF O&M PROFESSIONALS
IN THE POWER GENERATION INDUSTRY
Where are we now and what are the industry doing to address the problem:
Apprenticeships
Engagement with education and universities
How does the power generation industry compete with other industries, e.g. financial services and petro-chemicals?
What are the different needs and requirements across the industry?
What is the National Skills Academy for Power doing to address these challenges?
Sue Guest, Head of Strategy and Engagement, National Skills Academy for Power
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To register for this conference please fax this registration form to:
Company
Address 1 Two day conference 11-12 May, 2011
Pre-conference Workshop 10 May, 2011
A B
Full Name
Job Title
Postcode Telephone
Country Email
to the beginning of the conference will entitle you to a refund less 175 administration fee. B3 3QR
Regrettably, no refunds can be made for cancellations received less than two weeks prior to the
conference. Should the registered person not be able to attend the event you may easily assign Please tick the box if you wish to be removed from our mailing list.
another person as a replacement. Organisers Changes We reserve the right to make alterations (when doing so please write your name above)
to the programme if necessary. It may be necessary for reasons beyond the control of the organisers T.A. Cook Consultants Ltd . VAT registered in England, No. 781495788
to alter the contents and the timing of the programme or the identity of the speakers. The organiser
reserves the right to cancel the conference, in the event of an insufcient number of delegates.
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March 2011
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www.sulzerts.com
__________________
-VYTVYLPUMVYTH[PVULU[LYH[TLLOV[PTZJVT
_________
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Contents
PennWell Global Energy Group March 2011
Group Publisher
Ralph Boon
Chief Editor
Heather Johnstone
Private Power Pioneer:
heatherj@pennwell.com
New challenges As the leader
Deputy Editor in developing
Tim Probert privatized power
timprobert@pennwell.com in the Gulf region,
Oman now faces
Associate Editor
Nigel Blackaby a new set of
nigelb@pennwell.com challenges (p.4).
Production Editor
Piers Evans
Production
Shirley Gamboa Nuclear in the Middle East
Corporate Headquarters 8 Consultancies weigh up the risks and opportunities
PennWell Corporation
1421 S. Sheridan Road, Tulsa
As GCC countries consider the potential contribution of nuclear
OK 74112 USA technology to meeting a looming capacity shortfall, consultancies
Telephone: +1 918 835 3161 should adopt a careful and methodical approach to assessing the
Fax: +1 918 831 9834
market opportunity this may present.
Circulation Director
Gloria Adams
Circulation Manager
Janet Orton
Chairman
Frank T. Lauinger
President/CEO
Robert F. Biolchini
Power Engineering International editorial offices are located at: PennWell Global
Energy Group, The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powdermill Lane, Waltham Abbey,
Essex EN9 1BN, United Kingdom. Tel: +44 1992 656 600. Fax: +44 1992 656 700.
Power Engineering International is a registered trademark of
PennWell Corporation.
Member
American Business Press
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FrontLine
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RFP issued for Amman East MAPNAs Syria plant due on line in 2011
The National Electric Power 350 MW plant with a 60 per A 300 MW gas fired power three more plants in the
Company (NEPCO) of Jordan cent annual capacity factor; and plant built by Irans MAPNA coming years, including a
has issued a request for a 200250 MW peak demand International will be 750 MW plant at Deir Ali built
proposals (RFP) to build the option using diesel engine commissioned in the second by Metka and Ansaldo Energia.
countrys third independent technology or combustion half of 2011. BHEL expects to add 400 MW
power project (IPP). turbines in simple cycle, with The 280m ($390m) plant at the Tishreen plant in the
The selected developer will a 40 per cent annual capacity is an expansion of the same year. Metka and Ansaldo
build the plant on a build-own- factor. Both options would have Jandar plant near Homs. An will also start building a 670m
operate (BOO) basis in Amman heavy fuel oil as main fuel, additional 150 MW unit will plant in Deir Ezzor in the first
East. Bidders have been asked for natural gas as secondary, and be commissioned next year. half of 2011, to raise capacity by
two bids: a base bid for a 300 light distillate as tertiary fuel. Syria expects to commission 750 MW.
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T
Source: L. Plougmann
he Sultanate of Oman has been a
pioneer in electricity markets reform
in the Middle East. The whole
system approach it has adopted for the
reorganization and privatization of its
electricity and water sectors makes it one
of the most highly developed privatization
programmes in the Gulf region. Oman
has used a four-step model to unbundle
the countrys generation, distribution and
transmission assets, establish a regulatory
regime and introduce commercialization
and privatization.
Privatization of the electricity sector
actually started in 1996 when the Manah
power project was developed on a build,
operate, own, transfer (BOOT) basis by the
United Power Company. In 2002, private
sector companies were invited to invest in
the Salalah Power System.
Until 2004, Omans Ministry of Housing,
Electricity and Water was responsible for
generation, transmission and distribution of
electricity. Privatization of its state-owned
electricity and water industry was driven
by a rising demand for power and water, a
requirement for investment to modernize
facilities and the need for structural reform
and reduction of subsidies. In 2005, the
Sector Law came into force providing a new
framework for the electricity and seawater
desalination infrastructure sectors.
In 2006, the Al-Rusail Power Company
was privatized through a 100 per cent share
sale the first such sale of an operational
generation asset in the Middle East. It paved
the way for the privatization of more of
Omans power companies, a process that is
still underway.
The governments approach to
privatization has been to allow 100 per cent
private ownership for an initial period,
with an obligation to make public offerings
of stipulated shareholdings through
the Muscat Securities Market. However, A watchtower in the form of a giant incense burner at Al Riyam Park in Omans capital Muscat.
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2010 when it was connected with the power Oman comprising about 600 circuit km of The interconnection could serve as a
system of the Petroleum Development 220 kV and in the region of 2700 circuit km gateway to a regional and pan-Arab power
Oman, which is connected by a 132 kV of 132 kV transmission lines. pool and bring in new investment. This
single circuit to the MIS. Demand on the could allow private investors to develop
Salalah Power System is expected to grow Interconnection links Oman to other larger projects with access to a bigger
from 297 MW in 2009 to 615 MW by 2016, Gulf States market, including the GCC and other pools
an average annual increase of around 11 per Oman is a member of the GCC, which is such as the EJILST (Egypt, Jordan, Iraq,
cent. Significant development of the system working to achieve an interconnection Lebanon, Syria and Turkey) and ENTSO-E
will be taking place as the new 445 MW system linking all six members. Linking (Europe).
Salalah power and water plant is phased in. the electrical power networks in the GCC
A Five Year Business Plan submitted to member states will enable a reduction of the Ensuring water supplies in an
OPWPC for the years 20112015 sets out electrical generation reserve of each of the arid area
RO297 million ($770 million) in member states and improve power supply The OPWPC, established in 2002, is a
investments in the development of the security and economic efficiency in wholly-owned subsidiary of the Electricity
Salalah Power System as demand escalates the region. Holding Company (EHC) and is 100 per
over that period. The system consists of an AC cent owned by the government. It has a
interconnection of the 50 Hz systems of monopoly on the sale of desalinated water.
First Middle Eastern transco to be Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE and Oman OPWPC estimates that the demand for
privatized? with a back-to-back HVDC interconnection desalinated water will rise from
The Omani government has plans to to the 60 Hz Saudi Arabian system. 22.5 billion gallons a year in 2008 to
privatize the OETC a first for a Middle The North Grid, the first phase of the 53.5 billion gallons a year in 2015,
Eastern transmission company. Interconnection Project, connecting Kuwait, necessitating additional desalination
In 2008, it appointed KPMG to oversee Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Qatar, was capacity of 31 billion gallons per year.
the privatization. At that time the completed in 2009. The second phase, the OPWPC has been working towards the
request for proposals (inviting potential South Grid, involves interconnection of the development of new independent water
international bidders to submit expressions independent systems in the United Arab and power projects (IWPPs), but the global
of interest) was expected to be floated the Emirates (UAE) and Oman. financial downturn led to revisions in
following year. The third phase, interconnection of the its ambitions. In August 2010, OPWPC
But the global financial crisis appears to GCC South Grid with the GCC North Grid, dropped the plans to build an IWPP at
have delayed the plans, which are currently started in 2010 and is expected to finish in Al Ghubhrah and decided to re-tender it as
on hold. OETCs existing transmission the middle of 2011. The original plan was a desalination plant only.
system extends across the whole of northern to connect Oman to the GCC Grid via the A proposed facility at Duqum Port was
UAEs internal grid originally planned to be a 1000 MW coal
but a new proposal to fired plant (the first in the GCC region);
connect it directly to however in February 2010, OPWPC
the GCC grid is now announced that it was changing the fuel
under technical and source from coal to gas. In April 2010,
commercial feasibility however, the plan was put on hold and in
study. the second quarter of 2010 it was
e Omans first step delayed indefinitely.
Oil Mist Eliminator t Th
M e e pean in the proposed OPWPC is seeking proposals for an
)
2
23
33 o
Eur ssion interconnection independent power project (IPP) at Sur.
i
4
02 +
53 E m ards system was a 220 kV It wants in the region of 400 MW of
d
0
6 33
3 7+809 Stan interconnection electricity to be available ahead of the
between MIS and summer peak demand in 2013, and full
separation degree of 99.7% at 0.3 m by pressure llost off only l Abu Dhabi in the commissioning of 1500 MW in time for
5 mbar and you get oil-free exhaust air. UAE completed in summer 2014. In October 2010, nine
save money through longer maintenance intervals of the turbocharger early 2007. A link companies tendered to build and operate
*0
536330 :+'2 to the Petroleum the plant.
constant underpressure in oil tank and bearings & clean air in the machine hall Development At the start of 2011 the contract to build
Oman system in the and operate the $1 billion Salalah IWPP
Dhofar area became was signed with Sembcorp Salalah Power
operational in 2010. & Water Company (SSPWC). The 445 MW
As well as improving gas fired power plant and reverse osmosis
economic efficiency, desalination plant will be owned by a join
streamlining venture formed between Sembcorp Utilities
operations and and the Oman Investment Corporation.
strengthening Commercial operation is projected to begin
reliability, the GCC in 2012.
interconnection will The electricity and water output from
promote a the facility will be sold to OPWPC under
Filter on a steam turbine closed-cranccases-ventilation with
oil tank package for Siemens high ltration degrees for MWM common GCC a 15-year power and water purchase
electricity market agreement. SSPWC is 60 per cent owned by
! to pave the way Sembcorp Utilities and 40 per cent
"
#$%&'(%%)*#$%&'(%% for additional owned by the Oman Investment
+,#
/01#01
_______ developments. Corporation.
-VYTVYLPUMVYTH[PVULU[LYH[TLLOV[PTZJVT
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The facility will be operated and including that the Authority for osmosis desalination plants, which produce
maintained by a joint venture company, Electricity Regulation, Oman supports around 660 000 gallons per day of water.
Sembcorp Salalah O&M Company, which the implementation of pilot projects in In December 2010, RAEC appointed Dutch
is 70 per cent owned by Sembcorp Utilities, conjunction with RAEC diesel generation consultancy KEMA to develop a plan for
and 30 per cent by the Oman Investment in rural areas. Tenders were invited and capital spending over the next ten years.
Corporation. Chinese company SEPCO III in April 2010 the electricity regulator KEMA will evaluate all of RAECs plants and
Electric Power Construction Corporation announced six renewable energy pilot report on the investment needed, as well as
is the engineering, procurement and projects offering 6.6 MW of renewable ways to cut operating costs.
construction contractor under a fixed price, capacity at an investment cost of While Oman is moving forward with
turnkey contract. $21 million. ambitious plans to attract investment in
The six projects will allow RAECO to developing and modernizing its power and
Development of renewable energy replace 11 GWh of annual diesel generation water infrastructure, the planned rate of
In 2008 Oman published a renewable with renewably sourced electricity, reducing progress has been impacted by the global
energy study that explored the availability diesel fuel consumption by 3.1 million financial downturn. It seems likely that the
of solar and wind energy resources in the litres per year and avoiding 8298 tonnes of speed at which planned new projects are
Sultanate. carbon dioxide per year. agreed will be determined by the rate of
This made a number of recommendations RAECO currently spends $2.5 million recovery of the global economy in general,
for harnessing renewable resources annually on operating its five reverse and the Gulf in particular. MEE
-VYTVYLPUMVYTH[PVULU[LYH[TLLOV[PTZJVT
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The Korean company Kepco signs a nuclear deal with authorities in the UAE
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Nuclear Power
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Nuclear Power
technological status;
Nuclear power option
status of marketing and sales included within the national
department; energy strategy
financial standing.
These aspects are likewise the components Infrastructure Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Continuous
of a SWOT analysis, which will consider the development Deliberations Preparatory Activities to maintenance
following aspects. programme before a work for realize a first and
decision to construction of NPP infrastructure
launch a an NPP after a improvement
Strengths nuclear power policy decision
A strength is a core advantage of a company programme is has been taken
and its ranking in this aspect vis--vis taken
its competitors. Internal factors depend
on the company philosophy and the
managements code of conduct, i.e. its
vision and mission. Pre-project Pre-project Construction Operation and
decision decommissioning
Contributory factors are the qualifications
and experience of managers as well as Feasibility study Commissioning
Bidding process
employees flexibility and motivation. First NPP project
Determined and consistent strategic
management will provide a guideline
and pave the way for higher efficiency
and productivity. In Europe, experience Duration: 10 to 15 years
in power plant construction goes back to
industrialization. Thanks to many decades Figure 1: Project phases from Milestones in the Development of a National Infrastructure for Nuclear Power, IAEA
of broad-based experience coupled with Nuclear Energy Series No. NG-G-3.1, IAEA, Vienna (2007)
continuous research and development,
German companies possess a high degree of nuclear power. Because of the ageing There is increasing interest and
expertize and knowledge. workforce, knowledge will not be properly consequently higher competition arising
Universities and extensive practical passed on and retiring staff will take between nuclear newcomers. This hype
education among the workforce ensure critical knowledge with them. A huge gap is because each country wants to be the
an adequate supply of staff to meet the has arisen in recent decades between the first to bring its nuclear plant on line. To
industrial sectors demands. Despite high older workforce and new graduates. consider this as serious demand in a market
labour costs compared to other countries, The global availability of qualified analysis could be very dangerous.
European engineering and consultancy employees for this business segment is Countries that appear to be highly
firms are respected and profitable. very restricted. This issue is well known, so ambitious could abruptly halt their nuclear
efforts are needed to ensure recruitment and plans and cancel planning arrangements.
Weaknesses retention of the existing resources in order Potential governmental risks over a project
The nuclear sector offers fewer synergies to prevent an explosion in estimated project lead time of between 10 and 15 years are
than other conventional business fields budgets. The total volume of work for elections and changes of economic and
and significant economies of scale are planned nuclear plant construction will far environmental policy.
not directly attainable. Such projects exceed the available manpower capacity as Business sectors most affected are mainly
are too large to be handled by a single well as that of engineering and consultancy those that involve plant engineering
consultancy enterprise, so joint ventures enterprises worldwide. and construction with a high proportion
have to be set up to share the work of advance payments for construction
and, predominantly, the liability. The Opportunities materials and so forth. Cancellation of
separation of responsibilities will increase Opportunities for consultancies will arise long-term contracts puts companies at
the degree of interface management within through the external business environment, risk of incurring heavy financial losses.
the involved parties. i.e. greater demand for nuclear power. Investors, construction companies and
A further weakness is the human factor. Requirements in reorganization, and governments are increasingly unwilling to
Nuclear energy is a polarizing issue and research and development will grow in lend money for such large projects, due to
not every employee is prepared to work in importance so that contracted services can the following financial, technical, public,
this technology. Motivation measures and be provided by consultancies. The outlook and political factors.
incentives are needed to gain loyalty and for higher energy consumption will result in
attract employees. greater project development in the region, Financial threats
One of the main challenges for the heightening the increase in opportunities. The high liability sums and warranties
nuclear power sector globally is the shortage that construction companies need for
of staff with specialist education and Threats a project. Banks have imposed greater
training. This means that companies have Threats also arise due to external conditions restrictions on approving such guarantees,
to compete to recruit qualified staff, and in the market, such as existing competitors, and the spirit of trust has diminished
some employees will not match the profile suppliers, costs, government policy and since the global economic crisis;
of requirements. regulatory agencies as well as the entry of The current financial situation regarding
The rate of retirement in 2010 was new competitors. In the nuclear business, the credit crunch and market stability.
crucial; almost 60 per cent of specialist imminent threats are different due to Failure to pay back loans and insolvencies
staff will retire over the coming years, the involvement of a large number of of reputable institutions mean that greater
coinciding with renewed interest in stakeholders and different interests. care is taken before granting credit;
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www.power-gen-middleeast.com
CHANGING POWER
SOLUTIONS IN CHALLENGING TIMES
INVITATION TO EXHIBIT
POWER-GEN Middle East 2011, the premier event dedicated to the power industry For exhibition and sponsorship
of the Gulf region, will be held from 24-26 October 2011 at Doha Exhibition opportunities contact:
Center, Doha, Qatar. Kelvin Marlow
Exhibit Sales Manager
Responding to the growth and vitality in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) T +44 (0) 1992 656 610
region, POWER-GEN Middle East 2011 will gather world-class experts to address F +44 (0) 1992 656 700
technical issues and share lessons learned about power generation, transmission E exhibitpgme@pennwell.com
and distribution. The event will also provide an opportunity to establish new
business contacts with prominent local and international companies and introduce
and demonstrate pioneering technologies.
For information about participating
With an expected 3.9 per cent year-to-year rise in electricity consumption till 2030. at the conference as a speaker or
Arab nations are expected to pump more than $92 billion into projects to expand delegate, please contact:
their power generation capacity, 60 per cent of this coming from Gulf oil producers. Samantha Malcolm
Be part of the rapid investment in the MEE region by attending POWER-GEN Middle Conference Manager
East to launch new products, establish new business contacts and demonstrate T +44 (0) 1992 656 619
pioneering technologies to achieve long-term sustainable electricity supply as F +44 (0) 1992 656 700
E paperspgme@pennwell.com
growth and demand for power intensifies.
If you are involved in power in the Middle East, dont miss this prime opportunity
to stay ahead of the competition and reach the regions key decision makers.
Owned and Produced by: Co-Host: Flagship Media Sponsors: Supporting Regional Publication:
-VYTVYLPUMVYTH[PVULU[LYH[TLLOV[PTZJVT
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Nuclear Power
Technical threats
The low capacity of high voltage
transmission lines. Nuclear units of more
than 1 GW could become obsolete with
a trend towards small modular reactors
for more even voltage distribution
throughout the country. This obvious
threat could actually be also considered
as an opportunity for consultancies in the
development of transmission lines.
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POWER-GEN India & Central Asia is one of the regions most If your organization is currently working or considering operating,
important power industry events and the largest POWER-GEN POWER-GEN India & Central Asia, together with its two new co-
conference and exhibition outside of Europe and North America located events Renewable Energy World India and HydroVision
India, now truly reflects the changing face of one the worlds most
Well established as the regions premier event, POWER-GEN
exciting electric power markets, India.
India & Central Asia 2011 provides the ideal opportunity to
discuss the important technical and logistical issues related to the If you want to find out about the latest technologies and
modernization of Indias power infrastructure, as well as how to product developments in the field of fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro
meet the countrys exponential growth in energy demand. or renewables, or to explore the many investment opportunities
that exist, look no further than POWER-GEN India & Central Asia,
POWER-GEN India & Central Asia comprises a world-class
Renewable Energy World India and HydroVision India; this years
exhibition floor offering unrivalled networking and business
must attend events.
opportunities for attendees and exhibitors alike, plus the chance
to present the latest equipment and pioneering technologies for
the Indian and international energy sectors. For further information, please visit www.power-genindia.com
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www.waterworldmiddleeast.com
CHANGING
WATER SOLUTIONS
IN CHALLENGING TIMES
INVITATION TO PARTICIPATE
The first annual WaterWorld Middle East Conference and Exhibition will take place at For exhibition and sponsorship
Doha Exhibition Center, Doha, Qatar as a co-located event with POWER-GEN Middle East. opportunities contact:
Roy Morris
WaterWorld Middle East 2011 will gather world-class experts to address strategic
Exhibit Sales Manager
and technical issues facing the water and wastewater industry. Business enterprise, T +44 (0) 1992 656 613
technology and services are needed to help meet the ever increasing demand for water F +44 (0) 1992 656 700
and exponential growth and vitality the Middle East and North Africa region. E rmorris@pennwell.com
Be a part of the rapid investment across the region by attending this inaugural event
to discuss and explore topics such as water recycling, sustainable production and For information about participating
distribution efficiency as growth and demand for water intensifies. at the conference as a speaker or
delegate, please contact:
WaterWorld Middle East 2011 will also provide the perfect opportunity to establish new Samantha Malcolm
business contacts with prominent local and international companies and to introduce Conference Manager
and demonstrate pioneering technologies. T +44 (0) 1992 656 619
F +44 (0) 1992 656 700
If you are involved in the water industry, dont miss this prime opportunity to stay ahead
E paperswwme@pennwell.com
of the competition and reach the regions key decision makers.
Owned and Produced by: Supported by: Flagship Media Sponsors: Supporting Regional Publication:
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2011
A SNAPSHOT OF THE WORLDS TOP ELECTRICITY MARKETS
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Visit our
Web Feature:
www.siemens.com/
energy/
_____
cleaner-products
Siemens offers the broadest spectrum of future-ready technologies for cleaner fossil power generation.
We provide gas and steam turbines as well as generators for higher efficiency and fewer emissions
for a secure energy supply. Rely on quality products for cleaner fossil power generation from Siemens
to meet the most important challenge of tomorrows energy age. www.siemens.com/energy
E50001
214-101302 E5
T 214-101302
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2011
Production editor
Piers Evans
Country Focus Sub-editor
David Devonport
Studio/Production Manager
Karl Weber
10 Brazil 16 Mexico Contributors
12 Canada 18 USA Richard Ballie, Eric Baker, Paul Breeze,
Penny Hitchin, Andrew Lee, Katherine Probert,
Guy Robinson, Elisa Wood
Production
Katie Noftsger
26 36
Ralph Boon
India Phillipines
28 38
Corporate Headquarters
Indonesia South Korea PennWell Corporation,
30 Japan 40 Thailand 1421 S. Sheridan Road, Tulsa,
OK 74112, USA
Tel: +1 918 835 3161
Circulation Director
Gloria Adams
Circulation Manager
48 Finland 58 Russia Janet Orton
middle east-africa
Powdermill Lane, Waltham Abbey,
Essex EN9 1BN, UK.
Tel: +44 1992 656 600
Fax: +44 1992 656 700
70 77
Janet Orton
Nigeria South Africa PennWell Corporation,
72 Qatar 79 United Arab Emirates 1421 S. Sheridan Road,
Tulsa, OK 74112, USA
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Introduction
Welcome to the 2011 edition of the PennWell shortfall encouraged by unconventional gas and
Corporations Global Power Review, an essential liquefied natural gas
information source on the worlds key electricity Nuclear power: several nations have legislated to
markets, providing readers with the most up-to-date reverse phase-outs; prospects good for new build
market intelligence in an easy to read format. and life extensions
In this years publication, which is the ninth Renewable energy: Offshore wind and solar are
edition, we focus on 32 electricity sectors across the key growth areas plus pumped storage and hydro
Americas, the Asia-Pacific region, Europe and the refurbishment in some regions
Middle East and Africa region. Asia:
According to the International Energy Agency Forecasts suggest fastest growing world region for
(IEA), the power sectors share of the primary energy electricity in next few years.
mix will increase to 42 per cent in 2035, compared SE Asia electricity demand to grow 5.5 per cent
to 38 per cent in 2008. Total capacity additions of annually Heather Johnstone
Chief Editor
5900 GW will be required between 2008 and 2035, China could add 40 per cent of its current capacity
which is six times the USAs current installed capacity. by 2020
Coal will remain as the leading fuel for power Coal to remain dominant in next five years, with
generation, but the IEA predicts its share of total power emphasis on large supercritical and USC plants
output is expected to peak at 42 per cent within the State control is the norm although private
next couple of years and decline to 32 per cent by 2035. participation through IPPs will continue to grow
Coals loss of market share will benefit renewables, Chinas growing role in international electricity
excluding hydro, with their share increasing from sector will shape global market
3 per cent in 2008 to 16 per cent in 2035. The market Chinas influence on power sector across Asia is
shares of natural gas (21 per cent), nuclear (14 per growing
cent) and hydro (16 per cent) will remain relatively Nuclear power: Huge expansion in China; Japan and
constant, while oils share will decline to less that South Korea looking to exports; SE Asia potential but
Tim Probert
2 per cent by 2035. politically risky
Deputy Editor
On the other side of the equation, global Renewable energy: Asia is a key growth market,
electricity demand is forecast to grow at an annual especially China, both as market and export, and
rate of 2.2 per cent between 20082035, resulting in India for solar PV and CSP
an overall growth of 80 per cent. The trend of non- Middle East:
OECD countries, such as China and India, enjoying the Five-year view is for continued fast growth mostly
biggest growth will continue, accounting for 80 per in gas fired power
cent of the worldwide growth in demand between Saudi Arabia expecting 50 per cent more power
2008 and 2035. capacity by 2019 becoming significantly more
Although the IEAs projections are extremely investor-friendly. UAE will add 45 per cent more
useful they are long term ones. For power industry capacity. Qatar will invest $14 billion on power/water
players, both short to medium-term market indicators for World Cup
are arguably more important. Below are a few of our Unrest may hamper short-term project development
Nigel Blackaby
thoughts on the direction the key electricity markets e.g. in Egypt, Tunisia, Bahrain, Oman, and deter Associate Editor
are heading in this time-frame. potential investors
Europe: Increasing investment in sector from Asian
Policy heavily driven by climate change agenda developers
clean coal, energy efficiency, renewables Traditional suppliers likely to face competition from
Heavy reliance on nascent technologies e.g. CCS, local EPCs
smart grid and electric vehicles to deliver EC policy Volatile oil price may hasten interest in coal,
Recession, policy uncertainty and public renewables and nuclear alternatives
opposition has slowed new plant programme UAE building four nuclear reactors by 2020; Jordan,
Emphasis on modernization, plant availability Turkey, Egypt, Iran firm plans to build reactors; most
and flexibility other MENA nations have loose plans
Utilities looking outside Europe for opportunities Renewable energy: Limited as a market to date
Bridging technology: Expectation that gas fired but big solar potential e.g. CSP hybrids, and Masdar
plants will be needed to meet future electricity initiative is a significant global influence
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ENERGY
Europe America
Avenue Greiner, 1 5300 Knowledge Parkway - Suite 200
B4100 Seraing - Belgium Erie, PA 16510-4660 - USA
Tel.: +32 4 330 2428 Tel.: +1 814 897 7000
Fax: +32 4 330 2200 Fax: +1 814 897 1090
hrs@cmigroupe.com epti@cmigroupe.com
www.cmigroupe.com
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Building for
Thomas R. Kuhn
the future
President, Edison Electric Institute, USA
Across the globe, electrically-powered appliances, technologies and gadgets for the future is electric transportation. With the new Chevrolet Volt and
create the foundation for improving societies and developing economies. Nissan Leaf now being introduced to the marketplace, America really is
From medicine to entertainment, to transportation, manufacturing and gaining electric options to be excited about. Next year, promises to have even
communication, electricity is the essential factor that drives progress. To more choices for consumers.
ensure that electricity can continue to power technological advancement, a In anticipation of these new electric cars and trucks, Americas electric
stable and affordable electricity supply is essential. utility industry is getting the charging infrastructure ready.
In the United States, Americas electric utility companies are pursuing We are advocating for the necessary incentives to encourage the purchase
a variety of strategies to ensure it. Developing and deploying a suite of and use of plug-in electric cars. We are also educating our customers and
advanced generating technologies is among the most critical. stakeholders, and are actively expanding electric transportation options in
Natural gas is a vital fuel for meeting electricity demand in the future. our utility fleets.
The new sources of shale gas in the US have transformed the market for this A more modern electrical grid will enable the nation to expand the use
important fuel. Shale gas has driven Americas natural gas proved reserves to of electric cars as well. And we are building it.
their highest level since 1971. Today, more than 90 per cent of Edison Electric Institutes (EEI) members
These developments are particularly significant for our industry, given this are involved in grid modernization activity. We are incorporating
fuels growing share of the generation mix. telecommunications and information technology infrastructure into utility
Additionally, electric companies are building very efficient combined-cycle operations to give us and our customers greater control over electricity use.
natural gas fired plants, which will give them more control over their ability In making the grid smarter, we also are getting more value from
to use the growing supplies of domestic natural gas. our transmission and distribution investments, which continue to grow.
Looking ahead, EEI member companies plan to invest in excess of $35
Utility spending on energy efficiency [in the billion on transmission over the next three years.
US] continues to grow. Over the past three Modernizing the grid by adding smart meters will create an array of
benefits for our customers, including faster service restoration following
years, electric utilities doubled their budgets outages. Electric utilities in more than 43 states are now installing digital
for energy efficiency growing from smart meters. For most electric companies, smart meters will be system
wide by the middle of this decade.
$2.7 billion to $5.4 billion Smart meters will give our customers better tools to manage their home
Although the low natural gas prices have slowed the development of energy use as well. Energy efficiency remains the most readily available,
renewable energy sources, hydroelectric and other renewables are expected cost-effective and powerful resources to meet new demand, produce
to increase their share of total generation in the US from 11 per cent today energy savings and reduce emissions in the near term. And the industrys
to 14 per cent in 2035. Solar power in particular had a strong year in 2010. energy efficiency efforts are proving to be particularly impressive.
Coal, which generates over 45 per cent of the nations electricity today, will A new report by the Institute for Electric Efficiency estimates that
continue to be an important fuel source for the future. utilities working with their customers saved enough electricity in 2009 to
The electric power industry is investing in more advanced coal plant power approximately 8 million homes for one year. And utility spending
technologies, such as integrated gasification combined-cycle, ultra- on energy efficiency continues to grow. In fact, over the past three years,
supercritical and circulating fluidized bed power plants. We also are electric utilities doubled their budgets for energy-efficiency growing
exploring methods for capturing and storing carbon. from $2.7 billion annually to $5.4 billion.
The industrys largest source of carbon-free electricity production comes Electricity is a remarkable energy source with an unlimited potential
from its nuclear power plants. Over the last 30 years, US nuclear plants have for powering new ideas and solutions. Together with the commitment of
more than doubled their electricity output. And today, they generate about Americas electric utilities to produce and deliver it in a reliable, affordable,
20 per cent of the countys electricity. and environmentally-sustainable manner, the future truly is bright.
Promising nuclear developments include power plant owners who are
seeking 20-year license extensions and many others who are increasing their The Edison Electric Institute is an association of US shareholder-
generating capacity through power uprates. Also promising is the growing owned electric companies. Its members serve 95 per cent of the end-
number of new reactor license applications by utilities. use customers in the shareholder-owned segment of the industry, and
The advanced technologies we are developing for generating electricity represent approximately 70 per cent of the US electric power industry. For
are exciting, but another electric technology arena that holds much optimism more information visit www.eei.org.
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______
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AMERICAS
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AMERICAS
Argentina
Opaque regulatory and cost-recovery mechanisms are potential
threats to Argentinas existing power distribution network.
Argentina is the second largest country in South undeveloped, despite great potential in Patagonia,
America and the eighth largest in the world where the winds are constant year-round. Installed capacity (MW)
by land area, with a population of 40.3 million
in 2010. The country is a federal, presidential, ELECTRICITY MARKET 2003 25 679
representative, democratic republic where the Argentina generates electricity using thermal
2004 25 800
president is both head of state and head of power plants based on gas (54 per cent),
government. Cristina Fernndez de Kirchner, the hydropower (41 per cent) and nuclear plants
2005 25 675
wife of the previous president Nestor Kirchner, (4 per cent), two of which are operational with 2006 25 678
currently holds the presidency. a further one expected online by early 2012, and 2007 25 725
Argentina has a market economy with plentiful less than 0.1 per cent from renewables. Installed
2008 26 765
natural resources, an export-oriented agricultural nominal capacity is 29 840 MW. Total generation
sector and a relatively diversified industrial base. in 2010 was estimated at 115.6 TWh. The 2009 29 840
In 2001, the economy suffered its sharpest decline electricity sector was unbundled into generation, 2010 29 840
since 1930 when Argentina defaulted on its transmission and distribution by reforms carried
Source: INDEC
debt. As a result, gross domestic product (GDP) out in the early 1990s.
fell sharply, unemployment reached 25 per cent The dominance of gas in the energy mix is
and the peso depreciated 70 per cent after being likely to be challenged over the next few years
devalued and floated. because of falling output and problems relating
The socio-economic situation has been steadily to pipeline capacity. Gas reserves are around
improving and the economy grew around 9 per 40 per cent down on ten years ago, while the devalued peso, quickly recovered. By the mid-
cent annually between 2003 and 2007, and 7 per situation is further complicated by uncertainty 2000s, Argentina was faced with chronic energy
cent in 2008. However, the recent global recession surrounding gas deals with Bolivia and plans to shortages, leading to occasional blackouts in
hit the country hard in 2009 with GDP slowing to build new regional pipeline connections. Buenos Aires. While the federal government
0.9 per cent. Electricity demand in the country has grown allowed a partial price increase for larger
since the economic crisis of 200102, rising by industrial and commercial users in 2004, most
ENERGY RESOURCES 58 per cent each year from 200308. It is likely other users have seen little, if any, price increases
Argentina currently has around 2.5 billion to continue growing at a similar pace after since 2003. There are moves to raise prices for
barrels of proven oil reserves, up from 2.3 billion stagnation in 2009 and 2010. more users this year, but the imminent prospect
barrels in 2006. The country produced 796 300 The transmission and distribution sectors of elections could derail this process.
barrels per day of oil in 2010, but the countrys are highly regulated and less competitive than
oil producers have not brought enough new generation. Transener operates the national ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
capacity online to replace declining production electricity transmission grid, while three private Argentina has several low-carbon incentives in
from mature fields. Argentina has very limited companies, Edenor, Edesur and Edelap, dominate place. The Biofuels Promotion Laws entered force
coal resources, and consequently coal is not a the distribution market. in 2007 and give tax breaks and subsidies to
major component of the countrys fuel mix. Various bodies control the energy sector. The encourage biofuel use. The National Strategic
Argentina had 455.9 billion m3 of proven Energy Secretariat (SENER) is responsible for Plan for Wind Energy came into effect in 2005
natural gas reserves in January 2007. Natural gas policy, while the National Electricity Regulator and provides subsidies plus a framework for
production in the country has steadily increased (ENRE) is a quasi-independent entity within strategic planning and government investment in
over the past decade. In 2004, Argentina SENER responsible for applying the regulatory wind infrastructure. The Renewable Energy and
produced 45.3 billion m3 of natural gas, 9 per framework to the federally controlled part of Energy Efficiency Partnership (2002) is a series of
cent higher than 2003 and more than twice the the sector. Provincial regulators set tariffs and voluntary programmes aimed at education and
level seen in 1994. In line with this increase in supervise compliance with technical and safety outreach, involving both the government and
production, Argentinas natural gas consumption standards for the rest of the utilities. Cammesa private sector.
has also risen significantly over the past decade administrates the wholesale electricity market, Renewable energy is planned to provide
and natural gas is now the countrys main fuel including calculation in the spot market, while 8 per cent of total energy demands by 2016, with
source, accounting for 59 per cent of primary the Electric Power Federal Council (CFEE) advises provisions for feed-in tariffs and a bonus tariff to
energy consumption. Argentina remains a net both national and provincial legislatures on wind generators provided by a Renewable Energy
exporter of natural gas, principally to Chile, but issues relating to the power industry, such as Trust Fund. Tax incentives, such as accelerated
imports have boomed over the past decade to tariffs and prices. depreciation and exemption from value added
meet domestic electricity demand. End-user prices for most consumers were tax, are also available. Unfortunately, they fall
Hydropower potential is located mainly in frozen after the financial meltdown of 2001. far short of covering the actual cost of energy,
the Andes and at the Iguazu Falls. Wind power This contributed to a surge in consumption given the big difference between spot prices
and other low-carbon technologies remain as the Argentine economy, with the newly and marginal costs. Investment is only likely
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AMERICAS
Brazil
Major investment and expansion in the power system is needed to support
Brazils fast-emerging status as a global economic power.
Brazils gross domestic product (GDP) roared ahead Primary production was dominated by 40 per cent the structure of which is currently under review. If
by more than 7 per cent in 2010, confirming that it from oil and 47 per cent from renewable sources, the proposed changes go ahead, consumers will
had shrugged off the effects of the 2008 downturn mainly large-scale hydropower and biomass. be offered three different tariffs during the day,
and deserves its place among the worlds dynamic The country has a theoretical wind energy with price incentives to shift their consumption to
emerging economies. potential equivalent to more than 350 GW of off-peak periods, thereby reducing peak loads.
Indeed, the challenges confronting newly installed generation capacity. With so many The distributors themselves buy power from
elected president Dilma Rousseff are how to untapped resources, both fossil and renewable, the wholesale market via a series of government-
avoid the economy overheating and fuelling at its disposal, Brazils dependence on imported regulated auctions. Meanwhile, a parallel
inflation as foreign investment floods in and energy is shrinking fast. liberalized market trades power directly between
domestic demand rises. utility generators, independent power producers
Rousseff, a former energy minister and ELECTRICITY MARKET and large industrial customers.
successor to the hugely popular Luiz Incio Brazil is still haunted by a power crisis in 2001, The power sector in Brazil is dominated by
Lula da Silva, who gave her his backing in when its hydro-dominated generation system was Eletrobras, the government-owned utility that is
the 2010 election, is expected to continue her brought to the brink of collapse by low rainfall and responsible for 39 GW of installed capacity, around
mentors general approach of encouraging delayed investments. Current policy is designed to 37 per cent of the total. Eletrobras continues to
private investment while retaining a dominant ensure there is no repeat of the disaster, although play the leading role in most of the countrys
state interest in vital strategic projects and assets. significant blackouts still occur. key strategic projects, such as the Belo Monte
With a population of 195 million residing Electricity consumption grew by a stronger hydropower facility and Brazils nuclear programme.
within its 8.5 million km2 borders, Brazils growing than expected 7.8 per cent to 419 TWh in 2010, Other significant power market players
self confidence is symbolised by preparations to driven by a strong rebound in industrial demand, include Companhia Energtica de Minas Gerais
host two of the worlds greatest sporting events, according to the governments energy research (CEMIG), Companhia Energtica de Sao Paulo
the World Cup and Olympic Games, in 2014 and agency, Empresa de Pesquisa Energtica (EPE). (CESP) and Tractebel Energa, which is Brazils
2016 respectively. It expects the figure to increase by another largest private energy company and accounts
5 per cent to 441 TWh in 2011, reflecting slightly for around 7 per cent of capacity.
ENERGY RESOURCES slower economic growth.
Brazil is one of the new frontiers for oil exploration Hydroelectric power accounts for around 85 per ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
and production with proven reserves currently cent of Brazils supply mix, including the 14 GW The growing bounty of oil and gas is ironic since
estimated at 12.9 billion barrels, and this might Itaipu facility on its border with Paraguay. a historic lack of fossil resources was the driving
only represent a fraction of its full potential. When biomass generation and the existing force behind the Brazilian governments decision to
A recent series of spectacular discoveries deep small amount of wind are included, Brazil boasts pioneer clean energy. Aware of the status provided
beneath the Atlantics pre-salt fields have convinced a power economy that is more than 90 per cent by the Amazon rainforest, which makes Brazil a
Brazil that it is on the brink of an oil bonanza. served by renewable sources from a total installed global environmental symbol, the country has
Petrobras, the national oil company, is preparing capacity of 106 GW as of 2009. set greenhouse gas emission reduction targets of
to invest $224 billion over the next three years to Brazil has been more successful in liberalizing between 36 per cent and 39 per cent by 2020.
develop the new fields. According to the company, its electricity sector than any of the other Alongside its vast hydropower capacity, Brazil is
the new wells could help to almost double Brazils rapidly emerging economies, such as Russia, among the worlds biggest producers of ethanol
current domestic oil production to 4 million barrels India, or China. Generation, transmission and thanks to an abundance of sugarcane feedstock.
per day by 2020, turning it into a net oil exporter. distribution are overseen by the National The country now has more than 10 million ethanol
The Atlantic discoveries should also unlock new Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL), which regulates flex-fuel cars on the road, accounting for some 40
sources of gas, potentially removing Brazils reliance the sector to keep it in step with government per cent of its vehicle fleet, while it hopes to create
on Bolivian imports. Gas accounted for 8.7 per cent policies and objectives. an export markets for its fuels as an alternative for
of Brazils total primary energy production of 241 Under a system set up following the 2001 crisis, economies overly reliant on petrol.
million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe) in 2009, consumers purchase electricity from local distributors While the governments enthusiastic support
a figure now broadly in line with consumption. according to a complex range of tariffs set by ANEEL, for biofuels has delivered spectacular success,
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105.79
plant at a cost estimated around $17 billion.
Belo Monte is just one of three major Amazon
hydro projects under way. Combined with the
58.77
69.22
Santo Antonio and Jirau plants, it will add 2010 182.34 415.87
almost 18 GW of new capacity, reflecting Brazils 105.54
continuing emphasis on hydropower despite
the environmental controversy that surrounds 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
damming the Amazon.
Brazil is well aware that over-reliance on Residential Industrial Commercial
hydropower contributed to the 2001 power Other Total
crisis and is keen to diversify its generation
base, especially where hydro provision is more Source: EPE
challenging.
Nuclear power is firmly back on the agenda. Grid, Chinas biggest power network operator, The latest forecasts from EPE estimate that
Brazils third nuclear plant, the 1.3 GW Angra 3 bought seven Brazilian distribution businesses investment totalling $550 billion will be needed
in Rio de Janeiro state, is due to begin operating for almost $1 billion in late 2010. The deal by 2019, including $128 billion on generation and
in 2015, adding to the 2 GW already installed. was the Chinese power giants first significant distribution and the addition of an extra 37 000 km
Up to four more nuclear plants are planned by venture beyond Asia and gives it a licence to of transmission lines. In its latest ten-year plan, EPE
Eletrobras subsidiary Eletronuclear by 2025, and operate more than 3000 km of transmission predicts a need for 63.5 GW of new capacity, with
the company will present a list of possible sites to lines for at least 30 years. a heavy emphasis on expanding and maintaining
the government in mid-2011. a hydropower infrastructure that will remain the
Brazils transmission and distribution system, FUTURE TRENDS bedrock of Brazils power system.
although in better shape now than during Brazil is facing up to the need for a massive Non-hydro renewables will expand their share,
the power crisis of 2001, still needs significant expansion of its energy and power sectors particularly wind power, which would grow to
investment to meet future demand and reduce to keep pace with the demands of economic 5.3 GW by 2019 in EPEs plan. However, thermal
existing network losses, which are among the growth. Even on relatively conservative generation, particularly from gas, would remain
highest in the world for a major economy. It assumptions, electricity consumption will grow a significant part of the mix and still account for
received a welcome boost when China State to around 633 TWh by 2020. around 7 per cent of the total.
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AMERICAS
Canada
Rich in natural resources, Canada continues to develop its oil sands,
wind power and hydroelectricity, as well as nuclear capacity.
Located between the USA and Russia, Installed generation capacity by source 2010 (GW)
Canada is the worlds second largest country,
encompassing 9.984 million km2. Most of its 0.02 0.816
33.7 million citizens live within 160 km of the USA. 3.5 5.81
It is a democratic federation with a constitutional Oil
15.44
monarchy divided into ten provinces and three
Gas
territories, where both French and English are
official languages. Coal
Although an affluent nation, Canada
experienced a 2.5 per cent decline in gross Nuclear
domestic product (GDP) in 2009 as a result of the 69.29 Total 15.15
Hydro
world recession. It began to see signs of recovery 125.06 GW
in 2010, reporting a 0.30 per cent GDP increase in Wind
the third quarter, after even stronger growth in
the first and second quarters. Canadas economic
Tidal
fate is closely tied to that of the US, its main
15.02
Biomass
trading partner, which buys about 75 per cent of
its annual exports. Canadas unemployment rate
was 7.6 per cent as of December 2010.
Source: Canada Centre for Energy Information
ENERGY RESOURCES
About 45 per cent of Canadas GDP comes from The countrys coal reserves are also extensive, lower and hydro has fallen 4 per cent, while gas-
foreign trade, and 7 per cent from energy. The estimated to be 6578 million tonnes. Coal plays based generation grew by 1.5 per cent.
country is a net energy producer of oil, natural an important role in the energy sector, especially Ontario took a lead in renewable energy
gas, coal and electricity. It is frequently the in electricity generation. Canada exports about by implementing the most generous feed-in
top supplier of crude oil to the US and is one 28 million tonnes of coal annually to 21 countries. tariff in the Western Hemisphere. Approved by
of the worlds largest natural gas producers lawmakers in May 2009, the tariff had attracted
and exporters. Canada also exports coking coal, ELECTRICITY MARKET 4263 MW in applications by October 2010.
mostly to Asia. Total installed generating capacity in Canada was Given the large number of projects lined up
Hydroelectricity domi nates Canadian 129 GW by the end of 2009. It is a net exporter of for development, the tariff rates have been
electricity generation, accounting for two-thirds electricity and supplied 55.73 billion kWh in 2010. criticised as too high. Prices for solar power are
of generation with 475 hydropower plants Hydropower provides 59 per cent of Canadian of particular concern, because they do not reflect
providing more than 71 GW of power. electricity needs and it was once the worlds the recent drop in costs.
Canada has the worlds second-largest oil largest hydropower producer, before China took Solar generation accounted for 27 per cent
reserves of 178.1 billion barrels. However, the lead. Most of Canadas capacity belongs of total applications in terms of MW, and wind
over 95 per cent of its reserves are within to Hydro-Qubecs extensive network of 59 accounted for 69 per cent. However, Ontario
Alberta oil sands, which requires expensive and hydroelectric dams with a combined capacity is limited in how much extra wind capacity it
controversial extraction. Oil sand production of 34 GW. After Quebec, British Columbia is can build because it will only have 2500 MW of
fell for the first time in several decades during Canadas largest hydroelectric producer. extra grid capacity available until plans to invest
the recession, but is expected to grow as the Wind energy, which provides about 1.5 per $2 billion in five priority transmission projects
economy recovers. Over 99 per cent of Canadas cent of Canadas total supply, is generated in come to fruition over the next seven years.
oil exports flow to the US. every Canadian province, with Quebec and The bulk transmission currently network
The second largest natural gas producer in Ontario as leaders. Total installed wind power consists of more than 160 000 km of high voltage
the Western Hemisphere, Canada has proven capacity is approximately 4 GW and is expected lines. Canada has three power networks: the
natural gas reserves of 1.639 trillion m3. The to expand by another 1 GW in 2011. Western grid, the Eastern grid, and the Quebec
largest sources are in the Western Canada Meanwhile, nuclear power currently provides grid. Canadian grids are also tied into the US
Sedimentary Basin, including the province of another 15 per cent of Canadas electricity, with grids, the Western Interconnection, the Eastern
Alberta. 18 reactors in three provinces representing over Interconnection and the Texas Interconnection.
The country is a heavy consumer of natural 12.6 GW. To ensure reliability, Canadian provinces
gas, using 93.45 billion m3 and it is also the largest The economic downturn has reduced electricity have been either adopting standards set by the
foreign supplier of the resource to the USA. generation by 6 per cent, creating a surplus of North American Electric Reliability Corporation
Canadian natural gas prices in 2010 averaged capacity. Conventional steam generation has (NERC) or similar. In the USA, the NERC
34 per cent below the five-year average. dropped 14 per cent, nuclear was 5 per cent standards are mandatory.
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AMERICAS
Chile
Chile has abundant hydro but scarce hydrocarbon resources so substantial
investment is needed to improve energy efficiency and supply independence.
Chile is a long narrow country stretching more than Generation by source (MW)
4300 km along the Pacific coast of South America.
Never wider than 240 km, it is bordered by the
237
Andes and Argentina to the east. In the north, the
land rises to the arid Atacama Desert, while to the
12 012
south lie Patagonia, Cape Horn and the Strait of
Magellan. Chiles total area includes 756 102 km2 21 691
land and 743 812 km2 of water. The population is Gas
16.6 million, of whom nearly 40 per cent live in the
capital, Santiago. Other Thermal
After 17 years under the government of military
Hydro
dictator General Augusto Pinochet, Chile returned
to democracy in March 1990. Chile is now a
Renewables
presidential representative democratic republic,
with the elected president acting as both head of
state and head of government.
Chiles gross domestic product (GDP) is one
26 219
of the highest in Latin America, with exports,
particularly copper, accounting for 40 per cent of
its economy. The countrys reliance on international
Source: Chile National Institute of Statistics
trade made it a casualty of the global financial
downturn, with industrial output down by 8.8 per
cent in 2009. Its infrastructure, copper industry and
other economic activities were also badly affected
by an earthquake in February 2010. solar, marine and hydro. With 10 per cent of the vast majority of water rights, 80 per cent of which
worlds active volcanoes Chile also has substantial are currently unused.
ENERGY RESOURCES geothermal energy potential. New players in Chiles electricity market
With few fossil fuel resources, other than some include Pacific Hydro and SN Power, Mainstream,
natural gas and coal deposits in the far south of the ELECTRICITY MARKET and GDF Suez.
country, Chile relies on imported fuel. However, its Chile pioneered privatization of its power Power generation in Chile is organized around
topography has enabled a very strong hydropower infrastructure, as well as liberalization of the four grid systems, which are not connected. Sistema
sector to be established that supplies more than a electricity market, by unbundling the generation, Interconectado del Norte Grande (SING), the
third of the countrys electricity. transmission and distribution sectors with its 1982 northern grid, accounts for about 25 per cent of
A natural gas integration agreement was signed Electricity Reform Act. The privatization process national generation and largely serves mines and
with Argentina in 1995, which provided for natural began in 1980 and was completed in 1998, when industrial customers. The Central Interconnected
gas (from Bolivia and Argentina) to be supplied by the last state-owned utility, Edelaysen, was sold. System (SIC), the central regions grid, accounts
pipeline. This led to a boom in building combined- Today, power generation is dominated by for nearly 70 per cent of national generation and
cycle power stations, but in March 2004 Argentina three companies: Endesa Chile, Colbn and AES serves over 90 per cent of Chiles population. The
reneged on the agreement and restricted gas Gener, which between them control around 65 Aysn Grid and the Magallanes Grid serve a sparse
exports. Chile was forced to switch to using per cent of the market. population in the south of the country. Endesa-
imported diesel oil to power stations built to run Endesa Chile, which was part of the state-owned Chile and its subsidiaries, Pehuenche SA, Pangue
on gas. The country faced an additional energy monopoly CORFO, was privatized in 1989 when it SA, and San Isidro SA, are the principal suppliers
supply crisis in 200708 when drought severely was split into 14 different companies, including six to the SIC grid, while SING has more independent
affected its hydroelectric production. generation and six distribution companies. It has producers and its power is primarily from hydro.
In 2009, Chiles oil imports fell while coal around 4800 MW of installed capacity within Chile Transelec, which was spun off from Endesa in
imports were steady and gas imports rose by and another 8500 MW in Peru, Brazil, Columbia March 1993, is the major player in the transmission
more than 25 per cent. and Argentina. Endesas Chilean generation comes sector. The company controls the entire market
Following a rural electrification programme, from a mix of gas fired and hydro plants. for 500 kV transmission lines, owns 46 per cent of
almost 99 per cent of Chiles population now has Colbn is the second-largest player in the market, 220 kV lines and 6 per cent of the 154 kV lines. Chiles
access to electricity and demand for energy has with around 2500 MW of installed capacity, coming distribution networks are split into concessions with
been steadily increasing. equally from hydro and thermal sources. AES permanent licences granted to operators.
The country has potential for generating across Gener currently has around 2500 MW of installed The Chilean energy crisis came to a head in
the spectrum of renewable energy sources: wind, capacity. The three large companies also hold the 2007 just before the global financial downturn
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when drought, gas reductions and high oil Power consumption by sector (MW)
prices combined to force electricity prices up and
industrial activity down.
Residential 9644
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Commercial 7261
Chile published a National Action Plan on Climate
Change (PANCC) in 2009, which presents a course
Mining 20 629
of action with measurable objectives over a four-
year period.
Agriculture 1330
The Renewable Energy Law 20.257 passed in
2008 compelled power generators with a total
Industry 14 176
installed capacity of above 200 MW to provide at
least 5 per cent of their output from renewable
Other 6150
sources by 2014, rising by 0.5 per cent increments
until it reaches 10 per cent. 5000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000
Generators do not have to generate power
from renewable energy sources directly, and are Total 59 190
free to purchase from a third party or pass on
the obligation to their non-regulated (industry) Source: Chile National Institute of Statistics
clients. This is bringing smaller, niche players into
the market, and mining companies are starting to Chiles hydrocarbon imports, 2009
develop their own wind farms.
Increase over 2008
There are currently no subsidies on the
delivered price of renewable power and no price Coal 4.1 mtoe 0.1 per cent
guarantee. Incentives are limited to releasing non- Gas 3 mtoe 25.8 per cent
conventional renewable generators (outputs less
Oil 15.4 million tonnes -7.5 per cent
than 20 MW) from transmission tolls and enabling
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2010
the connection of non-conventional projects of less
than 9 MW to distribution grids.
But despite these efforts, International Energy Endesa-Chile (20 per cent), ENAP (20 per cent), FUTURE TRENDS
Statistics show that by January 2011 Chiles CO2 Metrogas Chile (20 per cent), and BG Group (40 The generation mix in Chile has undergone
emissions increased by 74 per cent from 2008 to per cent). marked changes in the past 20 years: moving from
2009 more than any other country. Imported LNG will be a direct substitute for predominantly hydro to combined-cycle, but now
Argentinean gas and can be used in the existing it is moving back to hydro once more.
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT combined cycle plants without investing in The country appears to see hydropower
Five hydropower stations are being planned for further infrastructure. A second LNG terminal projects and coal fired plants as its best option
construction in Chilean Patagonia as part of the and plant are being developed by GDF Suez and for the next generation of power plants.
massive and controversial HidroAysn Project, state copper company Codelco at Mejillones in Hydropower, notably from the controversial
jointly owned by Colbn and Endesa. The $3.2 the north of the Chile. A new coal fired power HidroAysn in the south, will serve SIC, while
billion 2715 MW hydro project includes building plant in the same area will use circulating SING will rely on coal fired plants in the north.
three dams on the Pascua River and two on the fluidized bed technology to enable biomass and The two LNG terminals being built will diversify
Baker River, flooding 5910 hectares of which other fuels to be burned. It is the first coal unit Chiles portfolio. The current lack of subsidies
1900 hectares are natural riverbed. The scheme in the countrys SING interconnection. for renewables means Chile is unlikely to
would require 2000 km of new transmission lines The Horniots thermoelectric power station is become a regional leader in this area, despite
to connect with the SIC system. These are would also being built on the SING network. Colbn is its abundant resources.
pass through national parks and areas of natural currently working on a 144 MW hydro plant in San Chilean demand for electricity is steadily
beauty. The scheme has drawn criticism nationally Pedro at a cost of $202 million. It is also developing rising, which will continue as the global economy
and locally, and from environmental organizations a 350 MW coal fired plant in Coronel and some improves. President Pinera was reported in January
around the world. Other hydro projects taking smaller, renewable projects, including a 7 MW 2011 as saying that tendering for constructing
shape include Pacific Hydros Chacayes hydro project in San Clemente. a power link connecting Chiles main north and
project due to be completed in 2011 GDF Suez recently inaugurated the 48 MW south power grids (SING and SIC) could be held
Chile is currently making substantial investments Monte Redondo wind park to supply the central in 2012. If this ambitious project went ahead, it
in building liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals SIC Grid. Endesa Eco completed the Canela I could lower the costs of electricity (which rose
designed to increase its energy independence. The 11-unit, 18 MW wind farm and is constructing by 43 per cent in 2010) and supply the northern
principal LNG port is being built in the central part Canela II, which at 60 MW will be the largest wind industrial and mining customers on SIC with
of Chile by GNL Quintero, a joint venture between farm in Chile. surplus hydro capacity from SING.
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AMERICAS
Mexico
The least developed North American nation, Mexico, is expanding and
modernizing its electric sector, adding natural gas and renewable energy.
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AMERICAS
USA
Natural gas and renewable energy are increasingly displacing coal, although
it will remain the primary source of generation for many years to come.
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Projected US fuel mix, 2035 little major change is expected five-year growth rate of 24 per cent, as measured
in 2011, except for some by project financings, according to the American
possible attempts to roll back Council on Renewable Energy.
45%
Coal 43% some programmes supporting Coal fired generation remains the largest electric
renewable energy and carbon resource. As of January 2010, 31 coal fired plants
23% dioxide reduction in states where were under construction, near construction or
Gas 25% political conservatives gained being permitted, representing 17 355 MW, a
10% power during the November 34 per cent drop from the previous year, according
Renewables 14% 2010 elections. to the National Energy Technology Laboratory.
The USA is also upgrading its transmission grid.
20%
Nuclear 17% ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Utilities so far have reported plans to invest around
State governments tend to $56 million in transmission over the next decade,
1% institute more aggressive green but more announcements are expected. Of the
Oil 1% energy programmes than the kilometres of lines either being built or planned, 27
0 10 20 30 40 50 federal government, partly per cent are for integrating intermittent resources.
because they are competing While there is much talk of building a super grid
2009 2035 with each other to attract to move wind power across the country, most
manufacturing jobs. transmission projects being built now are relatively
Source: EIA The US has no federal carbon small. Large cross-regional transmission lines are
dioxide cap and trade programme, despite a strong unlikely to be a reality for a decade, according to
push by President Obama to win Congressional the North American Electric Reliability Corporation.
approval. In the absence of cap and trade, the Progress continued in 2010 in the development
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has begun of the Tres Amigas superstation, a $600 million
rolling out a series of rules under the federal project in New Mexico that will for the first time
Clean Air Act that require emitters to install the connect the three asynchronous US power grids.
best available control technology for reducing In the Upper Midwest, 11 utilities are planning
greenhouse gases. The EPA is focusing on energy CapX2020, a $1.7 billion four-phase project that
efficiency technologies as a way for companies to begins with 1130 km of high voltage lines to
meet the rules, while its authority to impose these improve reliability and integrate wind power in
rules faces legal and Congressional challenges. the Dakotas and Minnesota. A partnership that
Ten northeastern states have their own includes Internet giant Google plans to develop
mandatory cap and trade programme, the Regional the USAs first offshore super grid with a 560-km
Greenhouse Gas Initiative. In addition, California line to connect wind farms to consumers in the
has passed a law to institute cap and trade that Mid-Atlantic.
goes into effect in 2012, which is modelled after The US currently has no offshore wind farms,
the European Union emissions trading scheme. but construction is expected in the next two
The USA supports green energy development years on the 130-turbine Cape Wind off the New
through tax incentives and the renewable portfolio England coast. Deepwater Wind proposed a
standard (RPS), a requirement that a certain 1000 MW offshore wind farm in 2010, which
amount of energy is provided by renewables. For would be the largest such project in the country,
solar and wind energy, federal production and also off the New England coast, with an undersea
investment tax credits play a crucial role in bringing transmission network to connect to several states.
projects to market.
The USA has no federal RPS, but more than FUTURE TRENDS
half the states have their own versions of these Government forecasters expect energy
standards and those that promote energy efficiency. consumption to increase by about 30 per cent
by 2035. Because of rapid growth in renewable
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT energy, fossil fuels are expected to decline from 83
Low natural gas prices and government policy per cent to 78 per cent of energy supply by 2035.
are encouraging increasing development of Crude oil production is increasing and is expected
natural gas fired plants and renewable energy. to reach 5.7 million bpd by 2035 up from 5.4 million
About 9000 MW of natural gas plants were under bpd in 2009.
construction or planned in 2010. Wind and solar, Use of imported liquid fuel is expected to decline
together, added about 6059 MW that year. The from 60 per cent of use in 200506 to 42 per cent
US renewables market reached a value between in 2035, by which time natural gas production is
$15 billion and $20 billion in 2009, and achieved a predicted have increased by 30 per cent.
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____________________________
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ASIA-PACIFIC
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ASIA-PACIFIC
Australia
Considerable renewable energy potential at last looks set to be realized as
Australia retreats from its longstanding enthusiasm for fossil fuel.
Australia is a modern democracy with a competitive NEM-wide energy projections under medium-growth model in GWh
and advanced market economy. Located between
the Indian and South Pacific Oceans, its total area 250 000 246 584
2
of 7 741 220 km makes it the worlds sixth largest
nation. Generally arid to semi-arid, Australia has a 240 000 237 935
241 661
temperate climate in the south and east, moving to 230 248
a tropical climate in the north of the country.
230 000 234 455
220 167
A population of about 21.5 million people,
220 000 224 961
with an estimated growth rate last year of
211 405
GWh
1.17 per cent, is concentrated along the east and 216 623
210 000
southeast coasts. A stable political and regulatory
198 055
environment provides investors with a high degree 200 000 195 376
of confidence and the country has an estimated 191 598 205 034
197 187
2010 GDP of $889.6 billion with a growth rate 190 000 194 107
of some 3.3%. Per capita GDP is estimated at
US$41 300. The services sector dominates the
180 000 186 246
7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
economy, accounting for some 70 per cent, /05 5/06 6/0 7/0 8/0 09/1 10/1 11/1 2/1 3/1 14/1 15/1 16/1 17/1 18/1 19/2
04 0 0 0 0
20 20 20 201 201 20 20 20 10
although industry provides a further 25 per cent, 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
largely in the form of mining, industrial and
transportation equipment, chemicals and steel.
Source: AEMO (Australian Energy Market Operator)
ENERGY RESOURCES
Primary energy production totalled 17 360
Capacity of renewable electricity
generation 2009 in MW
petajoules (PJ) for both domestic consumption
and its significant export market, according to the Biogas 226 Wind 1703
latest available government figures, for 200708. Bagasse 464 Solar 105
The main fuels produced in Australia are coal,
Ocean and
uranium and natural gas, with coal accounting for Wood waste 73 1
geothermal
54 per cent in energy content terms; uranium
27 per cent; natural gas 11 per cent; crude oil and
Hydro 7808 Other* 41
LPG 6 per cent; and renewables about 2 per cent. Total 10 421
More than 100 hydro plants provide a combined *Unspecified biomass and biodiesel
capacity of over 8 GW. Source: AEMO
Estimates of natural gas reserves have risen
threefold over the last 20 years, mainly due to principles across the states of Australian Capital dispatches supply as required. The Australian
40 000 PJ of reserves discovered in the Gorgon Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Energy Market Commission (AEMC) undertakes
fields in Western Australias Carnarvon Basin. Australia and Victoria. Tasmania joined in 2005 rule making and market development.
Production of coal seam gas (CSG) has also surged after the development of the Basslink HVDC About 300 registered generators, six state-
since 2004. In August 2010 proven natural gas transmission line connected its hydro capacity. based transmission networks linked by cross-
reserves stood at about 106 000 PJ, comprising Western Australia and the Northern Territory border interconnectors, and 13 major distribution
78 000 PJ of conventional natural gas and remain outside the NEM, primarily because of their networks are included in the NEM market.
28 000 PJ of CSG. Australia produced 1911 PJ of distance and relatively small population. Since Energy retailers can also secure longer-term
natural gas in 200910. September 2006 Western Australia has operated contracts with generators to manage potential
Driven largely by a growing global demand, a standalone wholesale market in the South-West spot market volatility.
production growth has averaged about 3.5 per cent Interconnected System (SWIS) administered by the Electricity transmission and distribution
over the past decade. Australia is the worlds ninth Independent Market Operator (IMO). Electricity networks operating within the NEM come under
largest energy producer, accounting for about reforms in the Northern Territory have yet to the auspices of the Australian Energy Regulator
2.4 per cent of global production. Exports introduce competition in generation or retail (AER), which also reports on generator bidding
accounted for 67 per cent of total domestic energy markets, although an integrated utility can now behaviour, gas markets and gas transmission in
production in 200708. procure additional electricity from independent all states except Western Australia. The electricity
power producers and remote generators. transmission and distribution system in Australia
ELECTRICITY MARKET Operating as a wholesale spot market, the NEM comprises 894 441 km.
The National Electricity Market (NEM) was electricity pool is managed by the Australian Energy Total installed generation capacity includes
created in 1998, introducing competitive market Market Operator (AEMO), which aggregates and 50 815 MW of grid-connected and a further
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Source: AEMO
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Australias long reliance on coal-fired generation INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT Network investment over the current
has seen previous administrations reject efforts Within the NEM, around two thirds of five year cycle is also forecast to rise on the
to curb carbon emissions, giving the country one generation capacity is government owned or back of load growth and rising peak demand,
of the worlds highest per capita emission rates. controlled, although in Victoria and South new connections and the emergence of new
Nonetheless, Australia is now a signatory to the Australia most generation capacity is privately technologies such as smart metering. The Council
Kyoto Protocol and has introduced measures owned. Major players in the countrys energy of Australian Governments (COAG) has committed
to boost low-carbon generation and support sector include Australia Gas Light, Origin to the progressive rollout of smart meters in
energy efficiency. Energy, International Power, TRUenergy and jurisdictions where the benefits outweigh costs.
The Mandatory Renewable Energy Target the Great Energy Alliance Corp. The government has also implemented a A$100
(MRET), introduced in 2001, stipulates that Climate change policies and new technologies million Smart Grid, Smart City initiative to support
generators must source 20 per cent of their are emerging as significant investment drivers the installation of Australias first commercial scale
supply from renewables by 2020. In June 2010 and most proposals now rely on gas fired or smart grid, based in Newcastle, New South Wales.
the scheme was expanded from its original wind capacity. For example, Origin Energy
scope of 9500 GWh. A target of 41 TWh from commissioned its 605 MW Darling Downs gas FUTURE TRENDS
large-scale renewables has been set for 2020. fired plant in Queensland in 2010 and also plans Australia has introduced a range of policy
In 2009 the government also introduced a bill to commission the 518 MW Mortlake gas fired measures to support renewable and other clean
to implement a cap-and-trade emissions trading power station in Victoria by the summer of energy resources. For example, the MRET scheme
scheme. The Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme 201011. Investment in wind generation has also has spurred significant growth in both wind and
(CPRS) Bill has been shelved until at least 2013 been significant, especially in South Australia, as solar energy while the Solar Flagships Program is a
but in the autumn of 2010 a new administration well as geothermal developments. key component of the governments A$5.1 billion
set up a Climate Change Committee to consider For instance, in 2010, AGL Energy and Meridian Clean Energy Initiative.
ways to introduce a carbon price mechanism. Energy announced binding contracts to construct The government is also supporting clean energy
A report by the Minister for Climate Change a 420 MW wind farm at a cost of A$1 billion. On development through research, demonstration
and Energy Efficiency, Greg Combet, in February completion in early 2013, the 420 MW Macarthur and commercialization. For instance in December
2011 found that Australia is on track to meet its Wind Farm will be the largest wind farm in the 2010, Australia and China agreed to cooperate
Kyoto target, but needs additional measures to southern hemisphere. Macquarie Generation is to on a feasibility study towards a commercial-scale
stop emissions rising into the future. add a 9 MWth solar field to its solar thermal energy carbon capture and storage (CCS) project in China.
Without a carbon price underpinning long project at Liddell Power Station in the Hunter At the end of November 2010, the government
term investments in renewable energy, low Valley of New South Wales. invited submissions on its policy to require
emissions gas generation and energy efficiency, The NSW Minister for Planning has also granted all new power stations to meet best practice
the report anticipates that new coal fired concept approval for the Bayswater B power emissions standards and be carbon capture and
generators will continue to be built, said station project, a 2 GW dual fuel power station storage (CCS) ready in 2011. It is intended that
the minister. to run on coal or gas and featuring carbon capture national emission standards could replace the
The government is committed to cutting and storage provisions. different approaches taken by individual states
carbon pollution by at least 5 per cent below The countrys largest energy investments and territories.
2000 levels by 2020. That means we need to cut have focused on LNG capacity. An A$16 billion Perhaps most significantly, in February 2011
around 160 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent in investment in the Gladstone LNG Project was newly elected Prime Minister Julia Gillard outlined
2020 thats equal to reducing emissions from announced in early 2011, a major coal seam gas to the governments plan to introduce a carbon
generating electricity by 75 per cent. LNG project to go ahead in Queensland. trading mechanism on 1 July, 2012.
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ASIA-PACIFIC
China
Chinas demand for energy is developing so fast that greenhouse gas emissions will
inevitably outstrip its efforts to develop and implement low carbon technologies.
China is the most populous country in the world biomass, notably from Generation capacity in 2009
and has the fastest growing economy. Its gross Chinas agriculture sector.
92.26%
domestic product (GDP) grew by 10.3 per cent in
1000 100%
874.07
2010, maintaining the near 10 per cent growth ELECTRICITY
it has recorded on average each year for the MARKET
652.05
past two decades. In 2002, the Chinese 800 80%
The turning point in Chinas modern history government dismantled
came in 1979 when the communist party the monopoly State
embraced a market economy and sparked an Power Corporation 600 60%
industrial revolution based on manufacturing (SPC) to form separate
PER CENT
for a global customer base. Good infrastructure, generation, transmission GW 400 40%
high productivity, cheap labour and favourable and services units.
196.79
government policy make China a world leader Generation is now
10.23%
14.01%
in manufacturing. Its economy is booming while dominated by five 20%
16.13
200
8.16%
9.08
living standards for its population of 1.35 billion state-owned holding
people, who occupy 9.6 million km2 of northern companies: China
0%
Asia, are rising on a wave of new money and Huaneng Group, China 0 0%
cit
y
w er w er wer w er
a po po po po
availability of credit. Datang Group, China ap al
ed
c dro rm lea
r
ind
Huadian, Guodian ll Hy e c W
sta Th Nu
ENERGY RESOURCES in
Power, and China Power
t al
China has considerable hydrocarbon and Investment, which To
Installed capacity in 2009 (GW) Year on year growth (%)
hydropower resources in its vast hinterland. It is between them are
the worlds largest producer and consumer of coal responsible for about Source: China Electricity Council
and in 2009 had 114 500 million tonnes of coal half of the countrys
reserves, almost 14 per cent of the world total, electricity. Power output in 2009
with a reserve-to-production ratio of 38 years. The state-owned
105.86%
3596.5
That year, it was responsible for half of the worlds Southern Power 4000 120%
coal consumption, just over 1500 million tonnes of Company and State
2 986.7
2009, oil production was 189 million tonnes against networks by 2020. State
1500
TWh
gas. However, usage has soared in recent years, ern and north-western 20%
6.66%
6.75%
500
4.32%
26.9
70
gas from Central Asia and Western China to the Power Company will run
0 r r r r
0%
south and east of China, where imported liquefied the southern grid. KW s we we we we
natural gas (LNG) is also in demand. Chinas natural Coal dominates Chinas 0 00 lant r o po l po r po d po
f6 )p d a a in
t o ve Hy erm cle W
gas consumption increased by 9.4 per cent from the fuel mix and generates
t pu abo Th Nu
u r
previous year to 88.7 billon m3 while production about 80 per cent of its ta l o (o
To
rose by 6.4 per cent to 85.2 billon m3. Resources of electricity. The old coal Output (TWh) Year on year growth (%)
unconventional gas, including coal bed methane fired power plants burn
Source: China Electricity Council
and shale gas, exist in quantity, and are in the early around 50 g more coal
stages of exploration and development per kilowatt than advanced coal-fired plants, while
China has substantial hydropower resources and electricity end-use efficiency is also lower than
the political will to construct massive hydro projects. in developed countries. The Chinese government
It also has excellent potential for offshore and is looking to shut down or modernize small and
onshore wind power. There are also viable options inefficient coal-fired plants in favour of more
to generate energy from solar, tidal resources and efficient units. It closed around 70 GW of inefficient
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coal generation between 2006 and 2010 and improvements in grid connection efficiency. Chinas Infrastructure investment in 2009
another 8 GW is slated for closure in 2011. grid-connected capacity lags behind installed
1152.9
In 2009, demand for electricity grew by more capacity by more than 30 per cent, which affects 1200
than 10 per cent. Some of this was met by wind power efficiency.
increased coal-fired output, but the government In its five-year plan covering 2011 to 2015, China
1000
is keen to develop low carbon energy on a anticipates increasing the share of natural gas and
large scale. To this end, China is ramping up its other cleaner technologies in the countrys energy
800
hydropower generation and can be expected to mix. The China Electricity Council also reported
586.85
566.14
drive through large-scale projects regardless of at the beginning of 2011 that 26.53 per cent of
environmental concerns. electricity generated in China in 2010 was from 600
$ BILLION
Hydro capacity was increased by 14 per cent clean energy.
in 2009. The largest hydroelectric project in the 400
227.61
world, the Three Gorges Dam hydroelectric facility INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
132.50
115.75
on the Yangtze River will include 32 separate In 2009, China invested 755.84 billion yuan 200
87.91
700 MW generators for a total of 22.5 GW when it ($115.21 billion) in power construction, a rise of
enters full operation. Some units of the project are 19.93 per cent on the previous year. Infrastructure
0
already operating and the rest will be completed investment in nuclear power increased by tal on er er er er on
To rati pow pow pow pow issi tion
this year. The State Energy Bureau plans to increase 75 per cent and wind power by 44 per cent, while n e ro al r d sm u c
ge yd m lea in an str
total hydro capacity to 380 GW by 2020. thermal power sank 11 per cent. e w h: h Ther Nuc h: W Tr con
N hi c : : i c d
Wind is the second leading renewable source The government plans to add over 60 GW to its w ich hich wh gri
Of f wh f w Of
for power generation and has roughly doubled current 10 GW nuclear capacity by 2020, building O O
capacity each year since 2005. By the end of six reactors per year. Currently, 33 GW is in
Source: China Electricity Council
2010, China had installed 41 800 MW of onshore construction and due to enter operation by 2015.
wind generation. Six provinces in northern Between 2015 and 2020, the plan is to accelerate, China is the worlds top investor in renewable
China have been selected to develop seven wind reducing the construction period for new reactors energy projects, having committed from
complexes of between 10 000 MW and 37 000 MW. from six to four years. The reactors will be mainly $120 billion to $160 billion between 2007 and
Improvements to transmission infrastructure could a mix of third-generation CAP1000 and CAP1400 2010. For instance, China WindPower announced
improve the output from existing wind farms, as derived from a Westinghouse pressurized water in December 2010 that it had raised $150 million
some capacity is currently inoperable. China aims to reactor (PWR) design and three smaller standard from the International Finance Corporation (IFC),
increase wind capacity to 100 GW by 2020. second generation Chinese PWR designs. Beyond to build its first wholly owned wind farm, in Gansu
2020, the rate of expansion continues with with an installed capacity of 201 MW.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 200 GW of nuclear capacity projected for 2030 As well as investment in new generating capacity,
China recently overtook the USA to become the and 400 GW by 2050. development of the transmission network and
worlds biggest total emitter of carbon dioxide China is on schedule to have six third-generation integration of regional networks is still necessary,
and the US Energy Information Administration nuclear reactors producing power by 2015. Four despite $44 billion being spent on improvements
predicts that emissions will grow by 2.8 per cent Westinghouse 1200 MW AP1000 reactors are by the State Grid Company in 2009 and
per year from 6.2 billion tonnes in 2006 to scheduled to start generating at Sanmen and $33.3 billion in 2010.
11.7 billion tonnes in 2030. However, at about Haiyang between 2013 and 2015. The contract for
five tonnes per capita, Chinese emissions are the four reactors was valued at $5.3 billion in 2007. FUTURE TRENDS
only a quarter of those of the US population. Meanwhile, two 1650 MW European pressurized Chinas economy looks set to keep on growing
The government aims to reduce carbon emissions reactors (EPRs) are being constructed at Taishan and growing. A significant challenge for the
per GDP by 45 per cent in 2020 compared to 2005 on the southeast coast of China by a joint venture country is to continue this economic growth
and raised rates for energy intensive industries by between French utility EDF (30 per cent) and China while reining in thermal electricity generation
50 to 100 per cent in June 2010 in order to achieve Guangdong Nuclear Power Company (CGNPC). The and carbon emissions. This requires serious
efficiency goals for the year. Guangdong Taishan Nuclear Power Joint Venture investment in improving energy efficiency and
Installed generation capacity could potentially Company will then own and operate the two in low carbon energy.
be reduced by 100 000 MW by 2020 by increasing reactors, scheduled to start generating in 2013 Coals dominance in the generation mix is set to
end-use energy efficiency. The government is and 2014. fall, while gas will rise and investment is already
urging individuals to adopt 36 daily energy-saving In August 2010, CGNPC signed contracts to being directed into renewable and nuclear energy
behaviours that could potentially reduce CO2 build two inland AP1000 reactors at Xianning in to cap greenhouse gas emissions. Developing
emissions by 200 million tonnes per year Hubei province. Other projects being developed skills and capacity in these areas will also open
China has become the global leader in the include two reactors for China National Nuclear up opportunities for export. Delivering electricity
wind energy market, with over 41 800 MW of Company at Tauhuajing in Hunan and two for to Chinas enormous population has sparked a
wind farms installed, including 16 000 MW added China Power Investment Corporation at Pengze in massive initiative to build a nationwide smart grid
in 2010. Although the government plans to Jiangxi. Construction is due to be accelerated with that has attracted global interest from companies
increase this to 90 000 MW by 2015, it will require commercial operation is scheduled for 2015. and investors.
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ASIA-PACIFIC
India
A commitment to providing all Indian citizens with electricity by 2012 is
driving investment in transmission and generation, while reducing emissions
remains a lower priority.
The Republic of India was created in 1947 India was the fourth-largest oil consumer in the Most electrical power in India is generated
following the end of the British Raj and the world during 2009, behind the USA, China and with coal, oil or gas. Conventional thermal sources
partition of the Indian sub-continent to create Japan respectively. It produces less than a quarter produced over two-thirds of electricity in 2010.
India, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West of its oil needs, importing the balance from the Hydroelectricity, a seasonally dependent energy
Pakistan. It also shares borders with China, Bhutan, Middle East. Use of natural gas is growing rapidly, source in India, accounted for over 20 per cent
Nepal and Myanmar and a maritime border with and imports are necessary to meet demand. of power generated in 2010. Nuclear energy
Sri Lanka. India is a densely populated country India has abundant coal reserves with a reserves- produced only 4.5 GW in 2010, but an aggressive
of many languages and diverse customs that to-production ratio of 105 years. However, the expansion programme is under way. Renewable
covers 3.29 million km2 from the Himalayas in the indigenous coal has low caloric values and high ash energy, including geothermal and small-scale
north to the Indian Ocean in the south. Most of content, which make it more difficult to use. hydropower generated a tiny proportion of Indias
its 1.18 billion inhabitants live in villages, while Indian demand for electricity generation could overall output.
30 per cent live in the cities. India is a democracy increase by 50 per cent by the end of this decade. A In July 2010, India signed a 35-year deal to
comprising 28 states and seven union territories. scenario to meet such demand involves increasing import up to 500 MW of energy from Bangladesh,
Until 20 years ago, the Indian republic shunned hydropower capacity by 62 per cent, thermal beginning in late 2012. It also imports some
imports, preferring to develop domestic capacity. power generation by 34 per cent and raising electricity from Bhutan and Nepal.
The diverse economy now includes traditional nuclear generation 300 fold. The government-owned Nuclear Power
village farming, modern agriculture, modern Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) is responsible for
industries and services. It has grown by more ELECTRICITY MARKET the design, construction and operation of Indias
than 7 per cent on average in the years since State electricity boards were responsible for nuclear power plants. It currently runs 20 reactors
1997, reducing poverty by around 10 percentage generating and distributing electricity in (mainly pressurized heavy water reactors) with a
points. In 2010, strong domestic demand helped India until the Electricity Act 2003 radically combined capacity of 4.8 GW. Five larger reactors,
the Indian economy rebound robustly from changed the market. This unbundled the including a fast breeder, with a total capacity of
the global financial crisis and growth exceeded vertically integrated utilities in each state into 3.9 GW, are currently under construction. They
8 per cent. a transmission utility and several generating are due to come on line between mid 2011 and
and distribution utilities. Consumers with a load 2016.
ENERGY OVERVIEW greater than 1 MW were given access to the India has the potential to harness tidal energy
Indias energy mineral resources include coal transmission system and could buy electricity from notable sites along its coastline, such as the
(with the worlds third-largest reserves), oil and from their choice of generator. The Power Gulf of Khambhat (7000 MW potential), the Gulf of
gas. Uranium and thorium are also found in Exchange of India Ltd (PXIL) began operating Kutch (1200 MW potential) on the west coast and
relatively small quantities. Substantial renewable in October 2008, providing the still-evolving the Ganges Delta in the Sunderbans in West Bengal
energy resources include hydro, solar, wind, tidal national marketplace for trading electricity. (less than 100 MW potential). The economically
and biofuel. India is currently suffering from a major viable tidal power potential in India is estimated at
Indias energy demands are growing in line shortage of generating capacity, leading around 7000 MW.
with the rising living standards of its population. to regular blackouts. Transmission and
It is a significant importer and consumer of distribution losses are extremely high, while ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
foreign oil and is heavily dependent on coal for around a third of the population still lacks India refuses to commit to binding climate
electricity generation. access to domestic electricity. change targets and is not a signatory to UN
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Nuclear power reactors under construction Potential and actual grid interactive renewable power, 2010
Reactor Type MW Operational Estimated Achieved 2009-10 Cumulative
potential (MW) (MW) (MW)
Kudankulam 1 PWR (VVER) 1000 2011
Kudankulam 2 PWR (VVER) 1000 2011 Biomass 16 881 126.5 829.5
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Indonesia
Widespread power shortages are causing a crisis within the Indonesian
power sector as a second fast-track programme is promoted to increase
generating capacity.
The Indonesian archipelago in Southeast Asia capacity, of which less than 10 per cent has currently Installed generating
stretches almost 500 km from the west of the been exploited, partly because many of the best capacity (MW)
Malaysian peninsula to Australia. The archipelago sites are distant from the main population centres.
2000 37 733
officially contains 13 677 islands; the five largest There is also around 500 MW of small hydropower
are Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Irian potential, most of which is unexploited.
2001 23 831
Jaya. The country occupies a land area of just The country has a geothermal potential of 2002 21 517
2 2
under 2 million km with a further 3 million km of 28.1 GW of which less than 6 per cent is being 2003 24 781
territorial waters. With a population of 243 million used. Meanwhile, the opportunity for biomass
2004 27 339
in 2010, Indonesia is the fourth most populous generation is estimated to be around 50 GW,
country in the world after China, India and the USA. and there is also significant wind and solar 2005 27 663
After years of military dictatorship, Indonesia potential. A small amount of biomass is already 2006 30 958
has been moving towards a fully functioning used for power production, but solar and wind
2007 31 416
democracy since 1999. Elections in 2004 led to exploitation remain minimal.
the first democratically elected head of state and
2008 30 298
government, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, who was ELECTRICITY MARKET 2009 30 942
re-elected in 2009. The Indonesian electricity system is spread Source: Indonesian Ministry of
The Indonesian economy has weathered the unevenly across the huge archipelago that makes Energy and Mineral Resources
global financial crisis relatively unscathed with up the country. There are seven independent
4.5 per cent growth in 2009 and an estimated interconnected systems and more than 600 Java-Madura-Bali grid, this is divided roughly
6 per cent growth in 2010, while GDP was expected isolated systems. The largest of the interconnected equally between coal, oil and gas, but diesel in
to be $695.1 billion. However, the country is facing systems is the Java-Madura-Bali grid, which had dominant elsewhere, particularly on the more
an electricity shortage caused by years of indecision a total installed capacity of 23 009 MW in 2009. isolated systems. Hydropower provides a further
following the 1997 Asian economic crisis. Sumatra had a total capacity of 4948 MW, Sulawesi 7 per cent and geothermal power 5 per cent.
1195 MW and Kalimantan 1175 MW, while the Production was 150 000 GWh in 2008 (no complete
ENERGY RESOURCES remaining grids, Musa Tenggara, Maluku and 2009 figure has been published) and consumption
Indonesia has significant reserves of oil, gas and Papua, supported 265 MW, 182 MW and 168 MW in 2009 was 130 000 GWh, up from 125 000 GWh
coal, as well as hydropower and geothermal power. respectively. Installed capacity totalled 30 942 MW, in 2008.
Oil reserves were estimated to be 4.1 billion barrels excluding isolated systems, in 2010. The Indonesian electricity system is currently in
in 2010. Oil production was 1.023 million barrels Indonesias principal electricity company crisis, with power shortages in 250 regions, and
per day (bpd) and consumption was 1.115 million is Perusahaan Umum Listrik Negara (PLN), a there have been regular power cuts since 2008.
bpd in 2009. Despite its large domestic reserves and vertically integrated company wholly owned by The hardest hit regions are outside the main grids,
exports of 85 000 bpd in 2008, Indonesia is a net the government. PLN controlled 24 000 MW of but even these have not been immune. A fast-track
oil importer. generating capacity, or 83 per cent of the total programme to build 10 000 MW of new capacity
Natural gas reserves were 3001 billion m3 in 2010. grid capacity, in 2009 and is currently mandated by 2009 was launched in 2006, but only 60 per
Production in 2009 was around 81.7 billion m3, of as the sole supplier of electricity on the grid cent was completed on time. Electricity is heavily
which half was exported. Domestic gas consumption systems through its monopoly of transmission and subsidized, making fundraising for investment
has been rising during the past decade and in 2007 distribution. Under a law passed in 2009, PLN difficult. PLN increased tariffs by 10 per cent in 2010,
only accounted for 37 per cent of production. will no longer have this monopoly and other the first increase since 2003, but much more needs
Indonesias coal resources are estimated by organizations may be granted licences. However, to be done if tariffs are to reflect production costs.
the government to total 105 billion tonnes. Coal there are currently no plans to split up PLN, which Meanwhile, electrification of around 65 per cent in
production in 2009 was 253.5 million tonnes critics suggest will mean that the law makes little the best-served areas, and lower elsewhere, is low
and domestic consumption 30.5 million tonnes. practical difference. by international standards.
Indonesia is a major coal exporter, particularly Independent power producers (IPPs) operate a
to China, and production has been rising swiftly further 14 per cent of total generating capacity, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
during the past decade. However, a planned primarily from four coal fired plants in Java, and Indonesia relies on fossil fuel for close to 90 per cent
coal fired power plant fleet should increase 3 per cent is controlled by private power utilities. of its electricity generation. In recent years, the high
domestic consumption. These companies and any new entrants to the cost of oil has forced PLN to switch oil fired power
Gross hydropower potential is 2147 TWh/y, marketplace have a legal obligation to obtain plants to coal, which is the fastest growing fuel for
according to the World Energy Council, of which government approval of their tariffs. power generation. In spite of this, the government
40 TWh/y is considered economically viable. This Generating capacity is primarily thermal, which has set a target of cutting carbon dioxide emissions
translates into around 76 000 MW of potential accounts for 88 per cent of capacity. On the largest by 26 per cent by 2020, based on current levels,
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2009 28 838
FUTURE TRENDS
2008 25 371 Demand in Indonesia has been rising at about
6 per cent each year and this is expected to continue
0 25 000 45 000 65 000 85 000
or even strengthen. Only around 65 per cent of
Predicted installed capacity (MW)
the population currently has access to power and
Source: PLN possibly less in outlying areas beyond the grids.
The government aims to increase electrification to
with a further 15 per cent promised with help from However, the fact that electricity remains 93 per cent by 2025, which will further fuel demand.
other countries. heavily subsidized makes it difficult for renewable In order to meet the expected increase over the
The country was considered the third largest ventures to compete effectively in the market. The long-term, PLN plans to increase generating
emitter of greenhouse gases in the world in governments attempt to foster new generation capacity to 82 000 MW by 2018, an addition of
2006, behind the USA and China, although with a feed-in tariff for power plants of less than 51 000 MW over eight years. Over this period, the
much of this is attributed to deforestation and 10 MW has so far produced little new capacity proportion of energy supplied by coal is expected
other land use issues. Much of the targeted since it is based on the PLN tariff, which is currently to rise from 45 per cent to 63 per cent, making it
improvement is likely to be achieved through its $70100 per MWh. the dominant source. Gas fired plants, geothermal
active leadership in the UNs Reducing Emissions plants and hydro plants are envisioned to supply
from Deforestation and Forest Degradation INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT most of the remainder.
(REDD) programme. Indonesia is also taking With the electricity sector in Indonesia in a These plans are ambitious considering the state
advantage of the UN Clean Development prolonged crisis, the most pressing short-term need of the sector. Many of the deficiencies of Indonesias
Mechanism to host projects including is for more generating capacity. The 2006 fast-track electricity supply have structural causes and will
geothermal generation and biomass. The World programme to build 10 000 MW of new capacity only be solved by a major reform of the sector.
Bank has approved a $200 million climate by 2010 included the construction of ten power However, in spite of a new electricity law, this
change development policy loan to support the plants in Java all coal fired and with an aggregate appears unlikely and PLN will remain dominant for
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. capacity of 7000 MW and 25 in other parts of the foreseeable future.
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Japan
Nuclear power will be at the heart of generation plans as Japan
seeks to lessen its reliance on imports, reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and maintain electricity supplies.
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. It is the capacity across all domestic Total installed generating capacity, 2007-2035
tenth most-populous country in the world, with plant. The country is already
just under 127 million citizens. The Greater the third-largest consumer of
Tokyo area, including Tokyo and several nuclear power, after the USA 2035 250
surrounding prefectures, comprises the largest and France.
metropolitan area in the world. Japan is also the third-largest 250
2030
The Liberal Democratic Party dominated the global oil consumer behind the
countrys political system from its founding in USA and China and the second-
2025 248
1955 until August 2009, when the Democratic largest net importer of crude
YEAR
Party of Japan (DPJ) achieved a majority in the oil. It is the worlds largest
lower house and led a coalition in the upper importer of liquefied natural 2020 247
house. After Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama and gas (LNG) and coal.
DPJ secretary-general Ichiro Ozawa resigned in Domestic oil reserves
2015 247
June 2010 due to public discontent over political stood at 44 million barrels in
finances, the finance minister Naoto Kan was January 2010, according to
sworn in as the new Prime Minister. He went on the Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), 2007 279
to win a intra-party DPJ presidential election on down from 58 million in 2007.
14 September, 2010. Meanwhile, the government 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
The gross domestic product (GDP) in Japan maintains oil stocks to ensure GW
expanded at an annual rate of 1.1 per cent in the supply security, which totalled Average annual percentage change = -0.4
third quarter of 2010. Japans average quarterly 590 million barrels at the end
Source: International Energy Outlook 2010,
GDP growth was 0.55 per cent between 1980 of April 2010, according to US Energy Information Administration
and 2010, reaching an historical high of 3.15 per the US Energy Information
cent in June 1990 and a record low of -4.45 per Administration (EIA). In 2009, Japans 145
cent in March 2009. producing wells in 13 fields provided roughly
Japans industrialized, free-market economy 132 660 barrels per day (bpd), of which only
is the third-largest in the world. It is highly 5330 bpd was crude oil. The pace of the domestic
efficient and competitive in areas linked to exploration programme slowed in 200910,
international trade, but productivity is far reportedly due to the low rate of production
lower in areas such as agriculture, distribution compared with exploration costs.
and services. Japan boasts industrial leadership, Japans proven natural gas reserves declined
technical ability and a well-educated from 39.6 billion m3 to 20.9 billion m3 between
workforce, which, combined with high savings 2007 and January 2010, according to the OGJ.
and investment rates and a championing of It produced 3.5 billion m3 of natural gas in
industrial development and foreign trade, has 2009. Minami-Nagaoka on the western coast
produced a mature industrial economy. The of Honshu is the countrys largest natural
country has few natural resources to call on, gas field and it produces roughly half of all
so trade helps it earn the foreign exchange domestic gas. Exploration and development
necessary to buy raw materials for its economy. of the field are ongoing. The gas produced
is transported via pipelines surrounding the
ENERGY RESOURCES Tokyo metropolitan area.
Since domestic energy resources account for Inpex is building an LNG terminal with a
only 16 per cent of total Japanese demand, in 2 billion m3 capacity at Naoetsu port in Joetsu
June 2010 the Ministry of Economy, Trade and City, which will connect its domestic pipeline
Industry (METI) resolved to increase energy self- infrastructure with overseas assets by the end
sufficiency to 70 per cent by 2030. In search of of 2013. Although new domestic reserves in
both energy security and reduced CO2 emissions, the Niigata, Akita and Hokkaido regions are
it envisages deepening strategic relationships being considered, the pace of exploration
with energy-producing countries and a large slowed in 2009-2010 due to high costs. Japan
role for nuclear power. This will require new accounted for about 36 per cent of global LNG
reactors, while also achieving 90 per cent imports in 2009, according to Cedigaz. That
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Malaysia
Dwindling natural gas supplies are forcing Malaysia to shift towards
coal fired generation to meet rising demand over the coming decade.
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market was 41.9 per cent of a gross generation of is expected to rise at more than 3 per cent over Generation mix, 2010 & 2030
around 98 200 GWh. Sabah saw power shortages the next decade.
Fuel 2010 2015 2020
during 2009 due to rising demand and an aging The effects of this can already be seen in
fleet of generating units, which meant at one stage a shift towards coal-fired power generation, Natural Gas 58.3% 52.5% 48.0%
that its margin dipped to -10 per cent. which is likely to accelerate over the next ten Coal 36.9% 43.2% 48.0%
years. A 300 MW joint-venture coal-fired power
Hydro 4.8% 4.3% 4.0%
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY plant is planned for Sabah and a new 1000 MW
Malaysia has a relatively weak environmental coal-fired plant is needed on the peninsular by Nuclear
policy regarding climate change. Although it 2015 to ensure adequate supply. At the same Source: Malaysian Nuclear Agency
has pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions time, TNB proposes to expand its Manjung coal
by 40 per cent by 2050, its short- and medium- fired plant. There are also plans to
term targets are hardly ambitious. Renewable build facilities for importing LNG to
Installed capacity and peak demand
energy featured as a fifth fuel in the national ensure that the power sector does
mix in the eighth Malaysia Plan (200105), not become over-reliant on coal as 30
but capacity excluding hydropower was only indigenous gas supplies fall.
28
53 MW by the end of 2009. A proposed major The largest energy project in
shift towards coal fired generation as gas Malaysia is currently the Bakun 26 24 187
supplies become stretched over the next decade dam in Sarawak, which will have
24 015
will only exacerbate the overall problem. a generating capacity of 2400 MW
24
21 637
In 2010, the Ministry of Energy, Green when it enters service in 2011. 22 21 559
Technology and Water announced a new Around 1600 MW of this was to 20 125
renewable energy policy and action plan. This be made available to peninsular 20 19 380
envisaged that 6 per cent of generating capacity Malaysia through a 680 km undersea
18 16 332
(1000 MW) should be based on renewable cable, but the timetable for that 15 943
generation by 2015, and renewables should plan is now slipping. To compensate, 16 15 172 15 540
14 375
contribute 2000 MW or 11 per cent of the total TNB is currently planning two new 13 809
14
PER CENT
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Pakistan
Massive new investment is required in generating capacity as Pakistan
continues to struggle with a power crisis that is denting its economic growth.
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Philippines
Capacity shortages are likely to remain a serious problem despite
encouraging new renewables legislation and an ongoing privatization drive.
The Philippines is a country of 92 million people Total final energy consumption by sector 2009
in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean.
Its archipelago comprises 7107 islands with 1.4%
three main island groups: Luzon, Visayas and
10.2%
Mindanao. The capital is Manila. President
Benigno Aquino III, whose six-year term began Transport
in June 2010, is head of state and appoints 37.7%
and oversees the cabinet. Economic growth
Residential
topped 7 per cent in 2010, according to IMF 24.5%
Industry
estimates, but the country lags neighbours such
as Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia Commercial
both in GDP and GDP per capita. Agriculture
Agriculture
and services are the biggest employers. The
industrial sector is relatively small, employing
less than 15 per cent of the workforce and
26.0%
accounting for about 30 per cent of GDP. The
economy is also heavily reliant on remittances Source: DOE
from an estimated 11 million Filipinos living
outside their homeland. energy efficiency and renewables as well as generation mix is: hydro 21 per cent; oil thermal
private sector investment in the power sector. 2 per cent; coal thermal 28 per cent; diesel 4 per
ENERGY RESOURCES The Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) cent; geothermal 24 per cent; and combined cycle
The Philippines is a relatively minor coal of 2001 deregulated the power industry and com- 21 per cent.
producer with recoverable coal reserves of pelled the state-owned utility, National Power The capacity shortage that caused a power crisis
240 million tonnes. The Philippine Department Corporation (Napocor), to break up its vertically in the 1990s has yet to be resolved. Without new
of Energy (DOE) estimates that the countrys integrated assets into separate units for electricity capacity, the government says that Mindanao,
several coal fired power stations accounted for generation, transmission and distribution. The act Luzon and Visayas will face a critical period as early
3967 MW of electricity generated in the country, also mandated the eventual sell-off of most of the as 2011. Power supply is declared critical when
about 27 per cent of the total. companys transmission and generation assets. generating capacity cannot cover peak demand
The Philippines has 110 billion m3 of proven Napocors assets designated for privatization and reserves fall below 23.4 per cent of dependable
natural gas reserves, almost all in the Malampaya were organized into two state holding capacity for Luzon and the Visayas, and 21 per cent
natural gas field. Significant natural gas production companies: the National Transmission for Mindanao.
only got under way in 2001 and, despite a recent Corporation (Transco), which took on much Visayas is set to secure an additional 328 MW
surge in consumption, natural gas supplies less of the companys transmission assets, and the of power supply this year, but only 42.5 MW of
than 8 per cent of energy consumption. Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management capacity will be added in Mindanao when another
Historically small-scale oil production from (PSALM) Corporation, which assumed control of hydro power plant goes on stream. Luzon is not
about 138 million barrels of proven reserves has Napocors power plants. However, as of January scheduled to augment its capacity until 2012, when
expanded in recent years, primarily due to the 2010 only 20 of the 30 generating facilities 600 MW is due to be added to the grid.
development of new offshore deepwater deposits. earmarked for disposal have been sold and
The Philippines is the worlds second transferred to the winning bidders. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
biggest user of geothermal energy and also In 2008, National Power Grid Corp was One of the key programmes of the 20-year
has significant tidal and solar potential. Wind awarded the franchise to operate the Philippine Philippine Energy Plan (PEP) is to aggressively
power is growing but Northwind farm at power transmission system (Transco) for 50 years. develop renewable energy potential such as
Bangui in Illocos Norte remains the only sizeable The Philippine Electricity Market Corporation biomass, solar, wind and ocean resources.
development, with an installed capacity of (PEMC) is the current operator of the wholesale Under the PEP, the Philippine government aims
25 MW and a maximum capacity of 33 MW. spot market (WESM), which started operations to double the current 5300 MW renewable
in June 2006. WESM currently covers Luzon but energy-based installed capacity for power
ELECTRICITY MARKET is expected to expand into Visayas by 2012 and generation by 2030. This is in line with the
The Department of Energy sets overall policy eventually Mindanao. A futures market is still governments thrust to ensure energy security
goals in the energy industry, while the Energy some way off. while reducing carbon emissions.
Regulatory Commission (ERC) is charged Electricity consumption was estimated at A Renewable Energy Act (REA), in force
with regulating the electricity sector. The 48.96 billion kWh and production at 56.57 billion since January 2009, is very comprehensive by
governments plan is to make the Philippines kWh in 2010. The installed generating capacity regional standards, covering wind, biomass, solar,
more self-sufficient in energy and to boost for the national grid was 15 572 MW in 2010. The geothermal, ocean and hydro. The law aims for
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9472
9054
8987
8760
8629
established a feed-in tariff (FiT) with a guaranteed
8526
10 000
8607
8275
7721
fixed price for at least 12 years for electricity from
7149
9000
7138
emerging renewable resources such as wind, solar,
8000
MW
Source: DOE
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
The generation segment is still dominated by Electricity generation by source in 2010
the state-owned NPC, but ongoing privatization
has attracted several international concerns over
21%
the past three years, such as AES (United States) 24%
CCGT
and SN Power (Norway). Prominent generating
companies operating in the Philippines also Hydroelectric
include: Covanta/InterGen (Quezon Power);
Chevron Geothermal (formerly Unocal); CAL Oil Thermal
Energy (MidAmerican Energy Holdings); 4%
Coal Thermal
Marubeni, Tokyo Electric, Sumitomo, STEAG
21%
and Kepco. Diesel
FirstGen and the Aboitiz Group are among
the leading players in the Philippines generation Geothermal
sector. In their different stages of expansion, 28% 2%
rehabilitation, upgrades and regular maintenance,
these gencos may present opportunities for Source: National Grid Corporation of The Philippines
supplying various types of equipment and services.
The Philippine National Oil Co (PNOC), the Phase 2 of the Northwind power project was coal and hydropower projects. All are awaiting
countrys largest geothermal producer until it commissioned in October 2008 to add 8 MW the proposed amendments to EPIRA and the
sold its geothermal subsidiary in 2007, won an to bring total capacity to 33 MW. In addition, implementation of other measures to improve the
exploration contract to develop the Mount Isarog three pre-commercial contracts for wind resource overall investment climate.
volcanic chain in Camarines Sur in 2009. This assessments have been awarded to Alternergy. To hasten this process, DOE needs to clarify some
geothermal project has the capacity to generate Energy Development Corp has contracts for tax laws after the Aboitiz Power Corporation,
18 GWh of electricity per year from its potential two sites in Ilocos Norte, where Northern Luzon owner of the 700 MW Pagbilao coal facility, was
capacity of at least 20 MW. UPC Asia Corp also has contracts for two sites. pursued for non-payment of real property taxes.
Global Green has three biomass power projects Constellation has won contracts for a site in Negros There is also uncertainty due to the inability of
in the Philippines that are expected to be on-line Occidental and another in Negros Oriental. cash-strapped electric cooperatives to pay power
with an aggregate capacity of 70 MW by 2012. generation companies, as well as inconsistencies
The company plans to invest $192 million to FUTURE TRENDS in government policies.
build plants in the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Power shortages will not disappear overnight Domestic players also look set to take an
Iloilo and Bukidnon. Asea One is investing about but legislation is now falling into place so that increasingly active role in the electricity market.
$180 million to 2014 to build biomass power the Philippines can finally attract much-needed Philippine food and beverage conglomerate
facilities in the central provinces of Aklan, Negros foreign investment to its power sector. San Miguel Corp has revealed plans to invest
Occidental, Iloilo and Cebu. The projects will add Companies from China, Japan and South $4 billion in energy and infrastructure over the
72 MW capacity to the Cebu-Negros-Panay grid. Korea are reportedly conducting due diligence on next five years.
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South Korea
With few hydrocarbon resources of its own, South Korea looks to lead the Asian
drive for low carbon electricity using a mix of nuclear and renewable energy.
The Korean peninsula emerged from 35 years Electricity generation capacity, 2009 (MW)
of Japanese rule in 1945, then split along the
38th parallel to form the Democratic Republic 2747 5515
of Korea to the north and the Republic of
Korea to the south in 1948. War broke out
in 1950 and heavy fighting followed for the Hydro (1)
next three years. Since then a fragile peace has
existed, interrupted by sporadic clashes, while a Coal
treaty to formally end the conflict has remained
Oil
elusive to this day. Now separated by the most 17 716 24 205
Total
heavily fortified border in the world, they exist 73 470 MW LNG
in very different economic spheres.
In the past 50 years, South Korea has become Nuclear
an economic powerhouse, manufacturing and
Other (2)
exporting electronics, automobiles, ships and
machinery. However, the South Korean economy, 17 850
the third largest in Asia and 13th in the world,
5438
has been significantly affected by the global
financial downturn.
(1) Includes hydro pumped storage, small-hydro.
South Korea is a mountainous country of (2) Includes Renewable and Community Energy Services.
99 313 km2, with a population of 48.3 million
mainly urban dwellers. The densely populated Source: Korea Power Exchange
democratic presidential republic has the worlds
lowest birth rate and fastest broadband speeds.
which has yet to be exploited. The government Kepco remains in control of transmission
ENERGY RESOURCES has set targets to increase use of renewable and distribution for the whole of South Korea.
Around 90 per cent of the Korean peninsulas energy, up from the 2010 figure of 2.4 per cent, In 2010, the transmission system consisted of
energy resources coal reserves and hydropower to 5 per cent by 2011, and 11 per cent by 2030. about 30 257 km of 765 kV lines including
are north of the 38th parallel, so the South high voltage DC and 715 substations with an
Korean republic relies on imported power. ELECTRICITY MARKET installed transformer capacity of 247 786 MVA.
With its strong manufacturing base, South Korea Electric Company (Kepco), the state- The distribution system includes about
Korea is the worlds tenth largest energy consumer. owned national utility responsible for 99 630 MVA of transformer capacity and about
It is the fifth largest importer of crude oil and generation, transmission and distribution 8 million units of support with a total line length
the second largest importer of both coal and was formed in 1961 by merging three small of 420 258 km. In 2005, Kepco transmitted
liquefied natural gas (LNG) globally. Following electricity suppliers. The company was listed on electricity across the border to North Korea
rapid growth in the 1990s, South Koreas oil the stock exchange in 1989, when 21 per cent providing power to the Gaeseong Industrial
consumption has remained relatively steady this of its shares were sold to the public. In 2001, Complex, which was set up as an outcome of the
century. The industrial sector accounts for more Kepcos power generation business was spun first inter-Korean summit.
than half of the countrys oil consumption, due to off into six power generation subsidiaries. Koreas electricity is currently a mix of mainly
its significant petrochemical industry. The republic That same year, competition was introduced thermal and nuclear generation, with less than
has three of the ten largest oil refineries in the into the electricity generation market. Kepco 10 per cent being derived from hydropower
world, producing more than 2.5 million barrels lost its monopoly, although it remains the and renewables.
per day of refined product in 2009. largest generator and retains responsibility for South Korea now has the fifth highest
South Korea embarked on a nuclear power transmission and distribution. nuclear generation capacity in the world,
programme in the 1960s. Escalating oil prices The Korean power market players consist behind the United States, France, Japan
in the 1970s led to a strategic decision to boost of the energy suppliers (generators), a single and Russia. Nuclear currently accounts for
nuclear capacity, which has been unwaveringly purchaser (transmission and distribution asset 25 per cent of South Koreas electricity
maintained, to the extent that nuclear owner and retail business), large customers and generation but its contribution is set to reach
currently accounts for around 25 per cent of its a market operator. The number of generators about 50 per cent in the next ten years and
electricity generation. has increased rapidly in the past few years and 59 per cent by 2030, when 40 nuclear reactors
There is good potential to generate energy now numbers in the hundreds. The market uses are planned to be in operation.
from offshore wind and solar plant. There is an a two-tier pricing structure with different rates South Korea currently has 20 operational
estimated 1.5 GW of small-scale hydro potential, for base load and peak generation reactors: 16 pressurized water reactors (PWRs)
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and four CANDU pressurized heavy-water The first two units of the APR1400
cooled reactors (PHWRs). In 2009, Kepco had are being constructed at Shin-Kori
Predicted electricity supply and demand
the worlds best nuclear power plant operation and are due to enter commercial Year Peak Demand (MW) Total Capacity (MW)
figures with an unplanned shutdown rate of operation in September 2013 2010 69 455 76 136
0.35 times per year and a capacity factor of and September 2014. In total,
2011 71 324 80 015
91.7 per cent. 15 400 MW of nuclear new build is
planned by 2021. 2012 72 958 82 482
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY In December 2009, a Kepco 2013 74 564 85 530
South Korea plans to become a low carbon, consortium won a landmark
2014 75 942 88 848
green growth country. The low carbon energy $20 billion contract to build four
generation share is to increase from 2 per cent APR1400 reactors in the United 2015 77 214 93 568
of the overall mix in 2008 to more than 11 Arab Emirates (UAE), making 2016 78 398 95 250
per cent by 2030. A green new deal is due to South Korea only the fifth country
2017 79 442 95 682
create hundreds of thousands of jobs through to export nuclear reactors.
developing solar, wind and tidal power. Following this contract, the
2018 80 174 97 082
In 2009, the government approved a Ministry of Knowledge Economy 2019 80 789 98 791
target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions announced in January 2010 that 2020 81 151 100 191
by 4 per cent by 2020. If left unchecked, it is aiming to export 80 nuclear
2021 81 502 100 891
emissions by then would be 30 per cent higher reactors worth $400 billion by 2030.
than current levels. South Korea imposes a Target markets include Turkey, 2022 81 805 100 891
$0.017 per litre levy on imports of petroleum, Jordan, Romania, Ukraine and Source: Korea Power Exchange
petroleum products and LNG to finance Southeast Asian countries. South
research and development in energy demand Koreas ambition is to become the
side management and renewables. worlds third largest supplier of
South Korea currently has feed-in tariffs in nuclear reactors, with a share of a
place for wind and solar power, which will be fifth of the world market. In 2010, the state-run Korea Hydro and
replaced by the Renewable Portfolio Standard As well as nuclear power, South Korea is Nuclear Power Company awarded a contract
(RPS) in 2012. This will require 14 utilities with planning to develop renewable energy. Current to build one of the worlds largest tidal power
capacity in excess of 500 MW to generate installed onshore wind capacity is around stations near Ganghwa Island, 50 km west of
4 per cent of their energy from renewable 348 MW with more in the pipeline, including a Seoul. Construction will start in 2011 with a
sources by 2015, increasing to 10 per cent by $426 million 200 MW Hyundai wind farm due to view to completion in 2017. The power station
2022. RPS will mandate 350 MW of additional enter operation by 2012. will have a capacity of 1.3 million kW per hour
renewable energy per year through 2016 and South Korea aims to be the worlds third or 2.41 billion kW per year. Other tidal power
700 MW per year through 2022. Fuel cells largest offshore wind power generator. A US stations are also in the pipeline.
operating on natural gas and biogas will qualify $7.8 billion 2.5 GW offshore wind farm project
under the new programme. is to be developed in the Yellow Sea. An initial FUTURE TRENDS
In July 2009, the government announced a testing phase will install 20, 5 MW turbines by As a manufacturing nation, South Korea
spending programme worth over $84 billion 2013, but an estimated generating capacity of has a huge demand for electricity, which is
to improve energy efficiency in the country. 2.5 GW is planned for the site by 2019. A local projected to increase despite energy efficiency
The money will be spent over five years on a supply chain will be developed to build and measures. The government is committed to
broad range of measures, from cutting energy install the 500 turbines. developing low carbon electricity from nuclear
use in buildings and industry to addressing Small-scale hydro potential is estimated and renewables.
transport emissions. Notably, solar energy, at up to 1.5 GW, of which 198 MW could As a country that relies on exports to
energy-efficient lighting and hybrid vehicles be generated by 2012. Installed capacity support its economy, South Korea suffered
were singled out for attention represents less than 5 per cent of the domestic a significant blow to its growth during the
potential, indicating that there may be global downturn. But the nation returned
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT significant untapped resources. to form in 2010 with a strong 6.1 per cent
South Korea is making major investments in Grid-connected solar photovoltaic units increase in GDP. South Korea now appears
nuclear power for both domestic and export totalled 430 MW at the end of 2009, including resolute in developing a domestic supply
purposes. Over the past 25 years, Kepco has Samsungs 18.4 MW plant and Conergys chain for renewable energy, just as it has done
been developing a reactor suitable for export. 19.6 MW plant. The European PhotoVoltaic for nuclear.
The regulators awarded design certification to Industry Association (EPIA) has estimated that Major industrial players such as Hyundai,
the 1400 MW generation III advanced power the countrys market could grow to 1.3 GW by Mitsubishi and Samsung look set to become
reactor (APR1400) in 2003.. 2013. The current pipeline includes SunEdisons heavily involved in this process, which could
The reactor has a projected 48-month 400 MW of solar plants to be built across provide another area of expertise for export,
construction period and 60-year design life. the country. and become a further engine for growth.
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Thailand
In preparation for the exhaustion of its offshore gas fields over the next couple
of decades, Thailand is investing in Myanmar gas fields and Laos hydropower.
Thailand is located in Southeast Asia and shares Generation capacity by fuel source, 2010
borders with Malaysia, Myanmar, Laos and
Cambodia. It is a constitutional monarchy led 1.4% 0.6%
by King Bhumibol Adulyadej, the longest-serving
3.3%
4.5%
head of state in the world, who reigns over
some 67 million people. Abhisit Vejjajiva has been 7.7% Natural gas
prime minister since December 2008 when the Lignite
Democrat Party formed a coalition government
with several groups who splintered from the then 9.9% Imported coal
prime minister Thaksin Shinawatras power base.
Hydropower (Laos)
The political environment remains unstable, with
violent protests breaking out in 2009 and 2010 as Hydropower
Thaksin supporters known as Red Shirts, drawn
mostly from rural areas, attempted to precipitate Renewable energy
the new governments dissolution.
Heavy oils
The Thai economy grew at almost 8 per cent 71.8%
in 2010, doubling previous estimates, and is
forecast to grow at 44.5 per cent in 2011. Exports
account for around two-thirds of the economy. If
Source: Egat
it continues to find markets in China, the Asean
member states, India and the Middle East, Thailand
is likely to avoid the doldrums currently being
Peak demand forecast, 2010-2030
experienced by the United States and Europe.
2030 55 750
ENERGY RESOURCES
2025 46 345
Thailand has extremely limited oil and coal
reserves, so natural gas makes up the bulk of its 2020 38 320
YEAR
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from Laos hydropower and 3.3 per cent from model where the final feed-in tariff is composed
local hydropower. of several additions on top of the avoided
Contract capacity by producer, 2010
The governments Pracha Wiwat scheme, derided wholesale cost of generation. Producers Contract capacity
by some as a populist sop during an election year, The tariff programme contains a specific
(MW)
proposes to offer free electricity bills for 8.7 million bonus for offsetting diesel-fired generation. Egat 14 998
low-income, low-usage households by increasing There is also a location or risk premium for IPP 12 152
the power rate for the industrial sector. The Energy projects in three southern provinces and
Small power producer 2182
Regulatory Commission estimates it will need to compensation for fossil fuel price volatility. To
charge the sector an additional 1.5 billion baht increase project diversity, Thailand is providing Laos 1288
($48 million) a month to cover the programme. government-backed loans at 4 per cent interest TNB (HVDC) 300
Foreign investor confidence has been for up to 50 million baht per project.
Source: Egat
shaken by a regulatory impasse that held up The government also offers a generous
operations at Map Ta Phut for a year while the 400 per cent of its regulated normal tariff for
companies involved proved to a court that they solar power and 200 per cent for wind. SGC Wind Energy is developing Thailands first
had undergone or would complete health and private wind power plant, in Nakhon Si Thammarat
environmental impact assessments. The initial INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT on the Hua Sai coast with a capacity of 9 MW.
ruling did not provide a remedy to restart these The National Energy Policy Council revised the Meanwhile, Demco is developing a 100 MW wind
projects. Egat said it was unaffected by the saga, short-term power development plan (PDP) in plant in Phetchabun. China Light and Power, Thai
because it already conducts such assessments. November 2010 to address larger-than-expected utility Egco Group, and Mitsubishi plan to build the
demand increases and the delayed completion of worlds largest solar photovoltaic plant in Lop Buri
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IPP projects. The amended plan brings forward with a capacity of 73 MW.
The government has set ambitious goals for completion of North Bangkok Power Plant Block 2
increasing renewable energy use. It established to 2015 and Wang Noi Block 4 and Chana Block 2 FUTURE TRENDS
a target of 8 per cent of total consumption in by about three months ahead of schedule in 2014. Thailands dependence on a rapidly diminishing
2011, up from 3 per cent in 2010, with an overall It also increases the power purchase volume of SPP finite resource, natural gas, makes it vulnerable
aim of reaching 20 per cent by 2020. Biomass cogeneration by another 1500 MW. to fluctuations in the international market and
is expected to provide over 60 per cent of this Egat recently signed a memorandum of requires it to find alternatives in the near future.
energy, reflecting Thailands dependence on understanding with Laos for a purchase Energy policymakers have talked about nuclear
the agricultural sector and its access to large agreement for 7000 MW of hydropower and power for decades, but it still appears no more
amounts of agricultural waste. another with Myanmar for up to 5500 MW of likely to become a reality than in the past.
Thailand is one of the worlds top-ten natural gas energy. Locally, Egat added 2090 MW Given the legal victories of non-governmental
players in the Clean Development Mechanism to the grid through three natural gas projects in organizations and communities at Map Ta
(CDM), which allows industrialized nations to central Thailand in the past two years. The South Phut, as well as local residents opposition at
buy carbon credits from projects in developing Bangkok Combined Cycle Block 3 in Samut Prakan, proposed sites, Egats recent decision to delay its
countries to meet their emission reduction the Bang Pakong Combined Cycle Block 5 in first nuclear plant seems to ignore the massive
commitments under the Kyoto Protocol by Chachoengsao and the North Bangkok Combined obstacles it faces in getting this project running.
2012. The county currently has 37 projects Cycle Block 1 in Nonthaburi all started commercial Calls for nuclear power have been based on the
registered with the United Nations Framework operation recently. national power development plans forecasts and
Convention on Climate Change. The Thailand In addition, Egat signed PPAs for four projects have been criticized for assuming Thai demand
Greenhouse Gas Management Organization that will add 4400 MW between 2011 and for electricity will average growth of close to
(TGO) has approved 111 CDM projects with 2014. The GHECO-One coal project in Rayong is 2000 MW per year through 2021. Load growth is
a combined capacity to lower carbon dioxide scheduled for commercial operation in 2011. The clearly slowing, despite limited energy efficiency
emissions by 6.95 million tonnes a year. Biogas Siam Energy Blocks 1 and 2 natural gas project efforts by government and utilities. Over the past
projects dominate 60 per cent of registrations, is due to come on line in 2013 and the National 15 years, load growth has averaged only 770 MW
while biomass makes up a further 20 per cent. Power Supply Units 14 coal project is expected per year and for the past ten years it has averaged
The governments small power producer in 201314, both of which are in Chachoengsao. only 715 MW per year. In the past five years, it
(SPP) programme supports the development Meanwhile, the Power Generation Supply averaged only 544 MW of new load per year.
of renewable and non-conventional electricity Blocks 12 natural gas project in Saraburi is Still, Egat takes a dim view of renewable
production. SPPs can sell electricity to Egat for scheduled for 2014. options as feasible to meet Thailands demand,
distribution or directly to consumers nearby The Thaioil refinery, 51 per cent of which is preferring instead to focus on imports of coal
their plants, provided it is generated using owned by PTT, plans to spend $300 million to and LNG. The company feels renewable energies
hydro, biomass or thermal cogeneration. The build two co-generation power plants that were need to be more reliable and less costly to
buyback rate is based on the cost to Egat. recently granted licences from Egat. be taken seriously, as solar panels have to be
Since the introduction of the SPP programme Egat has also decided to upgrade the imported and the capital required for renewable
in 2006, Thailand has signed contracts to develop transmission capacity in a number of areas, projects is massive. Government incentives will
4300 MW of renewable generation, including including the Greater Bangkok Area Phase 2, enable renewable energy to increase, but the
1800 MW from solar energy. However, only the Nam Ngum 2 dam at the Laos border, the sector makes up such a small portion of the
850 MW is currently online, 700 MW of which industrial estates along the eastern seaboard countrys capacity that it will be insufficient to
is from biomass. The programme uses a bonus and various provincial regions. meet demand in the near future.
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GEA Heat Exchangers covers numerous application areas, from air conditioning systems to cooling AFC Single Tube
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EUROPE
Baltic States
Wholesale market liberalization, heavy investment in generation and a
proliferation of international links are vital as the Baltic States pursue energy
security and an improved environmental profile.
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and VS, Lithuanias two DSOs, have now merged Imports and exports in the Baltic States (TWh)
into AB Lesto, which is due to begin operating
from 2011. Estonia (2009) Latvia (2009)** Lithuania
By August 2010, a considerable portion of Consumption 7.080 7.2 10.698
each countrys electricity market was already Losses 0.886
sold at market prices: 35 per cent in Latvia,
Own use in power plants 0.895
29 per cent for Lithuania and 28 per cent for
Estonia. By 2013, end-user tariffs should be Exports 2.943
entirely abolished in Estonia and will remain Imports 3.025 1.7 5.990
only for households in Lithuania.
Net production 7.884 4.708
The development of an electricity market in the
Baltic States is proceeding apace. Over two-thirds Gross production 8.779 5.6
of electricity consumed in Lithuania is now traded Sources: *Statistics Estonia; **Latvian Energy Ministry; ***Litgrid
on its Baltpool power exchange, established on
1 January 2010 according to the principles of
the Scandinavian Nord Pool Spot (NPS) market. Electricity generation forecast
Monthly trade on the exchange had hit 789 GWh
by October 2010. The NPS launched its Estonia
13
bidding area in April 2010. Its average daily
volume had risen from 4.5 GWh in its opening 12 12.2
month to 14 GWh by August 2010. The 350 MW 11.9
Estlink cable became totally available for use on 11 11.6
11.1 11.3
this exchange from September 2010. 10.6 10.8
Latvenergo announced in August 2010 that the 10 10.1 10.3 10.4 10.1
9.8 9.9
emerging electricity market had enabled Latvia to 9.5 9.7
9 9.3 9.3
9.1
TWh
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__________
__________________
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EUROPE
Finland
As demand growth slows, the Finnish government is aiming to increase
both nuclear and renewable generation while reducing its reliance on
Russian fossil fuels.
The Nordic nation of Finland is one of the Annual power generation (GWh)
most northerly of the European states. The
82 171
80 377
78 623
population was 5.26 million in 2010. Finland is
77 819
90 000
71 617
71 229
a democratic republic and became a member of
69 207
67 278
67 657
the European Union in 1995, and was a founder 80 000
member of the Euro. 70 000
The country has an industrially diversified
60 000
economy that relies heavily on exports.
Gross domestic product (GDP) in 2010 was 50 000
an estimated 168.9 billion ($232 billion) and
40 000
24 794
23 594
22 678
22 583
20 881
growth was 2.4 per cent after a contraction of
21 663
21 087
19 159
18 352
8 per cent in 2009. Meanwhile, per capita GDP is 30 000
among the highest in Europe at 31 300. 20 000
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38 per cent increase in electricity from coal Electricity production by source, 2009 (GWh)
fired power plants. Meanwhile, industrial heat
demand fell by 15 per cent as a consequence of 12 600
12 100
the economic downturn, affecting output from
industrial combined heat and power plants.
300 Hydro
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Wind
Current environmental policy in Finland involves
limiting final energy consumption from a baseline Nuclear
of 300 TWh in 2005 to 310 TWh by 2020, around Total
81 400 GWh Condensing
10 per cent lower than the 350 TWh estimated
without concerted measures. On top of this, final 24 800 22 600 Combined heat
energy consumption in 2050 is to be reduced by and power
33 per cent compared to consumption in 2020.
Renewable energy is expected to play a vital role
Net imports
in the overall strategy and the government has set
a target of achieving 38 per cent of final energy
consumption based on renewable sources by 2020,
9000
in line with European Commission targets.
Source: Statistics Finland
In order to achieve the short-term target,
incentives and strategies will have to be improved.
Total energy consumption by fuel, 2009
Energy efficiency is expected to play a central role
and renewables such as wood based generation,
3% 2%
waste biogas and wind power will all have to be 3%
promoted. As part of this, a cost-effective feed-in 5% Oil
25%
tariff system was introduced from 1 January 2011 Wood
that fixes prices for 12 years.
The target feed-in tariff is 83.50/MWh. Biogas 10% Nuclear
combined heat and power generators will get an Coal
additional 50/MWh, while new wind producers
will get 105/MWh for the first three years of Natural gas
production. These measures are expected to Peat
increase wind production to 6000 GWh/y by 2020 11%
from 300 GWh in 2009. Hydro
Net imports
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT 20%
The major electricity sector investment over the Other
next decade is likely to be in nuclear and wind 19%
power. Finland currently has four reactors and
work started on a fifth in 2005, Olkiluoto 3, which Source: Statistics Finland
is due online in 2014.
The Finnish parliament approved construction
of two further reactors in 2010, one of which will
be built by TVO and the second by Fennovoima, a In addition, the use of wood fuel will be which growth had been expected to reach
Finnish consortium that includes E.ON. encouraged, with biogas receiving a big feed-in 98 000 GWh by 2020. The slower growth is
The two projects will involve 1600 MW light tariff incentive. Finland is already a large user attributed to lower industrial demand as a
water reactors with an estimated total cost of of wood fuel and is expected to become the result of the global recession, particularly within
around 7.3 billion. Sites and designs for the leading European market for biomass-based the paper industry.
two new plants have yet to be identified. energy generation by 2016, when the installed Even so, the government has set itself a
Incentives to increase the proportion of base is expected to reach 2765 MW, according challenging target of reaching 38 per cent
electricity generated from renewable sources to the market analysts Frost and Sullivan. This renewable energy production by 2020. This,
are likely to lead to a major expansion of the will require investment of around 3.3 billion. coupled with heavy reliance on Russia for
wind energy industry. Total wind capacity was imports of natural gas, coal and electricity, has
147 MW at the end of 2009 but this is likely to FUTURE TRENDS encouraged the government to seek alternative
increase by as much as 20 times by 2020 if targets Electricity consumption in Finland is expected sources of generation, including renewables and
are to be met. Finland has become a base to grow from appeoximately 80 000 GWh in nuclear power. Over the longer term, nuclear
for some important wind turbine and turbine 2009 to 91 000 GWh in 2020 and 100 000 GWh power in Finland could generate 4560 TWh/y,
component manufacturers, such as WinWind, in 2030. This represents a significant slowdown hydro 1618 TWh/y, wind power 15-20 TWh/y
ABB and gear manufacturer Moventas. in growth compared to earlier forecasts, under and cogeneration plants 2530 TWh/y by 2050.
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EUROPE
France
As France looks to Arevas European Pressurized Reactor as the basis for a
new nuclear fleet, EDF will be forced to sell some of its generating capacity
to spur competition in the market.
France is located on the western edge of Installed capacity (GW) Annual consumption (GWh)
the European mainland bordering the
Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel and
2009 120.4 2009 486 675
the Mediterranean Sea. With a total area of
547 030 km2 and a land area of 545 630 km2, 2008 117.6 2008 494 539
it is the largest country in Western Europe and 2007 115.9 2007 480 392
the European Union (EU). It shares borders with 116.9 2006 478 383
2006
Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Luxembourg
2005 115.7 2005 483 210
and Belgium. The population was 64.8 million
in 2010. 2004 116.9 2004 479 568
YEAR
YEAR
Political power is shared between the 2003 116.0 2003 468 586
government and the president, both of which
2002 116.2 2002 451 117
were controlled by the right-wing UMP party
in 2010. The country is one of the founder
2001 115.9 2001 449 904
members of the EU and the Euro, and has 2000 115.3 2000 440 489
forged strong ties with Germany to form a 1999 114.8 1999 430 865
major axis within the union.
The basis of the French economy is diverse,
100 105 110 115 120 130 300 000 400 000 500 000
while earlier extensive government control has GWh GWh
been reduced by privatisation. Gross domestic
Source: RTE Source: RTE
product (GDP) in France was 1859 billion
($2555 billion) and growth estimated at 1.6 per
cent in 2010, after a contraction of 2.5 per cent considered economically exploitable. Virtually (CNR) operates 19 hydropower plants on the
in 2009. Taxes in France, at close to 50 per cent all of the best hydropower sites have already river Rhone. The third largest, SNET (now part
of GDP, are among the highest in Europe been used, as has tidal potential along the of E.ON) operates four coal fired plants, wind
Atlantic coast. There is significant wind potential, plants and combined-cycle plants.
ENERGY RESOURCES estimated to be around 12 GW, particularly along France is required by EU law to open its
France has limited energy resources, particularly the coasts of the Atlantic, the English Channel electricity markets to competition, but it has
fossil fuels. However, it does have some and the Mediterranean. Solar generation could gone about it slowly. Although deregulation has
hydropower and wind power resources, the play a significant future role, particularly in allowed new generators to enter the market,
latter of which are being rapidly developed. the southern regions of the country, as total by 2010 there have been no significant new
Oil reserves were 101.2 million barrels in solar energy potential across French territory is companies formed. Pressure from the European
2010. Production in 2009 was 70 820 barrels estimated at 700 000 TWh/y. Geothermal reserves Commission finally led to an agreement with EDF
per day (bpd) while consumption was 1.875 equate to 67 GWh/y and biomass potential is and the French parliament in 2010 to further
million bpd. The previous year, 597 800 bpd 335 MWh/y. There is also substantial wave energy open up the generation market. Under the
were exported, while balancing imports were potential. terms of the Nouvelle Organisation du Marche
2.4 million bpd. Proven natural gas reserves de lElectricite, EDF has agreed to transfer up to
in 2010 were 7.079 billon m3. Natural gas ELECTRICITY MARKET 25 per cent of its nuclear generating capacity to
production was 877 million m3 in 2009, while lectricit de France (EDF), the former state competitors in order to increase competition.
consumption was 44.84 billion m3. Imports utility in which the government holds a majority Total installed capacity in France in 2009
accounted for 45.85 billion m3 and a further share, still dominates the electricity market and was 120.4 GW. When broken down by source,
1.93 billion m3 were exported. maintains the largest generating capacity in nuclear power dominated with 63 130 MW,
Coal plays only a minor part in the energy the country. The French national grid is run all under EDFs control. Thermal power plants,
balance in France and small quantities are by Gestionnaire de Reseau de Transport de burning coal and natural gas, provided a further
imported, mostly from South Africa, Australia lElectricite (RTE), a separate company controlled 26 154 MW and hydro 25 357 MW. Of other
and the USA. Although the country has by EDF. Meanwhile, distribution is principally renewable sources, solar and biomass units
coal reserves of around 36 million tonnes, carried out by ERDF, another subsidiary of EDF. accounted for 1218 MW, while wind capacity
Charbonnages de France closed its last mine EDF controls nearly 82 per cent of the was 4574 MW.
in 2004. generating capacity with a total installed Total generation in France was 519 118 GWh
The gross annual hydropower potential in capacity of 98.7 GW in 2009. The second largest in 2009. Nuclear power plants produced in the
France is around 266 TWh of which 70 TWh is company, Compagnie Nationale du Rhne region of 390 000 GWh, or 75 per cent of
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the total, while hydropower plants added a Electricity production by source, 2009 (GWh)
further 61 882 GWh, fossil fuel fired plants
54 895 GWh and renewable plants, other than 4487 7855
hydropower, generated 12 342 GWh. Of this, 61 882
7855 GWh was produced by wind power. EDFs
contribution to the total was 453.6 TWh or
Nuclear
87 per cent. Consumption in metropolitan France
was 486 675 GWh in 2009. This represents a 2 per Fossil fuel thermal
54 895
cent decline over 2008 when consumption was
494 539 GWh. Hydro
France has interconnections with Belgium,
Renewable solar
Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain and the UK, and and thermal
there is daily market balancing involving France,
Belgium and the Netherlands. The country has Wind
historically been a net electricity exporter, but the
total has more than halved over the past decade,
from around 60 TWh in 2004 to 26 TWh in 2009. 389 998
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Source: RTE
France is the second largest producer and
consumer of renewable energy in the EU.
Renewables accounted for 12 per cent of
total energy production in 2009 and mainly to support photovoltaics, wind and biogas, with from 8000 GWh in 2009 to 58 000 GWh by 2020,
originated from hydropower, wood, biofuels support from national and international banks. massive new investment can be expected.
and urban waste. Under the EU renewable Carbon dioxide emissions in France were
energy directive, which is expected to pass 31 million tonnes in 2007, ranking the country FUTURE TRENDS
into national law in 2011, the total renewable 24th out of 27 in the EU for total emissions and Although electricity consumption fell slightly
contribution to the energy supply is due to rise eighth in terms of emissions per capita. in France between 2008 and 2009, RTE expects
to 23 per cent by 2020. the long-term trend to be upwards. Under the
Much of the additional renewable energy INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT most probable future scenario, consumption
will come either from using biofuels in Frances electricity sector is built upon a bedrock will rise to 515 GWh in 2010 and 569 GWh in
transportation or wood and urban waste for of 58 nuclear generating units that provided 2020, an average annual increase of 1.1 per cent
heat and combined heat and power production. 75 per cent of electricity generation in 2009. over the next decade. A second scenario under
Energy efficiency in buildings is also being However, the nuclear fleet is ageing and will need which market considerations lead to higher
targeted, with a 38 per cent reduction in energy replacing in the next ten to 20 years. To counter consumption would see overall growth of
use planned by 2020. The electricity sector will this, the French government is supporting the 1.3 per cent a year during the decade.
be expected to play its part too. development of a new generation of nuclear Peak load is expected to rise to 85.4 GW in
Renewable electricity production is expected reactors that will be expected to replace the 201213 and 87.2 GW in 201415. However
to have reached 85 500 GWh, including existing units as they retire. under exceptional conditions, such as an
hydropower, in 2010, compared to 74 200 GWh In 2006, EDF approved construction of the first extreme winter, the peaks could be as high as
in 2009. By 2020, the total is predicted to rise to EPR pressurized water reactor at Flamanville. 101 GW and 103 GW respectively. Overall, RTEs
155 000 GWh. This will include a modest increase The 1650 MW unit has since overrun both generation adequacy report for 2010 suggests
in hydropower output of around 3000 GWh, budget and timetable, and is currently expected there could be a shortfall in supply by 2015.
but a large increase in wind generation up to to enter service in 2013. The government More than half of Frances 6900 MW of coal
58 000 GWh from an expected 11 500 GWh in announced a second EPR in 2009, to be built at fired capacity must be removed from service
2010 and 7855 GWh in 2009. Biomass is also Penly, with construction to commence in 2012. by 2015. Meanwhile, 11 new gas turbine
expected to make a significant contribution, Meanwhile, the president announced in combined-cycle plants were included in the
with 5500 GWh in 2010 and 17 000 GWh 2006 that the French Commissariat lEnergie 2009 generation adequacy report, of which six
predicted in 2020. Solar electricity production Atomique (CEA) was to start designing a are in operation and five others due to enter
is forecast to add a further 7000 GWh by 2020. fourth-generation reactor that would begin service by 2013. However, no new projects have
French renewable generation is supported operating in 2020. Interest centres on gas- been started.
by a system of differentiated feed-in tariffs that cooled reactors, sodium-cooled fast reactors On the nuclear front, EDF is hoping to be
led to an overall negative cost to the French and high-temperature reactors. The other area able to extend the life of some of its nuclear
government in 2008. Regional governments for expansion is in renewable generation. Wind units by up to 40 years, which will help manage
are also offering support. In 2010, the Midi- capacity had advanced rapidly during the past the potential generation shortfall and reduce
Pyrnes region launched a 700 million fund five years, but with output expected to rise the probability of any future loss of load.
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EUROPE
Germany
Well known for its success with renewables, Germany sees nuclear power
as a bridging technology leading to a renewables future.
Germany is a federal republic and the European with RWE controlling the Renewable capacity growth (TWh)
continents most industrialized and populous west, Vattenfall supplying
country, with 81.8 million inhabitants at the end of Berlin and what was
2009. The countrys first female chancellor, Angela formerly East Germany, 12.0
4.8
Merkel, remained in power following general E.ON the central region
2010* 28.5 102.3
elections in September 2009, thanks to an alliance and EnBW in the south- 37.5
between her conservative Christian Democrats west. The regional and 19.5
(CDU) and the pro-business Free Democrats (FDP). municipal companies act
But since then, her popularity has been eroded by as intermediates between 6.6
austerity measures and problems with the Euro. the primary generators and 5.2
2009 25.5 94.9
In early 2010, vast Greek debts sparked fears end-users, although the 38.6
for the stability of the Euro, which led Merkel main four also act as direct 19.1
to persuade the German parliament to approve suppliers to consumers.
a 22.4 billion ($30.9 billion) contribution to an In December 2010, 4.4
European Union (EU) bailout loan for Greece. Many Evonik Steag GmbH agreed 4.7
2008 22.3 92.4
German voters were unhappy at the perceived to sell an initial 51 per cent
40.6
need to pay for another countrys debts and soon stake in its power plant 20.4
after, Merkels coalition lost a vital regional vote unit Steag, Germanys
YEAR
and with it her majority in the powerful upper fifth largest electricity 3.1
house of parliament, the Bundesrat. producer to a group of 4.5
Germanys export-dependent economy was hit local municipalities. The 2007 19.1 87.5
39.7
hard by the global financial crisis of 200809, which acquisition underlines the
21.2
triggered the worst recession in the country since current trend towards a
1949. However, by 2010, exports had helped the remunicipalization of the
2.2
country rebound somewhat. energy sector in Germany. 3.9
While many municipalities 2006 14.5 71.4
ENERGY RESOURCES partially withdrew from 30.7
20.0
Germany is essentially an energy insecure country. the energy market during
Despite extensive domestic coal reserves of over liberalization in 1998,
1.3
6 billion tonnes, the country plans to close its hard many are now beginning
3.0
coal mines by 2018 to support its goal of reducing to play a more active role 2005 12.0 63.2
use of the fuel for electricity generation. However, once more. With many of 27.2
brown coal and anthracite are its only significant the concessions or license 19.6
natural resources. agreements for power
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
The country has 276 million barrels of proven lines expiring in the near
crude oil reserves from which it produces 156 800 future, municipalities are
Hydro Wind Biomass
barrels per day (bpd), according to a 2009 estimate, considering whether or not
Waste** Photovoltaic Total
while another from 1 January 2010 suggests it to regain control of the
produces 15.29 billion m3 of natural gas and has grid and supply customers
* estimated ** drawn from only renewable sources
reserves of 175.6 billion m3. with energy.
All uranium is imported, although Germany did Price market coupling Source: Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft (BDEW), Berlin
once mine for this element. in the Central Western
Germanys total electricity production in 2009 Europe (CWE) region, comprising Germany, border capacities and could lead to further price
was 593 TWh, while total consumption stood at France, Belgium, the Netherlands and harmonization across the regions.
510 TWh. Renewables accounted for 17 per cent of Luxembourg, began in November 2010. In There are currently 17 nuclear power plants with
electricity generation in 2009. addition, the Interim Tight Volume Coupling an electric gross output of 21 507 MW in operation
(ITVC) solution now connects the CWE region across Germany. In 2009, they generated around
ELECTRICITY MARKET with the Nordic market via interconnectors 149 billion kWh of electricity.
The German electricity market has four major between Germany, Denmark and Sweden. This According to the Federal Environment Ministry,
companies, RWE, E.ON, Vattenfall Europe and paves the way to an internal electricity market electricity generated from wind, biomass,
Energie Baden Wurttenburg (EnBW), as well as 60 in Europe and could lead to more competition hydropower, solar and geothermal energy
regional and around 800 local or municipal ones. and lower electricity prices. The market coupling provided 16.3 per cent of German consumption in
The major companies have geographical dominance method makes efficient use of available cross- 2009. This is considerably higher than 2008, when
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it provided 15.2 per cent of the mix. In terms of Nuclear power units and their shutdown dates
total consumption of heat, electricity and fuels,
Commercial Shutdown Shutdown date,
renewables provided more than 10 per cent of
Plant MWe (net) operation date, as of (Atomic law
needs for the first time in 2009 (10.4 per cent, date 2001 amendment Bundestag
compared to 9.3 per cent in 2008). Despite the
vote, Oct 2010)
economic crisis, investments in installations for Bilbis A 1167 1975 2008 2016
renewable energy use in Germany reached a Neckarwesthelm 1 785 1976 2009 2017
record high of over 20 billion in 2009. The
Brunsbttel 771 1977 2009 2018
total value of investments and operation added
by renewables amounted to 37.5 billion Bilbis B 1240 1977 2011 2018
an increase of nearly one quarter against the Isar 1 878 1979 2011 2019
previous years total of 30.6 billion.
Unterweser 1345 1979 2012 2020
In the first six months of 2010, Germany added
660 MW of new wind capacity to the grid, raising
Phillipsburg 1 890 1980 2012 2026
the countrys total to 26.4 GW. Compared with Grafenrheinfeld 1275 1982 2014 2028
802 MW of installations in the first half of 2009, Krummel 1260 1984 2016 2030
this represents a reduction of nearly 18 per cent.
Gundremmingen B 1284 1984 2016 2030
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Gundremmingen C 1288 1985 2016 2030
On 28 September 2010, the German government Grohnde 1360 1985 2017 2031
presented its new energy plan, which puts
Phillipsburg 2 1392 1985 2018 2032
renewable energy at the centre of the countrys
future energy mix. The government wants to Brokdorf 1370 1986 2019 2033
raise the share of renewable energy sources in Isar 2 1400 1988 2020 2034
power generation from the current 16 per cent Elmsland 1329 1988 2021 2035
to 80 per cent by 2050. As part of the New
Energy Concept, final approval was given to
Neckarwesthelm 2 1305 1989 2022 2036
plans to extend the life of nuclear reactors,
reversing a decision of the previous government.
However, it insists that nuclear energy merely installed capacity of 288 MW and is due to begin FUTURE TRENDS
serves as a bridge technology that will help construction in 2012. The new energy plan means that the German
the country to achieve its renewables objectives. E.ON intends to enlarge the capacity of Waldeck market remains in flux. In order to ensure
Germany is keen to reduce CO2 emissions pumped storage hydro station on Lake Eder in the supply security, balancing and reserve capacities
and has a strong commitment to renewables. federal state of Hesse. The organization will begin must be maintained on the grid, which will
However, the solar feed-in tariffs pursuant to the work on a new 300 MW pumped storage plant require investment in more flexible coal and
German Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) were next to the existing Waldeck 2 facility in 2012. gas fired power stations. With an unsurpassed
adjusted downwards as of 1 July and 1 October Construction is expected to take four years. 700 000 grid-connected solar photovoltaic
2010 to avoid a glut of photovoltaic supply. The company has also won approval from the systems, Germany faces fundamental problems
In their coalition agreement, the German state of Hesse to build a 1.1 GW coal fired power with load management. The German Energy
government declared increasing energy efficiency plant in central Germany to replace three old Agency (DENA) has called for a cap on new
to be a central area of focus. Their strategy generation units built in the 1960s and 1970s. systems to buy enough time for storage
to is based on three points: administrative and However, the company is currently weighing up the capacities and the grid to be expanded, which
regulatory measures, such as the energy saving legal issues that could arise from any environmental will be a priority for the coming decade.
ordinance (EnEV); grant aid programmes, such as objections to the 1.2 billion plant. It had planned The energy plan will also affect current
the CO2 building renovation programme, creating to have the new Staudinger block operational in projects. In January 2011, the public utilities of
a strong incentive for energy efficient construction 2012, but a lengthy ongoing approval process has Schleswig, Wedel and Quickborn announced
and renovation; and market-oriented measures delayed the projects completion by at least a year. that they no longer want to participate in the
and instruments, such as energy certificates for The extension of nuclear operating lives, 1800 MW coal fired power plant project in
buildings that will develop favourable market while not fundamentally altering the situation Brunsbttel, near Hamburg, scheduled to start
conditions for energy efficiency performance. regarding final disposal of radioactive waste, operations in 2015. All companies cited the
means that the Konrad final repository for low and government extension of the nuclear power.
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT intermediate waste needs to be commissioned as The energy plan also includes a pledge to
Vattenfall, Swedens state-owned utility, is investing soon as possible. The New Energy Concept calls for invest 5 billion via low interest loans to help
over 1 billion in a new offshore wind farm in the clarification on whether the Gorleben salt dome develop offshore wind capacity. The government
North Sea and has entered into a joint venture can be used as a final disposal site for high level estimates around 75 billion will need to be
with German utility Stadtwerke Mnchen to build wastes. A preliminary safety analysis will be peer invested to increase capacity in offshore wind
the DanTysk project, which will have an estimated reviewed in 2012. to 25 GW by 2030.
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EUROPE
Italy
Italy has among the highest electricity prices in the world, mainly due to its
heavy dependence on imported natural gas. As it seeks to diversify supply,
gas will continue to dominate its generation mix.
Italy is one of Western Europes most southerly 65 TWh is commercially Gross electricity production, 2009 (TWh)
nations and borders the Mediterranean and exploitable. According to
Adriatic Seas on three sides. It shares northern land Ricerca Sistema Energetico,
145.8
160
frontiers with France, Switzerland, Austria and Italy has a total installed
Slovenia. The country has an area of 301 200 km2, hydropower capacity of 140
including the islands of Sicily and Sardinia, which is 17.7 GW, of which 20 per
inhabited by 58.1 million people. cent is supplied by small 120
Italy is a parliamentary democracy with an hydropower plant of less
100
elected president and two elected houses: the than 10 MW.
Senate and the House of Representatives. Its post- Italy has the largest 80
Second World War history has been dominated installed geothermal
TWh
60
47.5
by a series of short-lived coalition governments, capacity in Europe and
43.3
although electoral reforms introduced in the the fifth largest in the
28.1
40
1990s have provided a little more stability. world at 843 MW. The
Economically the country is divided into a rich, International Geothermal 20
7.9
5.3
6.1
4.2
0.9
0.8
industrial north and a poor, agrarian south. It has Association estimates that
0
a large public sector and a lively private sector. The Italy will have a capacity of 0 l l l
ar e r d
dro ag ma Sola Win Coa Oi Gas ergy ther
cle Hy stor ther
country depends heavily on imports for energy 920 MW by 2015. Nu -en O
ed Geo e -to
and raw materials. Gross domestic product (GDP) mp s t
was 1658 billion ($2290 billion) with growth of ELECTRICITY MARKET Pu Wa
1.1 per cent in 2010, after a contraction of 5.1 per Italys electricity sector was Total gross production = 289.9
cent in 2009. liberalized in 1999, the
results of which have been Source: IEA/OECD Electricity Statistics
ENERGY OVERVIEW largely positive. Generating
Italy depends heavily on imports for its energy capacity and efficiency has increased, while new
needs as it has limited fossil fuel reserves. Total entrants have brought competitiveness to the
primary energy supply was 162.71 million tonnes market.
of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2009. The former state utility Enel has seen its
Crude oil reserves stand at 423.7 million market share reduced, but it still controls close
barrels, while production is 1.537 million barrels to half of the total generating capacity and a
per day (bpd) and consumption is 1.537 million much larger proportion of peak capacity. Edison,
bpd. Natural gas reserves total 69.83 billion m3, E.ON, EDF, A2A and Enipower are also among
while 2009 production was 8.119 billion m3 and the utilities active in Italy.
consumption was 78.12 billion m3. The Italian electricity market is organized as
Coal reserves are negligible at 34 million tonnes a pool system, managed by a market operator,
and there are no active coal mines in the country. Gestore dei Mercati Energetici (GME), which
Italian coal imports are sourced primarily from collects the bids, determines the merit order for
South Africa, Colombia and Australia. dispatching electricity and is responsible for all
Italy is blessed with a wealth of renewable auxiliary services. A single buyer is responsible
resources. Installed wind power is 4850 MW from for guaranteeing the electricity supply to a set
a maximum wind potential of 12 GW, or 22.6 of captive customers. Terna, a company that was
TWh by 2020. Wind capacity is forecast to grow by once part of Enel, wholly owns the national gird,
1 GW a year in the coming years. while the Italian Regulatory Market for Gas and
At 2.5 GW, Italy has the second highest solar Electricity oversees the entire sector.
photovoltaic installed capacity in the world. Ternas electricity grid is interconnected with
The government has targeted 8 GW of installed its neighbours through 18 lines, 16 of which cross
capacity by 2020, but analysts view this as a the Alps (four to France, nine to Switzerland, one
pessimistic assessment due to countrys generous to Austria and two to Slovenia), one underwater
feed-in tariff regime. cable to Greece and another to Corsica.
Italy has a theoretical yearly hydropower In July 2010, with an 18-month transitional
potential of 190 TWh, of which approximately period, Italy adopted a two-tier system of
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electricity pricing to more closely reflect the cost Installed capacity (GWh)
of production. With the new system, the price of
electricity will vary depending on the time of use.
2009 46 570
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EUROPE
Poland
A share sale in Polish power companies seeks to inject enough investment in
fresh capacity to enable the countrys high emission levels to be reduced.
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shutdown date until 2023 or 17 500 operational Primary energy demand, 2010
hours from 2016, whichever comes first.
The National Roadmap for Renewable Energy 0.8%
Sources sets a goal for Poland to provide 15 per 13.1%
cent its energy needs from renewable sources by
2020. The Ministry of the Economy has compiled a
draft action projecting that this will be satisfied by
wind power and biomass generation. The share of
Coal
renewable energy is planned to increase to 20 per Oil
cent by 2030.
Measures to support renewable energy Gas
development include incentive mechanisms, such 26.7% 58.2% Hydro
as green certificates, effective use of agricultural
biogas installations and creating economic
incentives for building offshore wind farms.
A key strategic objective of the European
Bank of Reconstruction and Development
(EBRD) in Poland is to promote investment in
the energy sector, with a special focus on energy
efficiency and renewable energy, as well as the
Share of domestic electricity production by fuel type, 2009
diversification of energy and fuel supplies. EBRD
has made 85 million ($117 million) available for 1.82%
lending to local small and medium enerprises
2.68% 0.55%
5.44%
undertaking sustainable energy investments.
Onshore wind capacity is currently being
developed: Gamesa has a portfolio of wind Coal
energy projects with a total capacity of 706 MW Lignite
at varying stages of development in Poland, while
Portugals EDP Renovaveis has a 120 MW wind Industrial power plant
farm in the north-west. Gas
33.66%
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT Hydro
More than 70 per cent of Polands power Renewable
plants are near the end of their useful lives
and with electricity demand expected to rise 55.4%
55 per cent by 2030, new capacity is needed
along with modernization of its transmission and
distribution system.
Current power plants energy efficiency is Source: PSE Annual Report 2009
calculated at 36 per cent, with energy loss by
power plants estimated at 24 TWh annually. The at Lubiatowo in northern Poland, the site of a overhead line, providing an important boost for
electricity transmission and distribution system nuclear plant started in the 1980s and cancelled the Poznan areas electricity markets.
generates energy losses of 9.36 per cent, which in 1990. To this end, PGE has signed agreements
is one of the highest in Europe. Existing power with EDF, GEHitachi and Westinghouse to FUTURE TRENDS
generation and network losses constitute 25 per investigate the use of European pressurized Despite considerable restructuring, attempts to
cent of total energy production. water, advanced boiling water, economic introduce competition into the market seem to have
New investments are planned, especially simplified boiling water and AP1000 reactors. had little impact. Electricity demand is projected
in renewable energy sources, highly effective However, PGEs plans were dealt a blow in to increase but Polands electricity generation
cogeneration systems and nuclear energy. The EU January 2011, when the Polish anti-monopoly and infrastructure is in need of urgent substantial
cogeneration directive obliges Poland to introduce office ruled against a proposed takeover of PGEs investment and modernization. The government
a policy to facilitate the development of electric rival Energa, worth 7.5 billion zloty, which the is looking to private investment to provide this,
energy production from cogeneration sources. company believed would give it more clout in but the global financial downturn appears to have
PGE is building a new 850 MW lignite fired the financial markets. dampened interest for the time being
unit at Bechatw power plant, alongside a Meanwhile, Poland has entered nuclear The EBRD estimates that foreign investment of
carbon capture and storage demonstration co-operation agreements and joint declarations 2040 billion is needed to install the necessary
project financed by the EU. with France, Japan and the USA over the past production facilities by 2020, and that renewable
The company is also organizing a consortium 12 months, and construction has begun on a energy could create between 30 000 and 40 000
to build and operate Polands first nuclear power third electricity interconnection between Poland jobs in Poland, going some way to replacing those
plant. It wants to start work in five years time and Germany. This will be in the form of an lost in the coal mining sector.
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EUROPE
Russia
A recovery in electricity demand is seeing Russias power sector return to
earlier plans for modernization and the completion of the restructuring and
liberalization process, but many challenges remain.
The Russian Federation is the largest country on Annual natural gas production
earth, spanning nine time zones and covering
17.1 million km2 of north-eastern Europe and
610 601.7
northern Asia. 600
Nearly 80 per cent of its 140 million population 590 595.2 592.0
lives in western Russia, 11 million of them in 580
Moscow. Russias main exports are energy and 580.1
570
Billion cubic metres
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100%
Northwest, Centre, Middle Volga, North Caucasus, generation, making up
Urals and Siberia. These are interconnected by 5 per cent of the total supply. 100
long-distance overhead lines. The IPSs operate in Large and small hydro plants 90
80%
parallel across six time zones. A seventh separate are set to be developed,
80
IPS operates in Russias far east. The Russian which will increase hydros
70
60%
network system consists of 2.67 million km of contribution to national
60
50%
lines, including over 150 700 km of high-voltage generation.
50
PERCENT
distribution lines.The UPS has extensive links with
neighbouring countries power systems. Electricity INFRASTRUCTURE 40
30%
25%
is exported to Finland, China, Poland and Turkey, INVESTMENT 30
15%
as well as former Soviet republics. Upon acquiring Russia 20
10%
Generation in Russia comes from a mix of generating assets from
10
5%
gas, coal, hydro and nuclear. Most recent figures RAO UES, the new owners
0
put Russias installed capacity at 230 GW. Power pledged to invest $820 billion 07 07 08 08 09 09 10 10 11
1-20
7 - 20 1-20 7-20 1-20 7-20 1-20 7-20
-1-20
companies in Russia have to deal with an increasing in a five-year investment 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1
demand for electric power and a need to cut costs programmes, bringing over
in order to release capital for modernization and 43 GW of new generation
construction of new, more efficient generation capacity online. However, Supplies at non-regulated prices
capacity. This new capacity is required not only to the subsequent credit crunch
replace obsolete equipment, but more importantly forced most energy firms to
to increase the security of the power system as re-think their investment plans. Despite the setback of the Sayano-Shushenskaya
a whole. According to the government baseline Prime Minister Putin has called for Russian disaster, RusHydro is pushing ahead with a
scenario, 186 GW of new generation capacity electric power companies to build 100 new power major investment programme to replace aging
is necessary by 2020, assuming the phasing of generation units around the country and claimed infrastructure as well as participating in new
outdated plant. Construction of generation that fully-fledged work was only being carried projects such as the 3000 MW Boguchanskaya
and network facilities will require significant out on 38 of them. A number of foreign investors hydropower plant. RusHydro is planning to
investment. have hit back by criticizing the price-setting rules commission 3 GW of new capacity in 2011, and has
Hydropower accounts for 20 per cent of on the electricity and capacity market as being a signed an MOU with Alstom to jointly construct
Russias electricity generation with 102 plants constraint to investment. and refurbish Russian hydropower facilities.
currently operating. Russia is greatly expanding its Current infrastructure investment activity
hydroelectric capacity, aiming to increase it by 60 includes Fortum, owners of TGK-10, which plans FUTURE TRENDS
per cent by 2020 and to double it by 2030. to accelerate the schedule of its 2300 MW Russias electricity industry faces a lack of capacity
investment programme and to commission new to meet increasing demands for power, obsolete
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY units by the end of 2014. EON, the major power generation equipment and a vast, inefficient
The presence of vast hydrocarbon energy shareholder in OGK4, is due to invest $2.3 billion transmission grid.
resources has made Russia hitherto give little in Russian electricity over the next 12 years. The industry has undergone a period of rapid
priority to the development of renewables, and Enels OGK-5 plans to finance the upgrading reorganization and part-privatization but new
it is one of the worlds most inefficient users of of a 410 MW gas fired power plant located in investors now face a squeeze between fulfilling
energy. This is slowly changing but renewable Nevinnomyssk, South Russia. investment obligations that came with the
energy did not make big strides in 2010. Even In February 2010, the government approved the acquisition of assets and low regulated power
though locally, small-scale projects started $5.8 billion investment programme put forward prices. The concept of creating competition among
appearing in Russian regions last year, in sum by state-owned nuclear company Rosenergoatom, generators has been challenged by a consolidation
total, the share of alternative energy in Russias most of which will be spent on new facilities. In of some TGKs and OGKs among a few large players
energy market remained, as before, at a level of Russia there are currently ten new nuclear reactors such as Gazprom and Inter RAO, both of whom
1 per cent. The Russian energy strategy aims to being built on six sites, as well as a floating nuclear possess strategic advantages.
increase that share to 4.5 per cent by 2020. Russia plant. Investment will also go into life extensions of Despite calls for a return to a centralized power
has drafted a Renewable Energy Law but this is second generation reactors and upratings, as well as system, the creation of a liberalized wholesale
not yet on the statute books. preparation for decommissioning of some facilities. market in 2011 and the proposals for a long-term
Russia is the worlds third largest CO2 emitter Further reactors are planned to bring the countrys capacity market, suggest that the reform process is
although well behind the US and China. It has the 21.7 GW nuclear power capacity to 43 GW by 2020. set to continue.
worlds greatest capacity for wind power: 120 000 TW Russias Federal Grid Company announced a RUB Russias power industry is expected to make
onshore and 23 000 TW offshore, although much of it 952.4 billion ($31 billion) investment programme, progress in areas of energy efficiency, modernization
lies in inaccessible areas far from demand centres. The covering a five year period from 2010 to 2014. The and renewable energy but for the time being will
south-west region, southern Siberia and the far east programme provides for high-scale construction remain a laggard compared to Western Europe.
have potential for solar energy. Biomass is a possible and renovation of the electricity grid, removal of The government will continue to look for ways
source of power in Siberia and the far east while network restrictions, technological connection and to encourage the required modernization of the
geothermal energy could be exploited in the far east providing network capacity for newly built power sector without a substantial rise in tariff rises which
and northern Caucasus. plants throughout the country. would risk public dissent.
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EUROPE
Spain
Spain continues to support investment in wind and solar power, despite
the global recession, aiming for 40 per cent renewable generation by 2020.
Spain occupies most of the south-western Installed generating capacity (MW) Electricity
peninsular of mainland Europe, as well as a production on
103 086
number of offshore islands including the Balearics Spanish peninsular
5637
105 000
99 001
and the Canaries. It shares land borders with France system (GWh)
5271
to the north and Portugal in the west and has
100 000 2005 255 007
90 596
Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts. The country has
85 973
97 447
2006 263 555
an area of 505 370 km2, and the population in 2010 90 000
93 729
78 453
was 64.5 million.
72 956
2007 272 677
The country was a dictatorship until the death 80 000 2008 280 000
of Francisco Franco in 1975, when it became a
70 000 2009 264 612
democratic monarchy and established a modern
economy. The country joined the European Union 2010 272 868
60 000
(EU) in 1985 and has since become a key member, Source: Red Elctrica de Espaa
but its economy has suffered severely in the 50 000
global recession, primarily as a consequence of
the collapse of a property bubble that developed 40 000
during the early part of this century. Gross
30 000
domestic product (GDP) contracted by 3.7 per
cent in 2009 and by a predicted 0.3 per cent in 20 000
2010 to an estimated 990 million ($1.37 billion).
The electricity sector is likely to be among those 10 000
affected by fiscal tightening in 2011.
5000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
ENERGY RESOURCES
Spain has little by way of fossil fuel reserves, with Peninsular system Extra-peninsular system Total
the exception of coal, and it relies heavily on
imports of coal, oil and gas for power. However, Source: Red Elctrica de Espaa
there are significant renewable resources including
hydropower, solar and wind. best sites are already being used, but there is still can buy electricity from the pool directly or
Proven oil reserves in 2010 were 150 million some additional small hydro potential. Both wind through a liberalized distributor, which sets its
barrels. Production in 2009 was 27 230 barrels per and solar power could make a large contribution own tariffs. However, many small consumers
day (bpd) while consumption was 1.48 million bpd, to the generation mix, while there is significant but opt for a regulated tariff that is lower than the
leaving imports to cover the large deficit. Major unquantified biomass potential too. market price and essentially subsidized by the
sources include Russia, Libya, Mexico and Nigeria. government. The Comisin Nacional de Energa
Natural gas reserves were 2548 million m3 in 2010. ELECTRICITY MARKET (CNE) regulates the overall market.
Production the previous year was 13 million m3 and Spain has a fully liberalized electricity market Spanish generation falls under either the
consumption was 33.9 billion m3, while exports in which the main generators sell power into a ordinary or special regulatory regimes. The special
of 975 million m3 were balanced by imports of wholesale power pool, from which power is sold regime is available to renewable generators and
34.7 billion m3. Pipeline gas is imported from North to the main distributors. Consumers have been high-efficiency cogeneration, and covers plants
Africa, while liquefied natural gas (LNG) is imported free to choose any supplier since 2003, while with capacities of up to 50 MW. These may opt
from other regions, including the Middle East. bilateral contracts came into increasing use from either for a feed-in tariff or to sell their power
Coal reserves at the end of 2009 were 630 million 2006 onwards. A forward market has also become into the pool at a premium tariff set above
tonnes. Production in 2009 was 9.45 million tonnes more active since then. The market is operated by the market price. In both cases, purchase of
while consumption was 21.21 million tonnes, Mercado de Electricidad (OMEL), which handles the power is guaranteed. All other generators
around half of which was imported from countries pool sales and settlement. The Spanish power pool operate under the ordinary regime in which they
such as South Africa, Colombia, the USA and Russia. also includes Portugal. sell power into the power pool, through bilateral
However, a government decree favouring coal Network security is the responsibility of the contacts or through derivatives.
plants burning domestic coal is expected to have system operator, Red Elctrica de Espaa, which A wide range of companies are involved in
reduced imports drastically in 2010. also operates the transmission system above Spanish generation, the largest of which are
Gross hydropower potential in Spain is estimated 220 kV and all interconnections with island power Endesa (24 GW of manly thermal and nuclear
to be 162 TWh/y, of which 37TWh/y is considered systems and with neighbouring countries. There plants), Iberdrola (20 GW of nuclear, thermal and
economically exploitable. Hydro production in are several regulated distribution companies hydropower plants) and Union Fenosa (8 GW
2010 exceeded this, suggesting that most of the that supply power to consumers. Consumers including nuclear, thermal and hydropower).
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These are also the dominant distribution Installed capacity by type, 2010 (MW)
companies.
Installed generating capacity in Spain increased 9982
by 4 per cent between 2009 and 2010 to 103 086 16 658
MW, including the extra-peninsular capacity. The 4188 Hydro
main contributions were from combined-cycle
Nuclear
plants (26 844 MW), wind power (19 959 MW),
hydropower (16 568 MW), coal fired plants 7716 Coal
(11 870 MW), solar (4188 MW), and other
19 959
Fuel/gas
generators (9982 MW) qualifying under the Total
countrys special regime. This represents one of 103 086 MW Combined cycle
the highest levels of renewable generation in
11 870 Wind
the EU.
Electricity production in peninsular Spain rose Solar
by 3 per cent between 2009 and 2010 to 274 TWh,
5889
Other special regine
but remains lower than the 280 TWh generated
in 2008. Major sources included 68.8 TWh from
the countrys combined cycle plants, 61.9 TWh 26 844
from nuclear units, 43 TWh from wind plants and
Source: Red Elctrica de Espaa
38 TWh from hydro plants. Other special regime
generators, including solar power plants, added a
further 48.5 TWh.
Demand in peninsular Spain in 2010 was
259.94 TWh, while across the whole of Spanish INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT With a moratorium currently in place on nuclear
territories it was 275.3 TWh. Electricity demand in Spain is expected to rise construction, no new capacity will be built over this
from 275 TWh in 2010 to 300 TWh by 2016 and period, but existing plants are expected to continue
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 420 TWh by 2030. To meet demand, production to operate until 2030, producing 60 TWh/y.
Spain is bound by EU targets for renewable energy is expected to reach 330 TWh in 2016 and Transmission system investment between
and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. In 450 TWh by 2030. 2010 and 2014 will be 400 million per year,
2008, the country emitted 405.7 million tonnes of Gas fired combined-cycle plants, which according to Red Elctrica, with no figures
greenhouse gases. Although this is 7.5 per cent produced 69 TWh in 2010, are predicted to available beyond this date. Projects will include
lower than the previous year, it is 42 per cent account for 130 TWh in 2016 and 180 TWh a 2000 MW interconnection with France (350
higher than in 1990. by 2030. Construction is likely to involve all million) and an undersea connection to and
By 2012, the EU Kyoto Protocol commitment the major generating companies in Spain, between the Balearic Islands (445 million). Red
requires overall EU emissions to fall to at least considering that capacity will virtually double in Elctrica is also responsible for integrating the
8 per cent below their 1990 level. This increases the next decade, and increase by a further 39 per growing renewable generating capacity.
to 20 per cent by 2020, clearly requiring further cent between 2020 and 2030.
Spanish cuts. Coal generation is due to rise from 26 TWh FUTURE TRENDS
Partly as a response to its commitment and in 2010 to 40 TWh in 2016 and 50 TWh in 2050. Electricity demand in Spain has been dampened
partly to reduce its reliance on imported fuel, This suggests that generating capacity based by the global recession, but growth has now
Spain has been pursuing an aggressive policy on coal will increase by 65 per cent between resumed. By 2016, demand is predicted be 9 per
encouraging renewable generation. This has led 2010 and 2020, and provide double the existing cent higher than in 2010, while over the long term
to a massive growth in wind and solar power capacity of just less than 12 GW by 2030. The fuel it could rise by 64 per cent by 2030. The Spanish
that has seen wind increase its share of the for these plants is likely to come from domestic government has been pursuing an aggressive
market to 17 per cent of total demand during sources, given that new regulations do not policy to promote renewable generation and cut
the first six months of 2010. At one point in favour imports. reliance on imported fuel. This can be expected to
May last year, it supplied 40 per cent of demand. Renewable generation is likely to see large continue so that renewable plants will contribute
Renewables are supported by subsidies such increases too. The government strategy envisages over 40 per cent of generation by 2020, or higher
as feed-in tariffs, but the financial crisis has put that renewable plants will provide 42 per cent if large hydropower is taken into account.
them under pressure. Subsidies to wind plants of generation in 2020. Beyond this date, the If renewable investment is to be maintained
were reduced in 2010 although not as severely proportion of renewable capacity will be then the feed-in tariff system must remain stable.
as those for solar photovoltaics. Meanwhile, maintained at around this level, so that by 2030 it The global recession has caused the government
solar thermal plants appear to have won a will account for 41 per cent of generation. On this to tighten the subsidy policy over the past couple
reprieve. Despite this renewable generation is basis, wind capacity is expected to reach 40 GW by of years, but wind and solar thermal investment
expected to continue to play a major role in 2030 (some estimates suggest 60 GW) and solar appeared to be holding up at the end of 2010,
Spanish energy supply. Under current targets, capacity 6.5 GW. Small hydro would increase from although solar photovoltaic investment had been
renewables will account for 22.7 per cent of 2.2 GW to 3 GW, while biomass capacity would rise hit by a large cut in subsidies. Meanwhile, new
total energy consumption in 2020 and 42.3 per from 2.3 GW to 3.7 GW and cogeneration would regulations will promote the use of indigenous
cent of total electricity generation. grow from 7.3 GW to 9.5 GW. coal reserves for power generation.
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EUROPE
Turkey
Turkey is establishing itself as an energy transit hub, but it still faces the double
challenge of meeting rapid demand growth and ensuring security of supply.
Often described as the bridge between the East Breakdown of generation by source, 2009 (TWh)
and the West, Turkey is bordered by Greece and
3.4% 0.6%
Bulgaria on the west and Georgia, Armenia, Iran,
Iraq and Syria to the east. To the north lies the
Black Sea, while to the south are the Aegean 18.5%
Natural gas
and Mediterranean Seas. The country has an area
of 783 562 km2 and in 2010 its population was Coal
estimated to be close to 78 million, with an annual
48.7% Hydro
growth rate of 1.3 per cent.
Modern Turkey was formed in 1923 from the Liquid fuel
remains of the Ottoman Empire and a multi-party
28.3% Renewables
democracy was introduced in 1950. Turkey has
been in negotiations to join the European Union
(EU) since 2005, but their progress remains slow.
The economy is increasingly driven by its industry Source: Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources
and service sectors. An aggressive privatization
programme has reduced state involvement in basic Electricity demand forecast, 2011-2018
industry, banking, transport and communication
346 509
sectors. After a severe financial crisis in 2001,
360 000
financial and fiscal reforms have strengthened 323 807
economic fundamentals and ushered in an era of 340 000
strong growth averaging over 6 per cent annually
302 597
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EUROPE
United Kingdom
The UK is reforming its electricity market and gearing up for a new
nuclear build programme. Until that capacity comes on stream, most new
generation will be from gas and wind.
The United Kingdom (UK) covers an area of almost Electricity supply by fuel
250 000 km2 and had a population approaching
62 million in 2009). In May 2010, a new government 1% 7%
took office, a coalition between the Conservatives 1%
and the Liberal Democrats, led by Prime Minister 2009
David Cameron. Following the recession that began 28%
2% 6% Coal
in late 2008, the UKs gross domestic product (GDP)
3%
grew by 2.7 per cent in the 12 months leading up Nuclear
to the third quarter of 2010.
31% Gas
2008
ENERGY RESOURCES Imports
The UK imported more coal, manufactured fuels,
Renewables
crude oil, electricity and gas than it exported in
13% 46%
2009, but it remained a net exporter of petroleum Other
products. That year, the UK produced a total
45%
of 1.5 million barrels per day (bpd) of oil and 18%
consumption approached 1.7 million bpd, while
it produced 59.10 billion m3 of natural gas and
consumed 88.04 billion m3. Source: Dukes
Total primary energy demand dropped by
6.3 per cent and electricity demand fell from to handle surges in demand and intermittent national energy infrastructure policy, fossil fuels,
399 TWh to 379 TWh between 2008 and 2009. supply. Meanwhile, an emissions performance renewable energy, gas supply and pipelines,
Electricity production decreased by 3.3 per cent to standard would effectively reinforce the existing electricity networks and nuclear power. The new
its lowest level since 1999. requirement that no new coal is built without coalition government is currently re-consulting on
Electricity generation from gas totalled carbon capture and storage. revised statements.
165 TWh in 2009, slightly lower than the record A White Paper is due to be published in early In parallel, a new Energy Bill has been introduced
high in 2008, and generation from coal fell by 2011 and relevant reforms put in place by 2013. with three main objectives: tackling barriers to
17 per cent across the same period. Generation The electricity market in Northern Ireland is also investment in energy efficiency, enhancing
from nuclear sources increased by 32 per cent as changing, with a move toward deregulation. energy security and enabling investment in low
facilities came back online following repair and National Grid owns and operates the carbon energy supplies. Providing households and
maintenance in 2008. Meanwhile, generation from national transmission system in England and businesses with a new green deal to undertake
wind increased by 31 per cent. Wales. Scottish and Southern Energy (SSE) fixed improvements on their property, funded by a
and Scottish Power (SP) operate the grid in charge on energy bills that avoids the need to pay
ELECTRICITY MARKET Scotland. Northern Ireland Electricity operates upfront costs, is a central component of the Bill.
The UK has a liberalized electricity market. In 2009, the grid in Northern Ireland, the latter recently One mechanism already in place for improving
the capacity of major power producers in the UK having been acquired by ESB International for energy efficiency in large organizations is the
increased by 1472 MW to 78 255 MW, primarily approximately 1.2 billion ($1.9 billion). CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme launched in April
linked with investment in two combined-cycle gas A number of consultations are under way 2010. According to a survey commissioned by
turbine (CCGT) facilities. Total capacity increased on expanding National Grids network. In RWE npower, nearly half of businesses set to
from 83 443 MW to 85 337 MW. The largest power November 2010, Ofgem launched a 1.9 billion participate in the scheme believe government
producer is EDF. tender round for transmission links to 2.8 GW advice on the new legislation is inadequate
In December 2010, the government launched a of offshore wind farms. Predictions suggest up to and are unclear on how to forecast their CO2
consultation on proposed reforms to the electricity 7.2 billion will be invested in upgrading the UK emissions and purchase carbon allowances. The
market. These would seek to increase investment electricity networks over the next five years. This government announced plans to simplify the
in low-carbon energy by creating a carbon price includes a 500 million sustainability fund allowing scheme in October.
floor and a feed-in tariff with long-term contracts them to undertake large-scale trials of smart grids. The UK Committee on Climate Change has
to give low-carbon investors a guaranteed price. recommended a 60 per cent emission reduction
This follows the launch of a small-scale solar feed- ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY target by 2030 relative to 1990 levels. The switch
in tariff in April 2010. A capacity mechanism could Environmental policy in the UK is changing. In away from coal fired electricity generation has
also be developed to ensure an adequate surplus of November 2009, the previous Labour government contributed to a fall in carbon dioxide emissions
generating capacity, boosting the countrys ability published a draft National Policy Statements on of almost 10 per cent between 2008 and 2009.
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INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
Infrastructure investment, 2009
Investment in the UK gas infrastructure over the
10 255
12 000
10 122
past few years has been significant. This trend
looks set to continue. For example, last year saw
9175
8733
the opening of an 840 MW gas fired plant at 10 000
Marchwood near Southampton, which is a joint
6774
venture between ESB International and SSE, as 8000
well as a similarly sized plant in South Wales
4984
5003
6000
4629
owned by Dong Energy.
MW
3945
Work on the second phase of the largest
liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal in Europe
4000
2075
was completed at Milford Haven in Wales. E.ON
2000
announced the first fire of Unit 6 at its gas fired
power station at the Isle of Grain, with Units 7
0
and 8 to follow. Rated at 1275 MW, the facility ing ) N ern
y er F ui ric
a er ez
lud bles E.O th erg ow ED s its nt ow Su
c u n
hP ing able M P F
will supply heat to the nearby LNG terminal, n
(i w a So hE tis
d
lu w e r / C e
ax G D
er ne nd itis ot inc ne ow Dr
making it one of the worlds largest combined p ower Re a Br Sc F ( gy Re a lP
ish D
ENpow t E ner on
heat and power (CHP) plants. The 1650 MW RW n Sc
ot E ati
ern
CCGT at Staythorpe, Nottinghamshire has also Int
been commissioned.
Source: Dukes
Another vital strand of the UKs move away
from coal is a plan for new nuclear build, with
Future generation mix and capacity (GW)
the first new plant scheduled for operation in
2018 at the earliest. EDF Energy operates eight Year Nuclear CCGT Coal Wind Other renewables
of the ten nuclear power plants in the UK and is 2010 0 1.749 0 1.846 0.008
proposing four new reactors to provide a total of
2011 0 5.084 0 3.412 0.06
6400 MW. A consortium of GDF-Suez, Iberdrola
and SSE has created a new build joint venture 2012 0 7.664 0 5.522 0.649
company, NuGeneration, as have RWE and E.ON, 2013 0 10.039 0.8 7.653 1.164
called Horizon Nuclear Power.
2014 0 13.2 0.8 10.934 1.744
Wind power continues to attract significant
investment with 8617 MW of capacity scheduled
2015 0 15.68 0.8 11.531 1.744
to go onstream within the next three years. 2016 3.3 17.075 4.366 11.729 1.744
Recent developments include the completion of 2017 6.64 17.075 4.366 11.729 1.744
Vattenfalls 300 MW Thanet offshore wind farm
2018 8.31 17.075 4.366 13.207 1.744
and the opening of E.ONs Robin Rigg 180 MW
offshore farm. SSE is also developing a variety 2019 8.31 17.568 5.966 15.906 2.682
of major wind projects, including the 350 MW 2020 12.78 17.568 5.966 16.298 2.682
Clyde onshore site, the 156 MW Griffin onshore
2021 16.85 17.568 5.966 16.298 2.682
wind farm and the 367 MW Walney offshore
wind farm. 2022 22.1 18.061 5.966 16.298 2.682
In June 2010, Drax Group published a briefing 2023 26.5 18.885 5.966 16.298 2.682
paper making the case for biomass to play a 2024 27.7 18.885 5.966 16.298 2.682
far greater role in the UKs efforts to cut CO2
emissions. Biomass already makes the largest
2025 30.5 18.885 5.966 16.298 2.682
contribution to renewables in input terms Source: National Grid
(81 per cent in 2009). Exemplifying investment next ten years to secure energy supplies and the lessons learned across the UK, informed by
in biomass power, RWE npower renewables meet the countrys carbon targets. The National data from more than 160 000 smart meters.
has started to build a 50 MW biomass CHP Grid has forecast demand to increase from The trend toward greater CCGT and wind
plan in Fife, Scotland. And in March 2010, the 57.6 GW in 200910 to 58.4 GW in 201617. capacity looks set to continue. National Grid
government approved the construction of a To meet future targets on the back of the predicts an increase of 17.1 GW of CCGT capacity
100 MW power plant fuelled by biomass at economic downturn, the value of monitoring and an increase of 11.7 GW in wind capacity
Bristol Port, Avonmouth. and managing energy demand is set to increase. between 200910 and 201617. Nuclear power
Exemplifying this, plans were unveiled in October is set to become of increasing importance to
FUTURE TRENDS 2010 for a smart grid project involving 14 000 the low-carbon mix. Assuming the programme
Ofgem estimated in late 2009 that over homes and businesses, testing the impact of low- proceeds as planned, the UKs generation mix
200 billion of investment is needed over the carbon technologies on the grid and applying will further evolve towards 2020 and beyond.
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SUBSCRIPTION
the official media partner for
oworld.com
www.hydr
www.hydroworld.com
October 2010
www.h
ydrow
orld.com
Septemb
er 2010
Hydro R
Hydro Review
eview W
Worldwid
orldwide
orldwid e
ide
ide
wid
rldw
orld
oR
ydrro Rev ew W
eviiew Wo
Hyd
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Hyd
Hy dro
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i g Oil Use
w World
r ldw
wid
wiide
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e
efi t f
fro m Reducin
Ben
49
al details pg.
Internation
HydroVision
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MIDDLE EAST-AFRICA
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MIDDLE
EAST-AFRICA
Iraq
After decades of destruction and neglect, Iraqs power sector is in crisis.
However, with a focus on gas fired power generation, the country has
ambitious plans to rebuild and expand its war-torn power infrastructure.
The Republic of Iraq is located in Western Asia and Installed capacity by source
is bordered by Jordan to the west, Syria to the
Source Plants Units Capacity
northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east,
and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has Steam 8 32 5015 MW
a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km on Gas 30 157 7074 MW
the northern Persian Gulf.
Hydro 10 36 2513 MW
After an invasion led by American and British
forces in 2003, Saddam Husseins Baath Party Diesel 3 29 468 MW
was removed from power and Iraq came under a Source: Iraq Ministry of Electricity
military occupation by a multinational coalition.
Sovereignty was transferred to the Iraqi Interim
Government in June 2004. Electricity generation by source 2010
Jalal Talabani, a veteran leader of Iraqs minority
3.5% 1%
Kurds, became Iraqs first elected president in more
than 50 years in 2005, and was selected for second
11%
27.5% Steam
and third terms in 2006 and 2010.
In August 2010, the US became the last member
of the coalition to cease combat operations in Iraq.
Gas
9%
But 50 000 US troops remain in the country in an
Hydro
advisory role and their full withdrawal is mandated
by 31 December 2011. Import
In 2010, Iraqs population of 31 million had a
gross domestic product (GDP) of $117.7 billion, Diesel
or approximately $3600 per capita. The economy
is heavily dependent on oil export revenues, Other
which since mid-2009 have returned to levels seen
before the US-led invasion. An improved security 48%
environment and a wave of foreign investment are
helping to spur economic activity, particularly in Source: Iraq Ministry of Electricity
the energy, construction and retail sectors.
ENERGY OVERVIEW divided across demographic lines. Most known has also sent two power ships that distribute an
Iraqs energy sector is heavily based upon oil, with hydrocarbon resources are in the Shiite areas of the additional 80 MW to southern Iraq.
approximately 94 per cent of its energy needs south and the ethnically Kurdish north, with few
met with petroleum. In addition, crude oil export resources in control of the Sunni minority. ELECTRICITY MARKET
revenues account for over two-thirds of GDP. According to the Oil and Gas Journal, Iraqs Iraqs regulated, subsidized electricity market is
Iraq is the worlds 12th largest oil producer, and proven natural gas reserves are 3.17 trillion m3, the controlled directly by the Ministry of Electricity,
has the worlds fourth largest proven petroleum tenth largest in the world. An estimated 70 per which is responsible for both the policymaking and
reserves after Saudi Arabia, Canada and Iran. Vast cent of these lie in Basra province in the south of the electricity supply throughout the country.
reserves, proven and unknown, have barely been Iraq. Probable Iraqi reserves have been estimated The operational functions i.e. power
exploited. Iraqs estimated oil reserves stand at at 7.88.5 trillion m3. generation, transmission, load dispatch and
350 billion barrels, while its proven oil reserves are Iraq has more than 50 power plants, with distribution are organized into 18 geographically
115 billion barrels. gas turbine plants making up almost half of the based directorates within the ministry.
Iraq has signed several deals with foreign oil installed capacity of 15 070 MW. Coal accounts for Electricity demand in Iraq has risen since the
companies that will see its production quintuple around a third of power capacity, with hydropower 2003 invasion but the national grid still only
to about 12 million barrels per day (bpd) by 2017. comprising 10 per cent. There is an increasing supplies a few hours of power per day, which is a
Such a boost would threaten Saudi Arabias status trend towards diesel powered gensets as a major cause of discontent. In response to growing
as the worlds biggest oil producer, whose current source of electricity because of severely damaged protests and to reduce demand, Iraqis will receive
production capacity is estimated at 11 million bpd. transmission and distribution equipment. their first 1000 kWh for free each month.
A major challenge to Iraqs development of The country also imports 750 MW from Iran, Consumers who use more than 1000 kWh will
its oil sector is that resources are not evenly 70 MW from Syria and 200 MW from Turkey, which pay for what they use over the exempted amount:
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50 dinars ($0.04)/kWh for between 1000 kWh and Fuel burn for electricity generation 2009
2000 kWh, 80 dinars for between 2000 kWh and
3000 kWh, and higher tariffs for higher amounts. 13.3%
Iraqs Ministry of Electricity aims to overcome
26.2%
the capacity shortfall with a 20-year master plan,
conducted by US engineering consultants Parsons
Brinckerhoff, which includes an independent Crude Oil
power project (IPP) programme and engineering,
procurement and construction (EPC) schemes. Heavy Fuel Oil
According to the study, by 2030 power demand 32.7%
in Iraq will total 46 GW in a high-end scenario,
Gasoil
about 32 GW in a base case and roughly 22 GW in a
Gas
low-end scenario. About $29 billion of investment
will be necessary between 2015 and 2030, of
which $21.13 billion is intended to be funded by
27.8%
international private investors.
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MIDDLE
EAST-AFRICA
Nigeria
Nigeria suffers from a crippling supply shortfall and its population is dependent on
privately-owned generators, but the country is undergoing a major restructure of
its power sector in an effort to incentivize private investment.
The Federal Republic of Nigeria comprises 36 states State-owned power plants to be privatized
and the Federal Capital Territory. The country is Name Fuel Installed capacity (MW) Available capacity (MW)
located in West Africa and shares land borders
with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and
Egbin Gas 1320 1110
Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its Geregu Gas 414 276
coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Omotosho Gas 304 76
Atlantic Ocean.
Olorunsogo Gas 304 76
Nigerias population is 152 million, making it
Africas most populous nation and the seventh Delta Gas 900 300
most populous in the world. Nigeria is one of Sapele Gas 1020 90
the fastest growing economies in the world;
Afam Gas 726 60
according to the Central Bank of Nigeria, it has
enjoyed an average GDP growth rate of 6.7 per
Kainji/Jebba I Hydro 760 480
cent over the past five years. Kainji/Jebba II Hydro 540 450
The current president is Goodluck Jonathan, Shiroro Hydro 600 450
who succeeded Umaru Musa YarAdua in 2010.
Total 6888 3358
The president presides as both head of state
Source: Presidential Task Force in Power
and head of the national executive, and is
elected by popular vote for a maximum of two Power generation by source
four-year terms.
15%
ENERGY OVERVIEW
The oil and gas industry plays a pivotal role
in Nigerias economy. The sector accounts
for about 30 per cent of the countrys GDP,
95 per cent of export revenue and about 80 per Gas
cent of government revenue.
As of 2010, proven crude oil reserves stood at Hydro
37.2 billion barrels, or 2.8 per cent of the global
27% Oil
share. Production was 2.061 million barrels per
day (bpd), equivalent to 2.8 per cent of the 58%
worlds total, giving a global ranking of 15th.
Natural gas reserves are estimated at
5 trillion m3, making Nigeria the eighth largest
gas reserve holder in the world and the largest
in Africa. Production of marketed natural gas
Source: International Energy Agency
was 40 billion m3, which ranked as 23rd in
the world, with around 30 per cent used for under public ownership: three hydro and seven ELECTRICITY MARKET
domestic power generation. The West African thermal power stations. Nigeria is undergoing a major restructure of its
nation also has major, largely unexploited coal The total national available capacity of these power sector. In August 2010, President Goodluck
resources estimated at 2 billion tonnes, of which power plants was just 3542 MW, as of 31 July, Jonathan released a roadmap to break up the
650 million tonnes are proven. 2010. This compares very unfavourably with South Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN)
According to the International Energy Agency, Africas installed capacity of 52 000 MW, despite often known to Nigerians as Please Have Candles
natural gas accounts for about 58 per cent South Africa having a population totalling only Nearby and deliver the power sector into mostly
of power generation, hydropower 27 per cent, one-third that of Nigeria. private hands by the end of June 2011.
and oil and oil products 15 per cent. The chronic shortage of power has forced many The federal government is selling stakes in six
Power demand is estimated at around multinationals to relocate to other West African generating companies (gencos) and 11 regional
11 000 MW. According to federal government nations. Unsurprisingly, more than 60 million electricity distribution companies (discos). A
statistics, Nigeria has an installed generation Nigerians own generating sets, according to the competitive tender was issued to receive bids by
capacity of only 8644 MW, of which 6905 MW is Manufacturers Association of Nigeria. 18 February, 2011, for a minimum of 51 per cent
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MIDDLE
EAST-AFRICA
Qatar
As its electricity sector strains to meet the demands of surging population
growth and a flourishing economy, Qatar has embarked on an ambitious
overhaul of generation, transmission and distribution.
Qatar occupies a small desert peninsula in the
Persian Gulf. Although tiny, the country controls
Installed generating capacity (MW)
the third largest gas reserves in the world and has Year Installed capacity (MW)
major oil reserves too. 2000 1900
Modern Qatar evolved from a British
Protectorate established in 1868 but its fortunes
2001 1900
have been transformed since the discovery of oil 2002 1900
in 1939, giving the country the worlds second 2003 2250
highest per capita income. The country is officially
2004 2700
a monarchy and executive power resides with the
Emir, Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani, who also holds 2007 3300
the post of prime minister. 2008 4314
Growth in gross domestic product (GDP) has
2009 5315
been phenomenal in recent years. The International
Monetary Fund projects that GDP will rise by 20 per
2010 7589
cent in 2011, up from 16 per cent in 2010. Source: EIA, Qatarabia, Kahramaa
Rapid population growth is mostly fuelled by
expatriates settling in the Kingdom. The most Annual electricity production, consumption and peak demand
recent census has shown a population of 1.69
million but the Qatar General Electricity and Water 22 000 21 616
21 300
Corporation (Kahramaa) expects the population to 21 000
be near 2.7 million by 2017.
While energy is the mainstay of the economy,
20 000 19 462
19 747 20 000
the government has been trying to encourage 19 000
investment in non-energy sectors. Even so, oil
and gas still account for over 50 per cent of its
18 000
17 071 17 913
GDP, 85 per cent of export earnings and 70 per 17 000
GWh
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MIDDLE
EAST-AFRICA
Saudi Arabia
A programme encouraging independent construction should see six new
plants over the next eight years as electricity demand continues to soar.
Saudi Arabia occupies 80 per cent of the Arabian National generating capacity and peak demand (MW)
Peninsula. Much of its western border is shaped
44 485
by the Red Sea, while the Persian Gulf marks its
41 043
eastern boundary. To the north it shares land
39 242
45 000
38 000
borders with Jordan, Iraq and Kuwait, and is
36 000
34 946
separated from Egypt by the Suez canal. The
40 000
34 794
32 720
United Arab Emirates and Qatar form part of
32 301
30 675
30 526
the eastern border while Oman and Yemen 35 000
30 091
27 967
are to the south. The country covers an area
26 919
30 000
24 790
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MIDDLE
South Africa EAST-AFRICA
The global economic crisis has helped address South Africas supply-demand
imbalance, but it still needs to progress rapidly with its capacity expansion.
Located at the very tip of Africa and bordered Generation capacity by source, 2010
by Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia,
Swaziland and Zimbabwe, the Republic of South 4.4% 0.1%
4.7%
Africa is one of the continents most important
emerging economies. It has an estimated 5.5%
population of 49 million and covers an area of
Coal
1.2 million km2. . Jacob Zuma of the African National
Congress has been president since May 2009 Gas
Economic growth was robust between 2004
Total Hydro*
and 2007 as South Africa reaped the benefits of
44 175 MW
a global commodities boom, but began to slow Nuclear
with the impact of the global financial crisis on
Wind
commodity prices and demand. Gross domestic
product (GDP) fell nearly 2 per cent in 2009.
85.5%
ENERGY RESOURCES
South Africas economy is heavily dependent on
*Includes pumped storage schemes
coal. The country has the worlds sixth largest
recoverable coal reserves and is the fifth largest Source: Eskom
coal exporter. A well developed industry also
derives synthetic fuels from coal and natural gas.
South Africa produces a small amount of natural
New build programme
gas domestically in 2008 production reached 3.25
billion m3, while consumption was 6.45 billion m3. Type Installed/nominal capacity Completion date
Its demand for gas is primarily met by supply Coal-fired power stations
agreements with neighbours Mozambique Kusile, Mpumalanga 4800 MW 2017
and Namibia. In 2008, South Africa imported
Medupi, Limpopo 4800 MW 2015, with first unit in 2012
3.2 billion m3 of natural gas.
Proven oil reserves in 2010 were 15 million Pumped storage schemes
barrels, with a production of 191 000 barrels per Ingula, Free State/Kwa-Zulu Natal 1332 MW 2014
day (bpd). Consumption in 2009 was 579 000
Wind power facility
bpd, with imports totalling 490 500 bpd and
128 500 bpd, respectively. Sere, Vredendal, Western Cape 100 MW N/A
Coal dominates the electricity generation sector, Source: Eskom
but the country also has significant hydro and
other renewable resources, as yet unexploited. response, Eskom implemented a programme of in 2009), 600 km of transmission lines and
rolling blackouts, also known as load shedding, 8392 km of distribution lines.
ELECTRICITY MARKET throughout the country. Through the Southern African Power
South Africas electricity utility Eskom generates The recent global downturn has provided the Pool, South Africa also exports electricity to
about 95 per cent of the countrys electricity. government and Eskom with breathing room as neighbouring countries, some of which have
According to the companys 2010 annual report, it the demand growth has slowed. Eskoms reserve been affected by South Africas recent power
had a net maximum capacity of 40 503 MW, with margins rose in 2009 to 10.6 per cent and last generation problems.
its coal fired power plants representing 85 per cent year to an even healthier 16.4 per cent, which The countrys electricity sector falls under the
of this capacity. has kept load shedding at bay. regulation of the National Energy Regulator of
Eskom produced 232 812 GWh of electricity However, once economic growth revives, South Africa (NERSA). Private sector participation
last year, with 215 940 GWh generated by its coal power shortages are likely to return if significant is being promoted by encouraging investment
fired power stations and 12 806 GWh from the new generation capacity is not added. Eskoms by independent power producers (IPPs), which
Koeberg nuclear power plant, which remains the capacity expansion budget is 385 billion rand currently hold a tiny share of the market, as
only nuclear plant on the African continent. ($54.5 billion) and is expected to grow to more well as by promoting distributed generation
Between 2006 and 2008, Eskoms reserve than a trillion rand by 2026. Ultimately, Eskom technologies to meet rural energy needs.
margin fell to an unprecedented 5.6 per cent, plans to double its capacity to 80 GW by 2026. Currently South African electricity is among the
which led to uncontrolled blackouts that had Last year, Eskom added 452 MW of generation cheapest in the world. Following an electricity
both political and economic implications. In capacity (about a quarter of the capacity added pricing policy that was approved in December
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2008, NERSA granted Eskom permission for a Forecast for total system additions, 2011-2028
25 per cent price increase, while turning down
its request for a 35 per cent rise. Eskom is also
seeking additional increases in 2011 and 2012, to
18 000
20 000
bring prices closer to international levels.
The market further evolved in late 2009,
when new regulations on the recovery of power
13 000
purchase costs were approved. These regulations 15 000
aim to control the entry of buyers and IPPs into
MW
8000
position exclusively to meet the countrys future
power needs.
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MIDDLE
UAE EAST-AFRICA
As its gas reserves dwindle, this Gulf state has committed to diversifying its
generation mix and curbing a gluttonous appetite for electricity.
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Dubai contributing 5622 MW and Abu Dhabi Masdars projected solar thermal generating capacity
emirate 6255 MW. Project Generating capacity (MW) Year online
Abu Dhabi, which has the largest installed
Shams 1 100 2011
capacity, acts as a reserve for the other emirates
and utilities through ADWEC. During 2009, Shams 2 100 2012
FEWA imported up to 909 MW from ADWEC Shams 3 100 2013
during peaks in demand, SEWA imported up to
Shams 4 100 2014
480 MW and even DEWA was forced to import
35 MW to meet peak demand.
Shams 5 100 2014
Source: Masdar
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY District cooling also holds promise as an add 1500 MW to the Abu Dhabi grid by the summer
A progressive environmental policy is a matter of alternative brake on galloping electricity of 2011. Abu Dhabi is also aiming to complete the
national prestige for Abu Dhabi, which broadcast consumption. Dubais Empower and Abu 24002600 MW Taweelah C IWPP, a project delayed
its green intentions by a successful bid to host the Dhabis Tabreed are now bringing down the air by difficulty in securing gas feedstock.
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). conditioning demand for the UAEs new projects In the small emirate of Fujairah, the
Abu Dhabi aims to generate 7 per cent of while seeking new overseas markets. 2000 MW Fujairah F2 IWPP is now due to start
its electricity from renewable sources by 2020, Carbon capture and storage (CSS) is another up, as the UAEs largest power plant, fuelled
although the goal could require expanding important technology in Abu Dhabis planned with Qatari gas supplied by the newly completed
from 12 MW of renewable capacity up to overhaul of the UAEs environmental credentials. Dolphin pipeline. Abu Dhabis 100 MW Shams
1500 MW within nine years. The first CCS project is due to capture carbon solar project is also on track to link to the grid in
The clean energy company Masdar is also dioxide from a steel plant in 2012 and a pipeline the summer of 2011.
attempting to establish the emirate as a pioneer network is planned for 2015. However, the completion date of a planned
in renewables by creating Masdar City, marketed $2.2 billion hydrogen project in Abu Dhabi
as the worlds first zero-carbon city. A company INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT looked unsure at the start of 2011. The joint
official told The National newspaper that a The global economic downturn has had a major venture was intended to supply 420 MW of
combination of large solar projects such as impact on the UAEs investment in generation clean generation capacity, along with CO2 for
the 100 MW Shams 1 will contribute a total of capacity. Among the prominent victims are stalled use in the emirates oil fields, by 2014. But in
1000 MW to renewable capacity by 2020, while coal fired power station projects in the emirates the absence of official commitment, BP started
small-scale installations on roofs will provide of Ajman and Ras al Khaimah, with a respective redeploying staff in January 2011, according to
500 MW. capacity of 1000 MW and 4000 MW. The National newspaper.
However, on grounds of limited space, Dubai Dubai also scrapped plans for two 1500 MW
has ruled out solar as a major element of its projects at Hassyan due to come on line in 201112 FUTURE TRENDS
generation mix, a DEWA senior manager told a and has instead used the respite in demand growth The global economic downturn delivered a hefty
Bureau Veritas seminar. In the sprint to diversify to plan its first IWPP project. blow to the UAEs economy, but failed to dent
from gas and fuel oil, the clear frontrunners are The emirate is now seeking international a steady rise in the demand for electricity. The
now coal and nuclear. investors for a 1500 MW power and desalination UAE Ministry of Energy has cut its power demand
Both Abu Dhabi and Dubai are increasingly facility at Hassyan, for which it aims to launch forecast to 33 000 MW for 2020 down from
recognising the crucial need to cut consumption. a tender in the first quarter of 2011, once 40 000 MW yet this still represents a rise of over
District cooling has been promoted in both regulations for public-private partnership have 80 per cent from current consumption.
emirates, where its efficiency can curb spiralling been established. DEWA was also reported to be ADWEC anticipates that electricity demand
demand peaks driven by air conditioning. The upgrading its existing gas fired plant at Jebel Ali to could outstrip gas supply within a few years. The
Emirates Energy Star programme was launched add 400 MW to its installed capacity. utilitys peak demand figures show a rise from
in October 2010 to bring down electricity use in Dubai has also launched a tender for a study 14 386 MW in 2008 to 15 426 MW last year. UAE
current building stock. into the feasibility of coal fired generation, for foreign minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al
The politically contentious but, in practical which it expected to announce the winner of Nahyan told an international power conference
terms, essential move from promoting more nine bids by the first quarter of 2011. DEWA has in March 2010: Analysis conducted by official
frugal energy use towards dismantling subsidies announced the results of a study that suggest the UAE entities has concluded that national annual
may also be drawing closer. DEWA raised its fees emirate should generate 20 per cent of its energy peak demand for electricity is likely to triple by
by around 15 per cent in January 2011 and added from nuclear power and 20 per cent from clean 2020, reflecting a cumulative annual growth rate
a surcharge based on power generation costs. coal by 2020. of roughly 9 per cent.
ADWEA announced in December 2010 Meanwhile, Abu Dhabi announced in October Analysts see the UAE as finally preparing to
that its smart metering programme would be 2010 that it had picked a consortium of Japans tackle the generous subsidies that have fostered
completed by April 2011, with smart meters Sumitomo and Kepco to build the 1600 MW gas extravagant consumption, averaging 41 000 kWh/y
installed at all its 500 000 customers. At the close fired Shuweihat 3, which would be the emirates for inhabitants of Abu Dhabi. A shift towards
of 2010, DEWA said it was poised to initiate a first power station without a desalination facility curbing demand rather than enhancing supply is
pilot project with 10 000 smart meters in a few and should generate 17.8 per cent of the emirates demonstrated by Abu Dhabis establishment of
months. A variable tariff to discourage heavy current electricity demand by 2014. a Demand-Side Management Committee, which
use and peak-hour consumption would follow a Shuweihat 2, a gas fired power and desalination has suggested the emirates peak load could be
successful outcome. project under construction by GDF Suez, is due to trimmed by 10 per cent by 2020.
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ner for
cial Media Part
2011
SSIA POWER
HOW ISSUE
1
February 201
www.peim
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Features inc
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include: Russia Hydropow e Air Heater Cleaning
Features ergy Storag
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Predictive Ma
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