Professional Documents
Culture Documents
-Deal with the work of literature as a fictional expression of the personality, Modernism
state of mind, feelings, and desires of the author
-there is an absolute, universal truth that we can understand through
-Idea is to evaluate the psychology of the character or the author to find rationalism and logic.
meaning in the text.
-disenchantment with material truth and search for abstract truth.
Marxist Criticism
Postmodernism
-Based on the economic and cultural theory of KARL MARX
-theres no universal truth. Rationality by itself does not help us truly
-Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, will understand the world.
produce internal tension which will lead to its destruction.
-Theres no universal trust, abstract or otherwise.
HOW TO USE MARXIST THEORY
LITERARY TERMS
Feminist Criticism
Allegory- Story in which the character represent abstract qualities or ideas.
-Realizes cultural and economic problems in a patriarchal society Ex: Westerns, the sheriff represents the good, and the outlaw represents the
evil.
-The concept of gender are cultural constructs.
Alliteration The repretition of first consonants in a group of words as in
Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers.
Structuralism Allusion- reference to something or someone often literary. For instance, if
you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said, Use the force, that
-is a way of thinking about the world in relationship to structure
would be an allusion to Stars Wars. The verb form of allusion is to allude.
-Every element in the literature has no significance by itself- it is determined
Antagonist- A major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or
by all the other elements involved in the literature
play.
-A reaction to structuralism Assonance- The repetition of vowel sounds as in Days wane away.
Blank Verse: Unrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter. Plenty Figurative Language- Language that does not mean exactly what it says.
of modern poetry is written in blank verse. For example, you can call someone who is very angry steaming. Unless
steam was actually coming out of your ears, you were using figurative
Characterization- The means by which an author establishes character. An language.
author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or
show it through action or dialogue. First person point of view- The point of view of writing which the narrator
refers to himself as I.
Climax- The point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional
peak. Foreshadowing- technique in which an author gives clues about something
that will happen later in the story.
Conflict- The elements that create a plot. Traditionally, every plot is build
from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution. The Free Verse- Poetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme.
conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between
characters, society, and/or nature). Genre- A kind of style usually art or literature. Some literary genres are
mysteries, westerns, and romances.
Contrast- To explain how two things differ. To compare and contrast is to
explain how two things are alike and how they are different. Hyperbole- A huge exaggeration. For example, Dans the funniest guy on
the planet! or That baseball card is worth a zillion dollars!
Couplets-A pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the
poem. Shakespeares sonnets all end in couplets. Lambic Pentameter- Ten-syllable lines in which every other syllable is
stressed. For example: With eyes like stars upon the brave night air.
Denouement- The resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax. It also
refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal Imagery-The use of description that helps the reader imagine how
drama is resolvedin other words, tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a something looks, sounds, feels, smells, or taste. Most of the time, it refers to
story appearance. For example, The young birds white, feathered wings flutter
as he made his way across the nighttime sky.
Dramatic Monologue- A poem with a fictional narrator addressed to
someone who identity the audience knows, but who does not say anything. Irony- Language that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite.
Elegy- A poem mourning the dead. Literature Language- Language that means exactly what it says.
End Rhyme- Rhyming words that are at the ends of their respective lines Lyric- A type of poetry that expresses the poets emotions. It often tells
what we typically think of as normal rhyme. some sort of brief story, engaging the reading in the experience.
Epic- A long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figurefor example, Metaphor- A comparison that doesnt use like or assuch as Hes a
Homers The Odyssey. rock or I am an island.
Meter- The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a Sensory Image-Imagery that has to do with something you can see, hear,
poem. taste, smell, or feel. For example, The stinging, salty air drenched his face.
Monologue- A long speech by one character in a play or story Simile- A comparison that uses like or as For example, Im as hungry as
a wolf, or My love is like a rose.
Mood- The emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing
Soliloquy- A monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts
Motif- A theme or pattern that recurs in a work to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them.
Myth- A legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some Sonnet- A fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter. Different kinds of
explanation for natural and social phenomena sonnets have different rhyme schemes.
Onomatopoeia- The use of words that sound like what they mean such as Stanza- A section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it; a
buzz. verse paragraph.
Paradox- A seeming contradiction. For example, It was the best Subplot- A line of action secondary to the main story.
of times. It was the worst of times.
Symbolism- The use of one things to represent another. For example, a
Parody- A humorous, exaggerated imitation of another work. dove is a symbol of peace.
Personification- Giving inanimate object human characteristics. For Theme- The central idea of a work.
example, The flames reached for the child hovering in the corner.
Tone- The authors attitude toward his or her subject. For example, a tone
Plot- Action in the story could be pessimistic, optimistic, or angry.
Prose- Writing organized into sentences and paragraphs. In other words, Voice- The narrative point of view whether its in the first, second, or third
normal writingnot poetry. person.
Protagonist- The main character of a novel, play, or story.
Pun- The use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings. For
example, Noticing the bunch of bananas, the hungry gorilla went ape.
-Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565 during the -Printed at UST printing Press with the help of Juan de Verga.
time of the first Spanish Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.
3. Libro de los Cuatro Post primeras de Hombre. (in Spanish and
-This spurt continued unabated until the Cavite Revolt in 1872. Tagalog)
A.Spanish Influences of Philippine Literature 4. Barlaan at Josephat- Biblical story By Fr. Antonio de Borja.
2.teaching Christian Doctrine. 6.Urbana at Felisa- a book by Modesto de Castro Father of Classic
Prose in Tagalog)
3.Spanish Language became the literary language during this time
-letters between two sisters and how behavior of people in society
4.European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated
in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros. 7.Ang mga dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary)
6.Grammar book were printed in Filipino, and other language in the D.Folk songs
Philippines.
-became widespread in the Philippines. Each region had its national
7.Gained religious tone. song from the lowlands to the mountains of Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao.
B. The First Books
E. Recereational Plays-
1.Ang Doctrina Cristiana -1583
-There are many recreational plays performed by Filipinos during the
-By: Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva, tagalog and Spanish times. Almost all of them were in poetic form.
Spanish. Consist of Our father, hail mary, hail holy mary, ten
commandment of god, the commandments of the catholic church, 7 Tibag- St. Helena search for the cross on which Jesus died.
mortal sins, confess, catchecism.
Lagalay- this is a special occasion for the Pilareos of Sorsogon
-3 copies at Vatican (87 pages) cost 5,000 usd. during Maytime to get together.
2. Nuestra Sepra del Rosario (1602) 3.Cencaculo- passion and death of Jesus Christ
- 2nd book printed in the Philippines 4. Panunuluyan- presented before 12 on Christmas eve.
5. Salubong- easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the Risen B. Highlights of the Propaganda Movement
Christ and his mother.
8.Sainete- this was a short musical comedy popular during the 18th
century. They were exaggerated comedies shown between acts of
long plays and were mostly performed by characters from the lower The American Regime (1898-1941)
classes. Themes were taken from everyday life scenarios.
-The Filipino Revolutionists won against the Spaniards who colonized us for
F.Moro-Moro more than 300 years. Our flag was hoisted on June 12, 1898 as a symbol of
our independence. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was elected the first President of
-This is performed during town fiestas to entertain the people and to remind
the Philippine Republic but this was short-lived.
them of their Christian religion. The plot is usually the same that of a
Christian princess or a noblemans daughter who is captured by the -Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like news, reporting, poetry,
Mohammedans. The father organizes a rescue party where fighting stories, plays, essays, and novels. Their writings clearly depicted their love
between the Moros and the Christians ensue. of country and their longings for independence.
-After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit -During the first year of the American period, the languages used in writing
were Spanish and Tagalog and the dialects of the different regions, but
reawakened when the 3 priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were
Spanish and Tagalog predominated.
guillotined without sufficient evidence of guilt.
-In 1910, a new group started to write in English. Hence, Spanish, Tagalog,
A. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896)
the Vernaculars and finally, English, were the mediums used in literature
This movement was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual during these times. While the three groups were one in their ideas and spirit,
they differed in their methods of reporting. The writers in Spanish were wont
middle-class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez
to write on nationalism like honoring Rizal and other heroes.
Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and
Pedro Paterno.
The Tagalog Drama By 1919, the UP College Folio published the literary
compositions of the first Filipino writers in English. They were the
During the advent of the American period, Severino Reyes and pioneers in short story writing.
Hermogenes Ilagan started the movement against the moro-moro ( a
play on the Spanish struggles against the Muslims) and struggled to D. Period of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941)
show the people the values one can get from the zarzuela and the
By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of
simple plays.
English writing. They now confidently and competently wrote on a lot
Tagalog Poetry of subjects although the old-time favorites of love and youth persisted.
They went into all forms of writing like the novel and the drama.
Almost all Tagalog writers during the American Period were
able to compose beautiful poems which made it difficult to select the 3. ESSAYS AND OTHER PROSE STYLES (1925-1941)
best. Even if poetry writing is as old as history, poetry still surfaces
Essays during this period improved with the years in quality
with its sweetness, beauty, and melody.
and quantity, in content, subject and style. Essayists like Carlos P.
C. Philippine Literature in English Romulo became even more eminent editorial writers.
D. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (1941-1945) -Many young people became activists to ask for changes in the
government. In the expression of this desire for change, keen were
Because of the strict prohibitions imposed b the Japanese in the writings of some youth who were fired with nationalism in order to
the writing and publishing of works in English, Philippine literature in emphasize the importance of their petitions.
English experienced a dark period. The few who dared to write did so
for their bread and butter or for propaganda. A. THE SEED OF ACTIVISM
-A historian called this the Third Republic. The First Republic he claimed E. POETRY IN ENGLISH DURING THE THIRD REPUBLIC
was during the Philippine Republic of Emilio Aguinaldo when we first got our Most especially, during the wake of the tragic Benigno Aquino Jr.s
independence form the Spaniards on June 12, 1898. incident, people reacted with shock, appalled by the suddenness and the
unexpectedness of events.
-During this period, it cannot be denied that many people seethed with
rebellion and protest because of the continued oppression and suppression. F. MEDIA OF 1983
-This stage of the nation had its effect on our literature. After the Aquino Sheila S. Coronel, a PANORAMA staff stalwart, reporting on the state of the
assassinated, the peoples voices could no long be contained. Both the media during these times said: it was a year of ferment, and change, of old
public and private sectors in government were chanting, and shouting; problems made more oppressive by the new throbbing beat of the times.
women, men and the youth became bolder and their voices were raised in
dissent. G. CHILDRENS BOOKS
THE PALANCA AWARDS Among the well-loved forms of writing which abounded during this period
were those of childrens stories. The Childrens Communication Center
The Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for literature which was launched (CCC) directed by poet and writer Virgilio S. Almario already has built up an
in 1950 (see Chapter 7, The Renaissance Period), continued its recognition impressive collection of these kinds of books. The following are some of the
of the best in the literary fields poetry, short story, essays, and the one and books of the period.
three-act plays.
B. FILIPINO POETRY
Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and
revolutionary. Writers wrote openly of their criticism against the government.
The supplications of the people were coached in fiery, colorful, violent,
profane and insulting language.
Periods (1986-1999)
C. FILIPINO SONGS
-Historical Background
Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were really true-to-life
like those of grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino people regained their
and of fellowmen. independence which they lost twenty years ago.
D. PHILIPPINE FILMS DURING THE PERIOD In the span of four days form February 21-25, 1986, the so-called People
Power (Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed. Together, the people barricaded the
streets petitioning the government for changes and reforms. Freedom The Making of A Writer by Salvador P. Lopez
became a reality won through a peaceful, bloodless and God-blessed
revolution. Shadow and Solitude (A translation of Solo Entre Las Sombras) by Claro M.
Recto translated by Nick Joaquin
A. THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD:
2. THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945)
In the short span of the existence of the true Republic of the
Philippines, several changes already became evident. This in noticed in the To My Native Land by Tarrosa Subido
new Filipino songs, in the newspapers, in the speeches, and even in the
My Fathers Tragedy by Carlos Bulosan
television programs.
Shall We Walk? by Pura Santillan Castrence
B. FILIPINO SONGS DURING THIS PERIOD
3. THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970)
Here are a few Filipino songs that were often heard. They were often aired
in radio and television and often accompanied the historical events that Poetry
transpired in the Philippines and gained for the Filipinos world-wide acclaim.
When I see a Barong-Barong by Maximo Ramos (1946)
Representative Compositions through the Years
Short Story
1. AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1941)
Plighted Word by Narciso G. Reyes
A. Period of Re-Orientation 1898-1910
Scent of Apples by Bienvenido Santos
Air Castles (Poetry) by Juan F. Salazar (1909-1910)
Cadaver by Alberto S. Florentino
B. Period of Imitation 1911-1925 (American Period)
They Called It BROTHERHOOD by Maximo V. Soliven
The Sea by Natividad Marquez (Poetry)
4. PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)
C. Period of Self Discovery (1925-1941)
Valedictorian sa Hillcrest ni Rolando Tinio
Poetry
Beggar Children by Emmanuel Torres
1896 by Aurelio Alvero
5. PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-1980)
To a Lost One by Angela Manalang Gloria
Poetry
Prayer of a Student by Trinidad L. Tarrosa Subido
Philosophers Love Song by Tita Lacambra-Ayala
Short Story
The Tomato Game by N.V.M. Gonzales
Dead Stars by Paz Marquez-Benitez
I Married a Newspaperman by Maria Luna-Lopez
6. PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981-85)
Short Story
LUALHATI BAUTISTA
Bautista was born in Tondo, Manila, Philippines on December 2,
1945 to Esteban Bautista and Gloria Torres. She graduated from
Emilio Jacinto Elementary School in 1958, and from Torres High
School in 1962 being a lowest in her class. She was a journalism
student at the Lyceum of the Philippines, but dropped out for the
reason of failed grades. She started her writing career in
the Liwayway magazine.