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Solution -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Operation is at atmospheric pressure as the solubility of SO2 in water is high. The feed water
temperature will be taken as 20oC.
1 y yout*
NOG = ln (1 mG / L) in *
+ mG / L
1 mG / L y out yout
5000
Where G = = 0.1055 lbmol/s
(0.454)(3600)( 29)
mG/L 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.99
NOG 3.5 3.8 4.2 4.7 5.4 6.3 7.8 10.6 17.4
L,lbmol/s 14.66 9.78 7.33 5.87 4.89 4.19 3.67 3.26 2.96
3-25
The optimum will be between mG/L = 0.6 to 0.8. Below 0.6 there is only a small
decrease in the number of stages required with increasing liquid rate and above 0.8, the
number of stages increases rapidly with decreasing liquid rate (Figure E-1)
18
16
14
12
L (lbm ol/s), NOG
10
L NOG
2
0.2 0.3 0.4 0 .5 0.6 0.7 0 .8 0.9 1
m G/L
Figure E-1. Optimum liquid flow rate for Sulfur Dioxide absorption.
Check the liquid outlet composition at mG/L = 0.6 and at mG/L = 0.8. Assuming dilute
solution, the material balance is
mG
xout = (0.08 0.004)
27.8 L
Use mG/L = 0.8 as the higher concentration will favor the stripper design and operation
without significantly increasing the number of stages needed in the absorber. Therefore
NOG = 8
3-26
Estimate column diameter:: 2 methods.
lbmol lb
G M .W .vapor
Area =
s lbmol
lb
G'
s ft 2
10
Wankat, P. C., Equilibrium Staged Separations
Separations, Elsevier, 1988, pg. 420
3-27
G ' 2 F 0.2
log10 = 1.6678 1.085 log10(Flv) 0.29655[log10(Flv)]2 (3.2-11)
G L gc
1/ 2 1/ 2
L' G L
where Flv = = m G = the abscissa of Figure E--2. Note: Lm and
G' L Gm L
Gm are mass flow rates in this expression.
The first design method will be applied. The physical properties of the gas can be taken
as those for air as the concentration of SO2 is low.
5000
G= = 0.1055 lbmol/s
(0.454)(3600)( 29)
Packing: Choose 1.5" Ceramic Intalox saddle (picture below) with packing parameters F =
32, = 0.13, = 0.15. Intalox saddle is one type of dumped packings.
G ' 2 F 0.2
F is the parameterr in the ordinate of Figure E E-2 . and are the
G L gc
parameters to determine the pressure drop p in inches of water per foot of packing given by
G' 2
p = (10 )
L'
(3.2-22)
G
(29)( 273)
Air (gas) density at 20oC: G = = 0.0753 lb/ft3
(359)( 293)
The column will be designed for a pressure drop of 0.5 in of water/ft of packing. Table
E-22 shows the recommended design values.
3-28
Table E-2. Recommended design value for p (inches of water per foot of packing)
If very low bottom pressures are required, structured packings or special low pressure drop
dumped packings should be considered (Hyperfil, Multifil, or Dixon rings).
The column area may be estimated from the pressure drop p using either Eq. (3.2-22)
or Figure E-2. The procedure for using Figure E-2 will be discussed
Density of water
= =1
Density of liquid
1/ 2 1/ 2
L' G L
1/ 2
(3.67)(18) 0.0753
Flv = = m G = = 0.75
G' L Gm L (0.1055)( 29) 62.3
G ' 2 F 0.2
g = 0.018
G L c
G ' 2f F 0.2
At flooding using the flooding line or Eq. 3.2-21: = 0.0294
G L g c
2
G' G'
= 0.018 = 0.612 = 0.78 (O.K., between 65 and 90 %)
G' 0 . 0294 G '
f f
1/ 2 1/ 2
0.018 G L g c ( 0.018)( 0.0753)(62.3)(32.2)
G' = = = 0.229 lb/sft2
F 0.2 (52)(1)
1/ 2
3.06 ( 4)(13.38)
Ac = = 13.38 ft2 Dc = = 4.13 ft
0.229
3-29
Check packing size: Recommend size ranges are
In general, the largest size of packing that is suitable for the size of column should be used,
up to 2 in. Small sizes are appreciably more expensive than the larger sizes. Above 2 in., the
lower cost does not normally compensate for the lower mass transfer efficiency. Use of too
large a size in a small column can cause poor liquid distribution. Since 1.5 in. ceramic
Intalox saddle is used in this example, a larger size could be considered.
hp = NOGHOG
The height of overall gas transfer unit, HOG, may be evaluated from the height of gas transfer
unit, HG, and the height of liquid transfer unit, HL
mG
HOG = HG + HL
L
3-30
0 20 40 60 80 90
Figure E-3. Packing parameter (ft) as a function of percent flood11
Ceramic Berl saddles are used to make conservative estimate of packing parameter for
Intalox saddles since mass transfer efficiency of Intalox saddles is higher than that of the
equivalent size Berl saddles.
L
=1; L =1; L =1
W W W
HL = CfL(hp/10)0.15(ScL)1/2
Estimate hp by assuming a value for so HOG that HG and HL can be evaluated. Let HOG =
2.2 ft, then
11
Wankat, P. C., Equilibrium Staged Separations
Separations, Elsevier, 1988, pg. 652
12
Wankat, P. C., Equilibrium Staged Separations
Separations, Elsevier, 1988, pg. 654
3-31
hp = NOG HOG = (8)(2.2) 18 ft
At 78% flooding and p = 1.5 in, Figure E-3 gives a packing value = 65 ft. From the
PROP program (T.K. Nguyen Website)
mG
HOG = HG + HL = 1.42 + (0.8)(2.80) = 3.66 ft
L
1/ 3
(65)(2)1.11 (30 / 10)1 / 3 (1.237)1/ 2 3
HG = 1/ 2
= (1.42) = 1.69 ft
[(3600)(4.93)] 1 .8
0.15
3
HL = (0.1)(0.7)(3.0)0.15(1337)1/2 = (2.80) = 3.02 ft
1.8
mG
HOG = HG + HL = 1.69 + (0.8)(3.02) = 4.1 ft
L
3-32