The Cheng-Todreas Correlations For Bundle and Subchannel Friction Factors

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The Cheng-Todreas Correlations
for Bundle and Subchannel Friction Factors
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1 of 18
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2 of 18
CONTENT
CONTENT...........................................................................................................................................3
1.INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................4
2.THE CORRELATIONS EMPLOYED IN ONE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM CODES...................4
2.1.Simplified correlations...............................................................................................................4
2.2.Detailed correlations...................................................................................................................6
3.THE CORRELATIONS EMPLOYED IN SUBCHANNEL ANALYSIS CODES.......................11
4.ACCURACY AND RANGES OF APPLICABILITY...................................................................15
5.REFERENCE..................................................................................................................................16
6.APPENDIX.....................................................................................................................................16
3 of 18
1. INTRODUCTION
This paper briefly describes the Cheng-Todreas correlations for friction factor. These correlations
are probably the most widely used today, yet the most complicated friction factor model in
existence on literatures.
Friction pressure drop is calculated as follow:
Eq. 1
2
2
e
L
p f V
D

pressure drop [Pa]
friction factor
length [m]
(equivalent) diameter [m]
fluid density [kg/m3]
Axial velocity [m/s]
e
p
f
L
D
V
Cheng-Todreas correlations are used to evaluate that

" " f
. The correlations are basically can be
used in two types of codes: one-dimensional system (plant-wide) codes, and subchannel analysis
codes.
2. THE CORRELATIONS EMPLOYED IN ONE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM CODES
2.1. Simplified correlations
Basically the Cheng-Todreas correlations can be divided into two parts: the simplified one, and the
detailed one. This section presents the simplified one. When the correlations are implemented in a
1D system code, we need to calculate bundle friction factor, in contrast to subchannel friction
factors we will discuss later.
4 of 18
When used in a system code, the correlations require the following data as inputs:
Pin pitch
( ) P
Pin diameter
( ) D
Wire spacer lead
( ) H
Bundle-averaged Reynolds number (Re )
b
Calculate flow regime boundaries for our rod bundle by the following formulas:
Laminar-transition boundary:
Eq. 2
1.7( / 1)
Re 300 10
P D
bL

Transition-turbulent boundary:
Eq. 3
0.7( / 1)
Re 10000 10
P D
bT

If the flow in our rod bundle is laminar (Re Re )
b bL
, calculate the bundle friction factor as follow:
Eq. 4 ( )
0.06 0.085( / )
2
974.6 1612( / ) 598.5( / ) /
P D
fbL
C P D P D H D

1 +
]
Eq. 5
Re
fbL
bL
b
C
f
If the flow in our rod bundle is turbulent (Re Re )
b bT
, calculate the bundle friction factor as
follow:
Eq. 6
( )
2
9.7 1.78 2( / )
0.8063 0.9022 log( / ) 0.3526 log( / )
( / ) ( / )
fbT
P D
C H D H D
P D H D

1
+
]

Eq. 7
0.18
Re
fbT
bT
b
C
f
5 of 18
If the flow in our rod bundle is in transition region (Re Re Re )
bL b bT
< < , calculate friction factor for
both laminar and turbulent regimes by using Eq. 4 to Eq. 7, and then calculate the bundle friction
factor as follow:
Eq. 8
log(Re / Re )
log(Re / Re )
b bL
bT bL

Eq. 9
1/3 1/3
(1 )
btr bL bT
f f f +
2.2. Detailed correlations
To use the detailed correlations, we need the following input data:
Pin diameter
( ) D
Pin pitch
( ) P
Edge pitch
( ) W
Wire spacer lead
( ) H
Wire spacer diameter ( )
w
D
b
Number of interior, edge, and corner subchannels
1 2 3
( , , ) N N N
Some typical subchannel definition and key geometrical parameters for a wire-wrapped LMFBR
assembly are shown as follow:
6 of 18
Figure 1. Subchannel geometrical definition (courtesy of www.scielo.br)
Calculate the bare rod constants for each subchannel type, both for laminar ( )
*
fiL
C
and turbulent
( )
*
fiT
C
flow regimes:
Eq. 10
2
*
1 2
1 1
1, 2, 3
fi
P P
C a b b
D D
i
1 1
+ +
1 1
] ]
Where
( / ) P D
is replaced by
( / ) W D
for edge and corner subchannels. The constants
1 2
, , and a b b depend on subchannel type, flow regime and / P D, as shown in the following table:
Table 1. Constants for bare rod bundle
Flow regime Subchannel type
1.0 / 1.1 P D 1.1 / 1.5 P D <
a
1
b
2
b
a
1
b
2
b
Laminar Interior 26.00 888.2 -3334 62.97 216.9 -190.2
Edge 26.18 554.5 -1480 44.40 256.7 -267.6
Corner 26.98 1636.0 -10050 87.26 38.59 -55.12
Turbulent Interior 0.09378 1.398 -8.664 0.1458 0.03632 -0.03333
Edge 0.09377 0.8732 -3.341 0.1430 0.04199 -0.04428
Corner 0.10040 1.625 -11.850 0.1499 0.006706 -0.009567
Calculate wire drag ( )
d
W
and wire sweep ( )
s
W
constants :
7 of 18
Turbulent region
Interior subchannel:
Eq. 11 ( ) ( ) ( )
2
0.85
29.5 140 / 401 / /
dT w w
W D D D D H D

1
+
1
]
Edge subchannel:
Eq. 12 ( ) 20 log / 7
sT
W H D
Corner subchannel:
Eq. 13 ( ) 10 log / 3.5
sT
W H D
Laminar region
Eq. 14 1.4
dL dT
W W
Eq. 15 0.3
sL sT
W W
Then calculate the wire-wrapped rod constants, also both for laminar ( )
fiL
C
and turbulent ( )
fiT
C

flow regimes:
Eq. 16
*
* 1 1 1 1
1 1 *
1 1
3
m
w e e r
f f d
w w
P D D A
C C W
P A H D
_ _ _ _
+

, , , ,
Eq. 17
3
2
* 2 2
2 2 *
2
1 tan
m
r
f f s
A
C C W
A

1
_
+
1
, ]
Eq. 18
3
2
* 2 3
3 3 *
3
1 tan
m
r
f f s
A
C C W
A

1
_
+
1
, ]
1 for laminar
0.18 for turbulent
m
m

Calculate flow split parameters for both laminar ( )

iL
X
and turbulent ( )
iT
X
flow regimes:
Eq. 19
1
1
2
2
2
1 1
2 2 1
m
m
m
f
e
e f
C
D X
X D C
+
_
_

,
,
8 of 18
Eq. 20
1
1
2
2
2
3 3
2 2 3
m
m
m
f
e
e f
C
X D
X D C
+
_
_

,
,
Eq. 21
( ) ( )
2
2 1 2 1 3 2 3
1
/ /
X
S X X S X X S
+ +
Eq. 22
i i
i
b
N A
S
A
1 for laminar
0.18 for turbulent
m
m

Calculate flow split parameters for transition ( )

iTR
X
flow regime:
Eq. 23
( )
( )
1
2
2
2
1 2
2
1
2
2
2
1 2
2
1
Re Re
1
Re Re
m
m
m
fiL fiT
eb eb m
b b m
ei b b
m
ei j
m
i
m
m
fjL fjT
eb eb m
b b m
ej b b
m
ej
C C
D D
D
D X
X
C C
D D
D
D
_
_
_ _

+

, ,
,
,
_
_
_ _

+

, ,
,
,
Eq. 24
log(Re / Re )
log(Re / Re )
b bL
b
bT bL

1
2 m

0.05
Eq. 25
( ) ( )
2
2 1 2 1 3 2 3
1
/ /
X
S X X S X X S
+ +
Calculate Reynolds number of each subchannel type:
Eq. 26
Re Re
ei
i i b
eb
D
X
D
Calculate bundle flow regime boundaries ( )

Re and Re
bL bT
:
Eq. 27
1.7( / 1)
Re 300 10
P D
bL

9 of 18
Eq. 28
0.7( / 1)
Re 10000 10
P D
bT

Calculate subchannel flow regime boundaries ( )
Re and Re
iL iT
:
Eq. 29
Re Re
ei
iL iL bL
eb
D
X
D
1
1
]
Eq. 30
Re Re
ei
iT iT bT
eb
D
X
D
1
1
]
The flow regime in all subchannels is determined based on bundle-average flow regime:
Condition Flow regime
Re Re
b bL
Laminar
Re Re Re
bL b bT
< <
Transition
Re Re
b bT
Turbulent
Then subchannel friction factors are calculated as follow:
Eq. 31
*
1 * 1 1 1 1
1 1 *
1 1 1 1
3 1
Re Re
m
f
w e e r
f d m m
w w
C
P D D A
f C W
P A H D
1
_ _ _ _
1 +

1
, , , ,
]
Edge subchannel:
Eq. 32
3
*
2
2 2 2 2
2 *
2 2 2
1 tan
Re Re
m
f f
r
s m m
C C
A
f W
A

1
_
+
1
, ]
Corner subchannel:
Eq. 33
3
*
2
3 3 2 3
3 *
3 3 3
1 tan
Re Re
m
f f
r
s m m
C C
A
f W
A

1
_
+
1
, ]
For transition flow, we must calculate the friction factors for both laminar and turbulent regimes,
and then use the intermittency factor to obtain the transition friction factor:
10 of 18
Eq. 34
log(Re / Re )
log(Re / Re )
i iL
iT iL

Eq. 35
1/3 1/3
(1 )
itr iL iT
f f f +
The bundle friction factor is then calculated as follow:
Eq. 36
2
1
2 3
2
1
1
Re Re
m
m
m
m
fb fi
ei
b eb i m m
i
b b eb ei
C C
D
f D S
D D
1
_
_
1

1
,
,
1
]
Eq. 37
i i
i
b
N A
S
A
In which the formulas to calculate all geometric parameters are described on appendix part at the
end of this paper.
3. THE CORRELATIONS EMPLOYED IN SUBCHANNEL ANALYSIS CODES
When used in a system code, the correlations require the following data as inputs:
Pin pitch
( ) P
Pin diameter
( ) D
Wire spacer lead
( ) H
Wire spacer diameter ( )
w
D
b
Subchannel Reynolds number (Re )
i
Flow split parameter ( )
i
X
11 of 18
Note that subchannel Reynolds number and flow split parameter are obtained from fluid dynamics
solution, and the bundle-averaged Reynolds number is obtained by averaging the Reynolds number
in all subchannels over the entire bundle.
Calculate the bare rod constants for each subchannel type, both for laminar ( )
*
fiL
C
and turbulent
( )
*
fiT
C
flow regimes:
Eq. 38
2
*
1 2
1 1
1, 2, 3
fi
P P
C a b b
D D
i
1 1
+ +
1 1
] ]
Where
( / ) P D
is replaced by
( / ) W D
for edge and corner subchannels. The constants
1 2
, , and a b b depend on subchannel type, flow regime and / P D, as shown in the following table:
Table 2. Constants for bare rod bundle
Flow regime Subchannel type
1.0 / 1.1 P D 1.1 / 1.5 P D <
a
1
b
2
b
a
1
b
2
b
Laminar Interior 26.00 888.2 -3334 62.97 216.9 -190.2
Edge 26.18 554.5 -1480 44.40 256.7 -267.6
Corner 26.98 1636.0 -10050 87.26 38.59 -55.12
Turbulent Interior 0.09378 1.398 -8.664 0.1458 0.03632 -0.03333
Edge 0.09377 0.8732 -3.341 0.1430 0.04199 -0.04428
Corner 0.10040 1.625 -11.850 0.1499 0.006706 -0.009567
Calculate wire drag ( )
d
W
and wire sweep ( )
s
W
constants :
Turbulent region
Eq. 39 ( ) ( ) ( )
2
0.85
29.5 140 / 401 / /
dT w w
W D D D D H D

1
+
1
]
Edge subchannel:
12 of 18
Eq. 40 ( ) 20 log / 7
sT
W H D
Corner subchannel:
Eq. 41 ( ) 20 log / 7
sT
W H D
Laminar region
Eq. 42 1.4
dL dT
W W
Eq. 43 0.3
sL sT
W W
Then calculate the wire-wrapped rod constants, also both for laminar ( )
fiL
C
and turbulent ( )
fiT
C

flow regimes:
Eq. 44
*
* 1 1 1 1
1 1 *
1 1
3
m
w e e r
f f d
w w
P D D A
C C W
P A H D
_ _ _ _
+

, , , ,
Eq. 45
3
2
* 2 2
2 2 *
2
1 tan
m
r
f f s
A
C C W
A

1
_
+
1
, ]
Eq. 46
3
2
* 2 3
3 3 *
3
1 tan
m
r
f f s
A
C C W
A

1
_
+
1
, ]
1 for laminar
0.18 for turbulent
m
m

Calculate bundle flow regime boundaries ( )

Re and Re
bL bT
:
Eq. 47
1.7( / 1)
Re 300 10
P D
bL

Eq. 48
0.7( / 1)
Re 10000 10
P D
bT

13 of 18
Flow split parameter is available from fluid dynamics solution, that is:
Eq. 49
i
i
b
V
X
V
Eq. 50
i i
i
b
i
i
V Volume
V
Volume
subchannel number
bundle average velocity [m/s]
axial velocity of subchannel i [m/s]
volume of subchannel i [m3]
b
i
i
i
V
V
Volume
Then we can directly calculate subchannel flow regime boundaries ( )

Re and Re
iL iT
:
Eq. 51
Re Re
ei
iL iL bL
eb
D
X
D
1
1
]
Eq. 52
Re Re
ei
iT iT bT
eb
D
X
D
1
1
]
Reynolds number in each subchannel is also available from fluid dynamics solution, and then flow
regime in each subchannel type is determined as follow:
Condition Flow regime
Re Re
i iL
Laminar
Re Re Re
iL i iT
< <
Transition
Re Re
i iT
Turbulent
Then depending flow regime in each subchannel type, calculate subchannel friction factor as
follow:
14 of 18
Eq. 53
*
1 * 1 1 1 1
1 1 *
1 1 1 1
3 1
Re Re
m
f
w e e r
f d m m
w w
C
P D D A
f C W
P A H D
1
_ _ _ _
1 +

1
, , , ,
]
Edge subchannel:
Eq. 54
3
*
2
2 2 2 2
2 *
2 2 2
1 tan
Re Re
m
f f
r
s m m
C C
A
f W
A

1
_
+
1
, ]
Corner subchannel:
Eq. 55
3
*
2
3 3 2 3
3 *
3 3 3
1 tan
Re Re
m
f f
r
s m m
C C
A
f W
A

1
_
+
1
, ]
For transition flow, we must calculate the friction factors for both laminar and turbulent regimes,
and then use the intermittency factor to obtain the transition friction factor:
Eq. 56
log(Re / Re )
log(Re / Re )
i iL
iT iL

Eq. 57
1/3 1/3
(1 )
itr iL iT
f f f +
4. ACCURACY AND RANGES OF APPLICABILITY
The correlations can predict the bundle-average friction factor data within at least 14% with a 92%
confidence interval for turbulent flow and within 30% for laminar flow and all flow split data
within 5% in the following ranges:
6
50 Re 10
b

19 217
rod
N
1.0 / 1.42 P D
4 / 52 H D (detailed model)
8 / 50 H D (simplified model)
15 of 18
5. REFERENCE
1. Shih-Kuei Cheng, Neil E. Todreas, Hydrodynamic models and correlations for bare and
wire-wrapped hexagonal rod bundles -- Bundle friction factors, subchannel friction factors
and mixing parameters, Nuclear Engineering and Design, Volume 92, Issue 2, 1 April 1986,
Pages 227-251, ISSN 0029-5493, DOI: 10.1016/0029-5493(86)90249-9. (
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(86)90249-9 )
6. APPENDIX
Equations for geometrical parameters
Bare rod flow area and wetted perimeter
( )
2
* 2
1
2
*
2
2
2
*
3
* * * *
1 1 2 2 3 3
3
4 8
2 8
/ 2
24
3
b
D
A P
D D
A W P
W D
D
A
A N A N A N A
_

,
_

,
1
1
1
]
+ +
( )
*
1
*
2
*
3
* * * *
1 1 2 2 3 3
2
2
2 / 2
6
3
w
w
w
wb w w w
D
P
D
P P
W D
D
P
P N P N P N P
+
+ +
16 of 18
Wire-wrapped flow area and wetted perimeter
2
*
1 1
2
*
2 2
2
*
3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
8cos
8cos
24cos
w
w
w
b
D
A A
D
A A
D
A A
A N A N A N A

+ +
( )
*
1 1
*
2 2
*
3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
2
2
2cos
2cos
6cos
cos
( )
w
w w
w
w w
w
w w
wb w w w
w
D
P P
D
P P
D
P P
P N P N P N P
H
H D D
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
Wire projected area
( )
( )
( )
1
2
3
6
4
6
w w
r
w w
r
w w
r
D D D
A
D D D
A
D D D
A
Equivalent hydraulic diameter

17 of 18
*
*
*
4
4
1, 2, 3,
i
ei
wi
i
ei
wi
A
D
P
A
D
P
i b
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The Cheng-Todreas Correlations For Bundle and Subchannel Friction Factors

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Cheng-Todreas correlations are used to evaluate that

Calculate flow split parameters for both laminar ( )

Calculate flow split parameters for transition ( )

Calculate bundle flow regime boundaries ( )

Calculate bundle flow regime boundaries ( )

Then we can directly calculate subchannel flow regime boundaries ( )

Equivalent hydraulic diameter

A free ready-to-use code is available on this URL: http://wp.me/p61TQ-tI

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