THE EFFECT OR IMPACT OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION TO THE ENVIRONMENT.

During Construction:
a. Soil and erosion Clearing of hill committed for highway construction. When cleared
hillside soil erosion, when it rains it can lead to an incident such as landslides

b. Water - Cutting highway hill to make do. If cutting the hill involving aquifer systems
could be disrupted causing the system where when the hill was cut causes a decrease in the
groundwater level. Water from this system will flow out through rock crevices and can cause
landslides occurred as a result of weathering of rocks

c. Flora - Reduction of cornice forests around swamps, from modified water flow and
increased agricultural use.
Reduction of mangrove plant population (habitat for fauna) Disappearance of reproduction and
food zones for species of fish, aquatic and migratory birds

d. Fauna - Reduction in mangrove fauna (crabs, shrimps, egrets, herons, and other
species)

e. Noise- The construction of the expressway is connected with a series of activities which
cause vibration, like using construction mechanization and eventual rock mining during
performing
of the vertical alignment for the parts of the route which lead to excavation. The impacts from
the vibration are expected to be insignificant, and to have an impact mainly on a local level.

f. Air quality- Dust will appear as a result of the soil works and the
activity of the preparation of the field and clearance, excavation, mining in rock etc

g. Society life and economical activity- The construction phase will require temporal or
permanent expropriation of the farmland and the urbanizing land in private property (residential
areas in the suburb of the settlements, weekend houses etc.).
h. Land use - Temporary and localized impacts to land use would result from construction
activities. These activities could create a temporary disturbance in the immediate vicinity of a
construction site (e.g., to recreational activities or livestock grazing).

i. Cultural heritage- During construction phase, no indirect impact is expected as none of

the historic buildings / structures are located within the Assessment Area.

j. Landscape - During the construction phase of the infrastructure, some areas will be used
for arranging the construction site. They will be used temporary, there will be losses of
significant resources like shrubs and trees, for example. The temporary deposits of the surplus
of excavated material will also have a negative impact on the landscape.

After Construction:

a. Soil and erosion The impacts of erosion on cropping lands include is reduced ability of
the soil to store water and nutrients

b. Water Displacement of salinity threshold into the mangrove swamp zone: effects on
fauna and flora, impregnation of soils with tannin, erosion of coastline

c. Flora - Increase in farming activity, reduction of fallow times, and impoverishment of

the soils
d. Fauna - Increase in poaching during the works period, and subsequent hunting and
fishing
e. Noise- Noise in this area is mainly resulting from the traffic.

f. Air quality- Local air pollution (NO2 and dust particles) due to road traffic can be a
problem in cities and urban areas. Air pollution is a contributory source of morbidity and
increased mortality. In addition, people can experience a decrease in their well-being.

g. Society life and economical activity- The expressway can seem a significant barrier for
the local settlement due to the fact that it cuts the existing local roads which potentially have
value from aspect of traditional communication and/or access to the agricultural farmland.
h. Land use - All other land uses on land under well pads, buildings, and structures would
be precluded as long as they are in operation. Construction activities are unlikely to affect
mining and energy development activities, military operations, livestock grazing, or aviation on
surrounding lands. Activities affecting resources and values identified for protection areas would
likely be prohibited.
i. Cultural heritage- Interference with pre-historic deposits, sami cultural monuments,
cultural heritage

j. Landscape - As far as the first aspect is concerned, the most obvious impact factors are
represented by the scale modifications that are generated by the structures of the future
infrastructure. As far as the viewers are concerned, the inhabitants of the neighboring villages
and localities are considered as the most sensitive group both in terms of the value of land but
also in terms of permanent exposure once the construction works are finished.