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INTRODUCTION TO VERTICAL STEEL STRUCTURES

STEEL DESIGN

HORIZONTAL SPECIAL TRUSSED STEEL

STEEL STRUCTURES
STRUCTURES
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A building code (also building control or building regulations) is a

set of rules that specify the standards for constructed objects such
as buildings and nonbuilding structures. Buildings must conform to
the code to obtain planning permission, usually from a local council.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6541
AN ACT TO ORDAIN AND INSTITUTE
A NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

TITLE 1 - ADMINISTRATIVE
Chapter 1.01 - GENERAL PROVISIONS
SECTION 1.01.01: Title

(a) This Act shall be known as the "National Building Code of

the Philippines" and shall hereinafter be referred to as
the "Code".

Codes and Standards for Civil Engineers

ASCE Standards and Codes The ASCE Library has over 100
ebooks on various standards in Civil Engineering.

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and

Other Structures

ASCE/SEI 7-10Book set: ASCE 7 ISBN

(print): 9780784412916ISBN (PDF):
9780784477854
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STEEL STEEL
SECTIONS SECTIONS

ANALYSIS TENSION
& MEMBERS
DESIGN
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DESIGN PROBLEMS
ANALYSIS PROBLEMS
The set of problems where the loads are
The set of problems where the steel
known/given or can be computed, required:
section is known or given, required:
Solve for the most suitable section that
Solve for member strength satisfies the following;
Check adequacy
1. Safety
Solve for member capacity to carry
2. Economy
load
3. Serviceability
4. Constructability
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DESIGN CONCEPTS PROPORTIONAL LIMIT TENSILE DESIGN CONCEPTS

STRENGTH
ELASTIC LIMIT RUPTURE
STRENGTH ASD LRFD
ASD YIELD STRESS

Qi Rn / F.S.

Qi Rn / F.S. i Qi Rn
LOAD STRENGTH LOAD STRENGTH
LRFD STRAIN COMBINATION Allowable COMBINATION Nominal

= YIELDING HARDENING NECKING
i Qi Rn Required Load
P
Allowable Load
Res. P
i = Load Factor
Factored Loads
= Resistance factor
Nominal Strength
V Res. V
ELASTIC REGION PLASTIC REGION
M Res. M
LOAD STRENGTH ASD LRFD
SIDE SIDE ELASTIC BEHAVIOR PLASTIC BEHAVIOR . . From NSCP 2001
SERVICE LOADS FACTORED LOADS Actual Stress Allowable Stress
ALLOWABLE STRESSES LIMITING STRESSES f F

AISC MANUAL USE OF TENSION MEMBERS

Cross-section of typical tension members
These are found predominantly as members of plane or space trusses (2D & 3D), as
members in transmission towers and as wind bracing (single or double) for single
story or high rise steel structures. Among the common shapes used as tension
members:

Round bar Flat bar Angle Double angle Starred angle

Channel Double Latticed W-section S-section Built-up box

channel channels (wide-flange) (American sections
Standard)
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TRUSSES
USE OF BRACING FOR
TENSION BUILDINGS
AND BRIDGES
MEMBERS

CABLES IN
SUSPENSION
AND
CABLE-STAYED
BRIDGES

FAILURE OF TENSION MEMBERS RUPTURE/FRACTURE FAILURE

1. YIELDING FAILURE LINE OF TEAR = +2

2. RUPTURE FAILURE
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3. BLOCK SHEAR FAILURE

= + +

THE STRENGTH OF A TENSION

GUSSET PLATE BLOCK SHEAR FAILURE MEMBER IS CONTROLLED BY
T T
THE LOWEST OF THE
FOLLOWING : Net Gross
Area (An) Area (Ag)

FAILURE MODE ASD LRFD

YIELDING =
1
ON THE GROSS AREA, AG = .
= = 0.9

= . =
RUPTURE
2
ON THE NET AREA, An = = = 0.75
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SECTION 203 SECTION 203

COMBINATION OF LOADS COMBINATION OF LOADS
NSCP 2001 NSCP 2010

EQ. # ASD EQ. # LRFD
3 BLOCK SHEAR
203-7 D 203-1 1.4D
203-8 D + L + Lr 203-2 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or R)
203-9 D + (W or E/1.4) 203-3 1.2D + 1.6(Lr+R) + (f1L or 0.8W)
203-10 0.9D E/1.4 203-4 1.2D + 1.6W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R)
ASD LRFD
203-11 D + 0.75[L+Lr+(W or E/1.4)] 203-5 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L
= . + 203-6 0.9D + 1.6W
= . + . . +
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of 4.8 kPa, and for garage live load.
= 0.5 for other live loads.
= = .
D = Dead load E = Earthquake load Lr = Roof live load
L = Live load W = Wind load

SOLVING NET AREA

SOLVING FOR THE SHEAR LAG FACTOR U
REGULAR HOLE PATTERN STAGGERED HOLE PATTERN &
EFFECTIVE AREA, Ae
A s s

T T T T = =1
g Gage

= +2 +
4
B s
Pitch Refer to Segui
= +2
Pages 41-51
= +2 +
4
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: = 1

+ 2
=
4 +

: = 1
: = 1

< 1.3: = 1

=
= 4 +

2. Plates
In general, U = 1.0 for plates, since the cross section has only one element
and it is connected. There is one exception for welded plates. If the member
is connected with longitudinal welds on each side with no transverse weld as
in FIG. 3.9, the following values apply:


For 2 = 1.0
For 1.5w < 2 = 0.87
For < 1.5 = 0.75

3. Round HSS with 1.3 = 1.0 . 3.9

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STAGGERED HOLES.
ANALYSIS SET OF PROBLEMS:
PROB #1. Find the net Area, An.
Section is known
Solve for capacity of section or A36 steel
Solve for load/s that the section can carry or a PL14x360
Solve actual stresses 50mm
b M20 Bolts
60
DESIGN SET OF PROBLEMS: c
60 d
Loads are known 75
Solve for section that will satisfy design criteria e
Strength 70
f
Serviceability 45
g
60 20 30

ASD ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD 130 50 50

PL16x130 PL12.7x140
Problem #2

Determine the effective area Ae for each case shown.

Solve the allowable load. For now neglect weld failure.
992
36
150 20
PL9.5x100 L127x127x15.9 50 50 50 50

130
992

PL16x150
572 90 242
22


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PROBLEM #3
HINT: convert the angle to a plate.
An angle with staggered holes in each leg is shown in the figure. Use A36 and
D16mm bolts.

Check the angle for safety.

75

75 L152x152x9.5 50

D = 95 kN 50
50
L = 180 kN
50 W = 100 kN
Lr = 75 kN 40
60 . .

EXAMPLE PROBLEM: SOLUTION: A. ASD NSCP 2001

PROB. #4
Find the service Dead and Live load if the Section Properties C180x18.2.
Find the tensile strength capacity of the tension member shown. A992 steel. live load to dead load ratio equals 1.5.
A d tw ry
A. ASD NSCP 2001 B. LRFD & ASD mm2 mm mm mm mm
NSCP 2015
2310 178 8.0 14.3 13.1
18040.6 9.5
Gusset plate Solve ALLOW. T.
50
18018.2 572 18018.2 572
20 = 345 = 450
50
50 . = 0.6 = 2072.31
20
= 478.17
50
40 80 80 40 . = 0.5 =
13.1
= 1 =1 = 0.918
40 80 80 30 160
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= 2310 2 20 + 2 8 = 1958
= 0.5 = 2251.79144 = 403.07
.
= 0.3 + 0.5
= 40 + 280 2.5 20 + 2 82 = 2320
= 178 502 1 20 + 2 8 = 448
= 103.52.32 + 2250.448 = 340.92
. = .
. = 1.5
. . . = + = + 1.5 = 2.5
PLATE #1P
= 19580.918 = 1797.44
PROBLEM #1 From FIG. 1
The live load to dead load
ratio is 3. Consider the
connection to be 80%
efficient.
. = .
2.5 = 340.92 Calculate the maximum
= 136.37 service dead and live load
considering plate and wide
= 204.55
flange failure. Write your
answers on the table
provided below.

PROBLEM #2
A double angle tension member is to resist service loads D = 140 KN and L = 400 KN. The What design section satisfies design criteria for safety, economy and
member will be connected with two lines of M22 bolts spaced 70mm on center according to the serviceability? Available angles from the stockyard are listed below to
specified gage spacing shown. There will be four bolts in each line. The member is 7.7m long choose from.
and will be connected to a 9.5mm thick gusset plate. Use A572 steel Fy = 345 MPa, Fu = 450
MPa.

SPECIFICATIONS for gage spacing:

Gage distance g applies when there is one line of bolts, and g1 and g2 apply when there are
two lines of bolts. An angle leg must be at least 127mm long to accommodate two lines of bolts.