Sense of vision
Fibrous outer layer
Sclera - tough, white fibrous tissue
Cornea transparent anterior lies over iris
Canal of schlemm ring shaped venous sinus at limbus;
drainage point of AH
Vascular layer
Choroid with bv and pigment
Ciliary body thickening/extension of choroid; bet anterior of
retina and posterior of iris; attachment for suspensory
ligament
Ciliary muscle anterior of ciliary body
Ciliary processes folds in CB; where suspensory
ligaments are attached to hold lens in place
Iris colored part donut shaped; has circular and radial
smooth muscle fibers;attaches to CB; controls amt of light
thru adjusting diameter of pupil; eye color due to amount,
placement and type of melanin
Inner layer
Retina innermost incomplete layer (no anterior portion)
3 layers of neurons
Photoreceptors visual receptors, for stimulation of light rays
Rods light detecting, absent in fovea, present away
from fovea
Cones color detecting, many in fovea, less number
than rods
Blind spot/Optic disc no rods and cones
Bipolar neurons middle of rods and cones
Ganglionic neurons extend back to optic disc; helps transmit
message of rods and cones; ganglionic cell then optic nerve
(passage of message); closer to center of eye
Light travels:
Retina > optic nerve > ganglion cell > bipolar > amacrine >
horizontal > rod > cones (message is reverse)
Anterior Cavity front of lens
Anterior chamber ant to iris and post to cornea
Posterior chamber post to iris and ant to lens
Posterior Cavity larger than ant cav.; posterior to lens,
suspensory ligaments, CB
Aqueous humor fills ant cav.; clear, watery that leaks out in
injury; CB produces AQ
Vitreous humor in post cav (behind CB and front of
lens???); semisolid material maintaining IOP, with AH to give
shape to eyeball
Glaucoma high IOP, damage to retina > blindness
Tear Production
Lacrimal glands secretes tears > goes over sclera and cornea
> puncta > lacrimal canals > lacrimal sac > nasolacrimal duct
histamine inflamm of canals > tears flow down out of eyes
emotion tears roll down face
Process of seeing
Conditions to be fulfilled:
1) image must be formed on retina to stimulate rods
and cones
2) nerve impulses must be conducted to visual areas of
cerebral cortex for interpretation
lens inverts image
Formation of retinal image
1. Refraction of light rays cornea, AH, lens, VH
2. Accommodation of lens high curvature is greater
refraction needed for nearer vision
3. Constriction of pupil near reflex and photopupil
reflex
4. Convergence of the eyes movement of eyeballs
inward so visual axes come tgt at object (focal point);
closer object is greater convergence for single vision;
image strikes fovea
Nearsightedness/Myopia image doesn't reach retina/focus
in front of retina; need concave lenses; long eyeball
Farsightedness/Hyperopia short eyeball; rays focus behind
retina, need convex lens
Astigmatism uneven cornea; rays do not focus evenly;
special lenses are needed
Rods rhodopsin photopigment (opsin + retinal); light
sensitive, breaks down into opsin and retinal in presence of
light that causes action potential that travels to brain for
interpretation of image (3:1)
Cones 3 types(RBG); less light sensitive, need brighter to
break down;one to one relationship of cone to ganglion
impulse unlike convergence of rod messages (high acuity)
(1:1)
Cones in fovea are compact; hexagonal
Special Senses Hearing
Ear has 3 parts
Outer/Auricle pinna (protects delicate) shape helps to
detect sounds in vert plane; external auditory meatus
(collects sound that is directed to eardrums)
Middle air filled in temporal of skull; eardrum, tympanic
membrane(concave with rich blood supply), ossicles,
Eustachian tube
Sound waves strike tympanic membrane and it moves
Ossicles connected in a chain: malleus (hammer) handle is
attached to tympanic membrane, incus (anvil), stapes
(stirrup) base/stapes footplate sits in oval window of
cochlea
Tympanic membrane vibrates > malleus incus stapes moves >
transfer energy to endolymph fluid in cochlea
Inner
Vestibular portion balance; 3 semicircular canals; fluid filled
bony loops
Auricle collects sound waves and directs it to auditory/ear
canal
Cilia and earwax in auditory canal protect ear from
foreign matter
Tympanic membrane separates outer and middle ear
Sound waves cause tympanic membrane and ossicles to
vibrate
Ossicles transfer vibrations to inner ear > cochlea
Organ of corti changes vib to nerve impulses >
auditory/cochlear nerve > brain (temporal lobe)
Eustachian tube opens into pharynx and equalizes air
pressure bet ear and outside air
Inner ear maze like; has bony and membranous structure
surrounded by fluid

Each canal has:

Ampulla (swelling), 2 membranoucs sacs: utricle and saccule
Have fluid and sensory cells in response to head movement
and travel to indicate body status

Auditory portion hearing; cochlea

Cochlea coiled tube snail shell, fluid filled wrapped around
acoustic portion of auditory nerve; houses Organ of Corti
(organ of hearing)

Organ of corti changes vibrations into nerve impulses >

auditory nerve

Fluid aids in transmission of vibrations

Scala vestibuli perilymph fluid

Scala media endolymph fluid
Scala tympani perilymph fluid

Reissners membrane separates vestibule and media

Basilar membrane separates media and tympani

2 types of sensory/hair cells in basilar membrane arranged

in rows acc to greq of sounds they detect and covered by
tectorial membrane

stereocilia tiny hairlike projections in each hair cell

Outer
Inner

Sound energy transferred to cochlea > basilar vibrates up and

down > stereocilia shears on tectorial membrane > stereocilia
bends and opens ion gates > chemical changes > electrical
charge makes neural impulse > travels thru auditory nerve
travels to brain > interpreted as sound

Process of hearing