Examination Heat Transfer

code: 4B680
date: August 8, 2008
time: 14.00 - 17.00

Note:

There are 4 questions in total. The first one consists of independent sub-
questions. If possible and necessary, guide numbers are given for the
answers.

Good luck
Question 1 (all sub-questions can be made independently)
a) A thick-walled bronze tube (k = 50 W/m.K) has inner and outer diameters of 20 and 40
mm, respectively. Water with a temperature of 70 0C flows through the pipe with a high
speed. The outer surface of the tube is well insulated, and electrical heating within the
wall provides for a uniform generation rate of q = 106 W/m3.

Write down the describing differential equation and accompanying boundary conditions
for the temperature distribution in the wall.

b) If the heat transfer of a flow over a flat plate can be described by Nu x = 0, 4 Re0,7
x Pr
0,3
,
calculate then Nu L and express Nu L in Nu L (Nusselt at position x = L).
c) A water stream of 68 kg/min and 35 0C is heated by an oil stream. The oil temperature in
the heat exchanger decreases from 110 0C to 75 0C. the total heat transfer coefficient
(overall heat transfer coefficient) equals 320 W/m2.K. It concerns here a shell-and-tube
heat exchanger with the oil making one shell-pass and the water two tube-passes. The
total heat transfer surface equals 19 m2.

Discuss the method to calculate the outlet temperature of the water using the figure
below. You dont have to calculate the temperature.
Question 2 (All sub-questions can be made independently)

A tea spoon (see figure) can be approximated as a thin rod with constant cross-section. The
thermal conduction coefficient, thermal diffusivity, lenth, perimeter and cross-sectional
surface are, respectively, k, , 2l, P and A. The heat transfer coefficient in the cup is h1 and
above the cup h2. Suppose that half of the spoon is in the tea and half above. Suppose also
that both parts (the one in contact with the tea and the one in contact with the air) can be
considered independently, that the tea temperature remains constant at T0 and that the
upper end of the tea spoon can be considered to be insulated.

We are going to compare two types of spoons (silver and plastic) and first direct ourselves to
the heating time of the spoon part in the tea. Afterwards we consider the temperature of the
spoon part in the tea to be constant and direct ourselves to the temperature distribution in the
spoon part above the tea.
Parameter values are:
2l = 10 cm, A = 0.2 cm2, P= 2 cm;
k = 400 W/m.K (silver) or k = 0.05 W/m.K (plastic);
= 110-4 m2/s (silver) or = 210-4 m2/s (plastic);
h1 = 1000 W/m2.K, h2 =10 W/m2.K;
T = 20 C and T0 = 80 C.
First determine:
a) The Biot-numbers base don the characteristic length scale of the cross-sectional area
A for both materials and both halfs (so, 4 in total).

Determine for both materials using the lumped capacitance method:

b) the time to heat up the lower part of the spoon in the tea to a temperature of 75 C;
c) in which case the real heating time differs the most from the value as found under b). Is
the real value higher or lower? Substantiate your answer.

Now we assume that the lower part of the spoon in the tea adopts the tea temperature. Then
determine for both temperatures:

d) the temperature at the top of the spoon;

e) the heat flux of the spoon to the environment.
Question 3 (all sub-questions can be solved independently)
A car is driven by fuel cells. To store the hydrogen in a compact way, cylindrical tanks filled
with a special metal powder are used. The hydrogen is bonded to the powder by adsorption.
It can be released again by heating the metal powder; so heat has to be added to the
system.
0
Ta = 27 C L = 0,8 m Brandstoftank
Fuel tank
V = 25 m/s

Di = 0,10 m Do = 0,11 m

The fuel tank containing the metal powder and the hydrogen is a stainless steel (type 304)
cylinder with an inner diameter Di = 0.10 m, an outer diameter Do = 0.11 m and a length L=
0.8 m. It is assumed that the ambient air flows with a velocity equal to the car velocity, V = 25
m/s, around the cylinder and has a temperature Ta = 27 oC. Furthermore it is assumed that
the cylinder ends are perfectly insulated.

a) Determine the mean heat transfer coefficient from the fuel tank to its environment
during use. Evaluate the material properties of air at 300 K. (guide number = 75
W/m2.K)

b) The metal powder in the tank is kept at a constant and uniform temperature of 275K.
What is the heating rate by convection from the ambient to the cylinder?
(guide number qconv = 800 W)

 H2 = 1.5310-4 kg/s
While driving at a constant speed of V = 25 m/s, the fuel cells consume m
hydrogen. To release the gas from the metal powder, a power P H2 in Watts is needed:

P H2 = 29.5106 m
 H2

c) What is the power that has to be added to the cylinder to keep the powder at a fixed
temperature of 275 K? (guide number P = 3500 W)

It is assumed that a force Df needed to move the car, is described by:

Df
CD =
A 12 V 2

where CD 1, A 2 m2 is the frontal area and V is the cruising speed.

d) Calculate the ratio between the energy needed to keep the metal powder at the fixed
temperature and the energy needed to drive the car.
question 4 (the sub-questions a) through d) can be solved independently)

On a cold day in winter a person is standing in a room with a big window (see figure). The
person is standing on a distance L from the window, which spans the full width W of the
room. Suppose here that the person can be modeled as a cylinder with a diameter of 0.3 m.

As a first estimate we disregard radiation exchange with the ceiling and the floor:: we assume
that a 2D-approach is valid in which we consider both the room and person as infinitely high
(perpendicular to the field of drawing) and that the room temperature is the same as the wall
temperature T2.

W
Window

T3 L
T1
Person
T2
D
W

T2
T2

Assume the following:

For the person holds:
T1 = 25 0C
= 0.85
D = 0.3 m
L = 1.0 m
For the window holds:
T3 = 0 0C
W = 4.0 m
For the room holds:
T2 = 20 0C
W = 4.0m
a) Make an estimate of the heat loss per unit length (Qnat/H; H is height) of the person by
natural convection.
b) Make a sketch of the thermal network of the radiation problem and set up an
expression of the nett heat flux of the person to his or her environment. Suppose that
both surfaces of the window and room are big as compared to the heat exchange
surface of the person and that the person can be considered to be black from a
radiation point of view.
c) Show that the following expression holds for view factor of the person to the window:
F13 = (1/) tan-1(W/(2L))

It can be assumed that D << W.

d) How big is the view factor F12?
e) Calculate the heat loss per unit of length (Qrad/H) of the person by radiation).