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b
kd kd kd kd
block put at the generator terminals is used to maintain the
p generator terminal voltage fixed and constant during the
'r
vkq 1 = rkq1ikq1 +
' 'r
kq' r 1 simulation at a chosen value (in this case the rated voltage). The
b
real power is defined by the input Pm which is the mechanical
input power and the reactive power is adjusted by the field
In these equations v represents the voltage of the several voltage vf .
windings, i represents the electrical current circulating in the
windings, represents the magnetic flux linking the windings, IV. SOME SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR LOAD REJECTION TESTS
measured in volts/s, p is the differential operator (d/dt), r is the AT RATED VOLTAGE
angular speed of the rotor in rad/s referred to a two pole
The load rejection tests aims to the determination of the
machine and b is the reference angular speed (in this case is
synchronous d and q-axis permanent, transient and sub-transient
the synchronous angular speed corresponding to the rated
reactances and also the open circuit transient and sub-transient
frequency). The magnetic flux for each winding can be
d and q-axis time constants. There are three types of load
written as in (2). In this case vrkd, vrkq1, vrkq2 are nulls because
rejection tests: 1) the d-axis load rejection test which permits
the damping windings are short-circuited.
to determine only xd, xd, xd, Tdo and Tdo, 2) the q-axis load
qsr = xls iqsr + xmq ( iqsr + ikq' r 1 + ikq' r 2 ) rejection test which permits to determine only xq and xq and
3) the arbitrary axis load rejection test which permits to
dsr = xls idsr + xmd ( idsr + i 'fdr + ikd' r ) determine only xq, xq, xq, Tqo and Tqo. The parameters are
0 s = xls i0 s determined from the envelope of the armature terminal voltage
1ikq1 + xmq ( iqs + ikq1 + ikq 2 )
kq' r 1 = xlkq
' 'r r 'r 'r after de load rejection.
(2)
'r
kq 2 =x '
i 'r
lkq 2 kq 2 (
+ xmq i + i r
qs
'r
kq1 +i 'r
kq 2 )
'r
fd lfd fd (
= x i + xmd i + i + i
' 'r r
ds
'r
fd
'r
kd )
'r
kd = x i + xmd
' 'r
lkd kd ( i r
ds +i +i'r
fd
'r
kd )
The electrical fundamental parameters of the synchronous
generator were already defined and they are: rs, rfd, rkd, rkq1, rkq2,
xls, xlf, xlkd, xlkq1, xlkq2, xmd and xmq. The direct-axis reactance (xd)
and the quadrature axis reactance (xq) are given by (3). Fig. 1. Simpowersystems block diagram for generator load rejection test.
To perform the load rejection test the load must be switch off
at the same time as the turbine is tripped, the excitation system 1
A
must be in manual position and the voltage of the field winding 0.9778
B
Vt (pu)
C
power and the field current must be adjusted. In this case the
armature current and also the armature magnetic flux is aligned 0.87
with the d-axis. The terminal phase voltages are acquired and 0.85
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
its arithmetic average is calculated and plotted to allow the time (s)
calculation of the reactances xd, xd and xd . The field current is
also acquired to allow the calculation of the time constants Tdo Fig. 2. Terminal voltage envelope during load rejection
and Tdo as it will be shown later. To perform the q-axis load
rejection test it is necessary to have the generator connected to
the electrical power system and the armature current having 1
0.9778
installed in the generator shaft. The terminal phase voltages are 0.97
To perform the arbitrary axis load rejection test the time (s)
synchronous machine is suddenly disconnected from the Fig. 3. Amplification of the Fig. 2
electrical system while the armature current has any value (both
d and q-axis components). The load angle need to be The dynamic of the generator terminal voltage can be seen in
monitored because it is necessary to have the d-axis armature Fig. 2 where the load is rejected at time t = 25 s. For the
voltage curve and the q-axis armature current at the load calculation of operational reactances it is necessary to get the
rejection instant (vtsin , and iq) as in [8]. intersections of the tendencies of the terminal voltage with the
terminal voltage axis at the time when the load rejection occurs.
V. SIMULATION RESULTS It can be better observed in Fig. 3, where an amplification of
The proposed methods were applied to the salient pole the Fig. 2 was done providing a better view of the envelope of
synchronous generator shown in the appendix B. the armature voltage behavior during the load rejection time.
After the transient time, the terminal voltage becomes equal
A. d-axis load rejection test to the voltage induced by the field that is given by Et = 0.87 pu.
To determine d-axis operational parameters the generator Thus one can calculate the d-axis operational reactances
must be supplying zero active power and maximum possible using the values of A, B and C shown in Fig. 2 as in [4] and [9]
reactive power [4]. To implement this condition in the the expressions (5):
simulation it is necessary to enter a zero mechanical power as
input data, that is Pm = 0 (zero active power) and a determined C 1 0.87
field voltage to which the machine provides the maximum xd = = = 1.0492 pu
ito 0.1239
possible reactive power in a tentative and error process. In the
studied case the conditions at the time immediately before the B 1 0.9592
xd = = = 0.3293 pu (5)
load rejection with the under excited machine are: Po = 0 pu, Qo ito 0.1239
= 0.1239 pu (capacitive load), Vto = 1 pu, ito = 0.1239 pu, vf =
A 1 0.9778
0.87 pu. xd = = = 0.1792 pu
ito 0.1239
To obtain the open circuit time constants the field current
1.005
curve during the load rejection, shown in Fig. 4 and in Fig. 5,
Wr (pu)
1
are used. Tdo and Tdo are the times required for the transient
0.995
and sub-transient components of voltage to decrease to 1/e or
0.99
0.368 times of its initial value as in [4] and [9], so they can be 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
Vt (pu)
0.95
0.8
59 60 61 62 63 64 65
load rejection are: Po = 0.6249 pu, Qo = 0.3054 pu (capacitive
1.05
Vt / Wr (pu)
load), Vto = 1 pu, ito = iqo = 0.6956 pu, vf = 0.87 pu, o = o = 1
0.9642
26.05. 0.95
0.9
0.9028 A
B
The identification process starts obtaining the A, B and C 0.85 C
0.8
time (s)
63 64 65
A2 C 2 12 0.90282
xq = = = 0.6183 pu (6) 1
iqo 0.6956
0.99
0.98
A 2 C 2 A2 B 2 12 0.90282 12 0.96422
xq = = = 0.2372 pu (7) 0.97
iqo 0.6956
Vt / Wr (pu)
0.9642
0.96
0.95
0.96
0.9575 0.94
0.368*h1 0.93
0.94
Trend line of the curve
0.92
h1
i (pu)
0.92 0.91
59.995 60 60.005 60.01 60.015 60.02 60.025 60.03
time (s)
fd
0.9
Fig. 7. Amplification of Fig. 6
0.8935
C. Arbitrary axis load rejection test
0.88
The electrical quantities values at the instant immediately
T''do
before the load rejection are: Po = 0.8437 pu, Qo = 0.5222 pu
0.86
24.95 25 25.05 25.1 25.15 25.2 25.25 25.3 25.35 25.4 25.45
(Inductive Load), Vto = 1.0003 pu, ito = 0.9920 pu, vf = 1.7688
time (s) pu, o = 21.619. Using the expressions given in [8] and the
data shown in Fig. 8 and in Fig. 9 the parameters xq and xq can
Fig. 4. Field current during the load rejection.
be calculated as:
(Vt sen )o
0.96
0.9575
0.3685
xq = = = 0.6227 pu (8)
0.94 iqo 0.5918
(Vt sen )o
''
0.2541
xq = xq
0.92
= 0.6227 = 0.1933 pu
i (pu)
h2
(9)
iqo 0.5918
fd
0.9
0.8935
0.88
0.368*h2 Salient pole synchronous generators dont have xq but in [8]
there is an expression to calculate it. Tqo is the time required
T'do
0.86
for the sub-transient components of voltage to decrease to 1/e or
0.368 times its initial value as in [4] and [9]. Tqo = 0.0328 s.
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
time (s)
0.9995
Arbitrary Appendix A
0.999
59.9 60 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 D-Axis Q-Axis
Parameters Axis
Load Load
Vt (pu)
1.2
Standard Load Calcula Design
Rejection Rejection
1 Rejection ted Values
59.9 60 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4
30
20
21.619
Tdo 3.8008 - - - 3.7724
()
Tdo
10
-10
0 0.0245 - - - 0.0238
Tqo
59.9 60 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4
- - 0.0328 - 0.0334
Vt*Sen( )
0
10
0.3685
(pu)
T''qo
xd 1.0492 - - - 1.0495
59.9 60 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4
0.1 xq - 0.6183 0.6227 - 0.6313
Vt*Cos( )
10
(pu)
0.9299
xd 0.3293 - - - 0.3320
-0.1
10
59.9 60 60.1 60.2
time (s)
60.3 60.4
xd 0.1792 - - - 0.1963
xq - 0.2372 0.1933 - 0.2496
Fig. 8. Rated voltage load rejection.
Td - - - 1.1929 1.1939
T
d - - - 0.0133 0.0140
0.3685 T
q - - - 0.0102 0.0132
h = 0.2541
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
0.368*h The authors would like to thank very much the brazilian
electric utility CPFL Gerao for the financial support
60 60.005 60.01 60.015 60.02 60.025 60.03 T''qo 60.035 60.04
provided in extent of the ANEEL Research and Development
time (s) Program and also to thank CNPq (Brazilian National Research
Council) for the scholarship offered to one of the authors during
Fig. 9. Amplification of Rated voltage load rejection.
two years.
Tqo =
(x
lkq + xmq )
= 0.0334 pu
Arequipa, Per. He received the B.Sc. degree in
Electrical Engineering at Electrical Engineering
b rkq School from the Arequipa National San Agustin
(x + xmd )
University (UNSA), Per, in 2002, the M.Sc.
degree in energy systems of the Campinas State
Tdo = = 3.7724 pu
lfd
REFERENCES
[1] R.H. Park, Two-Reaction theory of synchronous machines generalized
method of analysis - part I, part II, AIEE Trans., vol. 48, 1929, pp. 716-
727; vol. 52, 1933, pp.352-355.
[2] E.C. Bortoni, J.A. Jardini, A Standstill Frequency Response Method for
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No. 4, December 2004, pp. 687-691.
[3] IEEE 115, IEEE Guide: Test Procedures for Synchronous Machines Part I
- Acceptance and Performance Testing Part II-Test Procedures and
Parameter Determination for Dynamic Analysis, 1995.
[4] IEEE 1110, Guide for Synchronous Generator Modeling Practices and
Applications in Power System Stability Analyses, 2002.
[5] ANSI/NEMA MG1, Motors and Generators Revision 1, 2006.
[6] P. Kundur, Power system stability and control. USA: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
[7] Krause, P.C Analysis of electric machinery, McGraw Hill Book
Company, 1986.
[8] Peter Vas, Parameter Estimation, Condition Monitoring, and Diagnosis of
Electrical Machines, Oxford University Press, 1993.
[9] F.P de Mello and J.R. Ribeiro, Derivation of Synchronous machine
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96, July/Aug 1977, pp. 1211-1218.
[10] J.C. Peqquea and E. Ruppert, Sobre a Determinao de Parmetros de
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Sistemas Eltricos, Master Thesis presented, to the FEEC/UNICAMP,
Brazil, in portuguese, 2009.
[11] IEC, Recommendations for Rotating Electrical Machinery, Part.4:
Methods for Determining Synchronous Machine Quantities, 34-4A, 1985.