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International Conference on Case Histories in (1984) - First International Conference on Case
Geotechnical Engineering Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

May 6th

General Report for Theme Six Case Histories in

Machine Foundations
Richard D. Woods
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan

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 General Report for Theme Six
Case Histories in Machine Foundations
Richard D. Woods
Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.
The purpose of assembling case studies in machine
foundation dynamics is to present correlations between
measured and computed response of new installations, to
review remedial measures on problem foundations, and to
provide critical reviews of poorly performing
installations. Case studies can be used as; guides to
information on remedial measures atterrq;>ted by others,
sources of data by which analytical techniques can be
tested, sources of experience and information on
unbalanced forces from unbalanced machinery or other
foundation disturbances, and examples of applications of
limiting vibration criteria.
To accomplish the goals of an ideal case study, the
author should provide the same data as an original
designer would require, i.e., dynamic soil properties,
machine and foundation details, unbalanced forces or
characteristics of other disturbances, and analytical
tools to properly synthesize the preceeding information.
It is clear that geotechnical engineers now have
satisfactory methods for measuring basic dynamic soil
properties in the range of strain amplitudes required for
machine foundations, Woods (1978, 1983). In the
laboratory the resonant col= apparatus is the best
suited equipnent. In the field several shallow seismic
tests are appropriate and widely used. A newly developed
surface wave technique, making use of correlation
techniques described by Nazarian and Stokoe (1982), will
make acquisition of shear wave velocities even more
simple and quick.
Satisfactory analytical tools are also available.
Elastic half-space analogs (Richart, Hall & Woods, 1970;
Woods, 1977) are adequate for many situations and are
easy to use. For embedded foundations, the method
presented by Novak (see for example Novak 1971, 1976 and
N:>vak and Aboul-Ella, 1978) and the impedance methods
coupled by Gazetas (1983) provide good solutions.
Foundations on piles can be analyzed by methods proposed
by Novak above and Roesset (see for example
Sanchez-Salinero, 1982).
Probably the weakest link in the design of
foundations for dynamic loads is the specification of
dynamic unbalanced forces or dynamic disturbances. The
designer cannot depend on machine manufacturers to
provide unbalanced force information or, for that matter,
even for allowable vibration levels. Engineers must
continue to demand this information from manufactures,
and where it is not provided, must make an effort to
determine unbalanced forces by calculations and
measurements.
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Also in this area of machine vibration and design
foundations for dynamic forces, considerable education of
architects, engineers and owners is needed to assure
proper foundation design from the beginning.
CASE SIWIES IN MACHINE FOON!ll\TIONS
It would have been valuable to the rea:Jers if all
authors of papers to this session had been provided a
matrix format check list of necessary data relative to
their case studies. However, that was not done and, as a
result, not all pertinent data is found in every paper.
Three of the six papers to this session deal with
turbo-generator foundations. Authors of one of these
point out that the vibration problem studied is not
related to soil dynamics, but is a bearing problem, Kurrar
and Prakash (1984). From the other two papers, Bhatia
(1984) and Chakravorty, et al (1984), it is leamed that
mode shapes and stresses in turbo-generator foundations
are dependent on soil-structure interaction
considerations. Bhatia adds that dynamic forces created
by turbo-generators are not significantly altered from
no-load to full-load corrlitions. This agrees with the
writers experience with piston and rotary equipment.
Chakravorty, et al (1984) complain in their paper
that there are not yet "established and definative
processes" for in situ measurement of low strain
amplitude shear modulus of soil and, therefore, rigorous
analysis of soil-structure interaction is not warrented.
The writer believes very much to the contrary that low
amplitude shear modulus of soil can be determined in situ
by very well established methods which can provide soil
parameters suitable for currently used analytical methods
(see Woods 1978 and 1983),
Three papers, Wang (1984) , Guha (1984) and Yang
(1984) , describe studies of block type foundations but
from different viewpoints. wang describes the benefit
which can be achieved from corrbining separate compressor
foundations into a single large mat foundation. Changes
in frequency of :maximum response and increases in damping
provided a significant improvement in performance of the
combined mat over separate block foundations. Wang
raises again the issue of "in-:fhase" mass of soil for
translational rrodes of motion in an attempt to adjust
analytical results to measured results. The writer
suggests that appropriate accounting for the effects of
ernbed!rent in Wang's case might accomplish the same goal
of good correlation and be consistent with principles of
elastic wave propagation.
The case study presented by Guha shows a comparison
between calculated notion by as many as five roetbods and
measured notions on several block fourrlations. The
 author suggests that the analytical methods corrp;1red in
his p3.per are used currently in practice or are under
developnent. However, none of the cited methods were
newer than 1962, In the writers experience and opinion,
practices in North America and western Europe are based
on methods using elastic half-space analogs after
Richart, et al (1970), elastic side layer theory after
Novak (1977) and/or compliance methods like those
compiled by Gazetas (1983).
REFERE!QS
Bhatia, K. G. (1984), "Machine Foundations in Power Plant
and other Industries - Case Studies," Proceedings .Qf
the International Conference .QD ~ Histories .in
Geotechnical Enoineering, St, Louis, MO, May 6-11,
1984.
''ang x (1984) I "A Case Study on Decreasing Vibratio
Yt' I n
Machine Foundations and Structures, P;oc~1ng~
eea
.l;,b.g International Cpnference .Qll ~ H1stones .'b.
@technical Engineering, St. Lou1s, H), May 6-1.
1984,
woods R. D. (1977), "Lumped Parameter Models," ~
Reswnse !1l9. ~ Progagation .in ~ ProceedJJ
of an International symposium and NAro Advanced
study Institute on Dynamical Methods in Soil and
Rock Mechanics, Vol. 1 (edited by B. Prange),
Published by Ba.lkema, Rotterdam, pp. 79-102.
woods, R. D. (1978), "Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties, Proceedings .Qf. !;bg, Qmfe;ence Qll
Earthquake Engineering Bnd S:Qil. D;ynanucs, PasadeJ
ASCE, Vol, 1, pp. 91-178.

woods, R. D. (1983) 1 "Measurement and Applications of.

Chakravorty, D. K., Ghosh, D. K. and Batavyal, H. N.
(1984), "Dynamic Response and static Analysis of RCC
Space Frames Supporting High Speed Centrifugal
Machines with Coupled SOil-Structural Interaction,"
Proceeaings .Qf the International COn:ference sm ~
Eistories ln. Geotechnical Engineering, St. Louis,
MO, May 6-11, 1984.
Gazetas, G. (1983), "Analysis of Machine Foundation
Vibrations: state of the Art," .5.Qll I:lYnamics .9lli1
Earthg)Jake Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 2-42.
Shear wave Velocity in Soil-Structure Interactl
Proceedings, International Workshop .QD.
soil-Structure Interaction, Roorkee, India, Nov.
-nee. 3, 1983, Vol. 2.
Yang, s. J. (1984), "Forge Hammer Foun~tion on Dil~ti
soil," Proceedings Qf ~ Int7rnat1o~ Qoryferenc
.Qll ~Histories in GeotechDlcal Eng1.neep.ng. st
Louis, ~XJ, May 6-11, 1984.

Guha, s. K. (1984), "Vibration Studies of Block Type

Machine Foundations, Proceedings gf_ .l;,b.g
International Conerence .QD. ~Histories in
Geotechnical Engineering, st. Louis, 1-D, May 6-11,
1984.
Kumar, K. ana Prakash, s. (1984) I "Foundation-Bearing-
Rotor Interaction Problem in Controlling Vibrations
in a 120 mw Turbo-Generator, Proceedings Qf ~
International Conference QU~ Histories in
Geotechnical Engineering, St. Louis, ID, May 6-11,
1984,

Nazarian, s., and Stokoe, K, H., II, (1982) "Evaluation

of Moduli and Thickness of Pavement systans by SMM
Hethods," ~No. 256-4, Texas State Department of
Highways and Public Transportation, Austin, Texas,
93 pp.
Novak, M (1974), "Dynamic Stiffness and Damping of Piles,"
canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol, 11, No. 4, pp.
574-598.
Novak, M (1977), ~ertical Vibration of Floating Piles,"
.IQyrngl Qf ~ Engineering Mechanics Division, ~
Vol. 103, No, EMl, Feb., pp, 153-168,

Novak, M and Aboul-Ella, F, (1978), "Impedance Functions

of Piles in Layered Media," JOUrnal Qf w
Engineering Mechanics Division, ~Vol. 104, No.
EM6, June, pp. 643-666.

Richart, F. E., Jr., Hall, J, R., Jr. and woods, R. D.

(1970) I vibrations 2i ,SQili MQ Foundations.
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 412 p.

Sanchez-Salinero, I. (1982), "Static and Dynamic

stiffnesses of Single Piles," Geotechnical
Engineering ~ GR82-31, University of
Texas-Austin, August, 225 p,

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Dav1d Weiner, Tech.Dr., Stockholm (oral
discussion) "VIBRATION PROBLEHS IN GII.NGSAW
F'OUNDA'l'lONS. causes - remedial measures"
Introduction
case record concerns gangsaw foundations
'l'fle
restJng on point-bearing piles . Dynamic inter-
action between four foundations, and develop-
menL of an atr gap below the footings and round
pila heads caused very large vibralion levels
ln Lhe wnole vibration system, i . e . in the vi-
bration source and the adjoining structure.
The use of a method and device for making
a force-transmitting expansion joint between
tlte gangsaw foundations and surrounuing struc-
ture has reduced the vibration levels in the
whole system and has become an alternative to
traditional remedial measures , such as tuning
tha inertia forces of the gangsaw with respect
to different values of spring constants and dy-
namic interaction between foundations for ver-
tical, horizontal and rocking motion of these
found1tlo:1s.
I' I q. 1 Four gang saw foundations with mounting
device for force-transmitting expan-
sion joint.
Case history
This sawmill with an annual output of some
240 , 000 m) o sawn wood is one of Lhe largest
sawmills in Europe. Each of the foundations
( 9 x 4 x 2. 5 m) for the four gang saws is sup-
ported by 22 precast concrete piles which were
d~lven to refusal (Fig. 1). The piles were
driven through a fill of organic material
(bark and wood chips) . The fill is underlairt by
a fr1ctional material and bedrock. The pile
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caps are cast on a SO em thick regulating
course of sand . The lower floor, which is con-
structed with an expansion joint around the
gangsaw foundations, is also supported by point-
bearing piles which were driven to refusal.
When the sawmill started operating , noun-
acceptable vibration was noted in either the
machines or the foundations . After six months ,
the vibration amplitude of gangsaw foundation 3
increased . Measurements indicated a velocity am-
plitude of 30 mm/sec , which is three times the
generally accepted value . In addition, the foun -
dation had settled. Because of the vibrations,
the machinery supplier no longer accepted re-
sponsibility for wear in the gangsaw . It was de-
cided that a vibration survey of the system con-
cerned, gangsaw foundation - environment (saw-
mill building , switchgear) , should be carried
out . The reason for the large vibration of only
one gangsaw foundation must be related to the
local conditions beneath this foundation, poss-
ibly due to failure of some of the piles , which
changed the dynamic behaviour of the foundation .
With the aid of measured values of vibracion am-
plitudes , given and calculated values of mass
forces and inertia forces , actual values of
spring constants kx kz and factors of inlerac -
tion between foundations ~ix a. were calculated
(Fig . 2). l.Z
0.7
0. 6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0. 2
o. 1
0. 0
0 2 3 4 c/a
Fig . 2 Factors ' ix' '=~iz for dynamic interac-
tion between two identical foundations
for gangsaw with Lhe same number of
.revolut.ions .
'fhe horizontal and vertical vibration am-
plitudes Ax, Az of two adjacent and identical
foundations for gangsaw with the same number of
revolutions is given by:
0
A (1+a )
X i>:
Az A o (1
z
+ ''iz )
wh~re A~, A~ = vibration amplitudes at oper-
atl.on ot only one gangsaw .
This case was a good illustration of the
l.nteraction effecl belween several gangsaw foun-
dations in a sawmill with a hiyh concentralion
of gangsaws. '!'he hor lzontal vibration ampli-
tudes, parallel to the sawing direction- in
gangsaw foundation 2 - were about 100% higher
 when all four gangsaws were operating, in com-
parison with the amplitudes when only gangsaw
2 was operating.
On a basis of the determined values of
spring constants and interaction factors, it
was possible to tune the vibration system by
altering the counterweight masses of gangsaws
so that the inertia forces were synchronized
with the real spring constants and a favour-
able interaction of the foundations. In this
way it was possible to reduce the horizontal
vibration amplitude for the gangsaw foundation
from 30 mmjsec to 10 mm/sec.
About six months later, a considerable in-
crease in horizontal vibrations was noted in
gangsaw foundation 4. It was assumed on a basis
of the measurements that these gangsaw foun-
dations, which had previously exhibited the
smallest amplitudes, were now subject to the
same kind of disturbance as the previous foun-
dation. This indicated a continual reduction in
the horizontal dynamic stiffness (spring con-
stants) of the supporting foundations (piles-
soil). An investigation of the soil material
below the gangsaw foundations showed that this
had a propensity to liquefaction and development
of an air gap below the foundations.
15.5m
Fig. 3 Sawmill, section.
In order, in the future, to prevent loss
of horizontal dynamic stiffness of the gangsaw
foundations in conjunction with liquefaction,
etc., force-transmitting devices were installed
in expansion joints between the gangsaw foun-
dations and the adjoining concrete floor slab.
These devices are constructed so that they only
transmit the horizontal forces in the desired
direction, while at the same time they allow
freedom of foundation motion in the vertical di-
rection as well as in other directions.
The use of force-transmitting devices in
expansion joints has reduced the velocity am-
plitude of horizontal vibration of gangsaw foun-
dation in measurement point ~IP1 from 37 rnm/sec
to 5. 7 rrun/sec, and the amplitude at MP5 in the
office on the upper floor in the sawmill from
1.8 mrn/sec to 0.6 mm/sec (Fig. 3).
The mounting device and method for making
force-transmitting expansion joints is patented
in Sweden and is the subject of a patent appli-
cation in other countries.
conclusions
Dynamic interaction
o between adjacent gangsaw foundations,
o gang saw foundation- soil- adjoining struc-
tures
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has until now been ignored in the planning anc
design of sawmills, resulting in serious vi-
bration problems in large modern sawmill units
as described in Weiner (1983). By using force-
transmitting expansion joints the horizontal
dynamic stiffness and damping of the gangsaw
foundation can be increased, and one can as a
result, when necessary
o reduce the area and/or volume of the gang
saw foundation,
o reduce the number of piles supporting gar.
saw foundations,
o reduce too large vibrations in existing
sawmills as, for example, in the case de-
scribed.
From the economic point of view, force-
transmitting expansion joints are especially
suitable for foundations for reciprocating ma-
chines with large horizontal forces and low RP
References
Barkan, D.D., 1962, Dynamics of Bases and Foun
dation. (Translated from the Russian, ed.
1948.) McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
Major, A., 1980, Dynamics in Civil Engineering
Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.
Moore, P.J. & Weiner, D., 1978, Damage from Vi
brations of Rolling Mill Foundations. Royal
Institute of Technology, Stockholm.
Moore, P.J. & Weiner, D., 1978, Damage from Vi
brations of Gang saw Foundations. Royal Insti
tute of Technology, Stockholm.
Prakash, s., 1981, Soil Dynamics. McGraw-Hill
Book co., New York.
Rausch, E., 1959 and 1968, Maschinenfundamente
VDJ-Verlag, DUsseldorf.
Richart, F.E., Hall, J.R. & woods, R.D., 1970,
Vibrations of Soils and Foundations. Prentic
Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Srinivasulu, P. & Vaidyanatha~C.V., 1978, Haru
book of Machine Foundations. McGraw-Hill Bool
Co., New York.
Weiner, D., 1982, Machine Foundations- New
Light on Design of Blocktype Foundations. (Ir
Swedish.) Swedish Council for Building Re-
search, Stockholm.
Weiner, D., 1983, Vibration Damage in Sawmills
-causes and Remedial Measures. (In Swedish.)
Doctoral thesis, Royal Institute of Technolo~
Stockholm.
Weiner, D., 1984, Machine Foundations- Vi-
bration Damage in Industry. swedish Council f
Building Research, Stockholm.
Whitman, R.V., 1972, Analysis of Soil-Structure
Interaction - A State of the Art Review. Soil
Publication No. 300, MIT, Boston.
Discussion by Shamsher Prakash, Professor in Civil Engineer-
ing, University of Missouri, Rolla and Vi jay K. Puri ,
Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering, Polytechnic
Institute of New York on "Vibration Studies of Block Foun-
dations" by S.K. Guha, Department of Geology, University
of Poena, Pune, India.
At the outset we congratulate the author for a very in-
teresting paper on vibration studies on machine foundations
for which very 1 ittle data is avai !able. The dynamic re-
sponse of rigid block type foundations is rather sensitive
to the soil conditions and thereforenecessitates a careful
and realistic selection of dynamic soi ld parameters. The
dynamic soi 1 constants are influenced by several factors,
the most significant among them are the effective confining
pressure and the dynamic shear strain amplitude. These dy-
namic soi 1 constants can be readily determined as a part
of the soil exploration program from in-situ wave propaga-
tion tests. The values of dynamic soil constants for de-
sign may then be selected after accounting for the effect
of significant parameters influencing them (Prakash and
Puri (1981, 1984)). The soil constants in the present
case have been arbitrarily assumed and the range of their
values is rather wide. It is not possible to consider such
a wide variation in the values of dynamic soi 1 properties
when attempting a design. The results of the study would
have been more meaningful to the designers if adequate in-
formation on dynamic soi 1 properties had been obtained
along with the monitored performance of the machine foun-
dations at different sites.
REFERENCES
Prakash, S., and Puri, Vijay K., (1981), "Dynamic Proper-
ties of Soils From In-Situ Tests", Journal of the Geotech-
nical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 107, No GT7, July,
PP 943-963
Prakash, S., and Puri, Vijay K. (1984), "Design of A Com-
pressor Foundation: Predictions and Observations 11 , Inter-
national Conference On Case Histories in Geotechnical En-
gineering, St. Louis, May 6-11, Vol. IV.
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Discussion by Dr. K.G. Bhatia, Sr. Manager, ESG, Bharat
Heavy Electricals Ltd., Corp. R&D Division, Hyderabad,
India, on 11 Dynamic Response and Static Analysis of RCC
Space Frame Supporting High Speed Centrifugal Machines
with Coupled Soil Structure Interaction," by Dilip K.
Chakravorthy, D.K. Ghosh and H.N. Batergal.
I appreciate the authors for presenting a study of
frame foundation using soil structure interaction and
I also agree with their conclusions that the mode shapes,
stresses, etc., are effected by soil structure inter-
action. However I have the following questions on the
paper which the authors may clarify.
The acceptability of the frame foundation is a
function of (a) strength and (b) dynamic response. As
far as my experience goes, these foundations have ade-
quate strength and thereby adequate safety margins.
Regarding dynamic response of the foundation, the limits
imposed by machines are very stringent. However sophis-
ticated method of analysis one may use for modelling
the frame foundation, unless the dynamic loading is
defined accurately, it is difficult to evaluate dynamic
amplitude correctly. In view of this, the authors may
clarify the following:
1. What dynamic loading has been used for assessing
the amplitudes using the mathematical models as
described by them.
2. What would be the variation in dynamic ampli-
tudes if a simplified model would have been
used instead of sophisticated model.
3. Unless sub harmonics of excitation forces are
used to evaluate the amplitudes, the free
vibration frequency values do not convey much
meaning for the design of frame foundation.
Discussion by Dr. K.G. Bhatia, Sr. Manager, ESG, Bharat
Heavy Electricals Ltd., Corp. R&D Division, Hyderabad,
India, on 11 Vibration Problems in Gangsaw Foundation, 11
by David Weiner.
I congratulate the author for presenting such a
case study.
The author has not furnished details regarding the
rpm of the machine. In my opinion, a signature analysis
of the vibration record would have indicated the fre-
quency component of the excitation responsible for
higher vibration and have led to the appropriate solu-
tion.
The solution provided by the author, tends to
increase the lateral stiffness of the pile systems, thus
altering the natural frequency of the foundation.
In my opinion if response of the foundation would
have been evaluated for sub-harmonic/superharmonic
excitations caused by the saw mill, the system of pile
configuration required at the design stage would have
been different than provided.
I fully agree with the conclusion drawn by the
author that there is an interaction between adjacent
foundations as well as soil and adjoining structure.
 sion by Shamsher Prakash, Professor in Civil Engineer-
niversity of Missouri, Rolla and Vijay K. Puri,
ant Professor in Civil Engineering, Polytechnic
.ute of New York on "Vibration Studies of Block Foun-
's" by S.K. Guha, Department of Geology, University
>na, Pune, India.
tt the outset we congratulate the author for a very in-
:ing paper on vibration studies on machine foundations
dch very little data is available. The dynamic re-
' of rigid block type foundations is rather sensitive
'soil conditions and thereforenecessitates a careful
,alistic selection of dynamic soild parameters. The
c soil constants are influenced by several factors,
JSt significant among them are the effective confining
1re and the dynamic shear strain amplitude. These dy-
soil constants can be readily determined as a part
'soil exploration program from in-situ wave propaga-
:ests. The values of dynamic soil constants for de-
lay then be selected after accounting for the effect
Jnificant parameters influencing them (Prakash and
:1981, 1984)). The soil constants in the present
1ave been arbitrarily assumed and the range of their
; is rather wide. It is not possible to consider such
'variation in the values of dynamic soil properties
lttempting a design. The results of the study would
Jeen more meaningful to the designers if adequate in-
:ion on dynamic soil properties had been obtained
with the monitored performance of the machine foun-
1S at different sites.
oNCES
;h, S., and Puri, Vi jay K., (1981), "Dynamic Proper-
)f Soils From In-Situ Tests", Journal of the Geotech-
Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 107, No GT7, July,
!-963
;h, S., and Puri, Vijay K. (1984), "Design of A Com-
)r Foundation: Predictions and Observations", lnter-
1al Conference On Case Histories in Geotechnical En-
ing, St. Louis, May 6-ll, Vol. IV.
1715
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Discussion by Dr. K,G. Bhatia, Sr. Manager, ESG, Bharat
Heavy Electricals Ltd., Corp. R&D Division, Hyderabad,
India, on "Dynamic Response and Static Analysis of RCC
Space Frame Supporting High Speed Centrifugal Machines
with Coupled Soil Structure Interaction," by Dilip K.
Chakravorthy, D.K. Ghosh and H.N. Batergal,
I appreciate the authors for presenting a study of
frame foundation using soil structure interaction and
I also agree with their conclusions that the mode shapes,
stresses, etc., are effected by soil structure inter-
action. However I have the following questions on the
paper which the authors may clarify.
The acceptability of the frame foundation is a
function of (a) strength and (b) dynamic response. As
far as my experience goes, these foundations have ade-
quate strength and thereby adequate safety margins.
Regarding dynamic response of the foundation, the limits
imposed by machines are yery stringent, However sophis-
ticated method of analysis one may use for modelling
the frame foundation, unless the dynamic loading is
defined accurately, it is difficult to eyaluate dynamic
amplitude correctly. In view of this, the authors may
clarify the following:
1. What dynamic loading has been used for assessing
the amplitudes using the mathematical models as
described by them.
2. What would be the variation in dynamic ampli-
tudes if a simplified model would have been
used instead of sophisticated model,
3. Unless sub harmonics of excitation forces are
used to evaluate the amplitudes, the free
vibration frequency values do not convey much
meaning for the design of frame foundation.
Discussion by Dr. K.G. Bhatia, Sr. Manager, ESG, Bharat
Heavy Electricals Ltd., Corp. R&D Division, Hyderabad,
India, on "Vibration Problems in Gangsaw Foundation,"
by David Weiner.
I congratulate the author for presenting such a
case study.
The author has not furnished details regarding the
rpm of the machine. In my opinion, a signature analysis
of the vibration record would have indicated the fre-
quency component of the excitation responsible for
higher vibration and have led to the appropriate solu-
t:l,on.
The solution provided by the author, tends to
increase the lateral stiffness of the p:l,le syste~s, thus
altering the natural frequency of the foundation,
In my opinion if response of the foundation would
have been evaluated for sub-harmonic/superharmonic
excitations caused by the saw mill, the system of pile
configuration required at the design stage would have
been different th~n provided.
I fully agree with the conclusion drawn by the
author that there is an interaction between adjacent
foundations as well as soil and adjoining structure.
 Author's reply to discussion by Dr. Richard D. Woods on
"Machine Foundations in Power Plant and Other Industries"
by K. G. Bhatia.

I am thankful to the General Reporter, Dr. Woods,

for his comment on my paper. However, I would like to
add and bring out a few more salient features which need
to be considered at the design stage.

Sub harmonic and super harmonic excitation must be

considered at the design stage.

Research findings based on sophisticated/complex

formulations have got to be translated into simpli-
fied design office approach. Only then the benefit
of research will find its place in practice.

National bodies should be set up to carry out

field measurements on existing installations and
the data thus obtained should be exchanged and
discussed in such International forums and definite
conclusions derived which would form the recommen-
dations for future use. UNLESS THIS IS DONE
SIMILAR PROBLEMS WILL KEEP ON REPEATING.

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