Professional Documents
Culture Documents
7A
THE GENERAL SERVICE SCHOOL
LIBRARY
LIBRARY
3 ~a
ARTILLERY FIRING
BY
Major L. J. McNair, F. A.
9,LL Wp
Line Class:
T. T. 30, October 10.
T. T. 41, October 16.
T. T. 54, October 23,
Staff Class:
T. T. 26, October 10.
T. T. 50, October 27.
T. T. 62, November 5.
1919
Contents
Subject Par.
GENERAL --------------------------------------- 1-3
PART I. Preparation of fire ----------------------- 4-41
Defined ---------------------------------------- 4
Mechanism of laying --------------------------- 5
Methods of laying. Direct. Indirect ------------- 6
Laying for direction. Deflection ------------------- 7
Deflection graduation of sights ----------------- 8
Laying for elevation --------------------------- 9-20
Systems. Independent line of sight. Direct laying -10-15
Indirect laying. Site------------------------16-17
Elevation scale graduation ---------------------- 18
Quadrant laying ------------------------------ 19
Data needed to lay the piece-------------------- 20
Finding the deflection-------------------------21-31
Description, direct and indirect laying. Methods -_ 21
On the ground, without map or compass -- _--------22
Reciprocal laying ----------------------------- 23
Means for measuring angles --------------------- 24
On the ground, without map, but with compass.-- 25
By the map, but without compass----------------26
By the map, with compass---------------------- 27
Conversion of angles into deflection-------------- 28
Deflection difference------------------------29-30
Application of various methods------------------31
Finding the site---------------------------------- 32
Finding the range------------------------------- 33
Finding the elevation-------------------------34-36
Range Tables --------------------------------- 34
Use of tables to find elevation-------------------- 35
Time fire. Data for. Corrector__---------------36
Summary of firing data. Refinements of the prepar-
ation of fire-------------------------------37-41
Summary of firing data------------------------- 37
Nature of refinements possible------------------38-39
Atmospheric and ballistic corrections------------ 40
General --------------------------------------- 41
PART II. Firing -------------------------------- 42-67
Dispersion-----------------------------------42-46
Law of dispersion. Probable error------------43-44
Effect of dispersion---------------------------- 45
3
-4-
Subject Par.
Safe distances from points of fall --------------- 46
Fire for adjustment ----------------------------47-57
Defined -------------------------------------- 47
Observation------------------------------------- 48
Methods of adjustment------------------------ 49
Adjustment by measured deviations --------------- 50
Adjustment by bracketing---------------------51-54
Bracket adjustment ---------------------------- 55
Adjustment of time fire ------------------------- 56
Method of fire during adjustment. Salvo -------- 57
Fire for effect -------------------------------- 58-60
Classes. Precision, zone, systematic. Volleys__- 58
Use of datum or registration point --------------- 59
Use of witness point --------------------------- 60
Special shell ---------------------------- 61
Effect of fire------------------------------------ 62
Clearing the crest ----------------------------- 6-65
Elevation formulas------------------- -------- 66
Reaching a reverse slope ------------------------ 67
PART III. Special auxiliaries --------------------- 68-78
Aerial observation----------------------------68-72
Balloon-------------------------------------- 68
Airplane ---------------- 6------------------
69-72
Advantages. Disadvantages ------------------- 69
Communication ------------------------------- 70
Signals ------------------------------------- 71
Method -------------------------------------- - 72
Sound ranging-------------------------------73-75
Apparatus ---------------------------------- 73
Method -------------------------------------- 74
Possibilities------------------------------- 7
Flash ranging ----------------------------------- 76
High burst ranging ----------------------------- 77-78
Artillery Firing
General
1. Artillery firing has changed as a result of the
war. Contrary however to the general belief, the
changes are not in the nature of discarding the old,
but adding to it, developing and refining it, when
time and the situation permit. The accomplished
artilleryman of today must have a much larger tech-
nical repertoire than formerly. For example, cor-
rections for atmospheric conditions have greatly
developed, although applicable only under certain
conditions. Again, when detailed maps of the plan
directeur type are available, the newly developed ar-
tillery topography affords highly important advan-
tages.
On the other hand, the older, cruder methods in
use before the war are still sound, still necessary,
and cannot be neglected without dangerously impair-
ing fighting efficiency.
2. It is the aim and duty of the artilery to de-
liver effective fire when and where needed.
The problem of delivering effective fire on a
given point at a given time is largely one of tech-
nique.
To insure that the given point and time meet
the needs of the infantry and the situation in general
is a tactical problem; in fact, it is the essence of ar-
tillery tactics.
3. This discussion of artillery firing will be con-
fined wholly to technique, and will include the fol-
lowing:
(a) repar ti f
Metos i ;
r 5
--6--
Finding the deflection.
Complete firing data.
(b)- Firing:
Dispersion.
Fire for adjustment.
Fire for effect.
Effect of fire.
Clearing a crest.
Reaching a reverse slope.
(c) The special auxiliaries of:
Aerial observation.
Sound ranging.
Flash ranging.
High burst ranging.
PART I
Preparation of Fire
4. The preparation of fire is finding the firing
data, which are defined to be "the information and
commands necessary to enable the gun squads to
accomplish the orderly, rapid and accurate service of
the pieces."
Therefore 'before one can intelligently proceed
with the preparation of fire, it is necessary to under-
stand the mechanism of laying a piece of artillery
and how it is served.
5. Mechanism of laying. The object of laying
is to give the piece such an elevation (or depression)
in a vertical plane and such direction that the pro-
jectile will reach the target.
Formerly the elevation and direction were mat-
ters of guesswork and skill on the part of the gun-.
ner; with modern artillery the cannoneer executes
commands mechanically by means of laying instru-
ments. The cannoneer must have a certain degree
of skill and dexterity, but responsibility for suc-
cessful results rests mainly with those determining
the data announced to the cannoneers.
6. Kinds. of laying. Laying is direct and in-
direct.
-7-
For direct laying the piece is sighted for direc-
tion and elevation on the target itself which must be
visible to the gunner.
For indirect laying the piece is given direction
by sighting on any convenient designated point (aim-
ing point), and elevation by a quadrant or level.
The cannoneers do not see or know the target of ne-
cessity.
Indirect laying is easily the predominating
method. It has a number of advantages.
The pieces can fire effectively from concealed
and protected positions. An aiming point is dis-
tinct and definite; the target is generally vague and
indefinite. Indirect laying is thus possible when
direct laying would either be ijipossible or very dif-
ficult. Indirect laying affords decided advantages
of collective control and eliminates difficulties of tar-
get designation. It operates to place the brain work
of firing on the officer and makes the soldier's work
more purely mechanical.
Direct laying is, however, decidedly superior for
moving targets.
7. Laying for direction. This operation is the
same for either direct or indirect laying. A deflec-
tion must be announced, which is the horizontal an-
gle to be set on the sight in order that the piece when
laid will give shots correct in direction.
The gunner, the cannoneer on the left of the
trail near the breech, sets the sight at the deflection
ordered and traverses the piece till the line of sight
is on the aiming point or target for direction.
Laying for direction is not difficult, although
errors in sight setting occur occasionally, and accur-
acy in sight setting must be insisted upon and
checked.
-8-
8. Deflection graduation of sights. Sights are
graduated so that all deflections from 0 to 6400 mils
may be set. Unfortunately, however, among the va-
rious materiels now in our service, there is not uni-
formity in the method of graduating the deflection
scale. The angular unit is generally the mil,*
and all except the British howitzers are graduated
clockwise; but in the matter of numbering the scale
and its origin, there are the following principal
systems:
Figure 1 is the old U. S. system, 0 to 6400 mils,
with the gun axis at 0, that is, when the sight is set
at 0 deflection, its axis is parallel to the gun axis.
The limb is graduated in hundreds of mils; single
mils are set by means of a micrometer graduated
from 0 to 100 mils.
Figure2 is the system of the French 75 gun now
in our service. It is difficult to understand how the
minds who conceived this remarkable weapon could
also conceive so clumsy a system of deflection gradua-
tion; there is no defense for it. The gun axis is at
100. The circle is divided into four quadrants grad-
uated alike. Each quadrant is divided into eight
subdivisions of 200 mils each, called plateaux, and
numbered successively 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14. Thus
"Plateau 2" means any one of the four identical
subdivisions between 200 mils and 400 mils. A mi-
crometer subdivides the plateaux; it reads from 0 to
200 mils. Readings on the micrometer are referred
to as "Drum, so and so." A complete deflection
*It is asumed that the student is familiar with the mil
and its properties; if not, see par. 14 of the War Department
manual "Artillery Firing," or other texts in which the mat-
ter is discussed. 1 mil=3.375 minutes, 33/8 minutes; 18 mils
(more exactly, 17,778) =1 degree.
The sight of the British 8-inch and 9.2-inch howitzers
is graduated in degrees and minutes, one-half clockwise and
the other half counter clockwise; the sight of the 155 Filloux
gun (French) is graduated in decigrades.
-9-
* 1Breech
100' on limb 0-100 on Micrometer
fig 1.
OLD U.S.
must therefore be expressed in two units, thus, "Pla-
teau 4, Drum 175"; while in other systems one num-
ber is sufficient, thus, 1435.
Figure 3 is the system of the 155-mm. Schneider
howitzer used in our division artilery. The gun axis
-10-
y G
Breech
''p
THE C!"~N
4fr
(a~
1 l Breech
5i, 5.
ri. 6.
P T
S //
Fig. 7.
INFLUENCE QF SITE ITH INDIRECT LAYING.
-17-
-20-
A number of the principal methods of finding
the deflection will be explained, as follows:
(a) On the ground, without map or compass.
(b) On the ground, without map, but with compass.
(c) By the map, but without compass.
(d) By the map, with compass.
In all cases; the problem is to measure the de-
flection at a point other than the piece, where the
target can be seen, or from a map, and transmit this
measurement to the piece in a form which can be
used to lay the piece for direction.
TI
G'G
Fig. 8.
-21-
22. '(a) On the ground, without map dr com-
pass. Two cases arise, (A) a distant point P is
used as an aiming point, and (B) the battery com-
mander's instrument B is used as an aiming point.
For (A), TGP, as indicated in Figure 8, is
the angle sought, T being the target and G the piece.
For (B), the angle TGB is sought.
Since these angles cannot be measured directly,
recourse must be had to indirect methods. The bat-
tery commander's post is' probably the nearest
point from which the target and the aiming
point or piece can be seen. But even 'from here, if
the angles TBP and TBG' be measured, they are in-
correct due to the displacement of B and G.
Measurements made from B can be -utilized, how-
ever. Draw BT' parallel to GT, BP' parallel-to GP,
and BG' in prolongation of GB. Then, for case (A),
T'BP' is exactly the angle sought, since its sides are
parallel to those of TGP. Similarly for case (B),
T'BG' is the angle sought. This is called the paral-
lel method. Another is called the parallax method,
but is less simple'and will not be discussed.
Although simple in principle, the parallel meth-
od presents some difficulty practically, because there
is nothing on the, ground to establish the parallels
BT' and BP'. If time is important they must be
estimated by eye. This can be done with surprising
accuracy after a little practice. If more time is
available, the angular offset at B of T' from T and of
P' from P can be calculated more or less accurately
depending on the speed necessary. For example, the
offset T'BT in mils is roughly BG in yards divided
by BT in thousands of yards. In the case ofP'BP,
BG is rather oblique for good calculations; a better
value would be BG" divided by BP in thousands,
where BG" is perpendicular to the bisector of the an-
gle BPG. When an instrument is available, the ac-
-22-
L'?7es f bre
DEFLECTION OIFFERENCE
St
_ _ g
Bh,
Sy
B'
Fag.I.
SITE DETERMINATION
-30-
(a) Direct measurement. An aiming circle is
set up sufficiently near the piece to be considered as
at the piece for practical purposes. The site is then
measured directly by the portion of the instrument
used for vertical angles.
(b) Indirect measurement and calculation. In
Figure 10, B is the observation point where the tar-
get T and the piece G are visible. But T is not visi-
ble from G.
The figure is one enclosed by 5 faces; the side
faces are vertical, as well as the lines BB' and TT';
the face GB'T' is horizontal. Construct BBh parallel
to B'T', and BBh' parallel to B'G.
The angle TGT' is the one desired but it cannot
be measured directly. The best solution ordinarily
possible, and a general one, is to find the difference
in elevation between G and T, T'T, and divide this
by the distance GT' or GT. TT' is made up of BB'+
BhT'.
BB'=Sg (measurable) X GB (in thousands).
Similarly BhT St (measureable) XBT (in
thousands).
GT must either be estimated, or be determined by
plane table, calculation, or similar means.
Example: St=+25 mils BT4000 yards
Sg=-10 mils GB= 800 yards
GB makes an angle of 450 with the line of fire GT.
Required: The site S
Solution: BB' = 8 yards BhT = 100 yards
TT'=108 yards
GB projected on GT is about 800 x.7=560 yards
BT projected on GT is substantially 4000 yeards.
108
Therefore GT=4560 yards and S =-=24 mils
4.56
And, since T is higher than G, the sign is +, or
S= +24 mils.
Careful attention must be paid to the signs of
St and Sy; BB' and BhT will not always be added as
in this case.
-31-
(c) From the map. This is simple, provided
the map is contoured or otherwise provided with el-
evations. The difference in elevation between the
piece and the target is read from the map, together
with the range. The site can then be computed as
in the preceding case.
FINDING THE RANGE
365 955
(NOTE: These values are for a concrete case, and are
strictly correct only for this case.)
-37-
If a combination of such influences should occur,
as is possible, in such a way that their results would
be cumulative, it can be seen that the point of fall of
projectiles would be changed by 365 meters for the
range of 5,000 meters and 955 meters for the range
10,000 meters.
The dominating element in the above figures is
temperature, and it is appreciated that large varia-
tions in this element are possible even in a few hours.
It is possible to correct at least partially for such
conditions, provided the necessary meteorlogical and
other data are available. This may or may not be the
case.
41. In general, it may be concluded that the pre-
paration of artillery fire requires a period of time
varying from a minute to hours and days, depending
on the situation. The artilleryman's art consists
not only of a familiarity with all methods, but of a
sensibe appreciation of what methods are applicable
and appropriate in a given situation, and what results
can be expected.
PART II
Firing
DISPERSION
42. In the preparation of fire, it is believed that
sufficient details were given to bring out the unavoid-
able approximations and the many uncertain ele-
ments entering into the problem, and make it evident
that the preparation of fire must in the general case
be imperfect. Imperfections are not confined to the
preparation of fire, but enter into the firing itself,
notably because of dispersion.
Dispersion is the scattering of shots intended to
strike or burst in the same place. Shots fired with
the same data and ammunition should strike in the
same place, but it is well known that such is never
the case.
43. Law of dispersion. It has been conclusively
established that the points of fall of a very large
number of supposedly like shots will always be
grouped according to a fixed law, called the law of
errors. The law can be applied to a particular case
and all desired details calculated, when a character-
istic value, called the probable error, is known. Ex-
planation of the law of dispersion by what is some-
times called the 25-16-7-2 rule is sufficient for this
discussion.
The supposedly like shots group themselves
about a center, or center of impact. Consider the
position of the shots only in range. One-half are
short and one-half over. Their distribution is shown
in Figure 11. The parallel lines are equi-spaced
and one probable error apart. The middle line passes
through the center of impact. With the space di-
vided in this manner, the percentages of a very large
39
-40-
number of shots which would fall for range in the
various spaces are those shown.
2%
3
7%
2
16%
1
25/Q
Center 0
25%
1
16%
2
7%
3
2%
4
Figure 11.
Escc
Ert
Fig. 12.
CLEARING THE .CREST.
6
155 howitzer. Shell Charge Elevation Limit of
range.
Approx.
00 R (R+5) - 9000
4
0 R (R+6) 8000
4
1 R (R+6) 7000
3
2 R (R+5) 6000
2
3 R (R+2) 5000
4 R (R+4) 4000
5 R (R+6) 3000
67. Reaching a reverse slope. Ground protected
from hostile fire by a covering crest can be reached if
the angle of fall of the fire directed upon it is suffi-
ciently great.. The vulnerability of terrain to fire
in this manner may be determined by comparing the
reverse slope with the slope of fall of the trajectory.
The latter is given in the range tables, but may also
be determined by means of the empirical formulas
given in par. 66 for the elevation. The angle of fall
may be taken as one-half greater than the elevation.
The slope of terrain may be determined from the map
for this purpose in the same manner as in problem 2,
par. 64. Or the scale of map distances may be used.
PART III
Special Auxiliaries
AERIAL OBSERVATION
68. Aerial observation is of two kinds, balloon
and airplane. The methods of balloon observation
are essentially those used on the ground. Communi-
cation is normally by telephone, connection being
given direct to the battery firing.
69. Airplane observation. Airplane observation
of fire has the advantage of vertical observation,
which is of great value not only in the observation
of fire but also in the location of targets. In terres-
trial observation, the deviation laterally only can be
measured; that in range can only be determined as
short or over. With vertical observation, the devia-
tion of the shot both laterally and in range can be
measured, at least as far as the position of the obser-
ver is concerned.
The disadvantages of airplane observation of
fire are in communication with the ground, in the
movement of the plane, the obstruction of vision for
various reasons, and the operations of hostile planes.
In addition, a high degree of co-operation between
the artillery and the airplane is necessary and is diffi-
cult of attainment.
70. Communication between the airplane and
the ground is now by radio; it was at first by visual
signals, and indications point to the use of radio tele-
phone for the future. Communication between the
ground and the airplane is ordinarily by panel signals
displayed on the ground, but some airplanes are now
equipped with facilities for receiving radio, in which
case reciprocal radio communication is possible.
55
-56-
71. The present official manual covering the
method of procedure is "Aerial Observation for Ar-
tillery," A. E. F. No. 80, Revised, with changes.
Communication is by code for the sake of bre-
vity; messages can rarely be spelled out. In the
ground panels, there are conventional combinations
to represent the various necessary phrases, such as,
the method of fire, "battery is ready to fire," "bat-
tery has fired," "repeat," "acknowledged," etc.
The radio signals from the airplane to the ground
are combinations of letters and numerals to designate
targets, start and interrupt the fire, and to report
the results of shots, particularly as to the deviations
from the target in range and direction.
The observer can estimate distances in connec-
tion with the burst of shots by comparison with
known distances between prominent objects; or he
may have a photograph of the target with the map
grid to scale on it. When the shots are close to the
target (about 100 meters in range or 10 meters in
direction), the observer reports only the sense, as
short or over, right or left.
72. The methods of adjustment and fire for ef-
fect are those described in connection with terres-
trial observation (par. 47 et seq.). Adjustment by
measured deviations can sometimes be used, when the
observer can estimate deviations with great accur-
acy (par. 50).
The preparation of fire must be as accurate as
possible. In addition, if the battery has opportunity
to adjust partially, the first shots are less apt to be
lost by the aerial observer and the adjustment will
be abbreviated. The preliminary adjustment might
be a shift of fire from datum point (par. 59), balloon
observation, or other means.
-57-
The method of fire is mostly by battery salvo;
but may be by volley if the shots are difficult to see;
or by single piece, to simplify.
In the early stages of adjustment each salvo is
fired at the signal "Fire" of the observer. During
fire for effect, the firing may be continuous or in long
series, the observer reporting on the fire in general
terms at intervals, unless the fire is so erroneous as
to demand an interruption.
Airplane observation at night is possible, under
special conditions.
SOUND RANGING
73. Sound ranging is a valuable auxiliary in ar-
tillery work in two ways: to locate hostile batteries,
and to locate the strike of our own projectiles in fire
for adjustment.
The system is a development of the war, the mat-
ter having been actively pushed by all of the warring
nations during the stabilized period up to the Spring
of 1918.
Six stations are selected and accurately surveyed
on the are of a circle whose center, in general terms,
is about where the sound to be located is expected to
originate. The stations are from 1200 to 1700 meters
apart; the arc of stations should be from 1500 to 6000
meters behind the front line.
At each station is installed a microphone con-
nected electrically to a central station. Here there
is an apparatus consisting essentially of a moving
picture film on which shadows are cast by suitable
devices as follows: first, a continuous longitudinal
line for each microphone; second, transverse lines
every hundreth of a second. affording a scale for time
measurements. When a microphone is disturbed
by a sound its particular line on the film shows zig-
zag instead of straight. The central station is loca-
ted in a well protected spot usually well behind the
-58-
lines. There is also a control station, which must
be in advance of all microphones. Its function is
as follows: The apparatus in the central station
cannot operate continuously as it moves too rapid-
ly and must be read occasionally. It is so arranged
that it can be started and stopped electrically from
the control station. Thus, when the. operator at
the control station hears a sound which he considers
desirable to locate, he starts the instrument in the
central station; because of the location of the
control station, the sound has not yet reached the
microphones. After the sound has ceased, the
operator stops the apparatus, and the readings can
be taken.
74. Depending on the origin of the sound, it
will be recorded at the central station for the dif-
ferent microphones at different times. Nothing will
be known directly as to the direction of the sound,
but the instrument makes it possible to read for
each pair of adjacent stations, the difference in the
time of arrival of the sound at the two stations.
Knowing the velocity of sound, the difference in dis-
tance of the origin of the sound from the two stations
may be found. Mathematically, this determines a
hyperbola somewhere on which the origin of sound is
located. Practically the asymtote of this hyperbola
may be substituted for the hyperbola itself; and since
the asymtote is a straight line, the solution is simpli-
fied. In this manner, the direction of the sound is
determined, not for each microphone as is often
believed, but for each pair of microphones. For six
microphones then, there would be five direction lines
found, whose mean intersection locates the sound.
75. Not only can the sound be located, but
by means of the characteristics of the film record
of the microphone disturbance, the nature of the
-59-
sound recorded can be determined, such as the cal-
iber of the piece firing, whether it is a gun or a
howitzer, and even the exact type.
Sound ranging has its limitations. During
heavy firing, the records are so confused that de-
terminations are impossible; 5 rounds per seconds
is stated as a limit in this connection. Atmospheric
conditions materially affect its operation, nec-
essitate corrections, and in some cases prevent re-
liable determinations. An example of the latter
is a wind blowing perpendicular to the line of micro-
phones and toward the source of sound. On the
other hand, fog and night do not interfere as in
the case of visual systems.
A well trained section will be able to report
the coordinates of a hostile battery in from 3 to
5 minutes after the firing.
The accuracy is variable. Under favorable
conditions, the error should be within 50 meters
up to 8000 meters range; and in all practicable
cases, it should not exceed 150 meters. When ob-
servations on the same position for a long period
of time are possible, extreme accuracy is attained
by averaging the results.
FLASH RANGING
76. This system is in principle the location
of the flashes of hostile batteries or of our own
projectile bursts by means of angular observations
from the extremities of known base lines. Usual-
ly four observation posts work together, thus
giving two check readings. The posts are accurate-
ly located and equipped with special instruments.
A source of difficulty is the identification and
simultaneous reading of the same flash from widely
separated points. This is facilitated by means of
a light system. The posts are connected with a
-60-
central station by telephone and by light signals.
When an observer sees a flash, he sets his instru-
ment. accurately on it and at the same time presses
a key which lights his lamp in the central station.
If the lamps of all or sufficient observers light at
the same instant, the central operator can assume
the observers see the same flash, and he telephones
them to read and report.
The readings are set on a plotting board, and
the result reported by telephone.
In 1918, much progress was made by our flash
ranging sections in following moving operations
and obtaining useful results, which is far more
difficult than operations on a stabilized front.
HIGH BURST RANGING
77. This is a phase of the work of the flash
ranging sections. It is used under the following
conditions: A target' cannot be seen, except per-
haps by aerial observation which we will say is not
available; but the location of the target on the map
is accurately known. This might often be the case,
as bridges, buildings, road crossings, railroads, etc.
The firing data is prepared as accurately as. pos-
sible from the map. A series of 10 or 12 shots is
then fired at data so calculated as to give air bursts
surely high enough to be visible, but with the tra-
jectory directed as accurately as possible on the tar-
get.
The bursts are observed and located horizontally
and vertically by the flash ranging sections. The
center of the group is then calculated, and by means
of charts, the point of fall of the trajectory pro-
longed through the center can be determined.
Unless the trajectory thus found is consider-
ably in error with respect to the target, fire for ef-
fect can be undertaken, by searching an area about
-61-
the calculated trajectory. Under conditions in
Europe, it was stated that the accuracy of the method
was sufficient to permit the searching of an area as
small as six probable errors in range. Precision
fire cannot be executed by this method.
78. High burst ranging may be used in the same
manner as a witness point (par. 60). For example,
an airplane adjustment may have been made on a
target. To record this adjustment for subsequent
use without the necessity of readjusting by airplane,
the high burst method is resorted to immediately
after the first adjustment. When it is later desired
to resume the fire, a series of high bursts is fired,
observed, and the results compared as to trajectory
with the 'former ones. The difference determines
a correction which will put the fire again on the in-
visible target.
ABRIDGED ARTILLERY
RANGE TABLES
FOR USE AT
1. 75 mm. Gun.
Charge 00
Charge 0
Charge 1
Charge 2
Charge 3
Charge 4
Charge 5
October, 1919
Ft. Leavenworth, Kan.
Army Service Schools Press
-3-
CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS KINDS OF
AMMUNITION
Division Artillery
75 Gun and 155 Howitzer
30' Elevation
ycel
?r G w w U2
a ,
75 GUN
American shrapnel 1755 9250
French shrapnel ------- 1755 9700
E. E. shell, normal charge
Long fuse -------- 1780 7700
Short fuse --------- 1800 8400
Reduced charge
Short fuse ---------- 1130 6500
AL semi-steel shell
Long fuse Charge 00._ 16.4 1720 11400 890 95
Steel shell, Mod. 1917*.- 13.7 1900 11100 840 97
Semi-steel shell, Mod.
1918* -------------- 14.6 1820 10700 840 93
Steel AL R/2 shell______ 17.6 1660 11200 880 87
155 HOWITZER
40' Elevation
Shrapnel, Charge 00_. 89.5 1440 10800 865 122
Charge 0_. 1350 10200 835 115
Charge 1__ 1160 8300 800 106
Charge 2__ 940 7000 730 112
Charge 3__ 830 5800 685 100
Charge 4__ 740 4800 615 100
Charge 5__ 680 4050 580 93
Long shell (O.A.)
Short Charge 00.. 95. 1420 10400
fuse Charge 0.. 1310 9700
Charge 5__ 665 3950
Long fuse Charge 00-- 95.5 1420 10150
Charge 0. 1310 9500
Charge 5-- 665 3800
In all
NOTE: In cases the iSS charges
the 155 are 7 in numher: 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
NOTE: all cases charges are 7 in number : 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
*Average for various fuses.
-4-
75 GUN
American Shrapnel 21-sec. Combination Fuse.
Probable Error
c a
d a a 0
55 55 r o d+ cd
0 a 03 n o- Cb4
a
b
300 0 22 400 0
400 0 28 500 0
75 GUN
-5-
75 GUN
American Shrapnel 21-sec. Combination Fuse.
Probable Error
5)
0 0
a)
a) o S
0-
75 GUN
-6-
75 GUN
H. E. Steel Shell, Model 1917 RY Fuse, M. V. 1890 ft/sec.
--
Probable Error
50
A
0 0
SA bi
50 d . +'
o . P4, Iz P
aPic
W
300 o 16 350 0
400 o 22 450 0
75 GUN
-7-
75 GUN
H. E. Steel Shell, Model 1917 RY Fuse, M. V. 1890 ft/sec.
Probable Error
* bO r b 0 y ++ c'v 50 5
0; 0 bI 01 . v o
*-+S ac5~
0; °a5 0;Fl
5
75 GUN
-8-
75 GUN
H. E. Steel Shell, Model 1917 RY Fuse, M. V. 1890 ft/sec.
Probable Eri'or
0)0 0 0
0) b0c d .4.
W 32~
1000
m. sec. ft/sec. m. m. m.
28 37 0 36.8 255 68 5 10000
29 18
30 1
1000 30 46
10100 31 34
10200 5
10300 32 25 40.8 258 73 6 10500
10400 33 21 0a
34 21
110500 35 28
36 47 5)
0)
38 26 47.6 262 79 6 11000
11100 40 50
75 GUN
-9-
CHARGE 00 155 HOWITZER CHARGE 00
Long H. E. Steel Shell, Short Fuses, M. V.
Model 1914 1420 ft/sec.
Probable Error
Elevation
9 0
a Abp bS ao a
0-
cc . A
Elevation
a
a:
N WB cm
Gece 0.'b.
S
Elevation
a) a
a,
0.'
a:
c wi b v cS a 50
F3 Ft > Pi A
CHARGE 0
CHARGE
CHARGE 0
0 155
HOWITZER
155 HOWITZER CHARGE 0
-12-
CHARGE 0 155 HOWITZER CHARGE 0
Long H. E. Steel Shell, Short Fuses, M. V.
Model 1914 1310 ft/sec.
Probable Error
_ bs
Elevation:
-'5 +- 5 +) 4 5 b0
Elevation " b4
c n
0) 1
Elevation S
0 0 a
a
S a
bC cO
00
Elevation o a0
a
00
a 0~w
HOWITZER CHARGE 2
CHARGE
CHARGE 2
2
155
155 HOWITZER CHARGE 2
-16-
CHARGE 3 155 HOWITZER CHARGE 3
Long H. E. Steel Shell, Short Fuses, M. V.
Model 1914 820 ft/sec.
o Probable Error
Elevation _ a
o " 5
b 55
CHRG 8 5 OIZRCAG
CHARGE 3 155 HOWITZER CHARGE 3
-17-
CHARGE 4 155 HOWITZER CHARGE 4
Long H. E. Steel Shell, Short Fuses, M. V.
Model 1914 730 ft/sec.
Probable Error
be
Elevation
¢ J
w ( 4 q h
Elev:stion a
a 0 C0 a
b4 bO
E-