CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS, CITIES AND COUNTRIES ix

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xi

1 CONTEXT FOR THE REVIEW 1

2 URBAN TRANSPORT AND CITY DEVELOPMENT 5

Urban Transport and City Efficiency 5
Sources of Declining Urban Transport Performance 8
Urban Transport in City Development Strategies 11
Development Strategies for Making Urban Transport More Efficient 12
Coordinating Sector Policies in City Development Strategies 21
Conclusions: A Strategy for Urban Transport in City Development 22
Notes 23

3 URBAN TRANSPORT AND POVERTY REDUCTION 25

Urban Poverty and Social Exclusion 25
Transport Patterns of the Urban Poor 25
Pro-Poor Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction 28
Focusing Infrastructure Policies 29
Public Transport Service Planning for the Urban Poor 32
Fare Policies, Subsidies, and Budget Constraints 34
Conclusions: A Strategy for Poverty-Focused Urban Transport 36
Notes 37

4 TRANSPORT AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT 39

The Scale of the Issue 39
Global Warming 40
Noise and Other Disturbances 42
Urban Air Pollution 42
Conclusions: A Strategy for Urban Transport and Environment 60
Notes 61

5 URBAN TRANSPORT SAFETY AND SECURITY 65

The Scale of the Issue 65
Safety 66
Security 72
Conclusions: A Strategy for Urban Transport Safety and Security 75
Notes 76

CONTENTS iii