L THUYT TH

1
 THNG TIN V GIO VIN
TT H tn gio Hc Hc v n v cng tc (B mn)
vin hm
1 Ng Hu Phc GVC Tin s B mn Khoa hc my tnh
2 Vi Bo Ngc TG Thc s B mn Khoa hc my tnh

Thi gian, a im lm vic: B mn Khoa hc my tnh -

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - Hc vin K thut Qun s.
a ch lin h: B mn Khoa hc my tnh - Khoa Cng
ngh thng tin - Hc vin K thut Qun s.
in thoi, email: ngohuuphuc76@gmail.com
Cc hng nghin cu chnh: X l nh, Tr tu nhn to,
Nhn dng mu, Tnh ton mm, X l ting ni.

2
 THNG TIN CHUNG V MN
HC
Tn hc phn: L thuyt th
M hc phn:
S tn ch: 3
Hc phn (bt buc hay la chn): t chn
Cc hc phn tin quyt: i s tuyn tnh, Gii tch i cng, Tin
hc c bn
Cc yu cu i vi hc phn (nu c):
Gi tn ch i vi cc hot ng:
Nghe ging l thuyt: 30 tit
Lm bi tp trn lp: 15 tit
Tho lun: 6 tit
Thc hnh, thc tp ( PTN, nh my, thc tp...): 9 tit
Hot ng theo nhm:
T hc: 90 tit
Khoa/B mn ph trch hc phn, a ch: B mn Khoa hc my
tnh - Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - Hc vin K thut Qun s.

3
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 1 KHI NIM TH
th l mt cu trc ri rc bao gm cc nh v cc cnh ni cc nh
ny.
Phn bit cc loi th khc nhau bi kiu v s lng cnh ni
hai nh no ca th.
nh ngha 1 (n th).
n th v hng G = (V,E) bao gm V l tp cc nh khc
rng, v E l tp cc cp khng c th t gm hai phn t khc
nhau ca V gi l cc cnh.

Hnh 1. S mng my tnh n knh thoi. 4

 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 1 KHI NIM TH
nh ngha 2 (a th).
a th v hng G= (V, E) bao gm V l tp cc nh khc rng, v
E l tp cc cp khng c th t gm hai phn t khc nhau ca V gi l
cc cnh. Hai cnh e1 v e2 c gi l cnh lp (bi hay song song) nu
chng cng tng ng vi mt cp nh.
Mi n th l a th, nhng khng phi a th no cng l n
th, v trong a th c th c hai (hoc nhiu hn) cnh ni mt cp
nh no .

5
Hnh 2. S mng my tnh a knh thoi.
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 1 KHI NIM TH
nh ngha 3 (Gi th).
Gi th v hng G = (V, E) bao gm V l tp cc nh khc rng
v E l tp cc cp khng c th t gm hai phn t (khng nht thit
phi khc nhau) ca V gi l cnh.
Vi v V, nu (v,v) E th ta ni c mt khuyn ti nh v.

Nhn xt: gi th l loi th v hng tng qut nht v n c th

cha cc khuyn v cc cnh lp. a th l loi th v hng c
th cha cnh bi nhng khng th c cc khuyn, cn n th l loi
6
th v hng khng cha cnh bi hoc cc khuyn.
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 1 KHI NIM TH

nh ngha 4 (n th c hng).
n th c hng G = (V, E) bao gm V l tp cc nh
khc rng v E l tp cc cp c th t gm hai phn t
khc nhau ca V gi l cc cung.

7
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 1 KHI NIM TH
nh ngha 5 (a th c hng).
a th c hng G = (V, E) bao gm V l tp cc nh
khc rng v E l tp cc cp c th t gm hai phn t
khc nhau ca V gi l cc cung. Hai cung e1, e2 tng ng
vi cng mt cp nh c gi l cung lp.

8
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 2 BC CA NH

nh ngha 1:
Hai nh u v v trong th (v hng) G=(V,E) c gi
l lin k nu (u,v) E. Nu e = (u,v) th e gi l cnh lin
thuc vi cc nh u v v. Cnh e cng c gi l cnh ni
cc nh u v v. Cc nh u v v gi l cc im u mt ca
cnh e.
nh ngha 2:
Bc ca nh v trong th G=(V,E), k hiu deg(v), l s
cc cnh lin thuc vi n, ring khuyn ti mt nh c
tnh hai ln cho bc ca n.
nh v gi l nh treo nu deg(v)=1 v gi l nh c lp
nu deg(v)=0. 9
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 2 BC CA NH
Xt v d:

Ta c: deg(v1)=7, deg(v2)=5, deg(v3)=3, deg(v4)=0,

deg(v5)=4, deg(v6)=1, deg(v7)=2.
nh v4 l nh c lp v nh v6 l nh treo.
10
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 2 BC CA NH

nh l 1. Gi s G = (V, E) l th v hng vi
m cnh. Khi tng bc ca tt c cc nh bng
hai ln s cnh.
Chng minh. R rng mi cnh e = (u, v) c
tnh mt ln trong deg(u) v mt ln trong deg(v).
T suy ra tng tt c cc bc ca cc nh bng
hai ln s cnh.
H qu. Trong th v hng, s nh bc l
(ngha l c bc l s l) l mt s chn.

11
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 2 BC CA NH

Chng minh. Thc vy, gi O v U tng ng l

tp nh bc l v tp nh bc chn ca th.
Ta c:
2m deg(v) deg(v)
vU vO

Do deg(v) l chn vi v l nh trong U nn tng

th nht trn l s chn.
===> tng th hai (chnh l tng bc ca cc nh
bc l) cng phi l s chn,
Do tt c cc s hng ca n l s l, nn tng ny
phi gm mt s chn cc s hng. V vy, s nh
bc l phi l s chn. 12
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 2 BC CA NH

nh ngha 3.
Nu e = (u, v) l cung ca th c hng G th ta
ni hai nh u v v l k nhau, v ni cung (u, v) ni
nh u vi nh v hoc cng ni cung ny l i ra khi
nh u v vo nh v. nh u(v) s c g l nh u
(cui) ca cung (u,v).
nh ngha 4.
Ta gi bn bc ra (bn bc vo) ca nh v trong
th c hng l s cung ca th i ra khi n (i vo
n) v k hiu l deg+(v) (deg-(v))
13
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 2 BC CA NH

nh l 2.
Cho G =(V, E) l mt th c hng. Khi :

m deg (v) deg (v)
vV vV
Chng minh: Kt qu c ngay l v mi cung c tnh mt
ln cho nh u v mt ln cho nh cui.
Xt v du: Ta c:
deg-(a)=1, deg-(b)=2, deg-(c)=2,
deg-(d)=2, deg-(e) = 2.
deg+(a)=3, deg+(b)=1, deg+(c)=1,
deg+(d)=2, deg+(e)=2.
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 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 3 NG I. CHU TRNH. TH LIN THNG

nh ngha 1 (ng i).

ng i di n t nh u n nh v, trong n l s
nguyn dng, trn th v hng G = (V, E) l dy x0, x1,,
xn-1, xn; trong u = x0, v = xn, (xi , xi+1) E, i = 0, 1, 2,, n-1.
ng i ni trn cn c th biu din di dng dy cc
cnh: (x0, x1), (x1, x2), , (xn-1, xn)
nh u gi l nh u, cn nh v gi l nh cui ca
ng i.
ng i c nh u trng vi nh cui (tc l u = v) c
gi l chu trnh.
ng i hay chu trnh c gi l n nu nh khng c
cnh no b lp li. 15
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 3 NG I. CHU TRNH. TH LIN THNG

V d 1.

Trn th v hng cho trong hnh:

a, d, c, f, e l ng i n di 4.
d, e, c, a khng l ng i, do (c,e) khng phi l cnh ca
th.
Dy b, c, f, e, b l chu trnh di 4.
ng i a, b, e, d, a, b c di l 5 khng phi l ng
i n, do cnh (a, b) c mt trong n 2 ln. 16
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 3 NG I. CHU TRNH. TH LIN THNG

nh ngha 2. (Lin thng)

th v hng G = (V, E) c gi l lin thng nu lun tm

c ng i gia hai nh bt k ca n.

Hnh 2. th G v H

th G l lin thng, cn th H l khng lin thng. 17

 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 3 NG I. CHU TRNH. TH LIN THNG

nh ngha 3.

Ta gi th con ca th G = (V, E) l th H = (W, F),

trong WV v FE.

Trong trng hp th l khng lin thng, n s r ra thnh

mt s th con lin thng khng c nh chung. Nhng
th con lin thng nh vy ta s gi l cc thnh phn lin
thng ca th.

V d 2. th H trong hnh 2 gm 3 thnh phn lin thng

H1, H2, H3.
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 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 3 NG I. CHU TRNH. TH LIN THNG

nh ngha 4.
nh v c gi l nh r nhnh nu vic loi b v cng vi
cc cnh lin thuc vi n khi th lm tng s thnh phn
lin thng ca th.
Cnh e c gi l cu nu vic loi b n khi th lm
tng s thnh phn lin thng ca th.
V d 3. Trong th G hnh 2, nh c, d v e l nh r
nhnh, cn cc cnh (c,d) v (c,e) l cu.

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 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 3 NG I. CHU TRNH. TH LIN THNG

nh ngha 5.
th c hng G = (V, A) c gi l lin thng mnh nu
lun tm c ng i gia hai nh bt k ca n.

nh ngha 6.
th c hng G = (V, A) c gi l lin thng yu nu
th v hng tng ng vi n l v hng lin thng.

Hnh 3. th lin thng mnh G v th lin thng yu H 20

 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 4 N TH C BIT

th y : th y n nh, k hiu l Kn, l n

th m hai nh phn bit bt k ca n lun lin k.
Nh vy, Kn c n(n 1)/2 cnh v
mi nh ca Kn c bc l n1.
Xt v d:

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 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 4 N TH C BIT

th vng: n th n nh v1, v2, ..., vn (n3) v n cnh

(v1,v2), (v2,v3), ..., (vn-1,vn), (vn,v1) c gi l th vng, k
hiu l Cn. Nh vy, mi nh ca Cn c bc l 2.

Xt v d:

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 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 4 N TH C BIT
th bnh xe: T th vng Cn, thm vo nh vn+1 v
cc cnh (vn+1,v1), (vn+1,v2), ..., (vn+1,vn), ta nhn c n
th gi l th bnh xe, k hiu l Wn.
Nh vy, Wn c n+1 nh, 2n cnh,
mt nh bc n v n nh bc 3.
Xt v d:

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 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 4 N TH C BIT

th lp phng: n th 2n nh, tng ng vi 2n xu

nh phn di n v hai nh k nhau khi v ch khi 2 xu nh
phn tng ng vi hai nh ny ch khc nhau ng mt bit
c gi l th lp phng, k hiu l Qn.
Nh vy, mi nh ca Qn c bc l n
s cnh ca Qn l n.2n-1

th lp phng Q1, Q2, Q3 24

 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 4 N TH C BIT
th phn i ( th hai phe): n th G=(V,E) sao cho
V=V1UV2, V1V2=, V1, V2 v mi cnh ca G c ni
mt nh trong V1 v mt nh trong V2 c gi l th phn
i.
Nu th phn i G=(V1UV2,E) sao cho vi mi v1V1,
v2 V2, (v1,v2) E th G c gi l th phn i y .
Nu |V1|=m, |V2|=n th th G c k hiu l Km,n.
Nh vy, Km,n c m.n cnh, cc nh ca V1 c bc n v cc
nh ca V2 c bc m.

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 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 4 N TH C BIT

ng dng ca cc th c bit:
+ Cc mng cc b (LAN):

th phn i y th vng Cn th bnh xe Wn

K1,n
26


CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN

BI 5 BIU DIN TH TRN MY TNH
1. Ma trn k, ma trn trng s
Xt n th G=(V,E)
Ma trn k:
Ma trn A={ai,j : i,j=1, 2,. . . ,n} vi ai,j=0, nu (i,j)E v ai,j=1,
nu (i,j)E, i, j=1, 2,. . .,n gi l ma trn k ca th G.
V d:

H1. th v hng G
27
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 5 BIU DIN TH TRN MY TNH

1. Ma trn k, ma trn trng s

Xt n th c hng G=(V,E)
Ma trn k:
Ma trn A={ai,j : i,j=1, 2,. . . ,n} vi ai,j=0, nu (i,j) E v ai,j=1,
nu (i,j)E, i, j=1, 2,. . .,n gi l ma trn k ca th G.
V d:

th c hng G1
28
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 5 BIU DIN TH TRN MY TNH

* Tnh cht ca ma trn k ca th v hng:

- Tnh i xng: a[i,j]=a[j,i], i,j=1,2,. . .,n.

- Tng cc phn t trn dng i (ct j) bng bc ca nh i

(nh j).

* Tnh cht ca ma trn k ca th c hng:

- Khng c tnh i xng

- Tng cc phn t trn dng i bng bn bc ra ca nh i

(deg+(i)) v tng cc phn t trn ct j bng bn bc vo
ca nh j (deg(-j)). 29
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 5 BIU DIN TH TRN MY TNH

1. Ma trn k, ma trn trng s

Xt v d 2:

30
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 5 BIU DIN TH TRN MY TNH

Ma trn trng s:

th c trng s l th m mi cnh (i,j) c mt gi tr c(i,j)

gi l trng s ca cnh.

biu din th ta s dng ma trn trng s C= {c[i,j],

i,j=1, 2,. . .,n}

vi c[i,j]= c(i,j) nu (i,j) E v c[i,j]= nu (i,j) E

trong s c th c t bng mt trong cc gi tr sau:

0, +, -.

31
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 5 BIU DIN TH TRN MY TNH

Ma trn trng s:
V du:

32
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 5 BIU DIN TH TRN MY TNH

u im ln nht ca phng php biu din th bng

ma trn k (hoc ma trn trng s) l tr li cu hi: Hai
nh u,v c k nhau trn th hay khng, chng ta ch
phi thc hin mt php so snh.

Nhc im ln nht ca phng php ny l: khng ph

thuc vo s cnh ca th, ta lun phi s dng n2 n
v b nh lu tr ma trn k ca n.

33
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 5 BIU DIN TH TRN MY TNH
2. Ma trn lin thuc nh-cnh:
Xt G=(V, E) l n th c hng. Ma trn lin thuc nh-
cnh c dng:

34
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 5 BIU DIN TH TRN MY TNH
3. Danh sch cnh (cung)
+ Trong trng hp th tha ( th c s cnh m tho
mn bt ng thc: m<6n) biu din th di dng d/s
cnh.
Lu tr danh sch tt c cc cnh (cung) ca th.
+ Mt cnh (cung) e=(x,y) ca th tng ng vi hai bin
Dau[e], Cuoi[e].
+ lu tr th ta cn s dng 2m n v b nh.

Nhc im: tm cc nh k vi mt nh cho trc

phi lm m php so snh (khi duyt qua danh sch tt c cc
cnh ca th).
+ Trong trng hp th c trng s ta cn thm m n v
35
b nh lu tr trng s ca cc cnh.
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 5 BIU DIN TH TRN MY TNH

36
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 5 BIU DIN TH TRN MY TNH

4. Danh sch k
Vi mi nh v, ta lu tr danh sch cc nh k vi v:
Ke(v)={u V: (v,u) E}

37
 CHNG I CC KHI NIM C BN
BI 5 BIU DIN TH TRN MY TNH

4. Danh sch k

th c hng G1

38
CHNG II CC THUT TON TM KIM TRN
TH

1. Duyt th theo chiu su (DFS-Depth

First Search)
* tng:
- T nh v1 no cha thm, thm v1, ri
tm nh v2 (cha thm) k vi v1, thm v2
Thut ton lp li vic thm cho ti khi tt c
cc nh u c thm.
- Nu ti mt nh vi no , khng cn nh
no k vi vi l cha thm th quay tr li tip
tc tm nh k cha thm khc ca vi-1.
39
 CHNG II CC THUT TON TM KIM TRN
TH

1.Duyt th theo chiu su (DFS-Depth

First Search)
Procedure DFS(v); (*tim kiem theo chieu sau bat dau tu dinh v; cac bien
Chuaxet, Ke la bien toan cuc*)
Begin
Tham_dinh(v); Chuaxet[v]:=false;
For u Ke(v) do
If Chuaxet[u] then DFS(u);
End; (*dinh v da duyet xong*)
Khi , tm kim theo chiu su trn th c thc hin
nh thut ton sau:
Begin
(*Khoi tao tat ca cac dinh cua do thi*)
for v V do Chuaxet[v]:=true;
for v V do
If Chuaxet[v] then DFS(v);
End. 40
CHNG II CC THUT TON TM KIM TRN
TH

1.Duyt th theo chiu su (DFS-Depth

First Search)
V d 1. Xt th cho trong hnh gm 13 nh, cc nh c nh s t 1 n
13 nh sau:

41
CHNG II CC THUT TON TM KIM TRN
TH

2. Duyt th theo chiu rng (BFS-

Breadth First Search)
* tng:
-T nh v no cha thm, thm v, ct tt c cc
nh u (cha thm) k vi v vo hng i. Ly t
hng i mt nh u, thm u, ri li ct tt c cc
nh t (cha thm) k vi u vo hng i
Thut ton lp li vic thm cho ti khi hng i
rng.
- Nu ti mt nh x no , khng cn nh no k
vi x l cha thm th quay tr li tip tc tm nh
k cha thm khc ca y (y l nh trc khi n x).
42
CHNG II CC THUT TON TM KIM TRN
TH
2. Duyt th theo chiu rng (BFS-Breadth
First Search)
Procedure BFS(v);(*BFS bat dau tu dinh v, cac bien Chuaxet, Ke la bien cuc bo*)
Begin QUEUE:=; QUEUE v; (*ket qua nap vao QUEUE*)
Chuaxet[v]:=false;
While QUEUE<> do
Begin
p QUEUE; (*lay p tu QUEUE:*) Tham_dinh(p);
For u Ke(v) do
If Chuaxet[u] then
Begin QUEUE u; Chuaxet[u]:=false; End;
End; End;
Khi , tm kim theo chiu rng trn th c thc hin
nh thut ton sau:
Begin
for f V do Chuaxet[v]:=true; (*Khoi tao cac dinh cua do thi la chua xet*)
for v V do
if Chuaxet[v] then BFS(v); 43
End.
CHNG II CC THUT TON TM KIM TRN
TH
2. Duyt th theo chiu rng (BFS-
Breadth First Search)
V d 2. Xt th cho trong hnh gm 13 nh, cc nh c nh s t 1 n
13 nh sau:

44
CHNG II CC THUT TON TM KIM TRN
TH

3. Tm ng i v kim tra tnh lin thng:

a) Bi ton tm ng i gia hai nh:

Gi s s v t l hai nh no ca th. Hy tm ng i
t s n t.
* tng:
- Gi th tc DFS(s) hoc (BFS(s)) thm tt c cc nh
thuc cng mt thnh phn lin thng vi s.
- Nu sau khi thc hin xong th tc m Chuaxet[t]=true th
khng c ng i t s n t,
ngc li th c ng i t s n t.
- ghi nhn ng i, ta dng thm bin Truoc[v] ghi
nhn nh i trc nh v trong ng i t s n v.
45
CHNG II CC THUT TON TM KIM TRN
TH
3. Tm ng i v kim tra tnh lin thng:
a) Bi ton tm ng i gia hai nh:

Khi , th tc DFS(v) cn sa cu lnh if trong n nh sau:

If Chuaxet[u] then
Begin
Truoc[u]:=v;
DFS(u);
End;
Th tc BFS(v) cn sa i cu ln if trong n nh sau:
If Chuaxet [u] then
Begin
QUEUE u;
Chuaxet[u]:=false;
Truoc[u]:=p;
46
End;
CHNG II CC THUT TON TM KIM TRN
TH
3. Tm ng i v kim tra tnh lin thng:
b) Tm cc thnh phn lin thng ca th:
Hy cho bit th gm bao nhiu thnh phn lin thng
v tng thnh phn lin thng ca n l gm nhng
nh no.
+ Do th tc DFS(v) (BFS(s)) cho php thm tt c cc
nh thuc cng mt thnh phn lin thng vi s, nn s
thnh phn lin thng ca th bng s ln gi n th
tc ny.
+ Vn cn li l cch ghi nhn cc nh trong tng
thnh phn lin thng.
Ta dng thm bin Index[v] ghi nhn ch s ca thnh
phn lin thng cha nh v, v bin Inconnect m
s thnh phn lin thng (khi to gi tr 0). 47
CHNG II CC THUT TON TM KIM TRN
TH

3. Tm ng i v kim tra tnh lin thng:

b) Tm cc thnh phn lin thng ca th:
+ Th tc Tham_dinh(v) trong cc th tc DFS(v) v BFS(v) c nhim v
gn: Index[v]:=Inconnect;
+ Cu lnh if trong cc chng trnh chnh gi n cc th tc ny cn
c sa li nh sau:
Inconnect:=0;
If Chuaxet[v] then
Begin
Inconnect:=Inconnect+1;
DFS(v); (*BFS(v)*)
End;
+ Kt thc vng lp th hai trong chng trnh chnh, Inconnect tr v s
thnh phn lin thng ca th, bin mng Index[v], v V cho php
lit k cc nh thuc cng mt thnh phn lin thng. 48
 CHNG III TH EULER V TH
HAMILTON

1. th EULER:
- 1736 Euler (1707-1783) cng b li gii bi ton
v cc cu Konigsberg.

Bi ton tm ng i qua tt c cc cu, mi cu ch

qua mt ln c th c pht biu li bng m hnh
nh sau:
C tn ti chu trnh n trong a th G cha tt c
49
cc cnh?
 CHNG III TH EULER V TH
HAMILTON

1. th EULER:
- ng i qua mi cnh ca th ng mt
ln c gi l ng i Euler.
- Chu trnh qua mi cnh ca th ng mt
ln c gi l chu trnh Euler.
- th c gi l th Euler nu n c chu
trnh Euler, v gi l th na Euler nu n c
ng i Euler
- Nhn xt: mi th Euler lun l na Euler,
nhng iu ngc li khng lun ng.
50
 CHNG III TH EULER V TH
HAMILTON

1. th EULER:
- V d 1: Xt 3 th G1, G2, G3 bn di:

th G1 trong hnh l th Euler v n c chu trnh

Euler a, e, c, d, e, b, a.
th G3 khng c chu trnh Euler nhng n c ng
i Euler a, c, d, e, b, d, a, b, v th G3 l th na
Euler.
th G2 khng c chu trnh cng nh ng i Euler.51
 CHNG III TH EULER V TH
HAMILTON

1. th EULER:
- V d 2: Xt 3 th H1, H2, H3 bn di:

th H2 trong hnh l th Euler v n c chu trnh

Euler a, b, c, d, e, a.
th H3 khng c chu trnh Euler nhng n c ng
i Euler c, d, b, c, a, b, v th H3 l th na Euler.
th H1 khng c chu trnh cng nh ng i Euler.
52
 CHNG III TH EULER V TH
HAMILTON

1. th EULER:

nh l 1 (Euler): G l th v hng lin

thng. G l th Euler mi nh ca G u
c bc chn.
B : Nu bc ca mi nh ca th G
khng nh hn 2 th G cha chu trnh.
H qu: th v hng lin thng G l na
Euler khi v ch khi n c khng qu 2 nh bc
l.
53
 CHNG III TH EULER V TH
HAMILTON

1. th EULER:
Thut ton Flor:
Xut pht t mt nh u no ca G ta i theo
cc cnh ca n mt cch tu ch cn tun
th 2 qui tc sau:
(1) Xo b cnh i qua ng thi xo b
nh c lp to thnh.
(2) mi bc ta ch i qua cu khi khng
cn cch la chn no khc.
54
 CHNG III TH EULER V TH
HAMILTON

1. th EULER:
Xt v d: Tm chu trnh Euler trong th:

nh l 2. G c hng lin thng mnh G l

th Euler deg+(v) = deg-(v), vV.
55
 CHNG III TH EULER V TH
HAMILTON
1. th EULER:
Bi ton ngi pht th Trung Hoa (Guan 1960):
Mt NV i t S B, qua mt s ng ph pht
th, ri quay v S. Phi i qua cc ng theo trnh
t no ng i l ngn nht?
Xt bi ton: Cho th lin thng G. Mt chu trnh qua
mi cnh ca G gi l mt hnh trnh trong G. Hy tm
hnh trnh ngn nht (qua t cnh nht).
Nu G l th Euler th chu trnh Euler trong G l hnh
trnh ngn nht cn tm.
Xt trng hp G c mt s nh bc l. Khi , mi
hnh trnh trong G phi i qua t nht hai ln mt s
cnh no . 56
 CHNG III TH EULER V TH
HAMILTON
1. th EULER:
Bi ton ngi pht th Trung Hoa (Guan 1960):
nh l (Gooodman v Hedetniemi, 1973). Nu G l mt
th lin thng c q cnh th hnh trnh ngn nht
trong G c chiu di q + m(G),
trong m(G) l s cnh m hnh trnh i qua hai ln v c xc
nh nh sau:
Gi V0(G) l tp hp cc nh bc l (2k nh) ca G. Ta phn
2k phn t ca G thnh k cp, mi tp hp k cp gi l
mt phn hoch cp ca V0(G).
Gi di ng i ngn nht t u n v l khong cch
d(u,v). i vi mi phn hoch cp Pi, tnh khong cch
gia hai nh trong tng cp, tnh tng d(Pi).
S m(G) bng cc tiu ca cc d(Pi): m(G)=min d(Pi). 57
1. th EULER:

VO(G)={B, G, H, K}
tp hp cc phn hoch cp l:
P={P1, P2, P3}, trong :
P1 = {(B, G), (H, K)} d(P1) = d(B, G)+d(H, K) = 4+1 = 5
P2 = {(B, H), (G, K)} d(P2) = d(B, H)+d(G, K) = 2+1 = 3,
P3 = {(B, K), (G, H)} d(P3) = d(B, K)+d(G, H) = 3+2 = 5.
m(G) = min(d(P1), d(P2), d(P3)) = 3.
GT c c t G bng cch thm vo 3 cnh: (B, I), (I, H),
(G, K) v GT l th Euler.
Vy hnh trnh ngn nht cn tm l i theo chu trnh Euler
trong GT:
A, B, C, D, E, F, K, G, K, E, C, J, K, H, J, I, H, I, B, I, A. 58
 CHNG III TH EULER V TH
HAMILTON

2. th HAMILTON
- ng i qua tt c cc nh ca th mi
nh ng mt ln c gi l ng i
Hamilton.
- Chu trnh bt u t mt nh v no qua tt
c cc nh cn li mi nh ng mt ln ri
quay tr v v c gi l chu trnh Hamilton.
- th G c gi l th Hamilton nu n
cha chu trnh Hamilton v gi l th na
Hamilton nu n c ng i Hamilton.
59
 CHNG III TH EULER V TH
HAMILTON

2. th HAMILTON
V d 3. Trong hnh: th G3 l Hamilton, G2 l
na Hamilton cn G1 khng l na Hamilton.

Cho n nay vic tm mt tiu chun nhn bit th Hamilton

vn cn l m.
Phn ln cc pht biu u c dng "nu G c s cnh
ln th G l Hamilton"
60
 CHNG III TH EULER V TH
HAMILTON
2. th HAMILTON

nh l 1 (Dirak 1952). n th v hng G

vi n>2 nh, mi nh c bc khng nh hn
n/2 l th Hamilton.
nh l 2 Nu G l th phn i vi hai tp
nh l V1, V2 c s nh cng bng n (n 2)
v bc ca mi nh ln hn n/2 th G l mt
th Hamilton.
nh l 3. Gi s G l c hng lin thng
vi n nh. Nu deg+(v)n/2, deg(v) n/2, v
th G l Hamilton. 61
 CHNG III TH EULER V TH
HAMILTON
2. th HAMILTON

th G ny c 8 nh, th phn i ny c bc ca
nh no cng c bc 4, mi nh bng 2 hoc 3 (> 3/2),
nn G l th Hamilton. nn n l th Hamilton.
62
 CHNG III TH EULER V TH
HAMILTON

2. th HAMILTON
V d 4. Hnh di y m t cy tm kim tt c
cc chu trnh Hamilton ca th.

63
2. th HAMILTON
Bi ton sp xp ch ngi:
C n i biu n d hi ngh. Mi ngy hp
mt ln ngi quanh mt bn trn. Hi phi
b tr bao nhiu ngy v b tr nh th no
sao cho trong mi ngy, mi ngi c hai
ngi k bn l bn mi. Lu rng n
ngi u mun lm quen vi nhau.
Xt th gm n nh, mi nh ng vi mi
ngi d hi ngh, hai nh k nhau khi hai
i biu tng ng mun lm quen vi
nhau. Nh vy, ta c th y Kn.
64
 CHNG III TH EULER V TH
HAMILTON

2. th HAMILTON
Mi chu trnh Hamilton l mt cch sp xp nh
yu cu ca bi ton. Bi ton tr thnh tm
cc chu trnh Hamilton phn bit ca th y
Kn (hai chu trnh Hamilton gi l phn bit
nu chng khng c cnh chung).

nh l: th y Kn vi n l v n 3 c
ng (n 1)/2 chu trnh Hamilton phn bit.

65
2. th HAMILTON
Gii bi ton sp xp ch ngi vi n=11.
C (111)/2=5 cch sp xp ch ngi phn bit nh sau:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1
1 3 5 2 7 4 9 6 11 8 10 1
1 5 7 3 9 2 11 4 10 6 8 1
1 7 9 5 11 3 10 2 8 4 6 1
1 9 11 7 10 5 8 3 6 2 4 1

66
CHNG IV CY V CY KHUNG CA TH
1. nh ngha v cc tnh cht c bn
nh ngha:
Cy l mt th v hng lin thng, khng
cha chu trnh v c t nht hai nh.
Mt th v hng khng cha chu trnh v c
t nht hai nh gi l mt rng.
Trong mt rng, mi thnh phn lin thng l
mt cy.

67
CHNG IV CY V CY KHUNG CA TH

1. nh ngha v cc tnh cht c bn:

nh l: Cho T l mt th c n 2 nh. Cc
iu sau l tng ng:
1) T l mt cy.
2) T lin thng v c n1 cnh.
3) T khng cha chu trnh v c n1 cnh.
4) T lin thng v mi cnh l cu.
5) Gia hai nh phn bit bt k ca T lun c
duy nht mt ng i n.
6) T khng cha chu trnh nhng khi thm mt
cnh mi th c c mt chu trnh duy nht.
68
CHNG IV CY V CY KHUNG CA TH

2. Cy khung v bi ton tm cy khung nh

nht:
nh ngha: Trong th lin thng G, nu ta
loi b cnh nm trn chu trnh no th ta
s c th vn l lin thng. Nu c loi
b cc cnh cc chu trnh khc cho n khi
no th khng cn chu trnh (vn lin thng)
th ta thu c mt cy ni cc nh ca G.
Cy gi l cy khung hay cy bao trm ca
th G.
69
 CHNG IV CY V CY KHUNG CA TH

2. Cy khung v bi ton tm cy khung nh

nht:
Bi ton c pht biu nh sau:
This image cann ot cur rently b e displayed.

Cho G=(V,E) l th v hng lin thng c

trng s, mi cnh eE c trng s m(e)0.
Gi s T=(VT,ET) l cy khung ca th G
(VT=V). Ta gi di m(T) ca cy khung T l
tng trng s ca cc cnh ca n:
m(T ) m (e )
eET

70
CHNG IV CY V CY KHUNG CA TH
2. Cy khung v bi ton tm cy khung nh nht:
Bi ton t ra l trong s tt c cc cy khung
ca th G, hy tm cy khung c di nh
nht.
Cy khung nh vy c gi l cy khung nh
nht ca th.
Bi ton c gi l bi ton tm cy khung
nh nht.
Hai m hnh thc t tiu biu:
* Bi ton xy dng h thng ng st.
* Bi ton ni mng my tnh.
71
CHNG IV CY V CY KHUNG CA TH
3. Thut ton Kruskal: Thut ton s xy dng
tp cnh ET ca cy khung nh nht T=(VT,ET)
theo tng bc:
1. Bt u t th rng T c n nh.
2. Sp xp cc cnh ca G theo th t khng gim
ca trng s.
3. Bt u t cnh u tin ca dy ny, thm dn
cc cnh ca dy c xp vo T theo nguyn
tc cnh thm vo khng c to thnh chu
trnh trong T.
4. Lp li Bc 3 cho n khi no s cnh trong T
bng n1, ta thu c cy khung nh nht cn
tm. 72
CHNG IV CY V CY KHUNG CA TH

3. Thut ton Kruskal:

Xt th d: Tm cy khung nh nht cho bi th:

73
4. Thut ton Prim: cn c gi l phng
php ln cn gn nht.
1. VT:={v*}, trong v* l nh tu ca th G. ET:=.
2. Vi mi nh vjVT, tm nh wjVT sao cho
m(wj,vj) = min m(xi, vj)=:j ; xiVT v gn cho nh vj nhn
[wj, j]. Nu khng tm uc wj (tc l khi vj khng k vi
bt c nh no trong VT) th gn cho vj nhn [0, ].
3. Chn nh vj* sao cho j* = min j ; vjVT
VT := VT {vj*}, ET := ET {(wj*, vj*)}.
Nu |VT| = n th thut ton dng v (VT, ET) l cy khung
nh nht.
Nu |VT| < n th chuyn sang Bc 4.
4. i vi tt c cc nh vjVT m k vi vj*, ta thay i
nhn ca chng nh sau:
Nu j > m(vj*, vj) th t j:=m(vj*, vj) v nhn ca vj l [vj*,
j]. Ngc li, ta gi nguyn nhn ca vj. Sau quay
74
li Bc 3.
CHNG IV CY V CY KHUNG CA TH

4. Thut ton Prim:

Xt th d: Tm cy khung nh nht cho bi th:

75
CHNG IV CY V CY KHUNG CA TH
4. Thut ton Prim:
Bng nhn ca cc nh:

Vy di cy khung nh nht l:
15 + 12 + 11 + 13 + 14 + 17 + 21 = 103.
76
 CHNG V CY V CY KHUNG CA TH
5. Cy c gc:
nh ngha: Cy c hng l th c hng m
th v hng nn ca n l mt cy.
Cy c gc l mt cy c hng, trong c mt
nh c bit, gi l gc, t gc c ng i n
mi nh khc ca cy.
Trong cy c gc th gc r c bn bc vo bng 0,
cn tt c cc nh khc u c bc vo bng 1.
Mt cy c gc thng c v vi gc r trn
cng v cy pht trin t trn xung, gc r gi l
nh mc 0. Cc nh k vi r c xp pha
di v gi l nh mc 1. nh ngay di nh
mc 1 l nh mc 2, ... 77
 CHNG IV CY V CY KHUNG CA TH

5. Cy c gc:
Tng qut, trong mt cy c gc th v l nh mc k
khi v ch khi ng i t r n v c di bng k.
Mc ln nht ca mt nh bt k trong cy gi l
chiu cao ca cy.

78
 CHNG IV CY V CY KHUNG CA TH
5. Cy c gc:
nh ngha: Cho cy T c gc r=v0. Gi s v0, v1, ..., vn-1, vn
l mt ng i trong T. Ta gi:
vi+1 l con ca vi v vi l cha ca vi+1.
v0, v1, ..., vn-1 l cc t tin ca vn v vn l dng di ca v0,
v1, ..., vn-1.
nh treo vn l nh khng c con; nh treo cng gi l l
hay nh ngoi; mt nh khng phi l l mt nh trong.
nh ngha: Mt cy c gc T c gi l cy m-phn nu
mi nh ca T c nhiu nht l m con. Vi m=2, ta c
mt cy nh phn.
Trong mt cy nh phn, mi con c ch r l con bn tri
hay con bn phi;
Cy c gc T c gi l mt cy m-phn y nu mi
79
nh trong ca T u c m con.
 CHNG V. TM NG I NGN NHT

Trong phn ny, gii thiu v gii thut

tm ng i ngn nht gia 2 nh trn
th c trng s.
Ni dung gm:
5.1. Gii thiu v bi ton
5.2. Thut ton gn nhn.
5.3. Thut ton Dijkstra

80
 CHNG V. TM NG I NGN NHT

5.1. Gii thiu v bi ton

Xt th G =< V, E > vi V = n, E = m.
Vi mi cnh u, v E, c mt gi tr trng s
A u, v .
t A u, v = nu u, v E.
Nu dy v0, v1,..., vk l mt ng i trn G th
ki=1 A vi1 , vi
c gi l di ca ng i.
Bi ton: Tm ng i ngn nht t nh s n
nh t ca th G.

81
 CHNG V. TM NG I NGN NHT

5.2. Thut ton gn nhn (1/4)

Thut ton c m t nh sau:
T ma trn trng s A[u,v], u,vV, tm cn trn
d[v] ca khong cch t s n tt c cc nh
vV.
Nu thy d[u] + A[u,v] < d[v] th d[v] = d[u] + A[u,
v] (lm tt ln gi tr ca d[v])
Qu trnh s kt thc khi khng th lm tt ln
c na.
Khi d[v] s cho ta gi tr ngn nht t nh s
n nh v.
Gi tr d[v] c gi l nhn ca nh v.
82
 CHNG V. TM NG I NGN NHT
5.2. Thut ton gn nhn (2/4)
V d v thut ton:
Tm ng i ngn nht t A n Z trong th G
sau.

83
 CHNG V. TM NG I NGN NHT

5.2. Thut ton gn nhn (3/4)

Cc bc thc hin ca gii thut:
Bc 1: Gn cho nhn nh A l 0, d A = 0;
Bc 2: Chn cnh c di nh nht xut pht
t A (cnh AC), gn nhn ca nh k C vi:
d C = d A + A A, C = 0 + 5 = 5

84
 CHNG V. TM NG I NGN NHT

5.2. Thut ton gn nhn (3/4)

Bc 3: Tip , trong s cc cnh i t mt nh
c nhn l A hoc C ti mt nh cha c gn
nhn, chn cnh sao cho: nhn ca nh + vi
trng s cnh tng ng = nh nht gn cho
nhn ca nh cui ca cnh
Nh vy, ta ln lt gn c cc nhn nh sau:
d[B] = 6 v d[B] <d[C] + A[C,B] = 5 + 4;
d[E] = 8;
Tip tc lm nh vy cho ti khi nh Z. Nhn ca
Z l di ng i ngn nht t A n Z.

85
 CHNG V. TM NG I NGN NHT
5.2. Thut ton gn nhn (4/4)
Cc bc c m t nh trong bng sau:

Nh vy, di ng i ngn nht t A n Z l 18.

ng i ngn nht t A n Z qua cc nh: A C
DGZ
86
 CHNG V. TM NG I NGN NHT

5.3. Thut ton Dijkstra (1/6)

Thut ton ny do E.Dijkstra, nh ton hc ngi H
Lan, xut nm 1959.
Thut ton tm ng i ngn nht t nh s n cc
nh cn li c Dijkstra ngh p dng cho
trng hp th c hng vi trng s khng m.
Thut ton c thc hin trn c s gn tm thi
cho cc nh.
Nhn ca mi nh cho bit cn trn ca di
ng i ngn nht ti nh .
Cc nhn ny s c bin i (tnh li) nh mt th
tc lp, m mi bc lp mt s nh s c nhn
khng thay i, nhn chnh l di ng i
ngn nht t s n nh .
87
 CHNG V. TM NG I NGN NHT
5.3. Thut ton Dijkstra (2/6)
Gi m ca gii thut Dijkstra:
void Dijkstra(void) T = V\{s};
/*u vo G=(V, E) vi n nh c /*T l tp nh c nhn tm
ma trn trng s A[u,v] 0; sV thi*/
*/ /* Bc lp */
/*u ra l khong cch nh nht while (T != ) {
t s n cc nh cn li d[v]: Tm nh u T sao cho
vV*/ d[u] = min { d[z] | zT};
/*Truoc[v]: ghi li nh trc v T= T\{u};
trong ng i ngn nht t s n /*c nh nhn nh u*/
v*/ for ( v T ) {
{ /*Gn li nhn cho cc nh
/*Bc 1: Khi to nhn tm thi trong T*/
cho cc nh*/ if (d[v] > d[u] + A[u,v]) {
for ( v V ) { d[v] = d[u] + A[u,v];
d[v] = A[s,v]; truoc[v] =u;
truoc[v]=s; }
} }
d[s]=0; }
}
88
 CHNG V. TM NG I NGN NHT

5.3 Thut ton Dijkstra (3/6)

V d v gii thut Dijkstra:
Cho th G nh trn, tm ng t 1->6
Cc bc thc hin
Bc lp nh 1 nh 2 nh 3 nh 4 nh 5 nh 6
()
Khi to 0,1 4,1 2,1 () ,1 ,1 ,1

1 - 3,3 () - 10,3 12,3 ,1

2 - - - 8,2 () 12,3 ,1

3 - - - - 10,4 () 14,4

4 - - - - - 13,5 ()

5 - - - - - -
89
 CHNG V. TM NG I NGN NHT
5.3. Thut ton Dijkstra (4/6)
Chng trnh minh ha gii thut Dijkstra:
#include "conio.h" for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
#include "io.h" cout<<"\n";
#include "iostream" for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
using namespace std; fscanf(fp,"%d",&G[i][j]);
#define MAX 100 cout<<" "<<G[i][j];
#define TRUE 1 if(G[i][j]==0)
#define FALSE 0 G[i][j]=32000;
int n, s, z; }
char chon; }
int truoc[MAX],d[MAX],G[MAX][MAX]; fclose(fp);
int final[MAX]; }
void Init(void){ void Result(void){
FILE * fp; int i,j;
int i, j; cout<<"\n Duong di ngan nhat tu
fp = fopen("dothi.in","r"); "<<s<<" den "<<z<<" la\n";
fscanf(fp,"%d", &n); cout<<" <="<<z;
cout<<"\n So dinh:"<<n; i=truoc[z];
cout<<"\n Ma tran trong so:";

90
 CHNG V. TM NG I NGN NHT
5.3. Thut ton Dijkstra (5/6)
Chng trnh minh ha gii thut Dijkstra:
while(i!=s){ final[s]=TRUE;
cout<<" <="<<i; while(!final[z]) {
i=truoc[i]; } minp=32000;
cout<<" <="<<s; for(v=1; v<=n; v++){
cout<<"\n Do dai duong di la: if((!final[v]) &&
"<<d[z]; } (minp>d[v]) ){
void Dijkstra(void){ u=v;
int v, u, minp; minp=d[v];}
cout<<"\n Tim duong di tu s= "; }
cin>>s; final[u]=TRUE;
cout<<" den z="; if(!final[z]){
cin>>z; for(v=1; v<=n; v++){
for(v=1;v<=n; v++){ if ((!final[v]) &&
d[v]=G[s][v]; (d[u]+ G[u][v]< d[v])){
truoc[v]=s; d[v]=d[u]+G[u][v];
final[v]=FALSE; truoc[v]=u;}
} }
truoc[s]=0; }
d[s]=0; }
} 91
 CHNG V. TM NG I NGN NHT

5.3. Thut ton Dijkstra (6/6)

Chng trnh minh ha gii thut Dijkstra:

void main(void)

Init();

Dijkstra();

Result();

getch();

92
 CHNG VI BI TON LUNG CC I

Lung vn ti:
nh ngha: Mng vn ti l mt th c hng,
khng c khuyn v c trng s G=(V,E) vi V={v0,
v1, ..., vn} tho mn:
1)Mi cung eE c trng s m(e) l mt s nguyn khng
m v c gi l kh nng thng qua ca cung e.
2) C mt v ch mt nh v0 khng c cung i vo, tc
l deg-(v0)=0. nh v0 c gi l li vo hay nh
pht ca mng.
3) C mt v ch mt nh vn khng c cung i ra, tc l
deg+(vn)=0. nh vn c gi l li ra hay nh thu ca
mng.
93
 CHNG VI BI TON LUNG CC I

Lung vn ti:
nh ngha: xc nh lng vt cht chuyn qua
mng vn ti G=(V,E), ngi ta a ra khi nim
lung vn ti v c nh ngha nh sau:
Hm xc nh trn tp cung E v nhn gi tr nguyn
c gi l lung vn ti ca mng vn ti G nu
tho mn:
1) (e) 0, e E.
2) v V; v v0; v vn
( e) (e ) -(v) = {e E; e c nh cui l v}
e ( v ) e ( v )
+(v) = {e E; e c nh u l v}
94
 CHNG VI BI TON LUNG CC I

Lung vn ti:
3) (e) m(e), e E.
Ta xem (e) nh l lng hng chuyn trn cung
e=(u,v) t nh u n nh v v khng vt qu kh
nng thng qua ca cung ny.
4)
(e) (e) : (v )

n
e ( v0 )
i lng evn (k
( vn )
hiu l n ) c gi l lung qua
mng, hay cng lung ti im vn hay gi tr ca
lung . Bi ton t ra y l tm vn t gi
tr ln nht, tc l tm gi tr ln nht ca lung.
95
 CHNG VI BI TON LUNG CC I

Lung vn ti:
nh ngha: Cho mng vn ti G=(V,E) v A V.
K hiu: (A)={(u,v)E | vA, uA},
+(A)={(u,v)E | uA, vA}.
i vi tp cung M tu , i lng
c gi l lung ca tp cung M.
( M )
eM
( e )

H qu: Cho l lung ca mng vn ti G=(V,E) v

A V \{v0,vn}. Khi : ((A))=(+(A)).

96
 CHNG VI BI TON LUNG CC I

Cho mng vn ti G=(V,E). Hy tm lung t

vn max trn mng G.
nh ngha: Cho A V l tp con tu khng
cha li vo v0 v cha li ra vn. Tp (A) c
gi l mt thit din ca mng vn ti G.

i lng m( ( A))
m (e )
e ( A )

c gi l kh nng thng qua ca thit din (A)

97
 CHNG VI BI TON LUNG CC I

nh ngha: Cung e trong mng vn ti G vi lung

vn ti c gi l cung bo ho nu
(e)=m(e).
Lung ca mng vn ti G c gi l lung y
nu mi ng i t v0 n vn u cha t nht
mt cung bo ho.
Ta thy: nu lung trong mng vn ti G cha y
th nht nh tm c ng i t li vo v0
n li ra vn khng cha cung bo ho. Khi ta
nng lung thnh nh sau:
98
 CHNG VI BI TON LUNG CC I

Khi cng l mt lung, m gi tr ca n l:

n = n +1 > n.

Nh vy, i vi mi lung khng y ta c th

nng gi tr ca n v nng cho ti khi nhn c
mt lung y.
99
Thut ton Ford-Fulkerson: tm lung cc i
ca mng vn ti G, xut pht t lung tu
ca G, ri nng lung ln y, sau p dng
thut ton Ford-Fulkerson theo 3 bc:
Bc 1 (nh du nh ca mng): Li vo v0
c nh du bng 0.
1) Nu nh vi c nh du th ta dng ch s
+i nh du cho mi nh y cha c nh
du m (vi,y)E v cung ny cha bo ho
((vi,y)<m(vi,y)).
2) Nu nh vi c nh du th ta dng ch s
i nh du cho mi nh z cha c nh
du m (z,vi)E v lung ca cung ny dng
((z,vi)>0). 100
Thut ton Ford-Fulkerson:
Nu ta nh du c ti li ra vn th trong G gia v0
v vn mt xch , mi nh u khc nhau v c
nh du theo ch s ca nh lin trc n (ch sai
khc nhau v du). Khi chc chn ta nng c
gi tr ca lung.
Bc 2 (nng gi tr ca lung): Ta t:
(e) = (e), nu e,
(e) = (e)+1, nu e c nh hng theo chiu
ca xch i t v0 n vn,
(e) = (e)1, nu e c nh hng ngc vi
chiu ca xch i t v0 n vn.
Lp li mt vng mi. V kh nng thng qua ca cc
cung u hu hn, nn qu trnh phi dng li sau
mt s hu hn bc. 101
 CHNG VI BI TON LUNG CC I

Thut ton Ford-Fulkerson:

Bc 3:
Nu vi lung 0 bng phng php trn ta khng
th nng gi tr ca lung ln na, ngha l ta
khng th nh du c nh vn, th ta ni rng
qu trnh nng lung kt thc v 0 t gi tr
cc i, ng thi gi 0 l lung kt thc.
nh l (Ford-Fulkerson): Trong mng vn ti
G=(V,E), gi tr ln nht ca lung bng kh nng
thng qua nh nht ca thit din, ngha l:
max vn min m( ( A))
AV , v0 A, vn A 102
V d: Cho mng vn ti vi kh nng thng qua
c t trong khuyn trn, lung c ghi trn
cc cung. Tm lung cc i ca mng ny.

103
Lung c ng i (v0,v4), (v4,v6), (v6,v8) gm cc cung
cha bo ho nn n cha y. Do c th nng lung
ca cc cung ny ln mt n v, c 1.
Do mi ng xut pht t v0 n v8 u cha t nht mt
cung bo ho, nn lung 1 l lung y. Song n cha
phi l lung cc i.
p dng TT Ford-Fulkerson nng lung 1.

104
Xt xch =(v0, v4, v6, v3, v7, v8). Qu trnh nh du t
v0 n v8 c th nng lung 1 ln mt n v
bng cch bin i lung ti cc cung thuc xch
c nh du. Sau ta c lung 2.

105
Tng t, xt xch =(v0, v1, v5, v2, v6, v3, v7, v8). Nng
lung 2 ln mt n v, sau ta c lung 3.

V0

106
 CHNG VI BI TON LUNG CC I

Tip theo ta ch c th nh du c nh v0 nn
qu trnh nng lung kt thc v ta c gi tr
ca lung cc i l:
3v8 = 6+12+8 = 26.
Mt khc, thit din nh nht (A)
vi A={v1, v2, ..., v8}
l (A)={(v0,v1), (v0,v2), (v0,v3), (v0,v4)}.

107