Professional Documents
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Ir. Dr. Quek Keng Hong has a PhD and a Masters degree in water resources from the
University of NSW, Australia. Dr. Quek is a consulting engineer by practice and specialises
in the field of urban drainage and hydrology. He has conducted many training workshops and
seminars on MSMA. Dr. Quek is currently a committee member of the Water Resources
1. Introduction
The Rational Method is a method for computing peak discharges for areas less than 80 hectares
in both the first and second editions of MSMA- referred to herein as MSMA (2000) and MSMA
(2011), respectively. MSMA is an acronym for the Manual Saliran Mesra Alam (the Urban
Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia) published by the Department of Irrigation and
The peak discharge computed using the Rational Method is commonly used in the sizing of a
drainage structure. Any change in the magnitude of the peak discharge will have direct impact on
the cost of the structure. This paper reviews the changes in the Rational Method in the two editions
of MSMA.
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In the study, the method is applied to a typical catchment in Kuala Lumpur and the results
compared. The changes in the design discharges due to changes in the runoff coefficient C
Rational Method is covered in Chapter 14 of the first edition and Chapter 2 of the second
edition of MSMA.
MSMA relates the peak discharge to the rainfall intensity and catchment area via the Rational
Method:
C y I t A
Qy
360 (1)
where
Design Chart 14.3 for urban areas and Design Chart 14.4 for rural areas in MSMA
(2000).
y
It is the average intensity of the design rainstorm of duration equal to the time of
In MSMA (2011), the peak discharge is related to the rainfall intensity and catchment area via
2
C i A
Q
360 (2)
where
2.3 Comparison
The changes in the Rational Method between the first and second editions are as follows:
1. The major change in the Rational Method is the coefficient of runoff. In the second
edition, it is read from a design chart and varies according to the types of landuse, the
rainfall intensities and whether it is urban or rural catchments. But in the second
edition, it is fixed according to the landuse- like in DID (1975), as shown in Table 1
2. There is no change in the size of catchment area where the Rational Method can be
applied. Both editions specify that the Rational Method should not be used for
3. The magnitudes of the design discharges in the two editions of MSMA are covered in
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Table 1 Recommended Runoff Coefficients for Various Landuses
(After Table 2.5 of MSMA, 2011)
Landuse Runoff Coefficient (C)
For Minor System For Major System
(10 year ARI) (>10 year ARI)
Residential
Bungalow 0.65 0.70
Semi-detached Bungalow 0.70 0.75
Link and Terrance House 0.80 0.90
Flat and Apartment 0.80 0.85
Condominium 0.75 0.80
3. Case Study
The purpose of the case study is to compare the changes in the computed peak discharges
using the Rational Method from the two editions of MSMA. The methods are applied to a
typical catchment involving a major system in Kuala Lumpur. The changes in the design
discharges due to changes in the runoff coefficient C and rainfall intensities are assessed.
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Figure 1 shows a map of the catchment area. The study area is located in Sg. Batu, Kuala
Area= 30 hectares.
Park
Semi-D Houses
3.2 Evaluation
Table 2 is a summary of the peak discharges computed using MSMA (2000) and (2011).
A Q p2
R
B Q p1
where
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It can be seen that:
1. For park, the ratio R is 0.76 indicating that the peak discharge from MSMA (2011) is lower
than the peak discharge from MSMA (2000). This is due principally to the lower C of 0.4 in
MSMA (2011) compared to a higher C of 0.61 in MSMA (2000). The lower C in MSMA
2. For Semi-D houses, the ratio R is 1.02 indicating that the peak discharge from MSMA
(2011) is about 2% higher than the peak discharge from MSMA (2000). The Q has
increased from 15.3 to 15.6 m3/s. The C has reduced from 0.9 to 0.75 but the i has increased
from 203.6 mm/hr to 249.7. The reduction in C is only for Semi-D houses, while the
increase in storm intensity is generally associated with MSMA (2011). In this case, the
effect of the increasing storm intensity is more prominent, thus giving a higher peak
discharge.
3. For commercial and city area, the ratio R is 1.31 indicating that the peak discharge from
MSMA (2011) is about 31% higher than the peak discharge from MSMA (2000). The Q
has increased from 16.9 to 22.1 m3/s. The C has increased from 0.905 to 0.95 while the
storm intensity has increased from 224.3 mm/hr to 279.4. The increase in C for commercial
and city area and storm intensity in MSMA (2011) has attributed to a significantly higher
peak discharge.
4. In conclusion, the peak discharge computed using the Rational Method in MSMA (2011) is
up to 31% higher than that in MSMA (2000). This increase is caused principally by the
higher C for commercial and city area and the higher storm intensity in MSMA (2011).
5. The magnitude of increase in peak discharge associated with the Rational Method in
MSMA (2011) varies depending on the station used for the IDF computation. MSMA
(2011) has provided 14 stations with different IDF data for Kuala Lumpur. In separate case
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study for design storms (Quek, 2015), it was found that 71% of these stations have higher
6. It is concluded that 71% of the stations in Kuala Lumpur will have up to 26% higher storm
intensity and up to 31% higher peak discharges for commercial and city area.
Table 2 Comparison of Peak Discharges using the Rational Method in MSMA (2000,
2011)
Landuse Q (m3/s) (A) Q (m3/s) (B) A/B
MSMA (2011) MSMA (2000)
park 7.2 9.4 0.76
Semi-D 15.6 15.3 1.02
Commercial 22.1 16.9 1.31
Lo
Ld
River
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4. Conclusion
1. For commercial and city area, the peak discharge from MSMA (2011) is about 31% higher
than the peak discharge from MSMA (2000). The Q has increased from 16.9 to 22.1 m3/s.
The C has increased from 0.905 to 0.95 while the storm intensity has increased from 224.3
mm/hr to 279.4 mm/hr. The increase in C for commercial and city area and storm intensity
have attributed to the higher peak discharge using the Rational Method in MSMA (2011).
2. Based on the results of a separate case study on design storms (Quek, 2015), it is concluded
that 71% of the stations in Kuala Lumpur will have up to 26% higher storm intensity and up
5. References
Drainage and Irrigation Department (1975) Urban Drainage Design Standards and Procedures for
Peninsular Malaysia. Planning and Design Procedure No. 1. Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia.
Drainage and Irrigation Department (1976) Flood Estimation for Urban Areas in Peninsular
Drainage and Irrigation Department (2000) Urban Stormwater Management Manual for
Drainage and Irrigation Department (2010) Review and Updated the Hydrological
Prepared by NAHRIM.
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Drainage and Irrigation Department (2011) Urban Stormwater Management Manual for
Quek K. H. (2015a) Review of Changes in the Estimation of Design Storm in the First and
Second Editions of MSMA, Submitted for publication in the Journal of IEM, December
2015.
Quek K. H. (2015b) Review of Changes in the Rational Methods in the First and Second
Editions of MSMA, Submitted for publication in the Journal of IEM, December 2015.