Professional Documents
Culture Documents
m. Ag n. Cr2O72- o. IO3-
Ag = 0 2Cr + 8O = -2 I + 3O = - 1
2Cr + 8(-2) = - 2 I + 3(-2) = - 1
2Cr + - 16 = - 2 I +-6 =-1
2Cr = +14 I = + 5 and O = - 2
Cr = +7 and O = - 2
s. SO2 t. NO2 u. NO
S + 2O = 0 N + 2O = 0 N+O =0
S + 2(-2) = 0 N + 2(-2) = 0 N + -2 = 0
S+-4 =0 N +-4 =0 N = + 2 and O = - 2
S = + 4 and O = - 2 N = + 4 and O = -2
v. I- w. Al3+ x. H2S
I=-1 Al = + 3 2H + S = 0
2(+1) + S = 0
+2 + S = 0
S = -2 and H = +1
2. Complete the following table
3. Identify which of the following are redox reactions. Justify your answer.
0 ---------ox.---------> +3
a. 2Fe(s) + 3Cu2+(aq) 2Fe3+(aq) + 3Cu(s) Redox reaction oxidation and reduction occurs.
+2 -----------red.----------> 0
0 -------ox.------> +3
b. 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s) Redox reaction oxidation and reduction occurs.
0-----red.---> -2
+2 -------red.--------> 0
c. PbS(s) + O2(g) Pb(s) + SO2(g) Redox reaction oxidation and reduction occurs.
-2 -----------ox.--------------> +4
Ag = + 1, NO3 = -1, Na = +1 and Cl = - 1 for reactants and products not a redox reaction.
ii) NO3-(aq) and Cu(s) in an acidic environment. The main products are NO2(g) and Cu2+(aq).
iii) ClO3-(aq) and Br-(aq) in an acidic environment. The main products are Cl-(aq) and Br2(aq).
iv) MnO4-(aq) and SO2(aq), in acid . The main products are Mn2+(aq) and SO42-(aq).
O/A: 2MnO4-(aq) + 16H+ + 10e- + 5SO2(g) + 10H2O(l) 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l) + 5SO42-(aq) + 20H+(aq) + 10e-
+4 -------------ox.----------> +6
ii) SO2 (g) + 2HNO3 (conc) H2SO4 (aq) + 2NO2 (g)
+5 --------------red.-----------> +4
S +4 +6 +2
N +5 +4 -1 ] x 2 multiplt N species by 2
I 0 +5 +5
N +5 +4 -1 ] x 10 multiply all N species by 10
+5 ------red.------->+2
iv) 8HNO3 (dil) + 6KI 2NO (g) + 3I2 (g) + 6KNO3(aq) + 4H2O (l)
-1 ------ox-------->0
7. Using the following reactions, place the metals in order of increasing reactivity. Explain your
reasoning.
From (i) Mn is a stronger reducing agent (more reactive) than Hg as it reduces Hg 2+ to Hg while
being oxidised itself. Mn > Hg
From (ii) Mn is a stronger reducing agent (more reactive) than Ni as it reduces Ni2+ to Ni while
being oxidised itself. Mn > Ni
From (iii) Ni is a stronger reducing agent (more reactive) than Hg as it reduces Hg 2+ to Hg while
being oxidised itself. Ni > Hg
From the above conclusions Hg < Ni < Mn
8. The following information is given about reactions involving the metals X, Y and Z and
solutions of their sulfates.
When the metals are listed in decreasing order of reactivity (most reactive first), what is the
correct order? Explain your reasoning.
From (i) Y is more reactive than X as it remains in its oxidised form while X remains in its
reduced form. Y2+ is not able to oxidise X and X is not able to reduce Y2+ suggesting X is a
weaker reducing agent than Y. Y > X
From (ii) Z is a stronger reducing agent (more reactive) than Y as it reduces Y2+ to Y and is
oxidised itself. Z > Y
From the above conclusions Z > Y > X
9. Predict whether reactions could occur in the following. Assume standard conditions. Justify your
responses.
a) Chlorine gas is bubbled through a solution of potassium bromide
b) Fluorine gas is bubbled through a solution of sodium chloride
c) Iodine is added to a solution of potassium fluoride
b) Beaker A
OX: Ni(s) Ni2+(aq) + 2e-
RED: Pb2+(aq) + 2e- Pb(s)
O/A: Ni(s) + Pb2+(aq) Ni2+(aq) + Pb(s)
d) The solution will become Ni(NO3)2 which is green. The solution will turn from colourless to
green.
11. Three beakers, labelled 1, 2 and 3, were set up containing aqueous solutions of B2+, C2+ and C2+
respectively as shown below
Rods of metal A were placed in beakers 1 and 3, and a rod of metal B was placed in beaker 2.
Reactions occurred in beakers 2 and 3, but not in beaker 1.
a) Beaker 2 Beaker 3
OX: B(s) B2+(aq) + 2e- OX: A(s) A2+(aq) + 2e-
RED: C2+(aq) + 2e- C(s) RED: C2+(aq) + 2e- C(s)
O/A: B(s) + C2+(aq) B2+(aq) + C(s) O/A: A(s) + C2+(aq) A2+(aq) + C(s)
c) Oxidising strength C2+ > A2+ > B2+ (Using beaker 1 A2+ > B2+)
Reducing strength B > A > C (Using beaker 1 B > A)
12. For the electrochemical cell shown below state:
a) the direction of electron flow in the external circuit
b) the half-equations that occur at each electrode
c) the overall reaction
d) which electrode is the anode
e) which electrode is positive
f) which way negative ions flow in the salt bridge
<--anions
Cu(SO4)2
NiCl2
c) Write a full equation for the overall reaction in the electrochemical cell
15. Draw and fully label the electrochemical cell in Question 14. Specify all solutions used and the
direction of electron and ion flow.
--------- e- -------->
<--anions
Al3+(aq) Sn2+(aq)
16. Predict whether the following reactions (unbalanced) could proceed under standard
conditions. Justify your responses.
c) A metal that will reduce water to hydrogen and a metal that will not
Anything below on the SRP e.g. Mn, Al, Mg, Na etc will reduce water to hydrogen.
Anything above will not e.g. Zn, Fe, Ni etc.
18. A standard Zn2+/Zn half-cell and a standard Cu2+/Cu half-cell were connected and allowed to
run spontaneously.
a) Write the oxidation and reduction half-equations as well as the overall reaction equation
b) Using the SRP table calculate the voltage produced as the cell first starts to operate
+1.10V
Decrease voltage
Increase voltage
a. CuI2
iv. At least 0.19V must be applied for the overall reaction to occur
b. HBr
iv. At least 1.07V must be applied for the overall reaction to occur
c. AgNO3 with a silver anode
Q = It n(e-) = Q/96500
21. How many coulombs per hour pass through an electroplating bath that uses a current of 5
amperes.
22. Calculate the current required to deposit 5.0g of gold per hour on the cathode from a solution
containing Au3+.
23. The Hall-Heroult cell is used to electrolytically extract Al from alumina (Al 2O3). In the process
Al2O3 is dissolved in molten cryolite and an electric current 250 000A is passed through the
solution. The Al3+ is reduced to molten Al at the cathode and the carbon anode is oxidised to
carbon dioxide. What would be the daily output of Al from the Hall-Heroult cell?
3 : 1
Al3+(aq) + 3e- Al(s)
n(Al) = n(e-)/3
= 223 834/3
= 74 611.4 moles of Al
Anode
2H2O(l) O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e- -1.23V
Q = It
= 5 x 5 x 60
= 1500 C
n(e-) = Q/96500
= 1500/96500
= 0.0155 moles
n(O2) = n(e-)/4
= 0.0155/4
=0.0039
V = n x MV
= 0.0039 x 22.4
= 0.0874 L
= 87.4 mL
25. By referring to the SRP table design an electrochemical cell that could act as a power source to
electrolyse molten lead(II)iodide, PbI2, to produce lead metal and iodine
Electrolysis
a) Write a half-equation for the reaction occurring at the cathode in this cell
Li+(aq) + e- Li(l)
b) Write a half-equation for the reaction occurring at the anode in this cell
c) Why is it not possible to produce lithium metal by the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of
lithium chloride?
Anode Cathode
2H2O(l) O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e- -1.23V 2H2O(l) + 2e- H2(g) + 2OH-(aq) -0.83V
or or
2CI-(aq) CI2(aq) + 2e- -1.36V Li+(aq) + e- L(s) -3.05V
If an aqueous solution was present. Water would be reduced and not the Li+. Li would not be
able to be produced.
d) Suggest why a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride is used rather than pure
lithium chloride, in this electrolytic process?
e) Assuming that lithium reacts in a similar way to sodium, describe two precautions that
would need to be taken in this preparation