CHAPTER III: DESIGN Landside Considerations

PARAMETERS Intermodal facilities

o Regional rail links that connects
Airport planning considerations airport station to terminal.

Utilities Considerations
Airfield Considerations Solar orientation
o Use of active and passive systems
Taxiway and taxi lane requirements
for capturing the suns energy.
o It is important to provide an
*also affects the light and
adequate taxiway network to
ventilation.
provide flexibility in aircraft
movements throughout the entire
Passenger Considerations
airport. This will provide for safe,
efficient, and expeditious travel Safety of passengers
between airport facilities. Walking distances
Airport obstacle clearance surface Convenient spaces
requirements Traffic
o To protect the airspace and runway Accessibility
approaches from obstacles and
hazards to aircraft in flight. Sustainability Considerations
Water conservation
Light and ventilation
Indoor environment quality

23
 b. The projected size of the market to be
ICAO/CAAP GUIDELINES
served by a proposed airport;

c. The ability of a proposed airport to

RULE VII DEVELOPMENT OF NEW
generate sufficient revenue to cover costs
AIRPORTS
of operation and maintenance;

SECTION 52. Development of

d. The availability of funding from both
New Airports.
local and foreign sources for the
-The Board shall be responsible for the
construction of a new airport or expansion
planning, development, construction,
of an existing one;
operation, maintenance, or the
expansion of airports. In planning
e. The proximity of other airports to a
and developing new airports, the Board
proposed new airport and the capability of
shall consider:
such other airport to handle traffic
projected to be handled by the new
a. The suitability of a proposed site in
proposed airport;
terms of terrain and proximity to
population center(s);
f. The governments public service
obligations, more particularly the

24
governments duty to ensure the ICAO SAFETY GUIDELINES
availability of air transport infrastructure
6.5.1 Annexes 1, 6, 8, 11, 13 and 14
for remote areas far from major
establish that States shall require, as part of their
population centers and that are not
SSP, that approved training organizations that are
otherwise easily accessible by
exposed to safety risks during the provision of their
transportation via land or sea. In such
services, aircraft operators, approved maintenance
cases, the Board shall take reasonable
organizations, organizations responsible for type
steps to ensure that funding will be
design and/or manufacture of aircraft, air traffic
available for the operation and
service providers and certified aerodromes implement
maintenance of such airports;
a safety management system (SMS). An SMS is a
management tool for the management of safety by an
g. ICAO best practices and
organization. The Annexes also establish that the SMS
recommendations concerning the
shall be accepted by the State and shall, as a
development of airports; and
minimum:

h. Such other considerations as the Board, a) identify safety hazards;

in the exercise of its reasonable
b) ensure the implementation of remedial action
discretion, may consider relevant or
necessary to maintain agreed safety performance;
important.
c) provide for continuous monitoring and regular
assessment of the safety performance; and

25
d) aim at continuous improvement of the overall CONCEPT OF SAFETY GUIDELINES
performance of the safety management system.
2.2.1 Depending on the perspective, the concept of
6.5.2 The four generic processes included in
safety in aviation may have different connotations,
the ICAO SMS requirement above (identification of
such as:
hazards, implementation of remedial action to address
the safety risks of the consequences of hazards,
a) zero accidents or serious incidents a
continuous monitoring and continuous improvement)
view widely held by the travelling public;
encompass the four basic safety problem-solving
activities that support delivery of services by an
b) freedom from hazards, i.e. those factors
organization:
which cause or are likely to cause harm;
a) finding out what is wrong (hazard
identification); b) proposing and implementing a fix or c) attitudes of employees of aviation
fixes (remedial action); organizations towards unsafe acts and

c) making sure that the proposed fix or fixes work conditions;

as intended (continuous monitoring); and

d) error avoidance; and
d) constantly improving the management system
to ensure efficacy and efficiency of the delivery of
e) regulatory compliance.
services (continuous improvement of the SMS).

26
2.2.2 Whatever the connotation, they all have 2.2.3 Safety is therefore a concept that must
one underlying commonality: the possibility of encompass relatives rather than absolutes, whereby
absolute control. Zero accidents, freedom from safety risks arising from the consequences of hazards
hazards, and so forth, convey the idea that it in operational contexts must be acceptable in an
would be possible by design or intervention inherently safe system. The key issue still resides in
to bring under control, in aviation operational control, but relative rather than absolute control. As
contexts, all variables that can precipitate bad or long as safety risks and operational errors are kept
damaging outcomes. However, while the elimination under a reasonable degree of control, a system as
of accidents and/or serious incidents and the open and dynamic as commercial civil aviation is
achievement of absolute control is certainly considered to be safe. In other words, safety risks and
desirable, they are unachievable goals in open and operational errors that are controlled to a reasonable
dynamic operational contexts. Hazards are integral degree are acceptable in an inherently safe system.
components of aviation operational contexts.
Failures and operational errors will occur in aviation,
in spite of the best and most accomplished efforts to 2.2.4 Safety is increasingly viewed as the outcome
prevent them. No human activity or human-made of the management of certain organizational
system can be guaranteed to be absolutely free processes, which have the objective of keeping the
from hazards and operational errors. safety risks of the consequences of hazards in
operational contexts under organizational control.
Thus, for the purposes of this manual, safety is
considered to have the following meaning:

27
Safety. The state in which the possibility of harm to Free flow through all parts of the routes
persons or of property damage is reduced to, and between air and ground transport should be
maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a interrupted as little as possible.
continuing process of hazard identification and safety Passengers should not have pass the same type
risk management. of control more than once.
The last control which a passenger should pass
ICAO FLOW GUIDELINES
is security.
-flow principles to consider with respect to passenger Flow routes should be planned to give visual
include: continuity to the maximum possible extent.
Multi directional junctions and flow routes which
Routes should be short, direct and self-evident.
appear to lead to the wrong direction should be
Changes in level of pedestrian routes should be
avoided.
avoided as far as is practicable
The speed of flow and capacity of the passenger
Passengers should be able to proceed through a
route should be matched to that of other
building without the need to rely on guidance or
systems.
instruction from staff.
Departing passengers should have an AIRPORT DESIGN STANDARDS
opportunity to check their baggage at the
General considerations
earliest possible point.
Each flow route, as far as possible should be in in passenger building planning it is
one direction only. necessary to provide the means for

28
 passengers to enter and leave their cars adjustments which evolve later in the
or public transport vehicles, buildings in detailed planning phase.
which aircraft operators can undertake Provision for all of the necessary
passenger processing and where passenger services at an optimum cost,
government control authorities can while recognizing the need for flexibility
undertake their inspections and in which and expansibility, as well as economy of
all necessary facilities for passengers any future passenger building expansion.
comfort and assistance can be provided.
TAXI WAY LAYOUT
Aircraft operations will be less costly and
more efficient if the passenger building is Efficient connection between runways and
as close as possible to the runways. terminal / service areas
The type and size of passenger building Avoid conflicts between aircraft operations
and the various components within the Arriving and departing taxi routes
building will evolve from land-use Holding passes and bypasses
requirements activity forecasts and site Avoid crossing of active taxiways over active
evaluations. runways
The development of passenger building Minimize runway occupancy time of arriving
plans should be limited to conceptual aircraft (eg. strategically located rapid exit
studies and drawings. Such drawing taxiways enable landing aircraft to leave runway
should not be so detailed as to preclude quickly for other aircraft

29
COMMON RUNWAYS

30
PARKING CONFIGURATION

31
AIRCRAFT INFORMATION

32
33
34
CHAPTER IV: BEST PRACTICES

FOREIGN:

Mount Fuji Shizuoka Airport

Mount Fuji Shizuoka Airport is a small airport that was

opened in June 2009 to serve the area between
Nagoya's Central Japan Airport and Tokyo's Haneda
Airport. The airport is located between Shizuoka
Prefecture's two main cities, Hamamatsu and
Shizuoka, and is named after the prefecture's most
famous landmark, Mount Fuji, which is located 80
kilometers away.

Shizuoka Airport is conveniently located near the

expressway, while the Tokaido Shinkansen passes
directly below it. However, there are currently no
plans to build a new station for easy train access to
the airport. Instead, access by public transportation is
provided by buses.

35
Gwangju Airport

Gwangju International Airport was opened on

Nonmember 16, 1948, and the first commercial plane
(DC-3) had its virgin flight on February 10, 1950. On
January 10, 1964, the airport was relocated to the
present address, and since then the traveller
terminals, taxi way, apron and other facilities have
been upgraded for full-scale transportation. While
being developed with a proper "airport" appearance,
the airport was bought, and has been managed, by
the Korea Airports Corporation since June 1990.

Gwangju Airport was made into a domestic airport

after transferring its former two international flights to
Muan Airport. The airport now handles domestic
flights to Gimpo and Jeju. After the modernization and
expansion of its airport facilities, Gwangju Airport now
serves as the principal air transport hub for the
southwestern regions of South Korea.

36
Barcelona airport

One of the advantages of Barcelona airport is

that it is really close by the center of city, at
just 14 km. It is specifically located at El Prat
del Llobregat, the town that gives the name
Aeroport del Prat to the airport, the second
largest of the country after Madrid Aeropuerto
de Barajas. The passenger traffic of 2010 was
about 30 million and the position of Barcelona
El Prat Airport (IATA: BCN) of the busiest in
the world is 32.

Depending on the airline that you are flying

with, departing or landing, you are able to use
one of the two terminals that the airport has.
The biggest and the newest one is T1, finished
at 2009.

37
Sydney airport
Sydney airport is one of Australias most important
pieces of infrastructure. It is an international gateway
and an essential part of our transport network that
connects Sydney to 46 international, 23 domestic
interstate and 28 regional destinations.

Sydney Airport is also a major employer in NSW and

makes a significant contribution to our local and
national economies, estimated at $8bn directly and
$16.5bn when flow-on effects are considered. This
contribution is equivalent to six per cent of the NSW
economy and translates into more than 75,000 direct
jobs and 131,000 indirect jobs for the people of
Sydney.

Sydney Airport is conveniently located only 8km from

the city centre and less than 10km from major tourist
attractions. The convenience of its location has
benefits for both business and tourism and is a major
strength that will help to underpin Sydneys future
prosperity.

38
PERTH AIRPORT

Strategically located in relation to South East Asia,

Europe and Africa, Perth Airport is Australias fourth
largest airport in terms of passenger traffic and is the
winner of the Australian Airports Association (AAA)
award for Australian Major Airport of the Year for
2003 and 2004.

Only 12 kilometres from the heart of Perth, the capital

of Western Australia, the airport is part of a 2,105
hectare estate with sufficient capacity to expand and
meet the projected commercial aviation demand of
the 21st century.

Of the 2,105 hectares, over 700 hectares is available

for a wide range of non-aviation property
development, providing the potential for the airport to
become a major commercial and industrial centre.

39
16
LOCAL:

PUERTO PRINCESA AIRPORT

Puerto Princesa airport in the middle of Palawan

Island serves the provincial capitol of Puerto Princesa.
Puerto Princesa is the closest airport to the Balabac
Islands and the closest airport to the Tubbataha
Reefs. Puerto Princesa Airport is the main gateway to
the Palawan mainland. Talks are afoot of converting
the airport to cater to international flights. From
Manila, it is accessible by air via Philippine Airlines,
Zest Air, and Cebu Pacific. There are flights via
Southeast Asian Airlines (SEAIR) from Manila via El
Nido/Busuanga. There are also seasonal flights direct
from Boracay/Caticlan also via SEAIR. Cebu Pacific
meanwhile offers direct flights from Cebu.

40
Legazpi Airport

The Legazpi Airport is a major airport in the Bicol

Region in the Philippines. It is located in Legazpi City,
Albay and it serves the locals and tourists in the City
and its vicinity. Located about 12 kilometers from
Mayon Volcano, it has a single runway dimensions of
2280 x 36 meters, longer than those of the former
airports of Bacolod (1958 x 30 meters) and
Mandurriao Airport in Iloilo (2100 x 43 meters).

The Airport in Legazpi is known in Filipino as

Paliparan ng Legazpi and Bikol as Palayogan nin
Legazpi. It is operated by the Civil Aviation Authority
of the Philippines and it can handle medium-sized
civilian jets and military aircraft. The surface of the
Legazpi City Airport is asphalt and the length of the
runway in feet is 7480. In aviation technical terms,
the airports direction is 06/24.

41
Daniel Z. Romualdez Airport

The Daniel Z. Romualdez Airport (airport codes: TAC

and RPVA), popularly known as the Tacloban Airport,
was built on the Tacloban Peninsula, a really
interesting headland to the southeast of downtown
Tacloban City in Leyte. The peninsula is practically
coterminous with Barangay 88 of the city, and it
encloses the Cancabato Bay to the west.

Peninsulas like the Tacloban Peninsula are good places

to build airport runways since they provide less
structural hazards for planes during take-offs and
landings. Another runway build on a similar piece of
land is the one at Sangley Point Naval Base, built on
the Cavite City peninsula.

42
Lumbia Airport

Lumbia Airport is a major domestic airport serving the

area of Cagayan de Oro City. It is the second busiest
airport in Mindanao and is the only airport in the
province of Misamis Oriental.

Airphil Express and Cebu Pacific operate services to

Cebu, Davao and Manila and Philippine Airlines also fly
to Manila from here.

The Cagayan de Oro trunkline airport is serving

Regions 10, 12, and 13. It is located in Lumbia, some
10 kilometers from the city proper.

The largest aircraft that the runway can currently

accommodate is B-737.

43
Sibulan Airport

Because of the influence of Dumaguete in the Negros

Oriental province, the Sibulan Airport is widely
recognized by locals as the Dumaguete Airport.

The Dumaguete Airport is situated in Barangay Boloc-

Boloc, Municipality of Sibulan because there are no
more spaces available for a domestic airport in the
University City. It is located near the border of
Sibulan and Dumaguete, about 3-4 kilometers from
the city center.

The Dumaguete Airport is classified as a Class 1

principal (major domestic) airport by the Civil Aviation
Authority of the Philippines (CAAP), the body of the
Department of Transportation and Communications
(DOTC) that is in charge for the operations of not only
this airport but also of all other airports in the
Philippines except the major international airports.

44
REFERENCES: Airport Design and Operation - Antonn Kazda,
Robert E. Caves - GoogleBooks
BOOKS SOURCES:
http://www.faa.gov/airports/resources/advisory_circul
The Airport Business - Rigas Doganis - GoogleBooks
ars/index.cfm/go/document.current/documentNumber
Introduction to Aviation Management /150_5070-6
by Andreas Wald,Christoph Fay,Ronald Gleich
http://www.scribd.com/doc/23493837/Airport-Design
Regional Airports
http://www.faa.gov/airports/resources/advisory_circul
edited by M. Nadia Postorino-GoogleBooks
ars/index.cfm/go/document.current/documentNumber
/150_5300-13
Airport cooperative research program
Report 38, understanding airspace, objects and their
STRATEGIC AIRPORT MANAGEMENT
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PROGRAMME
airport planning and terminal design. By CAAS (civil
Federal Aviation Regulations/Aeronautical aviation authority of Singapore)
Information Manual
SAFETY MANAGE MENT MANUAL(SMM)
by Federal Aviation Administration(FAA)
By ICAO doc 9859 AN/474
Airport Passenger Terminal Planning and
Design: Guidebook AERODROME STANDARDS
Aerodrome design and operations based on ICAO ICAO airport planning manual doc 9184 AN/902
annex 14,3rd edition. part 1

AIRPORT PLANNING DESIGN OPERATION AND INTERNET SOURCES:

SAFETY
http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2434.html
Based on: cf. ICAO Annex 14 Volume I - Aerodrome
Design and Operations, 5th Edition, 2009, Volume II http://www.airport.co.kr/doc/gwangju_eng/
Heliports, 3rd Edition, 2009,
http://www.barcelona-airport.com/
Manual on Certification of Aerodromes, Doc. 9774, 1st
Edition, 2001, Safety Management Manual, Doc 9859, http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/corporate/about-
2nd Edition, 2009 us.aspx
Global Air Traffic Management Operational Concept,
Doc 9854 http://www.perthairport.com.au/AboutUs/CorporateIn
formation.aspx

IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS http://tourism-philippines.com/puerto-princesa/

OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9497 OTHERWISE KNOWN AS http://www.mycam-asia.tv/philippines/how-to-fly-

THE CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY ACT OF 2008 to.php?airport=pps

AIRPORT DESIGN by U.S. department of http://www.markmaranga.com/legazpi-airport/

transportation FAA
http://www.vistapinas.com/article/daniel-z- http://www.ehow.com/about_5419114_air-travel-
romualdez-airport history.html

http://www.cagayan-de- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirAsia_Philippines

oro.com/cagayan_de_oro_airport.htm

http://www.airportcentral.com/cagayan-de-oro-city-
airport-lumbia-airport

http://www.markmaranga.com/dumaguete-airport-
sibulan/

http://www.air-travel-tips.com/history-of-air-
travel.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philippine
s_Airlines

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airphil_Express

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zest_Airways

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu_Pacific