FLUID MECHANICS

Problem 6

What is the enthalpy of

steam at 150 psia and
400F
Problem 7

A pump delivers 40 gpm of

water with a total head of
40 ft. The efficiency of the
pump is 65%. What is its
BHP?
Problem 8

When the ID of the pipe through

which a fluid flows is doubled, the
pressure loss due to friction per
unit length of pipe and for the
same volumetric flow rate is
changed by approximately a
factor of
Problem 9

When two centrifugal

pumps are connected in
series, the discharge
changes by a factor of
Problem 10

When two reciprocating

pumps are connected in
parallel, the volumetric
capacity of the system
changes by a factor of
Problem 11

The pressure drop in a

pipeline changes by a
factor of ___ when the
velocity of the flowing fluid
is doubled.
Problem 12

Oil with a viscosity of 30 cP

and a density of 60 lb/ft 3

flows through a 1/2-inch inside

diameter pipe. Determine the
velocity in ft/s below which
flow will be laminar.
Problem 13

Water at 80F flows at 10 ft

per second through a 6-inch
Sch. 40 steel pipe with length
of 1000 ft. The Reynolds
number is
Problem 14

A cylindrical tank 1 ft in diameter

discharges through a nozzle
connected to the base. Find the time
needed for the water level in the tank
to drop from 4 ft to 2 ft above the
nozzle. The diameter of the nozzle is
1 inch and its discharge coefficient
may be taken as unity.
Problem 15

A pitot tube with U-tube water manometer is

attached to a horizontal oil pipe of 4 in.
inside diameter. If the manometer reading is
15 in., deter mine the volumetric flow rate, in
gpm, of oil in the pipe. The pitot opening is
placed at the center of the pipe. The oil has
a specific gravity of 0.84 and a viscosity of
0.0336 lb/ft-s.
Problem 16

A sharp edged orifice is to be

fabricated to measure water
flowing at a rate not to exceed
1,200 cu.ft per hour, with a
differential head of 10 ft. What
orifice diameter in inches is
required if D2/D1 is made 1/5.
Problem 17

A sharp edged orifice with diameter

of 0.0566 m is installed in a 0.1541
m pipe thru which oil with density of
878 kg/m3 and viscosity of 4.1 cP is
flowing. The measured pressure
difference across the orifice is 93.2
kN/m2. What is the power
requirement for this meter?
Problem 18

The pressure after the pump in a

6-inch inside diameter smooth
pipe conducting water is 20 psia.
The water is discharged at an
open tank 100 ft. from the pump.
Calculate the rate of discharge of
water in ft3/s.
Problem 19
Water at 40 deg F is to flow thru 1000 ft
horizontal iron pipe at 150 gpm. A head of 20 ft is
available. The pipe to be used is
A) 1 SCH 40
B) 2 SCH 40
C) 3 SCH 40
D) 4 SCH 40
Problem 20
Calculate the radius of the capillary tube in mm,
such that it is a flow of a viscous fluid
Kinematic Viscosity = 0.000043 m2/s
Length of tube = 50.2 cm
Mass flow rate = 0.003 kg/s
Density of fluid = 955 kg/m3
Pressure drop = 4.77 atm
Problem 21
Predict P/100m [bar] of the 10 steam line below.
Assume 25 mm/1 inch for inside diameter
determination (nominal pipe size).
Fluid Flow
Predict P/100m [bar] of the Cooling water line after
increasing the capacity. Assume 25 mm/1 inch for
inside diameter determination (nominal pipe size).
Original Design

24, 2,700 t/h, 998 kg/m^3, P/100m = 0.0746 bar

Capacity Up

24, 3,200 t/h, 998 kg/m^3, P/100m =?

Problem 22
Calculate the fluid velocity [m/s] inside pipe.
Steam
P = 7 bar, T = 180 deg C
Flow = 12500 kg/h
Density = 4.052 kg/m^3
Pipe is 10 SCH 40
Outside diameter of 10 pipe = 273.1 mm
Tube wall thickness of 10 SCH 40 = 9.3 mm
NPSH

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH): is

the excess pressure (in terms of liquid
height) at the pump suction nozzle
over the vapor pressure of the liquid
being pumped. Two values of NPSH
must be considered; i.e., NPSHA and
NPSHR described as follows.
NPSHA

NPSH available (NPSHA): is the NPSH

given by actual system characteristics such
as height of equipment, friction heads,
and physical properties. In order to avoid
cavitation and damage of pump, NPSHA
must always be equal to or exceed the
NPSHR for the particular pump at the
desired flow rate.
NPSHR

NPSH required (NPSHR): Each pump

impeller design has a characteristic
suction head requirement over the
vapor pressure of the liquid. This
characteristic, termed NPSHR is given
on manufacturers performance
curves for each pump.
Problem 23
You are in the field-piping area of a refinery, without a calculator or
friction factor chart, doing an inspection with your manager. The flow
through pipe A is always fully turbulent. While you are watching the
gauges on pipe A, which read pressure drop through the length of the pipe,
the pressure increases by a factor of two. Your manager wants to know
what is happening. You know that no valves are closed downstream, and
the density and viscosity remain unchanged. In five seconds you figure out
the flow rate increase. What do you tell your manager?
a) Tell your manager, The flow increased by 20%.
b) Tell your manager, The flow increased by 40%.
c) Tell your manager, The flow increased by 80%.
d) Tell your manager, The flow increased by 100%.
Problem 24
Water is flowing under fully turbulent flow in a pipe. If
the diameter of the pipe is lowered by 10%, what
will be the effect on pressure drop for the same flow
rate?
a) Increase by 10% c) Increase by 59.05%
b) Increase by 21% d) Increase by 69.35%
Problem 25
In an effort to increase the flow rate of a
Newtonian liquid, the supply pressure is increased
by 40% in a pipe. Assuming fully turbulent flow
before and after the increase of pressure, and no
change in density or viscosity, what will be the %
increase in flow?
a)12 b) 18 c) 24 d) 30
Problem 26
Calculate the head loss in a pipe 1/4 in. in
diameter and 16 ft long, when the water flows at
half the critical velocity. The critical velocity occurs
when the Reynolds number is 2500. Take viscosity =
0.679 x 10^(-3) lbm/ft-s and density = 62.4
lbm/ft3. Express answer in feet of water (in 2
decimal places).
a)0.26 b)0.36 c) 0.46 d) 0.56
Problem 27
Honey flows through a pipe with Reynolds Number
< 10. The honey is heated to a temperature at
which its viscosity decreases to one-half its original
value. What effect will the heating have on the
friction pressure drop in the pipe?
a) The pressure drop decreases by one-half.
b) The pressure drop increases by one-half.
c) The pressure drop decreases by one-fourth.
d) The pressure drop increases by one-fourth.
Problem 28
Water at 68F is pumped at a constant rate of 5 cubic feet per minute from
a supply tank resting on the floor to the top of an experimental absorber.
The point of discharge is 15 above the floor, and the frictional loss in the
2 schedule-40 pipe are estimated to be 0.8. At what height in the supply
tank must the water level be kept if the pump can develop only 1/8 net
horsepower.
For SCH-40 2-inch pipe,
1 ft/s = 10.45 gpm
I.D. = 2.067 in.
A = 0.0233 ft^2

a) 1.8 ft b) 2.8 ft c) 3.8 ft d) 4.8 ft

Problem 29
Calculate the steam velocity (m/s) inside pipe. Pipe
is 10 SCH 40.
Outside diameter of 10 pipe = 273.1 mm
Tube wall thickness of 10 SCH 40 = 9.3 mm
Pressure = 7.00 bar
Temperature = 180C
Density = 4.052 kg/m^3
Flow rate = 12,500 kg/h
a) 15 b) 16 c) 17 d) 18
Problem 30
A 1 diameter smooth tube 1000 long is carrying a
product with a viscosity of 25 centipoise and a
density of 55 pcf at an average velocity of 7.33
per second. Due to a production change, the
product viscosity will be decreased to 12.5
centipoise with no change in density. What will be
the percentage change in the pump horsepower
needed to overcome the friction losses in the smooth
tube for the same flow? Hint: the increase in
horsepower is proportional to f.
Problem 31
Fluid is flowing through a 5-mile length of 4
schedule-40 (I.D. = 4.026 in.) steel pipe with an
average linear velocity of 10 per second. Assume
that the pipeline is well insulated to prevent heat
loss from the surroundings. The constant liquid
properties are density = 62.4 pounds per cubic
foot; viscosity = 4.35 centipoise; and specific heat
= 0.2 BTU/lbm-F.
Problem 31
Calculate the Reynolds number
a) 51,600 b) 61,600 c) 71,600 d) 81,600

Calculate the fanning friction factor

a) 5.2786 x 10^-3 b) 6.2786 x 10^-3
c) 7.2786 x 10^-3 d)8.2786 x 10^-3

Calculate the head loss due to skin friction

a) 5580 ft c) 3580 ft
b) 4580 ft d) 2580 ft
Problem 31
Calculate the heat lost in BTU/lbm
a) 7.17 b) 5.89 c)3.32 d)4.60

Calculate the temperature rise of the liquid over the

5-mile section
a)16.6F b)29.45F c)35.9F d)23F
Problem 32
Calculate the Friction Factor (f) with two methods under the
below conditions using f = 0.0637*NRe^(-0.21)
Fluid: Steam
Temperature = 170 deg C
Inlet Pressure: P1 = 4.00 kg/m^3
Flow Rate = 10,000 kg/h
Density = 2.503 kg/m^3
Viscosity = 0.0148 x 10^(-3) Pa-s
Wall thickness = 9.5 mm
Pipe: 12 SCH 40 (tube OD = 323.9 mm)
Surface Roughness e = 0.100 mm
Problem 33
Calculate the Friction Factor (f) with two methods under the
below conditions using Colebrook Formula
Fluid: Steam
Temperature = 170 deg C
Inlet Pressure: P1 = 4.00 kg/m^3
Flow Rate = 10,000 kg/h
Density = 2.503 kg/m^3
Viscosity = 0.0148 x 10^(-3) Pa-s
Wall thickness = 9.5 mm
Pipe: 12 SCH 40 (tube OD = 323.9 mm)
Surface Roughness e = 0.100 mm