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Note that we found the final velocity of the second ball regardless the
type of the collision. To verify that the solution is consistent with the
given information one should compare the initial and the final total
kinetic energy
mv12i
K tot ,f 2
+0
v 2 (5.0 )
m 2
= = 1i
= s
= 1.0
K tot ,i mv12f mv 22f v12f + v 22 f (4.3 m )2 + (2.5 m )2
+ s s
2 2
dx
x cm
x
dm
L
z
a) Consistently with the figure and the given information, the mass of
the indicated fragment of the rod is
g g
dm = dx = 50 + 20 2 x dx
cm cm
In order to find the total mass, the mass of all differential pieces must be
added. It requires integration of the above function in appropriate
limits.
0.3m
g g
M = dm = 50 + 20 2 x dx =
rod 0m m c
0.3m
g g x 2
= 50 x + 20 2 = 15.9g
m m 2 0m
1 0.3m g g
x cm = 50 x + 20 2 x 2 dx =
M 0m m m
0.3
1 g x 2 g x 3
= 50 + 20 2 = 15.3cm
M m 2 m 3 0
h
dm
x
w l
z
a) Gravitational potential energy of a differential fragment of an object
depends on the mass of the fragment and its elevation above the
reference level
1) dU g = dm g y
where g is the acceleration due to gravity (free fall acceleration).
The total gravitational potential energy of the object requires
integration of the gravitational potential energy over the entire object.
2) U g = dU g = dm gy dm = g y dm
object object object
From the definition of center of mass, the y-component of its position is
1
3) y cm = y dm
M object
Substituting the integral in equation (2)
4) U g = dU g = dm gy dm = g M y cm = Mgy cm
object object
b) Directly from the definition of center of mass, the y-component of
the ramps center of mass can be found
5)
h
x
l l w
1 1
y cm = y dm = y dzdydx =
M object 1
lh w 0 0 0
2
h h hx
ll
x x
l l w l l
2 2 2
ydz dydx = ywdy dx =
w
= yz 0 dydx =
lhw 0 0 0 lhw 0 0 lhw 0
0
h
2 l y2 l
x l
1 l h2 2 h x3 h
= dx = 2 x dx = 3 =
lh 0 2
0
lh 0 l l 3 0 3
1 h
U g = Mgy cm = lhw g =
2 3
6)
kg 1 m
= 3800 3 64.8m 15.7 m 3.6m 9.8 2 15.7m = 3.57 108 J
m 2 s
0.75 m/s
x
Fext
d) One can find the work directly from its definition recognizing that the
force exerted on the belt by the motor is constant
m
4) W = Fext , x dx = Fext , x v x t = 3.75N 0.75 1s = 2.81J
path s
e) The rate of change in the total kinetic energy of the sand can be found
directly from the definition
4) =
( )
dK tot dm v 2x 0 2 1 dm 2 1 kg
=
m
2
v x = 5 0.75 = 1.41
J
dt dt 2 dt 2 s s s
Since the above rate is time independent, the change in kinetic energy of
the sand is
dK tot J
5) K tot = t = 1.41 1s = 1.41J
dt s
f) Change in the total kinetic energy of a system is related to work done
by both external and internal interaction. As the sand falls on the
conveyor belt, kinetic frictional forces are exerted by the belt on the
sand and by the sand on the belt. Until the sand acquires the same
velocity as the belt (inelastic collision), the distance traveled by the belt
is greater than the distance travelled by the sand. Therefore, the internal
work is negative. From the (fourth version) of the work-energy theorem
we may conclude that the internal work is
6) Wint = K tot Wext = 1.41J 2.81J = 1.40J
Problem 9.57
An 8 g bullet is fired into a 2.5 kg block that is initially at rest at the edge of a
frictionless table of height 1 m (Fig. P.58). The bullet remains in the block, and
after impact the block lands 2 m from the bottom of the table. Determine the initial
speed of the bullet.
y
m= vi r0 = [ 0m, 0m ]
v0
M=
x
g
r1 = [ 2m, -1m ]
In the process the bullet first collides with the block, then the entire
system moves with a constant acceleration (free fall). Suggested
coordinate system is convenient for consideration both processes.
Considering both objects, the bullet and the block, as the particles
one can relate the velocity v0 of the system after the collision with the
initial velocity vi of the bullet. The momentum conservation law requires
that
1) mv i + 0 = (m + M )v 0
from which
In the free fall motion the position of the particle is a quadratic
function of time. Consistent with the marked coordinate system
gt 2
2) r(t ) = v 0 t +
2
The rest is math. From the given vertical component bullet-block
system one can determine the time t1 of the fall.
2 y1 2 (1m)
3) t1 = = = 0.45s
g 9.81 m2
s
and the required initial velocity of the system
gt12
r1
4) v 0 = 2 = [x1, y1 ] [0, y1 ] = 2m ,0 m = 4.43 m ,0 m
ti t1 0.45s s s s
5) v i =
(m + M ) v =
0.008kg + 2.5kg m m
4.43 ,0
0
m 0.008kg s s
m
6) vi = v i = 4.43
s