Electric Circuit

Armature Windings
Armature winding of a machine is defined as an arrangement of
conductors designed to produce emfs by relative motion in a
heteropolar magnetic field.
The action of rotating electromagnetic machines is dependent
upon the conversion of power that takes place through the medium of
magnetic field an emf being induced in the winding that experiences
a change of flux linkages.
Electrical machines employ groups of conductors distributed in
slots over the periphery of the armature. The groups of conductors
are connected in various types of seriesparallel combinations to
form armature winding.
The conductors are connected in series so as to increase the voltage rating while
they are connected in parallel to increase the current rating.

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Coil :-
A coil may consist of a single turn or may consist of many turns, placed in
almost similar magnetic position, connected in seriesseries.. In the former case,
the coil is called a single turn coil while in the latter case, it is known as
multi--turn coil
multi coil..
A single turn coil is shown in Fig Fig.. (a)
(a).. Fig
Fig.. (b) shows a 3-turn coil
coil..
However, any number of turns could be included in a coil before bringing
out the coil ends
ends..

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Single Layer And Two Layer Windings
(1) Single layer winding. Fig. (a) shows an arrangement for a single
layer winding.
In this type of winding arrangement, the whole of the slot is
occupied by one coil side of a coil. Single layer windings are not
used for machines having commutators.
However, some advantages of these windings are

(1) Single layer windings allow the use of semi

semi--enclosed and closed types
of slots
slots..
(ii) With single layer windings, coils preformed at one end can be used
used..
These coils are pushed through the slots from one end of the core and are
connected up during the winding process at the other end which happens
to be free end
end.. The use of preformed coils wherein the insulation can be
properly applied and consolidated is a great advantage especially in large
output high voltage machines
machines..

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Double layer winding : - The two layer windings have identical coils
with one coil side of each coil lying in top half of the slot and the
other coil side in bottom half of another slot exactly or approximately
one pole pitch away
away.. Fig
Fig.. (b) shows a double layer winding with 2
coil sides per slot
slot..

Each layer may contain more than one coil side in case large
number of coils are required
required.. Fig
Fig.. (c) shows an arrangement wherein
there are 8 coil sides per slot
slot.. Open slots are frequently used to house
double layer windings
windings..
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The advantages of double layer windings are :
1. Double layer windings give a neat arrangement with all coils
being identical
identical..

2. Double layer windings give greater flexibility in design because

of the ease with which the coil span (or coil pitch) can be
chosen..
chosen
Closed And Open Windings
Armature windings are classified into two categories
(i) Closed type and (ii) Open type.
(1) Closed windings :-
In this winding there is a closed path around the armature
armature.. Thus if
starting at any point, the winding is followed through all its turns,
the starting point is reached again
again..

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 The current flowing into a closed winding is through brushes
placed on a commutator whose segments are connected to different
armature coils
coils..
The closed windings are used in dc, and ac. commutator machines
Closed windings are always double layer type.
Open windings
windings::-
In alternating current machines where commutator is not used, it is
not necessary to use a closed winding
winding.. These machines use open
winding..
winding
In open windings, the armature may be left open at one or more
points.
The ends of each section of the winding can be brought out to terminals and then
any desired inter
inter--connection can be made externally Where an open winding is
possible, it is universally preferred to a closed winding because of the flexibility in
design and the freedom of connections
connections..
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 Open windings may be either single layer or double layer type
and are used in ac
ac.. Machines like induction and synchronous
machines..
machines
Closed windings which are adapted for connection to a
commutator are usually called D.C. Armature Windings while open
windings which are exclusively used for ac machines are known as
A.C. Armature Windings
Windings..

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CONCENTRIC WINDING
Concentric windings are single layer windings which use concentric
type of coils
coils.. The coil span of the individual coils is different
different..

The coil span of some coils is more than a pole pitch while the
span of others is equal to or less than the pole pitch
pitch..

They are of two types :-

:-
(i) Hemitropic or half coil windings (Unbifurcated windings)

Arranged 2-plane overhang 3-plane overhang

(ii) Whole coil windings. (Bifurcated windings)

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 (i) Hemitropic or half coil windings (2-
(2-plane overhang)
These windings are also known as Unbifurcated windings windings.. In
these windings the coils comprising a pair of pole phase groups under
adjacent poles are concentric
concentric..
The coil spans of the
two coils forming a
coil group are different
different..

One has a coil span of

7 slots and the other 5
slots..
slots

With average or
2 - plane overhang. effective coil span
being 6 slots (equal to
2 slots per pole phase or slots per pole) and
6 slots per pole in hemitropic winding therefore the winding
behaves as a full pitch
Hemitropic winding having 3 slots per pole winding..
winding
per phase with a 2 plane overhang.
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 3 plane overhang
Winding shown in Fig. the 3 coils in a coil group have an average
(effective) coil span of 9 slots (which is equal to slots per pole).

The same winding may have a 3 plane overhang as shown in

Fig. above
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Whole Coil Windings
These are also known as bifurcated windings.
In these windings, each pole phase group is split up into two sets of
concentric coils, each set sharing its return coil sides with those of
another pole phase group in the same phase
phase..
3-phase whole coil winding can be arranged to lie in either 2 or 3
planes.. There are no cranked coil groups
planes groups..

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Draw the winding diagrams of a following 3-phase, 36
slots, 6 pole, a.c. armature for Following single layer
concentric types of windings :
(i) Hemitropic-2 plane overhang (ii) Hemitropic-3 plane
overhang. (iii) Whole coil-3 plane overhang.
Solution

Slots per pole per phase = 36/3*6 = 2

Slots per pole = 36/6 = 6

\ Angle between consective slots s = 180/6 = 30 0
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 Pole pitch Pole pitch

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
R B Y R B Y

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 25
13
1

34 22 10 4 16 28

9 5
21 17
33 29
7
19
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31 M.V.Ramana Rao
 Hint

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

RS1 RF1 RS2 RF2 RS3 RF3

SR FB SY SB FR FY
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3-Phase, 36 slots, 6 Pole Sigle layer Hemitropic Concentric Winding 3 Plane overhang
 Assignment
1. Draw the winding diagrams of a following 3-phase, 36slots, 6
pole, a.c. armature for Following single layer concentric types of
windings (i) Hemitropic-2 plane overhang (ii) Whole coil-3 plane
overhang.
2. Draw the winding diagrams for a 4 pole, 36 slots, 3-phase,
MUSH connected armature.
Instructions :
1. All assignment hat to send through e-
e-mail only as the attachment.
2. Assignment should be sent the following e-
e-mail
e-mail : ramanarao2000@yahoo.co.in

3. Assignment should be in the creative nature.

4. Assignment must be sent on or before 15th August 2008

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Mush winding
Draw the winding diagrams for a 4 pole, 24 slots, 3-phase,
MUSH connected armature.
Solution :- 24
Slots per pole per phase = =2
3*4
This is an even number
Coil span = 24/4 = 6 slots and hence winding is not
Possible with coil span
of 6 slots
\ A coil span of 5 is used

R 1,2 7,8 13,14 19,20

B 3,4 9,10 15,16 21,22
Y 5,6 11,12 17,18 23,24
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20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

20

SR FR
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 Double Layer Windings
Double layer windings are universally used for armatures of
synchronous generators and motors and most induction motors of
large and medium sizes.
Double layer windings may be classified into two categories
depending upon the method used to bring about the transition from
the top layer to bottom layer.
These are
(i) lap type, and (ii) wave type.

Lap windings have their widest field of application in the stators

of high speed machines.
Wave windings are used for wound rotors of medium and large
size induction motors.

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 These windings are the same as used in d.c. machines and give
two different shapes to the end connections. The coils used in
double layer windings are diamond shaped as in dc machines
The number of coil sides per slot in double layer windings of ac
ac..
machines is invariably 2. There, number of coils is equal to number
of slots or C = S.
The windings used for ac
ac.. machines are usually chorded
chorded..

The advantages of a chorded (short pitch or fractional pitch)

winding are
(i) The amount of copper used in the overhang is reduced, and
(ii) The magnitude of certain harmonics of the ,mmf and also emf is
reduced..
reduced

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Double layer windings can be either
i) integral slot, or
ii) fractional slot
slot..
When the number of slots per pole phase q = S/mp is an integer
integer,,
it is known as an integral slot winding. For example,
consider a stator having 24 slots and wound for 4 poles and 3
phases.. The number of slots per pole per phase q = 24
phases 24//4 x 3) =
2, which is an integer
integer.. The winding is thus an integral slot
winding..
winding

When the number of slots per pole and also the number of slots per
pole per phase are not integers
integers,, the winding is known as
fractional slot winding
winding.. The value of q is usually an improper
fraction such as 8/5, 25
25//7 etc
etc.. Consider a stator having 78 slots to be
wound for 3-phases and 8 poles, q = 78 78/(
/(88*3) = 13
13//4 =3 . Thus q
is not an integer and therefore it is a fraction slot winding.
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 Integral Slot Lap Winding
Example :
Give the layout of a lap winding for the stator of a 3 phase ac having
4 poles and 24 slots. There are 2 coil sides per slot.

Thus there are 3 phase groups per pole each comprising of q = 2

slots. The distribution of slots, of phase sequence RYB, is
R 1,2 7,8 13,14 19,20
B 3,4 9,10 15,16 21,22
Y 5,6 11,12 17,18 23,24
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 Considering the coils at the end opposite to the connections, coil
side 1 (top) is connected to coil side (1 + 13
13)) = 14 (bottom)
(bottom)..

Coil sides 1 and 14 form a coil this coil may be single turn or a
multiturn coil
coil.. Coil side 14 is connected to coil side (14 11 = 3,
(top) at the front end
end..

This connector C connects the last turn of the first coil of pole phase
group to the first turn of second coil of the same group
group..
Coil side 3 is connected to coil side (3 + 13
13)) = 16 (bottom) at the
back.. Coil sides 3 and 16 form the second and the last coils of this
back
pole phase group
group.. (If there were more coils per phase group, they
would have been also connected in series)
series)..
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Clock diagram of a 3- SR
phase, 4 pole, 24 slot 600
double layer winding with 24 1
23
full pitch coils Y' R
22 Y' R
B Y' R R B' SY
21 Y'
B B B' B'
20 B B'
R' Y
R' Y
19 R' R' s =300
Y Y
R' R' 7
18 Y Y
Y R'
Y R'
17 B' B 8
B' B' B B
16 R Y' 9
B' R Y' B SB
R
15 R Y' Y' 10
14 13 12 11

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 Yb = 11

Yf = 9

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 Integral Slot Wave Winding
Example :
Give the layout of a wave winding for the rotor of a 3 phase, 4 pole
induction motor having 24 slots. Each slot contains 2 coil sides.
Solution :- 24
Slots per pole per phase q = =2
3*4
Slots/pole = 24/4 = 6

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R 1,2 7,8 13,14 19,20
B 3,4 9,10 15,16 21,22
Y 5,6 11,12 17,18 23,24

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 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48

40
3
38 4

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Fraction Slot Windings

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 Give the layout of a double layer lap type winding for a 3
phase, 8 pole. 54 slot armature.
Solution :-
:-

The basic unit of this winding consists of d = 4 poles

poles.. As there are
8 poles, so the winding has 2 units
units.. Each unit of 4 poles has M = 4
slots of each phase or the total number of slots in a unit is mM = 27 27..

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 These slots, when arranged according to their position in
the machine are
1,2,3 8,9 15,16 22,23

These slots, when arranged according to their position in

the machine are
4, 5 10, 11, 12 17, 18 24, 25
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The remaining 9 slots out of total of 27 in a unit, belong
to phase Y. These, when arranged according to their
sequence in the machine, are
6,7 13,14 19,20,21 26,27
R 1,2,3 8,9 15,16 22,23
B 4, 5 10, 11, 12 17, 18 24, 25
Y 6,7 13,14 19,20,21 26,27

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 R 1,2,3 8,9 15,16 22,23
B 4, 5 10, 11, 12 17, 18 24, 25
Y 6,7 13,14 19,20,21 26,27

R B Y
1X X X X X X X

2 X X X X X X X

3 X X X X X X X

4 X X X X X X

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 + - + - + - + - + - + -

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 Give the winding layout of a 30 slot, 4 pole 3-
3-phase wave wound
rotor of an induction motor.

Each unit covers 2 poles and there are two such units. Each unit
contains 5 slots of each phase. Each phase in a unit has

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 =8

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SR 1 + 15 = 16 16 + 15 = 31 y = yb = 15
f
31 + 15 = 46 46 + 15 = 61 (1) 3

3 + 15 =18 18 + 15 = 33
33 + 15 = 48 48 + 15 = 63 (3) 5

5 + 15 = 20 20 + 15 = 35
35 + 15 = 50 50 + 15 = 65 (5) 4

4 + 60 15 = 49 49 15 = 34
34 15 = 19 19 15 = 4(2)

2 + 60 15 = 47 47 15 = 32
32 15 = 17 17 15 = 2

FR
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3 Phase, 30 Slot, 4 Pole, Double Layer Fractional Slot Wave Winding.

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