Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CYTOLOGY
Musa ZET
Tan ERDOAN
book.zambak.com
Copyright Srat Basm Reklamclk
ve Eitim Aralar San. Tic. A..
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form of
recording without the prior written
permission of the publisher.
Digital Assembly
Zambak Typesetting & Design
Page Design
Memduh SEYMAN
Editor
Jeff WEARDEN
Publisher
Srat Basm Reklamclk ve Eitim
Aralar San. Tic. A..
Printed by
alayan A.. Sarn Yolu zeri No:7
Gaziemir / Izmir, June 2008
Tel: +90-0-232-252 22 85
+90-0-232-522-20-96-97
ISBN: 978-975-266-827-0
Printed in Turkey
DISTRIBUTION
Srat Basm Reklamclk ve Eitim
Aralar San. Tic. A..
Bulgurlu Mah.
Haminne emesi Sok. No. 20
34696 skdar / STANBUL
_______________________
Tel : +90-216 522 09 00 (pbx)
Fax : +90-216 443 98 39
http://book.zambak.com
Dear students
Biology is rapidly developing, and seems to be the determining science of the 21st. century. 17th.
century was age of math, 18th. century age of chemistry, 19th. Century age of physics, and 20th. Century
was the age of technology and health. And now genetic engineering techniques, improvements in
molecular biology, biological application in health care (such as cloning), increase in ecological problems
and their solution methods and finally, use of biology as a cold war agent have increased the importance
of biology and brought it to its deserved place at the beginning of this century.
Besides these global phenomena, human biology is another important branch of biology, that
provides practical and important information for everybody. An effective and adequate biology education
helps you understand your body and your surrounding and provides you correct understanding,
controlling, getting benefit and avoiding from the dangers of this surrounding and the organisms in it.
Furthermore in order to leave a clean, peaceful and more natural world to our children, we have to
have basic biology knowledge. Actually we have to have a biology based culture since, humanistic-social
values and being aware of how to live with all other organisms friendly, can be provided by biology
supported education. In addition, like all other sciences too, biology also aims to make you gain a reliable
point of view. It does not only provide you some simple use of practical hints in life, but it also help you
in having a multi-dimensional approach which makes you a different and distinct member of the same
society. But unfortunately like other sciences, this side of biology is unconscious too, until you become
an adult you will hardly ever realize how it has fulfilled its aim and has provided you that much.
Finally biology not only provides you a meaningful life but it also makes you understand others and
helps you make mutual relationships with others, and hopefully, the result will be happier and healthier
society and world which can only be formed by happier and healthier individuals.
This Test-bank is, specially prepared and designed to support the related course books of the
modular system and help you understand it easier. The importance of repetition and use of the
knowledge to provide long-term memory is a scientific fact. These tests include some questions that are
designed to check your basic comprehension and practise your gained knowledge, where as some
selected questions require more detailed information and comment. By this way these tests make your
biology knowledge more durable. The image-supported questions make you, use several different
phenomena and imagine the process in your mind. So you will be able to criticize some different factors
and make predictions about the future results when you change some variable factors.
At the end of chapters you will see general review tests of miscellaneous questions from different
parts. Such tests aims to make repetition of whole subject and help you remember previous parts.
Dear students, we wish you enjoyment in your lessons and success in examinations.
AUTHORS
CHAPTER 01 : CHEMISTRY OF LIFE CHAPTER 06 : MASTER MOLECULES
Checkpoint Test 01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Checkpoint Test 01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Checkpoint Test 02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Checkpoint Test 02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Checkpoint Test 03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Checkpoint Test 03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Checkpoint Test 04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Checkpoint Test 04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Checkpoint Test 05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Checkpoint Test 05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Checkpoint Test 06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Checkpoint Test 06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
Checkpoint Test 07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
CHAPTER 07 : GENERAL REVIEW
CHAPTER 02 : MICROUNIVERSE Checkpoint Test 01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Checkpoint Test 01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Checkpoint Test 02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Checkpoint Test 02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Checkpoint Test 03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Checkpoint Test 03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Checkpoint Test 04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Checkpoint Test 04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Checkpoint Test 05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Checkpoint Test 05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Checkpoint Test 06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Checkpoint Test 06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Checkpoint Test 07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Checkpoint Test 07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Checkpoint Test 08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Checkpoint Test 09 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
CHAPTER 03 : METABOLISM Checkpoint Test 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Checkpoint Test 01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Checkpoint Test 02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Checkpoint Test 03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
CHAPTER 04 : PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Checkpoint Test 01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Checkpoint Test 02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Checkpoint Test 03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Checkpoint Test 04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
6
CHECKPOINT TEST 1
8. Some functions of minerals in the human body are given 11. Water is an inorganic substance, used as a
below. I. structural essential.
- Muscular contraction II. source of energy.
- Production of red blood cells III. regulatory substance.
- Formation of bones and teeth
Which of the properties given above are true for
- Impulse transmission through neurons water?
Which of the following does not match with these DDD
functions? A) I only B) III only C) I and II
EEE D) I and III E) I, II and III
A) Calcium B) Iron C) Potassium
D) Sodium E) Iodine
8
CHECKPOINT TEST 2
7. Some types of carbohydrates are given below. 10. Lipids release twice the energy of proteins or carbohydrates
I. Starch when they are completely oxidized or catabolized into
their constituent units.
II. Cellulose
III. Galactose Lipids release more energy because
IV. Glycogen I. after digestion, they can pass directly into the blood.
II. they have more H atoms in their structure than the
Which are produced in plant cells?
others.
AAA
A) I and Il B) II and III C) II and IV III. they have unsaturated fatty acids in their structure.
D) I, II and III E) I, III and IV Which of the statements given above is the true reason
why lipids release more energy?
BBB
A) I only B) II only C) III only
D) I and III E) I, II and III
8. Which of the following is not an abnormality caused
by lack of protein in humans?
EEE
A) Poor healing of wounds
B) Inability to synthesize enzymes
C) Decrease of resistance to infections 11. The carbon in a protein molecule is marked (by isotopes)
and this protein molecule is put into a person.
D) Decrease of resistance to toxic materials
E) Increase in the amount of glucose in the blood The carbon can not be found in which of the following
molecules formed in the person?
DDD
A) Amino acid B) Fatty acid C) Glucose
D) Vitamin E) Enzyme
9. Food provides more energy when it contains more lipid
molecules. It provides less energy when it contains much
water. According to the graph,
Energy (calories)
12. In living organisms bodies there are some molecules, as
follows:
- Sucrose
- Starch
- Maltose
Which of the following properties is not common of all
the molecules above?
CCC
X Y Z P T N L Nutrient
A) There are glucose molecules in their structures.
which nutrients contain the most lipids and the most B) There are glycosidic bonds between molecules.
water molecules, respectively? C) They can be synthesized in bacteria.
DDD D) They can be broken down into monomers by
A) X and Y B) X and L C) Z and P digestive enzymes.
D) Z and L E) T and L E) They are found in plant cells.
9
Carbohydrates, Lipid and Pr oteins 2
1. The following events occur in a cell: 4. Carbohydrates are organic molecules made up of carbon,
I. consumption of monomers hydrogen and oxygen atoms. They can be found in
different forms in different living things.
II. enzymes play a role in reactions
III. formation of water by dehydration reaction Some types of carbohydrates are given below:
I. Starch
Which of the above events are common, when there is
polysaccharide, protein and lipid synthesis in the cell? II. Maltose
CCC III. Glycogen
A) I only B) II only C) I and III IV. Lactose
D) II and III E) I, II and III V. Saccharose
VI. Cellulose
Which of the following match the types of molecules
in plants and animals?
EEE
Plants
___________ Animals
___________
2. Some of the organic molecules that are used in the A) I, III and IV II, V and VI
metabolism of living things are as follows: B) I, II, IV and VI III and V
- Proteins C) I, II and VI III, IV and V
- Lipids D) I, IV and V II, III and VI
- Carbohydrates E) I, II, V and VI III and IV
- Amino acids
Which of the following molecules does not form when
these organic molecules are used in animal cells?
EEE
A) Ammonia B) Energy C) Carbon dioxide 5. Which of the following is the most appropriate
explanation for the importance of protein in living
D) Water E) Vitamin
things?
EEE
A) It is a source of energy.
B) It is stored in the body.
C) It causes formation of urea and uric acid.
D) Nitrogen is found in its structure.
3. Big molecules are formed by bonding of small molecules E) It is effective in growth and development.
(monomers).
Some types of bonds in molecules are as follows:
I. Phosphodiester
II. Peptide
6. Which of the following is not a result of lack of
III. Glycosidic protein?
IV. Ester EEE
A) Slow down of growth
Which of the above do not bind two monomers
together? B) Weakness in the immune system
AAA C) Insufficient number of metabolic reactions
A) I only B) III only C) I and III D) Structural defects
D) II and IV E) I, II and IV E) Increase of lipid synthesis in the cells
10
CHECKPOINT TEST 3
7. In an experiment, starch enzymes and starch indicator 10. Lipids are classified as neutral lipids, steroids and
(iodine) are placed into a test tube in a hot water bath. phospholipids.
Which of the following results can not be observed at Some properties of lipids are given, as follows:
the end of the experiment? I. Steroids form the structure of some hormones.
CCC
II. Phospholipids are found in the structure of the cell
A) Decrease in the amount of starch.
membrane.
B) No change in the amount of enzyme.
III. Neutral lipids are used as an energy source.
C) Color of the mixture turns blue.
Which of the above properties are true for lipids?
D) No change in the amount of iodine.
EEE
E) Increase in the amount of glucose. A) I only B) III only C) I and III
D) II and III E) I, II and III
H H H H H H H H
H C C C C OH H C C C C OH
12. Some general information about carbohydrates is as
H H H H follows:
Fatty acid X Fatty acid Y - They are used first in cellular respiration.
- They combine with the structure of the cell membrane
Some sentences related to fatty acids X and Y are given
- They can be converted into proteins and lipids.
below:
I. X is saturated but Y is an unsaturated fatty acid Below are some results from using the information about
carbohydrates above.
II. With the addition of H to fatty acid Y, margarine is
formed I. They are structural essentials.
III. Respiration of X yields less energy than Y II. They are energy producers.
III. They are synthesized in photosynthesis.
Which of the definitions above are true for the fatty
acids? Which of the above results can be obtained?
BBB DDD
A) I only B) I and II C) I and III A) I only B) II only C) III only
D) II and III E) I, II and III D) I and II E) I, II and III
11
Vitamins
1. When there is a deficiency of a vitamin, the related 4. Some properties of vitamins are given as follows:
enzymes can not carry out their functions properly. Thus, I. They are part of the structure of enzymes as
some illnesses come about. coenzymes.
Which of the following illnesses is not caused by a II. They promote development of bones and teeth.
deficiency of a vitamin? III. They increase body resistance to disease.
AAA
A) Color-blindness Which of the above properties prove that vitamins
have a role as regulators?
B) Failure of blood clotting
AAA
C) Rickets A) I only B) II only C) III only
D) Infertility
D) I and II E) II and III
E) Night blindness
13
Chapter R eview 1
1. Some functions of minerals in the human body are given 3. Human beings obtain some molecules when they eat.
below. I. Vitamins
- Muscle contraction II. Glucose
- Production of red blood cells III. Protein
- Formation of bone and tooth IV. Minerals
- Impulse transmission through neurons
An excess of which of the molecules above can be
Which of the following does not match with these converted and stored as fat in the body?
functions? BBB
EEE A) I and Il B) II and III C) I and IV
A) Calcium B) Iron C) Potassium
D) II and IV E) I, III and IV
D) Sodium E) Iodine
Carbohydrate
Time
White paper
Ether
Lipid particles
11. Some vitamins are stored in the liver. A deficiency of them
Some definitions related to the mixture are as follows:
can cause illnesses.
I. Amounts of glycerol and fatty acid increase in the
mixture Some types of illnesses are given below:
II. It is a hydrolysis reaction I. Scurvy
III. After dropping the mixture onto the white paper, a II. Failure of blood clotting
translucent spot develops on the paper III. Rickets
Which of the above definitions are true about the Which of the illnesses given above are caused by
mixture? deficiency of a vitamin that is stored in the liver?
BBB EEE
A) I only B) III only C) I and II A) I only B) II only C) III only
D) I and III E) II and III D) I and II E) II and III
15
Chapter R eview 2
1. In the formation of neutral lipid, water molecules are 4. Small molecules combine and form big molecules.
released as in the formation of other polymer types. During the reaction, water molecules are released. This
kind of reaction is called a dehydration reaction.
Some definitions are given below for the formation of
three molecules of neutral lipid. Which of the following is not formed by dehydration
I. 9 ester bonds are formed reaction?
DDD
II. 3 molecules of water are released
A) Glycogen B) DNA C) Enzyme
III. 9 fatty acids are used
D) Vitamin E) Lactose
Which of the above definitions is true?
DDD
A) I only B) II only C) III only
D) I and III E) I, II and III
5. Some properties of organic molecules are as follows:
I. They are joined to the structure of living things
II. In their structure there is nitrogen
III. They are used as energy producers
2. Starch and cellulose are formed by many glucose IV. They are synthesized in the cell
molecules. Starch can be digested, but cellulose can not
be digested by the human digestive system. Which of the above properties are common to protein,
carbohydrate and lipid?
Which of the following may be an explanation for DDD
indigestion of cellulose molecule by the human A) I only B) I and II C) I and III
digestive system?
CCC D) I, III and IV E) II, III and IV
A) For the hydrolysis of cellulose, high temperature is
required
B) Digestion of cellulose takes place at high pH 6. The effects of deficiency and sources of some vitamins
C) There are different types of glucose linkages in are shown in the table below.
cellulose than in starch
Vitamin Types Effects of Deficiency Sources
D) There are more glucose molecules in cellulose
Thiamine (B1) Legumens, liver,
E) There are no glycosidic linkages in cellulose Beri beri
peanuts
Which of the following does not match with the reaction Some properties of these five vitamins are as follows:
that is given above? I. They are water soluble.
CCC II. Deficiency of them causes anemia.
K
___________ L
___________ M
___________ III. They are found in the liver.
A) Amino acid Amino acid Dipeptide
Which of the properties above are common to all of
B) Glucose Galactose Lactose
these vitamins?
C) Glucose Amino acid Glycolipid CCC
D) Glucose Glucose Maltose A) I only B) I and II C) I and III
E) Glucose Fructose Saccharose D) II and III E) I, II and III
16
CHECKPOINT TEST 6
7. Water is essential to life. All organisms need water, but the 10. Which of the following organic molecule pairs are not
amount of water present in a structure varies according to found together in the same cell?
its function. EEE
A) Starch-Cellulose
Which of the following statements is not true about
water? B) Glycogen-Lactose
EEE C) Protein-Cellulose
A) It protects the body. D) Lipid-Vitamin
B) It regulates body temperature. E) Maltose-Lactose
C) It helps maintain a stable ionic and pH balance.
D) Metabolic reactions need sufficient water concentration.
E) It plays a very important role in excretion of metabolic
wastes.
17
Chapter R eview 3
1. Carbohydrates are organic molecules. They are part of 3. A polymer is a substance composed of molecules with
the structure of living things and they are made up of large molecular mass and repetition of monomer
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. structural units.
Some definitions related to carbohydrates are given Which of the following has a polymer structure?
below. BBB
I. They are found in all living things. A) Glucose B) Glycogen C) Galactose
II. They are synthesized by DNA according to the DNA D) Fatty acid E) Ribose
codes.
III. They are found in the structure of the cell membrane.
IV. They have a regulatory role in the body
Which of the above definitions are true for carbohydrates?
CCC 4. A reversible reaction in an animal cell is given below.
A) IV only B) I and II C) I, II and III
I
D) I, III and IV E) II, III and IV Lipid Glycerine + 3 Fatty acids
II
19
Cell and Or ganelles 1
1. Which of the following properties of the mitochondrion 5. Change in the amount of amino acid in the cell cytoplasm
can not be seen in the chloroplast? over a period of time is shown in the graph below:
CCC Amount of free
A) It is composed of a double membrane. amino acids
13.
10. Which of the following organelles does not form any
master molecule when it is broken down?
Golgi
DDD
A) Chloroplast B) Ribosome C) Golgi Cell wall
23
Cell and Or ganelles 2
1. Onion membrane cell and tongue epithelial cell are 4. Exchange of material between two different organelles in
compared in the figure below. a eukaryotic plant cell is shown in the figure below.
Vacuole CO2 IV
Cytoplasm
Cell
membrane III I
Nucleus
Cell wall
II Glucose
7. Some cell organelles and functions are given below: 10. Which of the following organelles does not form any
- Nucleus. master molecule when it is broken down?
DDD
- Mitochondria
A) Chloroplast B) Ribosome C) Golgi
- Chloroplast
D) Mitochondria E) Leucoplast
- Holding interstitial fluid in tissues
related with these organelles:
I. presence of nucleic acid
II. energy production 11. There are some reactions:
III. presence of ETS I. Glucose synthesis in the chloroplast
IV. presence of a double membrane II. Active transport in the membrane
III. Protein synthesis in the ribosome
Which of the above properties are common to the
given organelles and functions? Which of the above reactions are not directly affected
DDD if the amount of ATP produced in the mitochondria is
A) IV only B) I and III C) II and III not sufficient?
AAA
D) I and IV E) III and IV
A) I only B) I and II C) I and III
D) II and III E) I, II and III
8. Some properties of an organelle are given below: 12. Which of the following is not true about the structure
- It has respiratory enzymes. and function of mitochondria and chloroplasts?
AAA
- It can increase its number by division. A) Mitochondrial membrane is permeable, but chloroplast
- It has a double membrane. membrane is impermeable.
- It has DNA and RNA molecules. B) Both of the organelles have distinctive DNA.
Which of the following is the organelle with the C) In mitochondria there is crista, in chloroplasts there is
properties above? granum.
AAA D) For ATP synthesis; in mitochondria O2 is needed, in
A) Mitochondria B) Chloroplast C) Lysosome chloroplasts light is needed.
D) Nucleus E) Ribosome E) In the liquid part of both organelles there are ribosomes
25
Nucleus and Cell Membrane 1
1. Some statements about the nucleus of eukaryotic cells: 3. In the cell, molecules can be transported by:
I. There is a certain ratio between the size of the - Diffusion
nucleus and the mass of the cytoplasm. - Osmosis
II. Generally, if metabolic activities are greater, the - Active transport
nucleus is bigger.
Which of the following is common to all of the above
III. There is only one nucleus in all types of cells.
methods?
IV. All nucleated cells divide after a certain amount of DDD
development A) Enzymes are used
Which of the above statements are true for the B) Can take place only in living cells
nucleus of a eukaryotic cell? C) Carrier molecules are used
AAA
D) Works maximum rate if there is optimum temperature
A) I and II B) I and III C) II and III
E) Molecules are transferred from high concentration to
D) II and IV E) III and IV low concentration
Which of the following is not true about material 5. A cell is in osmotic balance with its environment.
transport?
DDD Which of the following can occur if it starts to synthesize
A) Carrier protein combines with molecule in transfer sucrose?
B) Molecules are transferred from high concentration to AAA
low concentration A) Water molecules are released from the cell.
C) The same enzyme can be used again and again in the B) Concentration of the cell doesnt change.
transport of molecules C) Glucose molecules are taken inside the cell by active
D) ATP is used to transport molecules transport.
E) During transportation, there is no change in the cell D) Amount of glucose in the cell increases
membrane E) Amount of fructose in the cell increases
26
CHECKPOINT TEST 3
6. A cell lives in normal temperatures and the following are 9. Which of the following properties is different in plant
observed: and animal cells?
I. Diffusion CCC
A) Transport of materials by active transport
II. Osmosis
B) Breakdown of protein molecules into amino acids
III. Active transport
C) Starch synthesis from glucose
The reaction rate of which of the above activities can
D) Lipid synthesis
increase if the cell is at the optimum temperature?
EEE E) Replication of DNA
A) I only B) III only C) I and II
D) II and III E) I, II and III
27
Nucleus and Cell Membrane 2
1. Some molecules can pass by diffusion through the cell 4. The cells of three plants in different conditions are
membrane pores: observed under the microscope and the following views
I. Na+ are obtained:
II. Glucose
III. O2
IV. NaCl
Which of the following is the correct order for the rate
of diffusion, from fastest to slowest?
CCC
A) I>II=III>IV B) I>II>III>IV C) III>I>IV>II
D) IV>I>III>II E) IV>I>II>III
Which of the above statements are true for BOTH Which of the above molecules are transported into the
endocytosis and exocytosis? cell by active transport?
BBB DDD
A) I only B) I and II C) I and III A) I and III B) II and IV C) V and VI
29
Chapter R eview 1
1. Which of the following does not indicate that the cell 4. In a cell of salted animal leather:
membrane is alive? I. Active transport-hemolysis
BBB
II. Osmosis-plasmolysis
A) Semipermeable structure of the cell membrane
III. Osmosis-deplasmolysis
B) Passage of water molecules into the cell from a medium
of low water concentration Which of the above can take place?
C) Transport of big molecules which are larger than the BBB
pores A) I only B) II only C) III only
D) Using ATP and enzymes in transportation of molecules D) I and II E) I, II and III
E) Transportation of molecules from low concentration
to high concentration
2. Some molecules:
I. DNA
II. Protein
5. Starch solution and starch digestive enzyme are placed
III. RNA into one branch of a U test tube. Into the other branch,
IV. ATP iodine (starch indicator) solution is placed.
Which of the above molecules can not be synthesized
in the nucleus?
DDD
A) I only B) II only C) III only
D) II and IV E) I, II and III
30
CHECKPOINT TEST 5
6. The amounts of some molecules in the paramecium and 9. The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane and
its environment are given below. some of its structures are shown in the figure below.
3. Which of the following matches is not correct about an 5. Which of the following is common to plant and animal
organelle and its function? cells?
DDD EEE
A) Chloroplast-O2 production A) Starch synthesis from glucose
B) Nucleus-division B) Cytoplasmic division by furrowing
C) Ribosome-protein synthesis C) Taking in food particles by phagocytosis
D) Lysosome-cellulose synthesis D) Transformation of light energy into chemical energy
E) Golgi body-secretion E) ATP synthesis from organic molecules
32
CHECKPOINT TEST 6
6. A unicellular organism lives in fresh water. 9. Glucose, fructose, galactose and molecules that are
I. It takes in O2 from the environment. insoluble in both water and lipid are transported through
the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion.
II. It releases CO2 to the environment.
Comparison of active transport and facilitated diffusion:
III. It synthesizes enzymes.
Active Transport
______________________ Facilitated Diffusion
______________________
IV. It takes all its minerals from the environment.
I. Energy is used. Energy is not used.
Which of the above reactions take place without ATP?
AAA II. Molecules are transported Molecules are transported
A) I and II B) II and III C) III and IV from high to low from low to high
concentration. concentration.
D) I and IV E) II and IV
III. Enzyme is used. Enzyme is used.
Which of the above matches are correct?
DDD
A) I only B) II only C) III only
D) I and III E) II and III
7. A plant cell is placed into a solution. It is in osmotic balance 10. There are some organelles in a cell:
with the solution. I. Chloroplast
There are some events in the cell: II. Ribosome
I. Cellulose synthesis III. Mitochondria
II. Starch digestion IV. Vacuole
III. Protein synthesis Which of the above two organelles use each others
Which of the above reactions require H2O from outside synthesized materials?
DDD
the cell?
A) I and II B) II and III C) I and IV
BBB
A) I only B) II only C) II and III D) I and III E) III and IV
D) I and II E) I and III
Which of the following matches for the numbers and 11. The number of mitochondria is different in different types
organelles or events in the figure is correct? of cells.
EEE Which of the following organs includes fewer
I II III IV mitochondria than the others?
__________ ___________ ___________ ________
EEE
A) Food vacuole Digestive vacuole Lysosome Endocytosis A) Heart
B) Lysosome Food vacuole Digestive vacuole Exocytosis B) Brain
C) Mitochondria Lysosome Digestive vacuole Exocytosis C) Stomach
D) Cell membrane Golgi Exocytosis Endocytosis D) Liver
E) Cell membrane Lysosome Digestive vacuole Exocytosis E) Skin
35
Enzymes and ATP 1
1. Methods of ATP synthesis in the cell are given below: 4. A biochemical reaction in a cell is given below:
I. Phosphorylation at the substrate level Substrate - Enzyme
II. Photophosphorylation Substrate + Enzyme Complex Product + Enzyme
III. Oxidative phosphorylation During a biochemical reaction, changes in the
Which of the above reactions take place in all types of concentration of substrate, enzyme, substrate-enzyme
cells? complex and product are given in the graph below:
AAA
Concentration
A) I only B) II only C) III only
D) I and II E) II and III II
I
III
2. Which of the following molecules is synthesized in IV
both plants and animals? Time
BBB
A) Maltose B) Enzyme C) Fructose In which of the following are substrate, enzyme,
substrate-enzyme complex and product correctly
D) Galactose E) Saccharose matched, according to the graph?
CCC
Substrate-Enzyme
Substrate
__________ Enzyme
__________ Complex
__________ Product
__________
3. The change in reaction rate of a biological reaction at A) I III IV II
different temperatures is shown in the graph below: B) II III I IV
Reaction rate C) II IV III I
D) IV II I III
E) IV III II I
-10 -5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 C
7. Heavy metals like mercury and lead enter the body with 10. In which of the following reactions does ATP synthesis
different effects. They have an inhibiting effect on take place?
enzymes. CCC
Which of the following correctly defines the inhibiting A) Synthesis of starch from glucose
effect of these heavy metals? B) Formation of two amoebae from one amoeba
BBB C) Synthesis of glucose from CO2 and H2O in the
A) They increase enzyme activity. chloroplast
B) They prevent formation of the enzyme-substrate D) Formation of maltose from glucose
complex.
E) Break down of protein molecules into amino acids
C) They denature the structure of enzymes.
D) They block synthesis of enzymes.
E) They disrupt the gene-enzyme relationship. 11. Some structural essentials in the structure of complex
enzymes are as follows:
I. Apoenzyme
II. Coenzyme
8. Some properties of enzymes are given below: III. Co-factor
I. They reduce the activation energy of reactions. Which of the following matches is correct according to
II. They have an effect on dehydration reactions. molecules I, II and III?
BBB
III. Each is unique to a particular substrate. I II III
________ ________ ________
IV. They are affected by temperature.
A) Protein Metal ions Vitamin
Which of the above properties are common to all
B) Protein Vitamin Metal ions
types of enzymes?
DDD C) Vitamin Protein Metal ions
A) III only B) I and II C) I, II and IV D) Protein Metal ions Protein
D) I, III and IV E) I, II and III E) Protein Vitamin Protein
39
Enzymes and ATP 2
1. All cells must synthesize ATP molecules to carry on their 3. Enzymes are affected by changes in the temperature of
life activities. the medium, because of their proteinaceous structure.
Therefore, they work best at definite temperatures. They
Which of the following is not a property of ATP?
operate most rapidly at the optimum temperature.
CCC
Some properties of enzymes are given below:
A) In its structure, an adenine base and ribose sugar are
found. I. Enzymes denature at high temperatures.
B) It is produced as a result of enzymatic reactions. II. A decrease in temperature slows the rate of reaction,
but has no effect on the structure of the enzyme.
C) It can be absorbed from outside the cell to the inside.
III. Denatured enzymes at high temperatures can not
D) It has high-energy bonds in its structure.
work again when the temperature is decreased.
E) There are organic and inorganic molecules in its
structure. Which of the above properties explains why nutrients
are preserved by freezing?
BBB
A) I only B) II only C) III only
D) I and II E) I, II and III
1
C) Glycogen hydrolysis enzyme
AE2 AE1
D) Protein synthesis enzyme
E) Cellulose synthesis enzyme
Product
Carbonhydrate
Rection rate
5. Some events that occur in ATP synthesis in different cells
are shown in the figure below:
Some definitions related to the graph are given below.
I. Energy requirement for the 2nd reaction is less than Light ATP Nutrient
the 1st reaction.
II. The most important factor for lowering the activation ?
energy requirement in the 1st reaction is an enzyme.
Which of the following can not fit into the unknown
III. A change in the temperature of the medium affects part of the figure?
the 1st reaction. CCC
Which of above definitions are not true according to A) Protein synthesis
the graph? B) Activation energy
AAA C) Dissolution of sugar in water
A) I only B) II only C) III only D) Impulse transmission in nerve cells
D) II and III E) I, II and III E) Contraction of muscle cells
40
CHECKPOINT TEST 2
6. In an experiment, substrate M and enzyme N react 9. The steps in a metabolic reaction in living cells are as
(Enzyme N breaks down substrate M). At the end of the follows:
reaction, product X and enzyme N are present. Then
enzyme Y is added into the medium and substrate X is Energy producing
reactions
broken down.
After these observations, some hypotheses are generated
by a scientist as follows: Energy
41
Enzymes and ATP 3
1. A chain of reactions is shown in the figure below. 4. The amount of which of the following molecules
increases at the end of enzyme synthesis in an animal
Feed back cell?
EEE
A) ATP B) Amino acid C) tRNA
Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3
A B C D D) mRNA E) Water
Time
2. ATP is the source of energy in cells. The structure of it is
shown below. Some statements about reaction 2 are given below.
I. Decrease in the amount of substrate molecules
Adenine Ribose P P P
II. Enzyme takes role in the reaction
III. Increase in the amount of substrate molecules
I II III
Which of the statements above are true about reaction 2?
Which parts of the ATP molecule above are also used BBB
in the synthesis of DNA? A) I only B) II only C) III only
EEE
D) I and II E) II and III
A) I only B) III only C) I and II
D) II and III E) I and III
3. Microorganisms can not live in a normal concentration of 6. Some factors affect the activity of enzymes:
honey or jam.
I. pH
Which of the following could be the reason for this
II. Temperature
statement?
AAA III. Enzyme concentration
A) The amount of water is not sufficient for enzymes to IV. Substrate concentration
operate.
An increase of which factor above also increases the
B) Variability in the pH of honey and jam reaction rate?
C) Variability in the temperature EEE
D) No substrate in the medium A) I and II B) I and III C) II and III
E) Lower amount of enzyme in the medium D) II and IV E) III and IV
42
CHECKPOINT TEST 3
7. Some molecules are given below. 10. The steps in a reaction that is realized by three different
I. Glucose enzymes are given below:
II. Amino acid 1E + NAD2 3 E + FAD E + NAD
X Z Y P (Product)
III. Mineral
IV. Fatty acid Which of the following statements is not true about
the reactions above?
Which of the molecules above appear when enzymes AAA
are hydrolyzed? A) A coenzyme can react with only one type of enzyme.
BBB B) Each enzyme is unique to one type of reaction.
A) I and II B) II and III C) II and IV
C) Enzymes work in teams.
D) I, II and III E) I, III and IV D) Enzymes that are responsible for reactions are
complex enzymes.
E) A specific apoenzyme is only functional with one type
of prosthetic group.
46
CHECKPOINT TEST 1
6. Some reactions in the light dependent phase of 9. Types of pigments in some plants are given below:
photosynthesis: I. Chlorophyll
I. Oxidation of chlorophyll II. Carotene
II. Water is split III. Xanthophyll
III. Reduction of NAD
Which of the above can directly convert light energy
IV. Production of atmospheric oxygen into chemical bond energy?
V. Conversion of light energy into chemical bond energy AAA
A) I only B) II only C) III only
Which of the above are common to both cyclic and
noncyclic phosphorylation? D) I and II E) I, II and III
BBB
A) I only B) I and V C) II and IV
D) III and V E) II, III and IV
48
CHECKPOINT TEST 2
6. Some statements about photosynthesis in bacteria and in 9. Which of the following are not common to both
green plants: photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organisms?
I. Atmospheric oxygen is produced DDD
A) Enzyme is used
II. Takes place in chloroplasts
B) Food is produced
III. Enzymes take a role
C) Carbon dioxide is used
IV. Sources of hydrogen are H2 or H2S
D) Same type of energy is used
V. Light is used
E) Water is used
VI. Organic material is synthesized
In which of the following are they correctly matched?
CCC
Bacterial photosynthesis
_____________________ Plant photosynthesis
__________________
A) I, II and III IV, V and VI
B) I, III, IV and V II, III, V and VI
10. Which of the following is not a factor that affects the
rate of photosynthesis?
C) III, IV, V and VI I, II, III, V and VI BBB
D) I, II, III, V and VI III, IV, V and VI A) Carbon dioxide B) Oxygen C) Water
E) II, V and VI II, IV, V and VI D) Minerals E) Temperature
Which of the above are common to both photosynthetic Which of the following is not one of the environmental
and chemosynthetic organisms? factors?
EEE DDD
A) I and II B) II and III C) I, II and IV A) Water B) Light C) Temperature
49
Chapter R eview 1
1. Which of the following reactions does not take place in 5. Some statements about noncyclic photophosphorylation
photolysis in light dependent reactions? of light dependent reactions in photosynthesis:
EEE I. Providing missing electrons to chlorophyll-b
A) Formation of oxygen
II. Releasing oxygen into the atmosphere
B) Synthesis of NADPH2
III. Providing a source of hydrogen for glucose molecule
C) Provision of electrons to chlorophyll-b synthesis
D) Formation of metabolic water Water molecules are used in which of the above?
E) Production of CO2 EEE
A) I only B) II only C) III only
D) II and III E) I, II and III
9. Which of the following is peculiar to photosynthesis? 12. The structure of the chloroplast is shown in the figure
EEE below.
A) More than one enzyme plays a role.
B) CO2 is used.
C) ATP is synthesized.
D) Organic molecules are synthesized.
E) Light energy is converted into chemical energy.
51
Chapter R eview 2
1. Some statements about noncyclic photophosphorylation 4. The last part of the dark phase reactions is given below:
in photosynthesis:
Starch
I. Oxidation of chlorophyll
II. Reduction of NAD
III. Production of atmospheric oxygen 2PGA Fructose phosphate Glucose
IV. Hydrolysis of water
V. ATP synthesis Saccharose
NO3 X
Which of the above are also seen in cyclic
photophosphorylation?
AAA Which of the following can not be X?
A) I and V B) III and V C) IV and V DDD
A) Nucleotide
D) I, III and V E) II, III and IV
B) Amino acid
C) Vitamin
D) Ribose
E) Guanine base
3. Some statements about photosynthesis: 6. Some events in bacteria are given below.
I. Chlorophyll-a and -b are used I. Photosynthesis
II. NADPH2 is formed II. Chemosynthesis
III. O2 is released III. Cell division
IV. Phosphorylation IV. Protein synthesis
V. Water gives electron There must definitely be oxygen in the cell for which
of the events above?
Which of the above are common to BOTH cyclic and
BBB
noncyclic photophosphorylation?
A) I only B) II only C) I and III
DDD
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V D) II and III E) III and IV
52
CHECKPOINT TEST 4
7. Some living things are put in a closed environment as in 10. Some molecules are formed in photosynthesis as follows:
the following figure: I. NADPH2
II. O2
III. ATP
IV. DPGA
In which of the following sequences is the formation
of these molecules given correctly?
DDD
I. Producers can produce their own food and oxygen. A) I, II, III, IV B) II, III, I, IV C) III, II, I,IV
II. All consumers directly or indirectly need producers for
D) I, III, II, IV E) III, II, IV, I
food and oxygen.
III. When producers and consumers are together, both of
them grow well.
Which of the above are correct?
EEE
A) I only B) II only C) III only 11. Some autotrophic living things and their types of
synthesis are given below:
D) I and II E) I, II and III
I. Bacteria Chemosynthesis
II. Euglena Photosynthesis
III. Blue green alga Chemosynthesis
IV. Bacteria Photosynthesis
Which of the above matches are correct?
8. Which of the following parts of the photosynthesis DDD
reaction takes place after all the others? A) I and II B) II and III C) II and IV
EEE
A) CO2 is added to ribulose biphosphate D) I, II and IV E) I, III and IV
B) Photolysis of water
C) Hydrogen is added to NADP molecule
D) ATP synthesis
E) NADPH2 is used
12. There are some molecules:
- CO2
- ATP
- NADPH2
Time Time
Time
57
Anaer obic R espiration
1. Some statements: 4. Some statements about respiration:
I. Nutrients are broken down into monomers. I. Formation of CO2
II. ETS is not used. II. E.T.S.
III. The reaction is named according to the products of III. Formation of pyruvic acid
the reaction.
IV. Synthesis of NADH2 and FADH2
IV. In glycolysis, two ATP are used for activation of
glucose. Which of the above are seen in both yeast and muscle
cells?
Which of the above are seen in anaerobic respiration?
BBB
EEE
A) I only B) III only C) I and II
A) I only B) IV only C) I and II
D) I, III and IV E) II, III and IV
D) II and III E) II, III and IV
2. The lactic acid fermentation reaction is shown below: 5. Th ethyl alcohol fermentation reaction in some bacteria is
shown below:
C2H12O6 2 Lactic acids + 2 ATP (Net)
2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP 2 NADH2 2 NAD
Which of the following is not true about lactic acid Fructose 2 Ethyl
Glucose 2 Pyruvate
fermentation? diphosphate alcohol
EEE 2 ADP 2 NADH2 CO2
A) It is seen in striated muscle cells of vertebrates and in
some bacteria. Which of the following is not true about the reaction
B) Accumulation of lactic acid in muscles causes fatigue shown above?
in living organisms. EEE
C) Lactic acid is converted into glycogen in the liver. A) Net 2ATP is produced
D) Lactic acid is converted into pyruvate and enters the B) NAD is reduced and also oxidized
Krebs cycle in the presence of oxygen. C) The last product is an organic molecule
E) The main difference between lactic acid and ethyl D) Reactions take place under the control of enzymes
alcohol is that the NADH2 molecules that are E) Oxygen is used as the last electron acceptor
synthesized in glycolysis are not used in the formation
of lactic acid.
58
CHECKPOINT TEST 2
7. When one molecule of glucose breaks down in ethyl 10. Some properties of different types of anaerobic
alcohol fermentation: respiration:
I. amount of ATP gained (net) I. ATP synthesis
II. amount of CO2 released II. Release of CO2
III. amount of ATP consumed III. Takes place in the cytoplasm
In which of the following is the amount of the IV. Takes place under the control of enzymes
molecules above given correctly? Which of the above are common to all types of anaer-
EEE obic respiration?
I
_______ II
_______ III
_______ DDD
A) 2ATP 4CO2 4ATP A) I and II B) II and III C) II and IV
59
Chapter R eview 1
1. At the end of anaerobic respiration, some materials are 4. Fermentation reactions include 4 steps:
formed in striated muscle cells:
3C 3C 3C 2C
I. NADH2
6C 6C
II. ATP 3C 3C 3C 2C
III. Lactic acid
I II III IV
Which of the above are used in the same striated
muscle cell?
Which of the following matches is true?
EEE
AAA
A) II only B) I and II C) I and III
I
________ II
__________ III
_______ IV
_______
D) II and III E) I, II and III A) ATP is NADH2 is ATP is NADH2
used formed formed is used
B) ATP is NADH2 ATP is NADH2
formed is used formed formed
C) NADH2 ATP is CO2 is Last
is formed formed formed product
2. One molecule of glucose is broken down into small
molecules in aerobic respiration and releases energy. D) ATP is CO2 is ATP is Last
used formed formed product
Some reactions related to aerobic respiration are
E) ATP is Glucose NADH2 CO2 is
given below:
used breaks down is used formed
I. Formation NADH2
II. Conversion of FADH2 to FAD
III. Substrate level phosphorylation
IV. Formation of Acetyl Co-A
In which of the reactions above is one molecule of
glucose definitely broken down into small molecules?
BBB
A) I and II B) II and IV C) I, II and IV
D) I, III and IV E) II, III and IV
60
CHECKPOINT TEST 3
6. Lactic acid fermentation in human striated muscle cells is 9. Some molecules are formed in the cell:
shown in the figure below: I. Acetyl Co-A
Glycogen Lactic acid II. Glycerol
I III. Amino acid
IV
IV. Glucose
Glucose Pyruvic acid Which of the above are used directly in mitochondria?
BBB
II III A) I and II B) I and III C) II and III
In which of the following is the descending order of D) II and III can be seen at the same time in a bacterium
energy released from the molecules above shown E) I is seen also in bacteria
correctly?
AAA
A) I>IV>III>II B) I>III>IV>II C) II>III>IV>I
D) I>II>IV>III E) II>I>III>IV
61
Chapter R eview 2
1. Some reactions related to respiration: 4. Cellular respiration is observed as alcohol fermentation,
I lactic acid fermentation and aerobic respiration.
Pyruvate Acetyl Co-A
Which of the following is not common to these
II reactions?
Pyruvate Ethyl alcohol CCC
III A) ATP is used
Pyruvate Lactic acid B) ATP is formed
IV
C) Breakdown takes place completely
Which of the above releases energy because of D) Pyruvate is formed
hydrogen? E) NAD and NADH2 are formed
AAA
A) I only B) I and III C) I and IV
D) I, III and IV E) II, III and IV
ETS
3. Fermentation reactions are shown below:
I II Which of the following correctly matches nutrients
Glucose Fructose 2x Pyruvic 2x Lactic with the numbered boxes above?
diphosphate acid acid CCC
III IV IV III I
__________ II
_________ III
________ IV
_________
A) amino acid fatty acid glycerol glucose
Which of the following is correct for I, II, III and IV?
with 2C
DDD
I
_______ II
_______ III
_______ IV
_______ B) glucose amino acid glycerol fatty acid
with 2C
A) O2 H2O ADP ATP
C) amino acid glucose glycerol fatty acid
B) NAD NADH2 ADP ATP with 2C
C) ATP ADP NADPH2 NAD D) glucose amino acid fatty acid glycerol
with 2C
D) ADP ATP NAD NADH2
E) fatty acid glycerol glucose amino acid
E) NADH2 ATP NAD ADP with 2C
62
CHECKPOINT TEST 4
6. When we consider all types of aerobic and anaerobic 10. Aerobic respiration consists of glycolysis, Krebs and ETS
respiration: stages.
I. Oxygen is used Some events:
II. Carbon dioxide is formed I. Use of O2
III. They take place under the control of enzymes
II. Release of CO2
IV. They take place in mitochondria
III. ATP synthesis
V. ATP is formed
IV. Use of enzyme
Which of the above do all types of respiration always
have in common? Which of the above are common to all of the three
DDD stages?
A) I and III B) I and IV C) II and V EEE
A) I and II B) I and III C) II and III
D) III and V E) II, III and V
D) II and IV E) III and IV
7. Some events in aerobic respiration: 11. Respiration reaction types and where they take place
are given below:
I. Use of oxygen
I. Glycolysis - Mesosome
II. Reduction of NAD
II. Alcohol fermentation - Cytoplasm
III. ATP synthesis at substrate level
III. Lactic acid fermentation - Ribosome
IV. Hydrolysis of ATP
IV. E.T.S. - Mitochondria
Which of the above takes place only in the matrix or
cristae of mitochondria? Which of the matches above are correct?
AAA AAA
A) I only B) I and II C) II and III A) II and III B) II and IV C) I, II and IV
66
CHECKPOINT TEST 1
8. Some properties of different types of RNA are given in the 11. Which of the following is not a common property of
table below. both DNA and RNA?
DDD
Uracil base Codes Anticodes A) Formed by nucleotides
mRNA + II B) In their structure there is a 5-carbon sugar
tRNA I + C) Monomers link to each other by phosphodiester and
rRNA + III glycosidic bonds
D) There is Thymine organic base in their structure
Which of the following is the correct match of the E) They play a role in photosynthesis
numbers in the table?
DDD
I II III
_ +
A) +
B) + + +
_ _
C) +
+ + _
D)
_ _
E) +
12. In a cell there are some molecules, as follows:
I. DNA
II. tRNA
III. ATP
9. Which of the following is a common property of both In which of the molecules above can a nucleotide also
DNA and RNA in eukaryotic cells? be used as a monomer, as in the structure of mRNA ?
DDD DDD
A) Ability to copy itself and produce a similar molecule A) I only B) II only C) I and II
B) Presence of ribose sugar in its structure D) II and III E) I, II and III
C) Double-stranded structure
D) Plays a role in photosynthesis
E) Found in the cytoplasm of the cell
10. The sense strand of DNA synthesizes mRNA that has the
following sequence of nucleotides: AUGACCC. 13. In a cell there are some molecules, as follows:
I. ATP
Find the sequence of nucleotides on the sense strand
of DNA. II. mRNA
CCC III. DNA
A) AUGACCC
Which of the following is the correct order, according
B) ATGACGC to the size of the molecules above?
C) TACTGGG DDD
D) AUGAGGG A) I = II < III B) I < III = II C) I < II = III
E) TTUGAGGG D) I < II < III E) II < I < III
67
Chr omosomes and Cell Division
1. Which of the following is common to both mitosis and 4. Meiosis takes place in two steps.
meiosis in plant and animal cells?
In meiosis-I, there are some events:
DDD
A) Replication of centrosomes I. Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers with their
centrosomes.
B) Cytoplasm is subdivided into two by a furrow
II. Replication of DNA
C) Golgi forms cell plate in cytokinesis
III. Replication of centrosomes
D) Nuclear membrane disappears
IV. Separation of homologous chromosomes
E) Spindle fibers form and attach to centrosomes
Which of the above events can also be seen in
meiosis-II?
CCC
A) I only B) I and II C) I and III
D) II, III and IV E) I, III and IV
13. All cells have a self-imposed limit on their size. When this
9. Which of the following is common to both mitosis and limit is exceeded, the cell divides.
meiosis?
Some statements:
EEE
A) Crossing - over I. Chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatids
B) Daughter cells carry different genetic material from the II. Secretion materials are produced by the cell
parent cell III. Change in the ratio of the cell surface to its volume
C) A reduction in the chromosome number by half Which of the above statements may be the reason for
D) Division takes place in two steps cell division?
E) Nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions are seen CCC
A) I only B) II only C) III only
D) I and II E) II and III
10. Which of the following can not be seen in interphase of
mitotic cell division?
DDD
A) Replication of DNA 14. There are 8 chromosomes in onion germ cells.
B) Replication of centromere
What number of chromosomes would be expected in
C) High metabolic rate the leaf cells of the onion?
D) Disappearance of nucleus CCC
E) Protein synthesis A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 32 E) 64
69
Pr otein Synthesis
1. Protein synthesis starts with a starting codon and ends 4. Some statements about protein synthesis:
with a stopping codon. These codons are common to all I. Formation of new phosphodiester bonds
living things.
II. Formation of weak hydrogen bonds
Which of the following are the starting and stopping III. Formation of peptide bonds
codons, respectively?
CCC Which of the above takes place in translation?
A) TAC-UAG B) AUG-AUG C) AUG-UAA EEE
A) II only B) III only C) I and II
D) UGA-UAA E) AUG-UUG
D) I and III E) II and III
Enzyme
Time
7. Some events in the cell:
I. Amino acid synthesis
II. Nucleotide synthesis
3. There are 50 adenine, 100 guanine, 150 thymine and 200
III. Formation of peptide bonds
cytosine nucleotides in the non-sense strand of DNA. The
sense strand of DNA synthesizes mRNA. Which of the above takes place according to the
nucleotide sequence of mRNA in the ribosome?
Which of the following is the ratio of guanine
CCC
nucleotides in the mRNA?
A) I only B) II only C) III only
CCC
A) 1/10 B) 2/5 C) 1/5 D) 3/5 E) 2/3 D) I and II E) I and III
70
CHECKPOINT TEST 3
8. Which of the following does not affect synthesis of 12. Some events in protein synthesis of eukaryotic cells:
different types of proteins? I. mRNA synthesis from DNA.
EEE
II. mRNA attaches to ribosome
A) Number of amino acids
III. transfer of amino acids to the ribosome by tRNA
B) Types of amino acids
IV. formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
C) Sequence of amino acids
D) Number of codons in mRNA Which of the above does not take place in the nucleus
of the cell?
E) Number of ribosomes
EEE
A) I only B) II and III C) III and IV
D) I, II and III E) II, III and IV
9. Some events in the cell:
- Replication
- Transcription
- Translation
Which of the following is the general name for all of
13. Some substances in protein synthesis in a cell:
these events?
AAA I. Water
A) Central dogma II. Energy
B) Duplication III. Free amino acids
C) Mutation IV. tRNA
D) One gene - one enzyme hypothesis V. DNA
E) Protein synthesis During protein synthesis, there is no change in the
amount of which of the above molecules?
BBB
A) I and IV B) IV and V C) I, IV and V
10. Which of the following amounts does not change at
the end of protein synthesis? D) I, II and V E) II, III and IV
AAA
A) tRNA B) H2O C) Amino acid
D) ATP E) Protein
9. Some properties of hereditary material in a cell: 13. Which of the following is the largest molecule?
EEE
I. Ratio between types of nucleotides A) RNA B) ATP C) Vitamin
II. Sequence of nucleotides
D) Glucose E) DNA
III. Binding type of nucleotides
IV. Location in the cell
Which of the above are common to all members of a
species?
BBB
A) I and II B) III and IV C) I, II and III 14. Types of nucleic acids:
D) I, III and IV E) II, III and IV I. mRNA
II. tRNA
III. DNA
IV. rRNA
10. There are 70 adenine nucleotides and 290 hydrogen
bonds in DNA. Which of the above includes hydrogen and phosphodiester
bonds in its structure?
What would be the expected amino acid number in
CCC
protein synthesis?
A) I only B) III only C) II and III
AAA
A) 40 B) 70 C) 120 D) 140 E) 240 D) I, II and III E) II, III and IV
73
Chapter R eview 2
1. Some events that occur during reproduction of a living 3. The genetic make-up of both parent and daughter cells
thing are shown in the figure below. are identical at the end of mitosis.
Which of the following can explain the statement
I n 2n II
above?
BBB
IV n n III
A) Synthesis of RNA from DNA
B) Replication of DNA
C) DNA is formed by two strands
2n
D) Decrease in metabolic rate
E) Matching of purines with pyrimidines
n V
X X
Y Y
9. Some statements related to cell division:
Guanine Z
I. Sister chromatids separate and move into different
cells.
II. The characteristics of the cell do not change. Which of the following matches is correct for X, Y and Z?
CCC
III. Tetrads, crossing-over and synapsis are seen.
X
_________ Y
_________ Z
_________
IV. A cell divides twice and forms four daughter cells.
A) Pentose Phosphate Thymine
Which of the above statements are true for mitotic cell
division? B) Adenine Phosphate Cytosine
BBB C) Phosphate Pentose Cytosine
A) I only B) I and II C) III and IV D) Pentose Cytosine Phosphate
D) I, II and III E) II, III and IV E) Phosphate Cytosine Pentose
75
Chapter R eview 3
1. A cell has 2n = 46 chromosomes and undergoes 4. Which of the following graphs is not correct for protein
mitotic cell division. synthesis in a cell?
I. There are 92 chromatids in interphase. BBB
II. There are 23 tetrads in prophase-I. A) ATP B) mRNA
9. Some events:
I. decrease in number of free amino acids
II. enzyme reduces activation energy 13. Which of the following is formed when a nucleotide of
III. decrease in the amount of water in the cell a DNA molecule is hydrolyzed?
IV. replication of DNA DDD
A) Base, phosphate, nitrogen.
Which of the above do not take place during protein
B) Base, pentose, nitrogen.
synthesis?
DDD C) Pentose, phosphate, sulphur
A) III only B) I and II C) II and III D) Base, pentose, phosphate
D) III and IV E) I, III and IV E) ATP, pentose, phosphate
77
General R eview
1. Mammals that live in cold climates use lipids for different 5. Which of the following organisms can produce
purposes: unsaturated lipids?
I. To supply energy CCC
A) Human B) Cow C) Corn
II. To supply water
III. For protection from cold D) Camel E) Dog
I II III IV
0 6 12 18 24 Time
Unknown nutrient
mixture
4. What kind of chemical bonds are found between the
nucleotides of a DNA strand?
Some results related to the experiment are given below. EEE
I. Carbohydrates are digested. A) Hydrogen B) Ionic C) Covalent
II. Lipids are digested. D) Glycosidic E) Phosphodiester
III. Proteins are digested.
Which of the results above are true for the experiment?
EEE
A) I only B) I and II C) I and II
D) I and III E) II and III 5. In which of the following reactions is ATP, produced by
cellular respiration, not used?
CCC
A) Fermentation
B) Active transport
C) Photosynthesis
D) Biological reaction
E) Cell division
2. Some features of ETS, which plays a role in aerobic
respiration and photosynthesis:
I. ATP synthesis
II. Oxidation and reduction reactions are seen
III. Formation of water 6. Which of the following does not take place in
IV. Formed by the same type of materials mitochondria?
V. Electrons come from organic molecules EEE
A) Oxygen consumption
Which of the above are common to both aerobic
B) Carbon dioxide formation
respiration and photosynthesis?
AAA C) Water formation
A) I and II B) I, II and III C) II, III and IV D) Energy production
D) II, IV and V E) III, IV and V E) Glucose production
82
CHECKPOINT TEST 2
7. The change in reaction rate of three enzymes, according 9. What are the primary sites of protein production in a
to pH, are shown in the graph below. living cell?
BBB
Reaction rate
A) Golgi B) Ribosome C) Mitochondria
Amylase
D) Microtubules E) Lysosome
80
70
Pepsin Lipase
60
50
40
30 10. Some events in the cell are given below.
20
I. Photosynthesis
10
II. Aerobic respiration
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH
III. Fermentation
Neutral
Acidity Alkalinity IV. Chemosynthesis
Some definitions are given below. Which of the above are anabolic reactions?
DDD
I. For all enzymes the optimum pH is 7.
A) I only B) II only C) II and III
II. Maximum reaction rate of pepsin is at pH 3.
D) I and IV E) II and IV
III. Amylase has the maximum reaction rate in the neutral
medium.
IV. Lipase is effective at every pH value.
Which of the above definitions are not true for the
enzymes that are given in the graph?
DDD
11. Which of the following organelles and components are
A) I only B) II only C) III only incorrectly paired?
BBB
D) I and IV E) II and IV A) Ribosome - RNA
B) Mitochondrion - DNA
C) Lysosome - Digestive enzymes
8. An experiment is set up to D) Chloroplast - Chlorophyll
observe elodea plant E) Nucleus - Nucleolus
growth.
Which of the following
does not have any effect
on photosynthesis in
elodea? 12. Three types of RNA involved in forming the structural
DDD
and functional core for protein synthesis, serving as a
template for translation, and transporting amino acid,
respectively, are:_________
EEE
A) Direction of the light
A) mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
B) Intensity of the light
B) rRNA, tRNA, mRNA
C) CO2 concentration
C) tRNA, mRNA, rRNA
D) O2 concentration D) tRNA, rRNA, mRNA
E) Temperature of the water E) rRNA, mRNA ,tRNA
83
General R eview
1. Some molecules found in different types of cells are as 4. There are some molecules in animals and humans, as
follows: follows:
- Starch I. Proteins
- Glycogen II. Minerals
- Vitamin III. Vitamins
- Amino acid Absence of which molecules above can cause
Which of the following is the common property of all metabolic disorders?
of them? EEE
DDD A) I only B) II only C) I and III
A) They are used as energy producers. D) II and III E) I, II and III
B) They are used as structural essentials.
C) They are used as regulatory substances.
D) They are synthesized in the cell.
E) There is nitrogen in their structure. 5. Which of the following is the common characteristic of
ribosomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts?
CCC
A) ATP production
B) C2O and H2O production
C) protein synthesis
2. Which structure and its function listed below are D) non-membranous organelle
incorrectly paired? E) photosynthesis
BBB
A) Ribosome - Protein synthesis
B) Mitochondrion - Fermentation
C) Chloroplast - Photosynthesis 6. Which of the following are present in nucleic acids?
D) Plasma membrane - Osmosis DDD
E) Nucleus - Mitosis A) Fe-Mg B) P-Ca C) I-Na
D) P-N E) Na-K
85
General R eview
1. Which of the following is a correct difference between 5. Human beings obtain some molecules from their food.
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? I. Vitamin
DDD
II. Glucose
A) Prokaryotes have a cell wall; eukaryotes do not.
III. Protein
B) Prokaryotes are larger than eukaryotes.
IV. Mineral
C) Prokaryotes have larger ribosomes than eukaryotes.
D) Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles. Excess amounts of which molecules above can be
converted and stored in the body as fat?
E) Prokaryotes have membranes, but eukaryotes do not.
BBB
A) I and Il B) II and III C) I and IV
D) II and IV E) I, III and IV
B) It is produced by mitosis.
C) It has the same chromosome number as the mother.
D) It is produced by meiosis.
14. The structure formed by the fusion of the apoenzyme and
the coenzyme is known as the holoenzyme.
E) It has the same chromosome structure as the zygote.
Some definitions related to the holoenzyme are given below:
I. The protein part of it is unique to a particular
substrate and has the ability to recognize it.
II. In order to become functional, the apoenzyme must
12. What is the main purpose of respiration? bind with the coenzyme.
CCC
III. Enzymes are called simple enzymes when they are
A) Getting O2
without a prosthetic group.
B) Getting nutrients
Which of the above definitions are true?
C) Getting energy EEE
D) Getting CO2 A) I only B) III only C) I and II
E) Getting lactic acid D) II and III E) I, II and III
87
General R eview
1. Minerals are used as 4. Living things exist in a combination of inorganic and
I. structural essentials. organic compounds.
II. regulatory substances. Which of the following statements is not true for
III. sources of energy. inorganic substances?
EEE
Which of the properties of minerals given above are A) Atoms are combined to form molecules by chemical
correct? bonds.
DDD
B) Acidity or alkalinity of a solution is determined by its
A) I only B) II only C) III only
pH value.
D) I and II E) II and III C) Inorganic molecules are categorized as acidic, basic
or salt according to the ion concentration of the
solution
D) pH is determined by H+ and OH ion concentration in
the solution.
2. What is the ultimate function of the contractile E) Salts are acidic solutions.
vacuole in unicellular organisms living in fresh water?
CCC
A) Excretion of CO2
B) Movement of the organism in the water 5. NADPH2 is synthesized in photophosphorylation and
C) Excretion of excess water is used in the dark phase.
D) Excretion of minerals Some statements about NADPH2:
E) Excretion of digestive wastes I. It carries energized electrons.
II. Hydrogen comes from ionized water.
III. It plays a role only in photosynthesis.
IV. It takes electrons from chlorophyll.
3. Complex enzymes are composed of a protein part Which of the above are correct?
(apoenzyme) and a prosthetic group. EEE
A) I only B) I and IV C) I, II and III
Some prosthetic group molecules are given below.
D) I, II and IV E) I, II, III and IV
I. Calcium
II. Vitamin B
III. Vitamin K
IV. NAD 6. ATP is the energy molecule in all living cells. The structure
V. Sodium of ATP is given below.
Which of the molecules above has a role as a co-factor
Adenine base + Ribose sugar + P + P + P
or coenzyme?
BBB
Co-factor
__________ Coenzyme
__________ I II III
A) I, II and III IV and V
Which numbered chemical bonds are broken down by
B) I and V II, III and IV cells to obtain energy from ATP?
C) II, IV and V I and III CCC
D) I, III and V II and IV A) I only B) II only C) III only
E) I and III II, IV and V D) I and II E) I, II and III
88
CHECKPOINT TEST 5
7. In which living thing do photosynthetic reactions take 11. Which of the following statements concerning
place in a different structure of the cell from the glycolysis is false?
others? DDD
AAA A) It proceeds in a step-by-step series of chemical reac-
A) Blue-green algae tions.
B) Euglena B) Phosphorylation occurs during the process.
C) Fern C) Oxygen is not required for the process to occur.
D) Moss D) The end products are carbon dioxide and water.
E) Coniferous plant E) Pyruvic acid is formed.
8. Which of the following does not play a role in the 12. Which of the following is not produced in anaerobic
differentiation of the molecular structure of protein? respiration?
DDD AAA
A) Location of amino acid A) O2 B) ATP C) CO2
B) Amount of amino acid in protein
D) Ethyl alcohol E) Lactic acid
C) Variety of amino acid
D) Type of bond between amino acids
E) Order of amino acids in protein
Amount of respiration
90
CHECKPOINT TEST 6
7. Some molecules found during photosynthetic reactions: 11. In salivary glands, much protein is synthesized for making
I. ATP enzymes.
II. Oxygen Which organelle would be expected in salivary glands?
III. Glucose CCC
A) Vacuole
IV. NADPH2
B) Mitochondria
Which of the above are also used in the chloroplast? C) Ribosome
CCC
A) I and IV B) I, II and III C) I, III and IV D) Peroxisomes
E) Centriole
D) I, II and IV E) II, III and IV
D) Ethanol E) Pyruvate
I II III IV Time
9. Which of the following vitamins are water soluble? Which of the following light colors are found at I - II- III- IV
BBB
BBB
A) violet - green - orange - red
A) Vitamin A and B
B) violet - red - orange - green
B) Vitamin B and C
C) violet - green - red - orange
C) Vitamin A, D, E and K
D) red - orange - violet - green
D) Vitamin C and E
E) orange - violet - green - red
E) Vitamin B and E
4. How many ATP molecules are produced from 3 Which of the above cause genetic variety in living
things?
molecules of glucose in anaerobic respiration (net
AAA
gained)?
A) I only B) I and II C) I and III
BBB
A) 2 B) 6 C) 38 D) 3 E) 6 D) II and III E) I, II and III
92
CHECKPOINT TEST 7
9. Which of the following could represent the basic 13. In order to observe the effect of CO2 on the rate of
chemical formula of a molecule that would be classified photosynthesis, the following experiment is set up, as in
as a sugar? the figure below.
EEE
A) C6H6O3 B) C4H4O4 C) C2H5O2N
D) C2H4O2NR E) C5H10O5
93
General R eview
1. Which of the following organic compounds is not a 5. Some processes are given below.
carbohydrate? I. Glycogen synthesis
DDD
II. Starch synthesis
A) Lactose B) Glucose C) Galactose
III. Glucose catabolism
D) Glycerol E) Glycogen
IV. Protein synthesis
Which of the above processes are not performed in an
animal cell?
AAA
A) II only B) III only C) IV only
2. Some molecules are given below.
D) I and III E) III and IV
I. Adenine
II. Ribose
III. Phosphate
IV. Thymine
Which of the above is/are found in the structure of ATP
molecules?
DDD 6. Features of plants differ according to where they live.
A) I only B) I and II C) I and III
Rates of photosynthesis for the plants given below are
D) I, II and III E) I, II, III and IV
measured at the same time of day.
I. Coniferous plant
II. Arid plant
III. Corn
3. Which of the following does not pass from cytoplasm In which of the following is the descending order of
rate of photosynthesis for the plants given correctly?
to mitochondria in aerobic respiration?
AAA
CCC
A) III - I - II B) II - I - III C) I - III - II
A) Oxygen
B) NADH2 D) II - III - I E) I - II - III
C) Pyruvic acid
D) ADP
E) Carbon dioxide
94
CHECKPOINT TEST 8
8. Photosynthetic reactions and materials used are 12. Change in the rate of photosynthesis over a period of time
matched below. is shown in the figure below.
I. Cyclic phosphorylation - NADPH2 Rate of photosynthesis
II. Noncyclic phosphorylation - CO2
III. Dark phase - ATP
IV. Light phase - H2O
10. Some items are given below. 13. A diploid cell with 10 chromosomes divides 5 times by
I. Light mitosis.
II. O2 What will be the number of cells formed and their
chromosome number?
III. CO2
DDD
IV. Enzyme A) 20-5 B) 16-10 C) 8-10 D) 32-10 E) 35-5
Which of the above are used in plants to produce
(synthesize) carbohydrates?
DDD
A) I, II and III B) I, II and IV C) I, II, III and IV
D) I, III, and IV E) I and III
14. In which of the following stages does the amount of
DNA increase?
AAA
A) Interphase
11. What is the genetic center of the cell? B) Prophase
BBB C) Metaphase
A) Nucleolus B) Nucleus C) Lysosome D) Anaphase
D) Golgi E) Endoplasmic reticulum E) Telophase
95
General R eview
1. What is the function of chloroplasts? 5. There are mechanisms for the transportation of
DDD materials through the plasma membrane.
A) To digest sugar to provide ATP energy for the cell I. Exocytosis
B) To convert one kind of chemical energy to another II. Diffusion
C) To produce digestive enzymes III. Phagocytosis
D) To convert light energy to chemical energy IV. Pinocytosis
E) To convert light energy to heat energy
Which of the above can be seen in both plant and
animal cells?
BBB
A) I only B) II only C) III only
D) II and III E) III and IV
97
General R eview
1. Some properties of lipids in animals are given below. 4. The transfer of genetic information from a DNA
I. They play a role in the conservation of body temperature. molecule to new strands of messenger RNA is known
as ____________ .
II. They are a part of the plasma membrane.
BBB
III. They are a primary source of energy. A) translation
IV. They enable the fluidity of membranes. B) transcription
Which of the above are correct? C) transpiration
CCC D) transduction
A) I only B) II only C) I,II and IV
E) transformation
D) I, II and III E) I, II, III and IV
2. Some reactions in photosynthesis: 5. What single word describes the sum of all the
I. ATP is used chemical reactions that take place in cells?
II. Synthesis of NADPH2 BBB
A) Anabolism
III. Reduction in phosphoglyceric acid
B) Metabolism
IV. Neutralization of chlorophyll
C) Catabolism
Which of the above take place in the grana and stroma D) Mutualism
of the chloroplast?
E) Commensalism
AAA
Grana
_______ Stroma
_______
A) II, IV I, III
B) I, II III, IV
C) III, IV I, II 6. Which of the following is an example of catabolism?
D) I, IV II, III CCC
E) II, IV I, II, III A) Protein synthesis
B) ATP synthesis
C) Cellular respiration
D) Starch synthesis
3. The origin of molecules produced in the photosynthesis E) Photosynthesis
equation are shown in the figure below.
II
98
CHECKPOINT TEST 10
8. Which of the following properties is not correct for 12. Microfilaments and microtubules ______________.
both mitochondria and chloroplasts? CCC
CCC A) contain digestive enzymes
A) both have an electron transport system B) are sites of protein synthesis
B) ATP is synthesized C) function in cell structure and movement
C) both are present in all cells D) are sites of photosynthesis
D) both contain their own DNA E) are sites of ATP synthesis
E) both are structurally similar to bacteria
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
CHECKPOINT TEST 01 A B D A B E D E B E D D E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CHECKPOINT TEST 02 E A A B D D A E D B D C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CHECKPOINT TEST 03 C E A E E E C A B E D D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CHECKPOINT TEST 04 A E B A C C E A B D C E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
CHECKPOINT TEST 05 E A B A E B B B E C E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CHECKPOINT TEST 06 D C C D D C E E A E E D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CHECKPOINT TEST 07 C B B E A C E E E E C A
CHAPTER 02 : Microuniverse
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
CHECKPOINT TEST 01 C E B D A E A A D D A D B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CHECKPOINT TEST 02 C B A C C D D A E D A A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CHECKPOINT TEST 03 A D D B A E D A C D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CHECKPOINT TEST 04 C E E A B A C B A D
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CHECKPOINT TEST 05 B D D B A B E C D D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
CHECKPOINT TEST 06 B A D E E A B D D D E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
CHECKPOINT TEST 07 E A D D E D E E B E E
CHAPTER 03 : Metabolism
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
CHECKPOINT TEST 01 A B E C B C B D B C B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CHECKPOINT TEST 02 C A B D C A B A E E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CHECKPOINT TEST 03 D E A E B E B C C A C C
CHAPTER 04 : Photosynthesis
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
CHECKPOINT TEST 01 C E C E D B E A A D A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CHECKPOINT TEST 02 D D D E D C B E D B E D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CHECKPOINT TEST 03 E D D D E D E B E D A C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CHECKPOINT TEST 04 A B D D C B E E E D D C
101
CHAPTER 05 : Cellular Respiration
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CHECKPOINT TEST 01 D A E D B D D E B D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CHECKPOINT TEST 02 E E A B E E E C A D D B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
CHECKPOINT TEST 03 E B E A C E A A B D C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CHECKPOINT TEST 04 A C D C C D A E E E A D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
CHECKPOINT TEST 01 A D E E D E B D D C D D D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
CHECKPOINT TEST 02 D C B C A E C E E D C B C C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
CHECKPOINT TEST 03 C C C E A B C E A A B E B D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
CHECKPOINT TEST 04 D D D B D E D A B A A C E C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CHECKPOINT TEST 05 C C B E C C D C B E B C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
CHECKPOINT TEST 06 E C C B D C E B D D D B D
102
CHAPTER 07 : General Review
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
CHECKPOINT TEST 01 C B E B C C D A D E C A C D B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CHECKPOINT TEST 02 E A A E C E D D B D B E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
CHECKPOINT TEST 03 D B E E C D D D A A E A E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
CHECKPOINT TEST 04 D D E C B C E D A B D C E E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
CHECKPOINT TEST 05 D C B E E C A D E A D A E C D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
CHECKPOINT TEST 06 E C B A D D C B B A C B A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
CHECKPOINT TEST 07 B B B B E D E A E E C B B E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
CHECKPOINT TEST 08 D D C D A A B C D D B E D A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
CHECKPOINT TEST 09 D D A D B D B B C A C C D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
CHECKPOINT TEST 10 C A C B B C B C B E C C C D A D
103