LAB REPORT

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

NAME :
STU. ID No :
Group :A
Output Wave forms.

Fm(t) signal

Fc(t) signal
Output wave foms observed by oscilloscope

Output wave foms observed by spectrum analyzer

CONCLUSION
Observed how the Timedomain signal and the frequency donation signal of Amplitude Modulated
signal behaved.

DISCUSSION

Modulation indices are described for various forms of modulation. The amplitude modulation, AM,
modulation index can be defined as the measure of extent of amplitude variation about an un-modulated
carrier.

As with other modulation indices, the modulation index for amplitude modulation, AM, indicates the
amount by which the modulated carrier varies around its static un-modulated level. A complementary
figure to modulation index is also used for amplitude modulation signals. Known as the modulation
depth, it is typically the modulation index expressed as a percentage. Typically the modulation index of a
signal will vary as the modulating signal intensity varies. However some static values enable the various
levels to visualized more easily.

Amplitude modulated index of 0.5

When the modulation index reaches 1.0, i.e. a modulation depth of 100%, the carrier level falls to zero
and rise to twice its non-modulated level.

Amplitude modulated index of 1.0

Any increase of the modulation index above 1.0, i.e. 100% modulation depth causes over-modulation.
The carrier experiences 180 phase reversals where the carrier level would try to go below the zero point.
These phase reversals give rise to additional sidebands resulting from the phase reversals (phase
modulation) that extend out, in theory to infinity. This can cause serious interference to other users if not
filtered.

Amplitude modulated index of more than 1.0

i.e. over-modulated

Broadcast stations in particular take measures to ensure that the carries of their transmissions never
become over modulated. The transmitters incorporate limiters to prevent more than 100% modulation.
Hover they also normally incorporate automatic audio gain controls to keep the audio levels such that
near 100% modulation levels are achieved for most of the time.Single sideband modulation can be
viewed as an amplitude modulation signal with elements removed or reduced. In order to see how single
sideband is created, it is necessary to use an amplitude modulated signal as the starting point.

An amplitude modulated carrier

showing sidebands either side of the carrier

From this it can be seen that the signal has two sidebands, each the mirror of the other, and the carrier. To
improve the efficient of the signal, both in terms of the power and spectrum usage, it is possible to
remove the carrier, or at least reduce it, and remove one sideband - one is the mirror image of the other.

A single sideband signal therefore consists of a single sideband, and often no carrier, although the various
variants of single sideband are detailed below.
Single sideband modulation
showing upper and lower sideband signals

It can be seen that either the upper sideband or lower sideband can be used. There is no advantage
between using either the upper or lower sideband. The main criterion is to use the same sideband as used
by other users for the given frequency band and application. The upper sideband is more commonly used
for professional applications.