Basic Mathematics Reference

1 Quadratic forms 2.3 Pythagorean identities 2.8 Power-reducing or half-angle formulas

The solution to equations of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 is 1 = sin2 u + cos2 u (6a)
1 cos(2u)
sec u = 1 + tan2 u
2
(6b) sin2 u = (11a)
b b2 4ac 2
x= . (1) csc2 u = 1 + cot2 u (6c) 1 + cos(2u)
2a 2
cos u = (11b)
2
1.1 Completing the square 2.4 Co-function identities 2 1 cos(2u)
tan u = (11c)
  1 + cos(2u)
This is accomplished by re-writing the quadratic formula in the sin u = cos u (7a)
form of the left-hand-side (LHS) of this equality, which describes 2
factorization   2.9 Sum-to-product formulas
cos u = sin u (7b)
x2 + 2xh + h2 = (x + h)2 . (2) 2
 
tan u = cot u (7c) u+v uv
2 sin u + sin v = 2 sin cos (12a)
2 Trigonometry   2 2
csc u = sec u (7d) u+v uv
2.1 Triangle identities 2 sin u sin v = 2 cos sin (12b)
  2 2
With reference to the below figure, the law of sines is sec u = csc u (7e) u+v uv
2 cos u + cos v = 2 cos cos (12c)
  2 2
sin sin sin cot u = tan u (7f) u+v uv
= = (3) 2 cos u cos v = 2 sin sin (12d)
a b c 2 2
2.5 Even-odd identities
and the law of cosines is
2.10 Product-to-sum formulas
sin(u) = sin u (8a)
2 2 2
c = a + b 2ab cos (4a)
cos(u) = cos u (8b) 1
b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos (4b) tan(u) = tan u (8c)
sin u sin v = [cos(u v) cos(u + v)] (13a)
2
2 2 2
a = c + b 2cb cos (4c) 1
cos u cos v = [cos(u v) + cos(u + v)] (13b)
2.6 Sum-difference formulas (AM or lock-in) 2
1
sin(u v) = sin u cos v cos u sin v (9a)
sin u cos v = [sin(u + v) + sin(u v)] (13c)
a 2
cos(u v) = cos u cos v sin u sin v (9b) 1
b cos u sin v = [sin(u + v) sin(u v)] (13d)
tan u tan v 2
tan(u v) = (9c)
c 1 tan u tan v
2.11 Two-to-one formulas
2.7 Double angle formulas
2.2 Reciprocal identities
A sin u + B cos v = C sin(u + ) (14a)
sin(2u) = 2 sin u cos u (10a)
= C cos(u + ) where (14b)
1 cos(2u) = cos2 u sin2 u (10b)
csc u = (5a)
p
sin u C = A2 + B 2 (14c)
= 2 cos2 u 1 (10c)
1 B
sec u = (5b) = 1 2 sin2 u (10d) = arctan (14d)
cos u A
1 2 tan u A
cot u = (5c) tan(2u) = (10e) = arctan (14e)
tan u 1 tan2 u B

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