4.4.4 m Culverts Figure 4.27 mt Flaw Through Culvert with Submerged Entrance Source: Franz, Jah and Fianomor,f-Jehn. Fai Mechanics Se. Copriht (© 1997 by The MeGraw-Hil Cempanies. Reprinted by pamission, Culverts are short conduits that are used to pass water under roads and highways, Cal verts perform a similar function to that ofbridges, but unlike bridges they havespans less than 6 ma (20 ft) and can be designed to have a submerged inlet. Typical cross-sections of culverts include circular, arched, rectangular, and oval shapes. (Culvert design typicelly requires the selection of a barrel cross-section that passes siven flowrate when the water is ponded to a given height atthe culvert entrance. The hydraulic analysis of culverts is complicated by the fact that there are several possible flow regimes, with the governing flow equation being determined by the fiow regime, ‘The flow regimes can be brosdly grouped into submerged-entrance conditions and fre. ‘entrance conditions, which ane illustrated in Figures 4.27 and 4.28, respectively. The (©) Nermat Depth > Bart Height (Type 2) “y > ic Ne eee nerchoneselnennenene ri (6) Enieance Control, Nerml Depth < Bartel Height (Type 3}Figure 4.28 m Flow Through Culver with Free Enivance Source: Fenznjseph and Fionerce, Join Pid achanies, Se Copyright © 1907 by The wccrawe ll Eammpanie. Repintd by pemueson Gel GB eimssepe tna re 0800 entrance to 6 culvert is regarded as submerged when the depth, H, of water upstream of the culvert exceeds 1.2D, where D isthe diameter of the culvert. In some references this limit is taken as 1.3D (og, French, 1985), In the case of a submerged entrance, Figure 4.27 indicates that there are three possible low regimes: (a) the outlet is sub- merged (Type flv; (0) the outlet is not submerged and the normal depth of flow in the culverts larger than the culvert diameter, D (Iype 2 flow); and (c) the outlets not ssabmnerged and the normal depth of flaw in the culvert is less than the culvert diameter (ype 3 flow) In Type | flow, applying the energy equation between Sections 1 (headwater) and 3 (ailwater) leads to Aha hit hy + he (4176) where Ah is the difference between the headwater and tailwater elevations, fy is the entrance loss, hy is the head Joss due to fiction in the culvert, and hy isthe exit loss. Fquation 4.176 neglects the velocity head at Sections 1 and 3, which is usually small compared with the other terms. Using the Maming equation to calculate hy within the culvert, then vi R 77)where 1 isthe roughness coefficient, V is the velocity of flow, is the length, end Rig ‘the hydraulic edius ofthe culvert. The entrance and exit losses, hy and hy, ae given by y heb 4.178) ve hme (4.79) ‘where hy i the entrance loss coefficient. Combining Equations 4.176 to 4.179 yields the following form: of the energy equation between Sections 1 «nd 3 avn ve v Aha ek ote Re 2g Be (4.180) ‘This equation can also be applied between Section J (headwater) and Section 2 (euvert, exit) in Type 2 flow, illustrated in Figure 4.27(b), where the velocity lead at the exit, 22g, is equal othe exit loss in Type | flow. Equation 4.180 reduces tothe following relationship between the difference in the water-surfac clevations on boti sides of the covert, At, and the discharge through the culvert, Q, = (easy 19.621 E/RS + ky +1 ‘where A isthe cras-sectional ares ofthe culvert. It should be noted that At is equal to the difference between the headwater and teater elevations for a submerged outlet (Type I flow), and Avi is equal tothe difference between te headwater and the crown of the culvert exit when the normal depth of flow in the eulvert exceeds the height of the culvert (Type 2 flaw). Under both Type 1 and Type 2 conditions, the flow is sid tobe under ouser control Since the water depth at che outlet influences the discharge through the culvert. In cases ‘where the inlet is submerged and the culvert entrance will not admit water fast enough to fil the culvert (Type 3 low in Figure 4.27), the culvert inlet behaves like an orifice and the discharge through the culvert, Q, irelated to the head on the center af the orifice, by the relation Q= CA igh (4.82) ‘where Cj isthe couficient of discharge and his equal to the vertical distance from the ‘enter of the culvert entrance to the water surface at the entrance. The coefficient of slschacge, Cis equal to 0.62 for a square-edged entrance and approaches | for well- sounded entrance (Franzini and Fimmemore, 1997). In cases where the culvert entrance acts like an orifice, the downstceam water fevef does not influence the flow through the culvert and the flow is said to be under rset control. According to ASCE (1992), Bguation 4.182 is applicable only when H/D > 2, but Franzini and Finnemore (1997) state that the error in Equation 4.182 sess than 29% when H/D > 1.2 Submerged entrances usually lead to greater flows through the eulvert then unsub- ‘merged entrences. In some cases, howeves, culverts must be designed so that the en ‘ances ae not scbmerged. Such cases ince those in which the top ofthe culver: forms ‘the base of roadvay, In the cae of an unsubmerged entrance, Figure 4.26 indicates tbatthere ae three posible low regimes: (a) the culvert has a mild slope anda low tailwater, eechch toe the rgd depth cecursomenbere near the exit of the culvert (Type 4 flowy (the culver haa step slopeand a low alter, which case the crea pth Secs some ner the entrance ofthe culvert, atapproximatly 14), downstream from the entrance (Type 5 flow); and (c) the culvert has a mild slope and the tailwater subnergsy iype 6 How). “Applying the energy equation between the hesdwater and the culvert exit in Type 4 fw gives aww Ante 3g bere iis the difference between the hendnater elevation and the levation of te (Caen yatr see a the ext ofthe culvert Vis the heawater velo hy is the sirence lw given by Eqution 4178 nd y isthe ition lows nthe covert given by Bquation 4.177, The velocity of the headwoter is ror neglected, as in the case of a Pacts eater whese B/D > 12. Equation 4183 yields the elowing expression for the discharge, Q, through the culvert, Lipp oh Q= Acyl 2g6ah+ Vig — hi hy) (4.184) yt hy (4.188) where Ac isthe fw ate atthe cial flow section at the exit ofthe culver, Equation {L184 iatully an imple expression for the discharge, siace the entrance los, hand the eiction loss, hy, depend onthe ditchare, in Type $ low (steep slope, low talwatr), the cial flow depth occurs at the cxtrance ofthe euen. Applying the energy equation between the hesdwater and the culver entrance ives Bh+ Miele ag” 2g vere Alt isthe diffrence between the headwater elevation and the elevetion ofthe {eriel) water corfce atthe entrance of the culvert. Bqustion 4.185 ead othe follow ing expression forthe discharge, Q through the culvert oo Qa Avy 2etai+ Vig — bd (4.186) Finelly, in Type 6 flow (mild slope, talwater submenges 7) the water surface atthe culvert exit is approximately equal to the talheater elevation. Applying the energy equa- tion between the headwater and the culvert exit gives (4.185) ana tt = "te Tg where Ahisthe difference between the heedwaterclevation ané the tilwater elevation at the ext ofthe culvert. Equation 4.187 leads to the following expression for the discharge, though the cuert, Q= AY ag(ahy Vil2g— fh — bp) (4.88) where Ais the flow area atthe exit ofthe culvert. bt hy (4.187)Determination of low Type. The flow type is determined by the headwater, talvater, and culvert dimensions, Based on the headwater elevation and culvert dimension, ig is determined whether the culvert entrance is submerged. LF H/D > 1.2, the culvert entcance is submerged ifnot, the entrance is nat submerged. ‘Submerged Entrance. When the culvert entrance is suismerged, the flow is ether Type 1, 2, oF 3, The flow type and the associted flowrate are determined by the following procedute 1, Lf he culvert eat is submerged, then the flow is Type 1 and the discharge is piven by Equation 4.183. 2, Ifthe culvert exit is not submerged the flow is ether Type 2 or 3, Assume that the low i'Type 2 and caleulate the discherge using Equation 4.181, with the appropriate definition of A, 43, Use the flowrate calculated in step 2 to determine the normal depth of flow in the culvert 4, 1Ethe normal depth of flow calculated instep 3 is greater then the beight of the eul- ver, then the flow i Type 2 end the discharge calculated in step 2 is correct. 5, Ifthe normal cepth of flow calculated in step 3 i less than the height of the ouvert ther the flow is probably Type 3. Calculate the discharge using Bguation 4.182 and verify that the normal depth of flow in the culvert isles than the culvert height. 1° the normal depth is ess than the culvert eight, then Type # flow is confirmed, 6. iFneither Type 2 nor Type 3 flow car be confirmed, take the capacity of the culvert to be the lesser of the two calculated discharges. tis useful to note that circular culverts flow fil when the discharge rate exceeds 1.07 Qah where Ona i te fall-flow discharge calculated using the Manning equation (Brater eta, 1996). Unsubmerged Enirance, When the calvert entrance is unsubmerged, the flow is either ‘Type 4,5, 076, The flow typeand the associsted flowrate are determined by the following procedure: 1. Assume that the flow is Type 4, use Equation 4.184 to calculate the discharge, Q and use Q to calculate the norinal depths ad csitical depth, ye. IF yy > Ye and the tailwater depth isles then y,, then Type flow is verified andthe calculated discharge iscorrect. 2, Assume that the flow is Type 5, use Equation 4.186 to calculate the discharge, Q and use Qo calculate the normal depth, ja» and critical depth, yeoIF yp < ye and the tailwater depth islets than ye, then Type 5 flow is verified and the ealulated discharge is correct. 4, Assume that the flow is Type 6, use Equation 4.186 to calcalate the discharge, Q. and ase Q to calculate the norme) depth, yw and critical depth, I yy > Ye and the tailwater depth is greater than ye, then Type 6 flow is verified and the calculated discharge is correct Design Considerations. The geometry of @ culvert entrance is an important aspect of ‘culvert design since the culvert entrance exerts a significant influence on the hydraulic chavacteristics ofa culvert. The four standard inlet types are: (1) Bush setting in a vertical headwall, (2) wingwall entrance, (3) projecting entrance, and (4) mitered entrance set Suush with a sloping embankment, Structural stability, aesthetics, and erosion eontvol areamong the factors thet influence the selection of the niet configuration, The entrance Joss coefficient, k, used to describe the entrance losses in most discarge formalae de pend on the pipe material, shaps, and entrance type, and can be estimated using the guidelines in Teble 410 : Local drainage regulations often state the minimum culvert size (usualy in the 30 t0 60 can range), with debris potential being an important consideration in determining the minimum acceptable siz ofthe culvert. Some localities requite thatthe engineer as- sume 25% debris blockage in computing the required sie of the culvert. Both mininwara snd maximum velocities must be considered in designing occlvert. A rninintum velocity in a culvert of 0.6 100.8 mis atthe design flow is required to assure sel-cleansing, The maximum allowabie velocity for corrugated metal pipe is 3 m/s (10 ffs), and there is zo specified maximum allowable velocity fr einforced concrete pipe (Debo and Reese, 1995}, although velocities greater than 4-S mis are rarely used because of potential prob- Jems with scour. Outlet protection should be provided where discharge velocities will ‘cause erosion problems. The most common culvert materials are concrete (reinforced and nonreinforced), corrugated shuminum, and corrugated steel, The selection of « Table 4.10 Culvert Entrance Loss Coefficients (Calvert rypeand entrance condition he Pipe, concrete: Projecting from fil, socket end {groove end) 02 Projecting from fl, square-cut end a5 Hesdwall or headvell and wingwalls ‘Socket end af pipe (groove end) 02 Square edge 95, ‘Rounded (radius = 1/12 D) 92 Mitered t conform to fil elope ca End section conforming to fill lope 05. Beveled edges, 38.7° or 45° bevels 02 Side- or slope tapered inlet 02, Pipe, or pipe aiched, corrugated meta: Projecting from fil (n0 headwal!) 09) Hada orheadhell and wingalls square edge 05. Mitered ta conform til slope, paved or unpaved slope a7 Bad eetlon conforming tefl dope 95 Beveled edges, 38.7° or 45? bevels 02 Side- or slope tapered inlet. 02. Box, einforcd concrete: “Redwall parallel to embankment (ne wingwalls) Square edged on 3 edges 05, Rounded on 3 edges 02 Wingwalls a 30° to 75° to barrel Square edged at crown 04 Crown edye rounded 92 Wingwalls a 10° t0.25° to barrel ‘Square edged at crown | os ‘Wingwalle parallel ‘Square edged at crown 7 Side orslope-tapered inlet 02 Sour USFIWA 1)Table 4.11 “ype of conduit ‘Wall and joint description ® Tete melee ee scresaane flak emer EEE eeseeseeeeS eee Manning nin Culverts Concrete pipe 00d joins, smoot was 0015-0013 00d jin, rough walls aod-0016 poor joints, rough vals 9016-0917 badly spalled 9915-0000 CConerete box 00d joins, smooth fined walls 4915-0918 poor joints, rough, unfinied walls 0914-0518 Corrugated metal pipes 23 x 4 inch eortugations 9022-0507 snd bores, annular 631 inch corrugations 0.022-0.05 corrugations 5 x inch corrugations 0.025-0.0% 3 x 1 Inch corrugations 0927-0078 © 66x Linch structral plate 0.033-0.035 9 Bh ned ares 85-0087 SEH segees eee ce deesc de 2k eee eee CE ec UWA culvert material depends on the requited structural strength, hydraulic roughnese, dare- bility, and corrosion and abrasion resistance, In general, corrugated culverts have sigail> ‘cantly higher frictional resistance then concrete culverts, and most cities require che use of concrete pipe for culverts placed in critical areas ar within the public right-of-way, Recommended Manning m values for culver! design ave given in Table 4.11 Example 16 ie Semple Selecta eae What is the capacity of a 1.22 ra by 1.22 m concrete box culvert (11 = 0.013) with sounded entrance ( = 0.05, Cy = 0.95) if the culvert slope is 0.5% the length is 36.6 m, and the headwater level is 1.83 1m above the culvert invert? Consider the follow: ing cases: (a) free-outlet conditions, end (b}tallwater elevation 0.304 m above the top of the box at the outlet, Whar must the headwaterelevetion be in case (b) for the culvert ta pass the flow that exists in case (a)? Solution Since the headwater depth exceeds J.2 times the height of the culvert opening, then the culvert entrance is submerged. An elevation view of the culvert is shown in Figare 4.28 (a) For free outlet conditions, two types of low are possible: the normal depth offow is renter than the culvert depth (Type 2), or the normal depth of flow i less than the calvert cepth (Type 3), To determine the flow type, assume a certain type of Bow, calculate the discharge and depth of flow, and see if the assumption is confirmed. IF Figure 4.29 m Elevation View of Culvert‘the assumption is not confirmed, then the initial assumption is incorzect, Assuming ‘Type flow, then the Hlowzate equetion, Bquation 4.18), is given by Q=A - (4.189) 19.628 L/R3 + ke +) ‘where A isthe difference in water levels between the entrance and exit of the cul- vert {= 0.188 + 0.005(36.6) ~ 1.22 = 0.793 m), wis the roughness coefficient (= 0.013), Lis the length ofthe culvert (= 36.6 m), and R is the hydraulic adie given by where A is the cross-sectional area of the culver, and P is the wetted perimeter of the culvert where A= (1.22)(1.22) = 1.49? P=40.22) =4.88m and therefore 305 m Substituting known values of the culvert parameters into Equation 4.(89 gives 29.8 O799) ea Q= (49), T 19.62(0.013)#(36.6)/ (0.305)? + 0.05 + 1 which simplifies to Q= 459m ‘The next step is to caleulate the normal depth at a discharge of 4.59 m'Vs using the ‘Manning equation, where a= Lantst ‘and S36 the slope ofthe culvert (= 0,005). If the normal depth of flow is jp then the res, A, wetted perimeter, P, and hydraulic radius, R, ere given by = byy = L By b+: yp = 122+ 2 A_ 12D PO Tay ‘The Manning equation gives 1 U.22%)8 0.005) TB a+ay08which simplifies to eevee zayp = 0.844 Guat ant and solving iteratively for y yields yo 125m sterefore, the nel asmumtion that she normal depth gente han the Preteet (a: 12 m) i verified, Type 2 flow is conrmed, and the ow through the culvert is egual 10 4.59 ms (by in this cae, the tawater 60304 m above the culvert nti and therefore the dif- In thc tr level between the inl and outlet, Sh, decreases by 0308 i god 0.459 m The lw equation is this est, Type flows he une uation 4.189, with Ah = €.489-m, which gives aaah 219 81) C.5) 75,62(0.013)°36.0/(0.305) +0.05 + 1 which simplifies to Q=3.60m'ls “therefore, when the tilwate depth rises fo 0.308 m abowe te cuNeH ey the dis cluarge decreases from: 4.59 o/s 0 2.6030". Arr se rrspeavater is «eight x above the culvert init and dhe talweies ‘0205 m above the oatet, then the low through the culver ie 459 smoi/s, The difies eee eee the headwater and tilwater elevation, tis gven BY ‘Alves fe 1.22-+ 0.005(86.6)]~ [1.224 0.305] = #— 0.122 “The low equation for Type 3 low (Equation 4.169) requires that eis sc cece arenes ere ae of 9 Si) = 0.122) 1 45 PO 9,62(0.013)(86.6)/(0:305)3 + 0.05 + 1 which leads to =0915 m “Therefore, the headwater depth tthe entrance ofthe culvert for & Hew of 459 mts is 122-4 0.915 . lam.“Troe SeatonDISCHARGE 1a) IN CFS. ~ 1000 F 800 f- 600 L500 [400 i300 boo 10 Le be Cs a uNe Head for concrete box culverts flowing full (n 8 6 8 lo re i = ere = wha 20 0.012)