SPE

Society of PetNJieum Engineers

SPE 17062

Dimensionless IPR Curves for Predicting Gas Well Performance

by R.W. Chase, Marietta College
SPE Member

Copyright 1987, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Eastern Regional Meeting held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, October 21-23, 1987.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the
author(s). Contents of the paper, as presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the
author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Papers
presented at SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial Committees of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to copy is
restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of
where and by whom the paper is presented. Write Publications Manager, SPE, P.O. Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836. Telex, 730989 SPEDAL.

ABSTRACT performance of gas wells. The chief advantage in

using these IPR curves for predicting gas well
Dimensionless IPR curves for predicting the performance lies in the fact that only a single
current and future performance of both unfractured stabilized flow test, along with a knowledge of
gas wells, and fractured gas wells with positive, the static bottom-hole pressure and skin factor
negative, or zero skin factors are presented in for a well, are needed to characterize current or
this paper. An example is presented in which the future well deliverability.
current and future performance of a gas well is
forecasted and compared to the results obtained This paper presents a summary of the
from a modified isochronal test. dimensionless IPR curves which are currently
available for predicting the performance of gas
INTRODUCTION wells. An application of these curves for
predicting the performance of a gas well is given.
Forecasting well performance using dimensionless
inflow performance (IPR) curves has its
2
roots in DIMENSIONLESS IPR CURVES FOR UNFRACTURED WELLS
the oil industry. Voger and Standing presented
dimensionless IPR curves for predicting the Mishra and Caudl~ constructed dimensionless IPR
performance of oil wells under a variety of produ- curves for predicting the current and future
cing conditions. Utilization of these curves deliverability of an unfractured gas well. These
requires a knowledge of a flowing oil well's curves are shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.
static bottom-hole pressure, its flow efficiency, Mishra and Caudle did not distinguish between
and a stabilized flowing bottom-hole pressure unfractured gas wells having positive, negative,
measured at some constant oil production rate. or zero skin factors, therefore further research
This. data is used to construct an IPR curve for in this area may be warranted.
the well which can in turn be used to predict the
ability of the well to produce fluids against a The equation describing the current
specified sandface backpressure. dimensionless IPR curve in Fig. 1 is given by:

Gas well production forecasting has

historically depended on some form of multiple [q/~] =45 { 1 - 5
[m(p )/m(p ) - 1]
w ws } .......... .
(1)
rate deliverability test, such as the U.S. 3 Bureau
of Mines conv~ntional backpressure test , t~e
isochronal test , or the modified isochronal test. The equation representing the dimensionless
Recent attention has turned toward finding a IPR curve shown in Fig. 2 for predicting future
reliable deliverability testing method that performance of an unfractured gas well is:
requires only a single flow test and shut-in
period. [(m(p )/m(p )]
5
6
[~ /~.J =3 {1 - 0.4 wsf wsi } .... (2)
Research 7 by Mishra and Caudle , and Chase f ~
and Williams has focused on the development of
dimensionless IPR curves for use in predicting the

347
 DIMENSIONLESS IPR CURVES FOR SPE 17062
2
PREDICITNG GAS WELL PERFOJ:mNCE

8
Chase and Anthony demonstrated the The data in Fig. 5 were generated for a
applicability of using Figs. 1 and 2 to forecast fractured gas well having a positive skin factor.
the performance of fractured gas wells. They also An equation was obtained for the best least-
reported that for static bottom-hole pressures squares curve fit through the data using a
less than approximately 2000 psig, pressure- computer program which can selectively eliminate
squared values could be substituted for outlier points relative to some trend in the data
pseudopressures in the dimensionless scatter. Note that the bulk of the points on this
pseudopressure ratios in Figs. 1 and 2, and in plot lie along a linear trend which forms a
Eqs. 1 and 2. This simplification should result limiting case for predicting the performance of a
in broader acceptance of single-point testing fractured gas well having a positive skin factor.
methods and the use of dimensionless IPR curves For this reason, the linear equation which
for predicting gas well performance. follows was chosen as the best expression for
representing the trend in the data, and was used
DIMENSIONLESS IPR CURVES FOR FRACTURED GAS WELLS to construct the curve in Fig. 8 for predicting
well performance.
Chase and Williams7 constructed dimensionless IPR
curves for fractured gas wells. Figure 3 depicts
the dimensionless IPR curve for predicting the [q/~] =1 - [m(pw)/m(pwa)] (5)
current performance of a fractured gas well
exhibiting a positive skin factor. The equation
representing this curve is: The data obtained for a fractured gas well
with a zero skin factor producing under current
conditions is shown in Fig. 7. A curve was fit
[q/~] 1 - [m(pw) /m(pwa] ( 3) through this data using the computer program which
permits the exclusion of any data points judged to
be outliers. The resulting equation is given as:
Figure 4 shows the dimensionless IPR curve
for predicting the current performance of a
fractured gas well with a skin factor less than or
[m(pw)/m(pwa) J = 1.253 { 1 -0.202 [1 - q/~] } (6)
equal to zero. Equation 4 describes this curve.

-1J Equation 6 was used to construct the

[q/~] = 45 {1 - 5
[m(p )/m(p )
w W8 } ( 4) dimensionless IPR curve shown in Fig. 9 which can
be used to forecast the current performance of a
fractured gas well having a zero skin factor.
Chase and Williams concluded that the curve
shown in Fig. 4 was nearly identical to the curve The negative skin data appearing in Fig. 7
for unfractured wells constructed by Mishra and were analyzed in a similar fashion to produce
Caudle shown in Fig. 1. Further research has been Equation 7 and the dimensionless IPR curve shown
conducted on dimensionless IPR curves for in Fig. 10. Either the curve or equation can be
fractured gas wells with skin and is discussed in used to predict the current performance of a
the next section. fractured gas well having a negative skin factor.

NEW DIMENSIONLESS IPR CURVES FOR FRACTURED GAS WELLS

[m(p)/m(pwa) J = 1.169 {1 - 0.144 [1 - q/~] } ..... ( 7)
CURRENT CONDITIONS

Additional work has been conducted to more closely

examine the effect of skin factors on the shape FUTURE CONDITIONS
of dimensionless IPR curves for fractured gas
wells. The mathematical procedure outlined in the
paper by Chase and Williams was followed, and a The procedure involved in the construction of
computer model was developed to solve the dimensionless IPR curves for predicting the future
resulting equations. To simulate a broad variety performance of a fractured gas well with skin
of stimulated well conditions, values for the many effect is based on the mathematics outlined in the
parameters which appear in the equations were papers of Mishra and Caudle, and Chase and
selected randomly from the ranges of values for Williams. The resulting curves for positive,
each variable appearing in Table 1. zero, and negative skin factors are shown
respectively in Figs. 11, 12, and 13.
Dimensionless IPR curves for current
conditions were constructed for fractured wells The curve for predicting the future
with skin from the resulting data which consisted performance of a fractured gas well having a
of five hundred sets of values of dimensionless positive skin factor is shown in Fig. 11. Again,
flow rates, [q/qmax], and dimensionless the limiting trend in this data appears to be a
pseudopressures, [m(Pw)/m(Pws)]. This process was straight line given by the following equation and
repeated three times for wells having positive, the smooth line shown in Fig. 14.
zero, and negative skin factors resulting in the
the data plots shown in Figs. 5, 6, AND 7,
respectively. [m(pwa )/m(p )] [~/~i] ... (8)
f wai

348
SPE 17062 ROBERT W. CHASE 3

Figure 12 shows the trend in the data performance or tubing-head pressure curve. Note
computed for a well having a zero skin factor. that this curve, like the IPR curve, is valid only
Using the computer program which allows subjective at the current static bottom-hole pressure
elimination of outlier points, the following conditions.
equation was obtained to describe the data.
It is now desired to estimate the current
deliverability of this well when producing against
['kx /'kx J a backpressure of 1500 psig at the wellhead.
[m(p )/m(p )] = 0.242 {5.128 f i - 1 }. . (9)
waf wai Entering Fig. 19 at a tubing-head pressure of
1514.7 psia, proceeding horizontally to intersect
The curve used for predicting the future the outflow performance curve, and then vertically
performance of a fractured gas well having a zero downward to the x-axis, a stabilized
skin factor generated using this equation is shown deliverability of approximately 3,600 MCFD is
in Fig. 15. determined. The expected flowing bottom-hole
pressure for this well at these producing
The final data scatter for a fractured well conditions can be determined by proceeding
with a negative skin factor is shown in Fig. 13. vertically upward to intersect the IPR curve, and
The equation for the best curve fit through this horizontally across to the y-axis to read a
data is given as follows. flowing pressure of 1750 psia.

An alternative method for determining the

['kx /'kx J deliverability of this well at a constant tubing-
[m(p )/m(p )] = 0.161 { 7.209 f i - 1L . (10)
waf wai head pressure involves selecting flow rates
arbitrarily and calculating bottom-hole pressures
This equation is plotted in Fig. 16 and for a constant wellhead pressure of 1500 psig.
represents the dimensionless IPR curve which can This procedure was utilized and the resulting data
be used to predict the future IPR behavior of a appears in Table 2. The corresponding constant
fractured gas well having a negative skin factor. tubing-head pressure curve is plotted in Fig. 19.
The intersection of this curve with the IPR curve
Composite plots for fractured wells under yields a stabilized deliverability of 3,600 MCFD
current and future producing conditions are given at a flowing bottom-hole pressure of approximately
in Figs. 17 and 18 for the sake of convenience. 1750 psia.

FORECASTING GAS WELL DELIVERABILITY Unlike the outflow performance curve, the
constant tubing-head pressure curve is valid for
The well test data given in Table 2 were used in future IPR curves constructed for declining static
conjunction with the dimensionless IPR curve shown reservoir pressures as long as the flow-string
in Fig. 4 for a fractured well with a non-zero configuration in the well remains the same. For
skin factor to construct the current example, if the static reservoir pressure in the
deliverability IPR curve shown in Fig. 19. well of Table 2 declines to 1800 psia, a new
Specifically, the static bottom-hole pressure of IPR curve must be found.
1948 psia, and the flowing bottom-hole pressure of
1233 psia associated with the extended or Substituting values for the squares of 1800
stabilized flow rate of 8,000 MCFD were used. psia and 1948 psia, respectively, in
Since the static bottom-hole pressure in this well [m(Pwsf)/m(Pwsi)], and 10,341 MCFD for
was less than 2000 psia, pressure-squared values qmaxi in Equation 2 or Fig. 2, a value for the new
were substituted for pseudopressures in the AOF or qmaxf equal to 9,353 MCFD is found. The
analysis. value for qmax along with the new static reservoir
pressure of 1800 psia is used in conjunction with
Equation 4 was used to construct the IPR Fig. 4 or Equation 4 to construct the new IPR
curve shown in Fig. 19. Substituting 8,000 MCFD curve shown in Fig. 20. Data for this curve
for q, and the squares of Pw equal to 1233 psia appears in Table 4.
and Pws equal to 1948 psia for their respective
pseudopressures, a value of qmax equal to 10,341 It can be seen from Fig. 20 that if a 1500
MCFD was obtained. This compares to a value of psig tubing-head pressure is maintained on this
10,988 MCFD obtained for the AOF of the well from well, the stabilized deliverability of the well
the modified isochronal test analysis. Additional will fall from 3,600 MCFD to 1,600 MCFD as static
data calculated for constructing the IPR curve are reservoir pressure falls from 1948 psia to 1800
shown in Table 3. psi a.

The second step in predicting the performance For comparative purposes, the equation for
of a gas well requires a knowledge of flow the stabilized deliverability curve resulting from
behavior in the tubing. Using Fig. 19, the analysis of the modified isochronal test data
corresponding values of flow rate and flowing in Table 2 was determined to be:
bottom-hole pressure were read from the IPR curve.
Tubing-head pressure values were then computed for 2 2 0.6
each flow rate and bottom-hole pressure, for a q = 0.00124 (pwa - Pw ) (11)
0.605 gravity gas producing through 5,000 feet of
2-3/8 inch tubing. This data appears in Table 3
and is plotted in Fig. 19 as the outflow

349
 DIMENSIONLESS IPR OJRVFS FOR
4 SPE 17062
PREDICI'ING GAS WELL PERFORMANCE

Equation 11 was used to compute the data in ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Table 5 and construct the IPR curves in Fig. 21
for static reservoir pressures of 1948 psia and The author would like to thank Dr. Harvey
1800 psia. Plotting the 1500 psig constant Lipman, Brian Witte, and Phyllis Douthitt for
tubing-head pressure curve yields expected their assistance in the preparation of this paper.
stabilized deliverabilities of 4,000 MCFD and
2,000 MCFD for the respective Pws values.
REFERENCES
It can be seen that the values for
deliverabilities obtained using the modified 1. Vogel, J. L.: "Inflow Performance Relationships
isochronal test analysis were somewhat higher than for Solution Gas Drive Wells," J. Pet. Tech.,
the values obtained using the dimensionless IPR Jan. 1968, pp 83-92.
curves. One reason for the differences may be due
to the fact that pressure-squared values were used 2. Standing, M. B.: "Inflow Performance
instead of pseudopressures in calculating flow Relationships for Damaged Wells Producing by
rates from the dimensionless IPR curves. Chase Solution Gas Drive," J. Pet. Tech., Nov. 1970, pp
and Anthony also noted that dimensionless IPR 1399-1400.
curves yielded somewhat conservative estimates of
AOFs compared to AOFs obtained from conventional 3. Rawlins, E. K. and Schellhardt, M. A.: "Back-
test analysis. Extensive testing of the single- Pressure Data on Natural Gas Wells and their
point test method utilizing the dimensionless IPR Application to Production Practices," Monogoraph
curves presented in this paper appears warranted 7, USBM, 1936.
before the method can be judged to be an adequate
alternative to conventional multi-point testing 4. Cullender, M. H.: "The Isochronal Performance
methods. Method of Determining Flow Characteristics of Gas
Wells," Tans., AIME (1955) 204, pp 137-142.
CONCLUSIONS
5. Katz, D. L., et al.: Handbook of Natural Gas
1. A summary of the dimensionless IPR curves Engineering, McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,
that have been developed for use in predicting the 1959.
performance of gas wells is presented in this
paper. 6. Mishra, S. and Caudle, B. H.: "A Simplified
Procedure for Gas Deliverability Calculations
2. An example is given in which the current Using Dimensionless IPR Curves," SPE Paper 1F13231,
and future performance of a gas well are presented at the 59th Annual Technical Conference
forecasted using both dimensionless IPR curves and and Exhibition of SPE, Houston, Sept 16-19, 1984.
a modified isochronal test analysis.
7. Chase, R. W. and Williams, M.A.T.:
3. Gas deliverabilities determined for "Dimensionless IPR Curves for Predicting the
a well producing at a constant tubing-head Performance of Fractured Gas Wells," SPE Paper
pressure using a modified isochronal test #15936, presented at the SPE Eastern Regional
analysis were somewhat higher than those computed Meeting, Columbus, OH, November 12-14, 1986.
from a single-point test analysis.
8. Chase, R. W. and Anthony, T. M.: "A
4. Extensive testing of the single-point Simplified Method for Determining Gas Well
test method utilizing the dimensionless IPR curves Deliverability," SPE Paper 1F14507, presented at
presented in this paper is warranted before the the SPE Eastern Regional Meeting, Morgantown, WV,
method can be judged to be an adequate alternative November 6-8, 1985.
to conventional multi-point testing methods.
9. Theory and Practice of the Testing of Gas
NOMENCLATURE Wells, Energy Resources--Conservation Board,
Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 1975 Edition, pp. 3-25.
m(p) real-gas pseudopressure 2valuated at
some pressure, p, (psia /cp)

flowing bottom-hole pressure, (psia)

pws static bottom-hole pressure, (psia)

q stabilized flow rate, (MCFD)

maximum stabilized flow rate or

AOF, (MCFD)

Subscripts

f future conditions

i initial conditions

350
 SPE 17 0 6 2

Table 1. Data used to generate dimensionless

IPR curves for fractured gas wells.

PARAMETER RANGE
--------- 1,000 to 11,000 psia
Static Reservoir Pressure
Reservoir Temperature 100 to 200 degrees F
Gas Gravity 0.55 to 1.00
Permeability 1.0 to 500 md
Wellbore Radius 0.25 to 1.0 ft
Fracture Height 10 to 500 ft
Fracture Half-Length 100 to 2,000 ft
Skin Factor -10 to +10

Table 2. Modified isochronal test data (from reference 9).

SANDFACE PRESSURE PSEUDO- GAS FLOW

DURATION PRESSURE -SQUARED PRESSURE RATE
(hours) (psia) (psia**2) (psi**2/cp) (MCFD)
------------------------------------------------------------------
INITIAL SHUT-IN 20 1948 3.80E+06 3.15E+08 0
FLOW 1 12 1784 3.18E+06 2.67E+08 4500
SHUT-IN 12 1927 3. 71E+06 3.08E+08 0
FLOW 2 12 1680 2.82E+06 2.39E+08 5600
SHUT-IN 12 1911 3.65E+06 3.04E+08 0
FLOW 3 12 1546 2.39E+06 2.04E+08 6850
SHUT-IN 12 1887 3.56E+06 2.97E+08 0
FLOW 4 12 1355 1.84E+06 1.58E+08 8250
EXTENDED FLOW 81 1233 1.52E+06 1.32E+08 8000
FINAL SHUT-IN 120 1948 3.08E+06 3.15E+08 0

Table 3. Data used for construction of IPR curve,

outflow performance curve, and constant
tubing-head pressure curve.

FLOWING CALCULATED OUTFLOW CONSTANT

BOTTOM-HOLE CURRENT GAS PERFORMANCE Pth=1500 psig
PRESSURE FLOW RATE CURVE DATA CURVE DATA
(psia) (MCFD) (psia) (psia)

1948 0
1900 973 1679 1725
1800 2709 1581 1739
1600 5269 1364 1781
1400 6989 1128 1823
1200 8164 869 1858
1000 8975 556 1884
900 9281 334
850 9414 136
840 9439 27
800 9535
600 9914
400 10159
200 10297
0 10341

351
 SeE 17 0 62

Table 4. Data used for construction of future IPR curve.

Initial Static Reservoir Pressure: 1948 psia

Future Static Reservoir Pressure: 1800 psia
Initial Absolute Open Flow Rate: 10341 MCFD
Future Absolute Open Flow Rate: 9353 MCFD

FLOWING GAS CONSTANT

BOTTOM-HOLE PRODUCTION Pth=1500 psig
PRESSURE RATE CURVE DATA
(psia) (MCFD) (psia)

1800 0 1723
1700 1866 1730
1600 3351 1747
1400 5501 1785
1200 6910 1821
1000 7849
800 8478
600 8895
400 9159
200 9306
0 9353

Table 5. Data for construction of performance curves

from modified isochronal test data.

Pws=1948 psia Pws=l800 psia

FLOWING FLOWING CONSTANT
GAS BOTTOM-HOLE BOTTOM-HOLE Pth=1500psig
FLOW RATE PRESSURE PRESSURE CURVE DATA
(MCFD) (psia) (psia) (psia)
------------------------------------------------------------
10988 0 0
10000 743 0
9000 1036 721
8000 1249 1002
7000 1416 1204 1823
6000 1553 1362 1797
5000 1665 1489 1775
4000 1758 1592 1756
3000 1833 1675 1742
2000 1890 1737 1732
1000 1930 1780 1725
500 1942 1794 1724
0 1948 1800

352
 CURRENT IPR CURVE FUTURE IPR CURVE
UNFRACTIJRED WELLS UNFRACTIJRED WELLS

--
1.00 1.00
.......______

0.90 0.90 /
0.80 ~' 0.80
LV
0.70
...........
~ 0.70
/
...
3: 0.60 ~ 'i
3: 0.60
/
~ /
D.
D.
'E
~ 0.50
'~ 0.50
~
D.
'E o..w ~ 3:
D.
'E
o..w /
/
v
O.JO
O.JO

0.20
""' ~ 0.20
/
0.10 1'\ 0.10
/

\ //
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.20 0,40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 o..w 0.60 0.80 1.00

Q/Qmax Qmaxf/Qmaxl

Fig. 1-Dimensionless IPR curve for unfractured wells at current conditions (after Mishra and Fig. 2-Dimensionless IPR curve for unfractured wells at future conditions (after Mishra and
Caudle, Ref. 6). Caudle, Ref. 6).

c.>
c:n
c.>
CURRENT IPR CURVE CURRENT IPR CURVE
ZERO OR NEGAllVE SKIN P05lllVE SKIN
1.00 .......______ 1.00

0.90
!'---.... 0.90 ~
0.80 ~' 0.80 ~
~
...........
0.70 ~ 0.70

... 0.60 ~ ...

3: 0.60 ~
~
3:

~
D. D.
'E
l 0.50 ):: 0.50

~
3:
D.
'E o..w ~ l
'E o..w
~
O.JO

0.20
"""' ~ O.JO

0.20 ~
0.10 1'\ 0.10 I~
0.00
\ 0.00 ~
VJ
0.00 0.20 o..w 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 o..w 0.60 0.80 1.00
-,;I
QjQmax Q/Qmax .1"1'1
Fig. 3-Dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with zero or negative skin at current con- Fig. 4-Dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with positive skin at current conditions
(after Chase and Williams, Ref. 7).
t-1
ditions (after Chase and Williams, Ref. 7).
~
0
0'
f\J
 FUTURE IPR CURVE FUTURE IPR CURVE
POSmVE SKIN FACTOR ZERO SKIN FACTOR
1.00 1.00

/
0.90 0.90
.

0.80 0
0.80

0.70 OL'"D 0.70

J'A
ii
0.60
dJollPJ. o ii
0.60
~ ~
n. n.
'E . 'E
i 0.50
ti,1 f? L~ - 0 D i 0.50

~
n. 0.40 H\~,?"j."il; [. g ~
n. 0.40
'E 'E
0.30 ~ ~~~~~ ~be'. t; 0.30

0.20 ippn ~~ oq: to LJ

0.20
O\ LC - 0

0.10 .Cr- I'l

~-w
~ !.![; D 0.10

0.00 0.00~
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Qmaxf/Qmaxl Qmaxf/Qmaxl

Fig. 5-Data for dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with positive skin at Fig. 6-Data for dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with zero skin at current conditions.
current conditions.

FUTURE IPR CURVE FUTURE IPR CURVE

NEGA'llVE SKIN FACTOR PosmVE SKIN FACTOR
1.00 1.00
,.~ /
0.90 0.90

0.80 0.80
/
0.70 0.70
/
;;
~ 0.60
ii
~ 0.60
/
n.
'E
~
0.50
n.
'E
'- 0.50
/
~
n. 0.40
~
~
n.
'E
0.40
/
'E
0.30 0.30
/
0.20 0.20
/
0.10 0.10 /
0.00 0.00
/
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

Qmaxf/Qmaxl Qmaxf/Qmaxl '(/)

Fig. 7-Data for dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with negative skin at
~~
Fig. &-Dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with positive skin at current conditions.
current conditions.
to--a
-.........~

"'
fU
 FUTURE IPR CURVE FUTURE IPR CURVE
ZERO SKIN FACTOR NEGATIVE SKIN FACTOR
1.00 1.00

0.90
I 0.90
I
O.BO
/ o.eo I
0.70
/
/ 0.70
/
;n. 0.60
/ ;n. 0.60
/
'.......E / 'E /
~
~
0.50

v ~
~
0.50

/
n.
'E
0.40

0.30
/
v n.
'E
0.40

0.30
//
/v
0.20

~
v 0.20

~v
---------v
0.10 0.10

0.00

---
o.oo
~

0.20 0.40
Qmaxf/Qmaxl
0.60 O.BO
--

1.00
0.00
o.oo 0.20 0.40

Qmaxf/Qmaxl
0.60 O.BO 1.00

Fig. 9-Dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with zero skin at current conditions. Fig. 1a-Dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with negative skin at current conditions.

CURRENT IPR CURVE CURRENT IPR CURVE

POSmVE SKIN FACTOR ZERO SKIN FACTOR
c.:> 1.00 1.00
gJ
0.90
0
0.90
-lP~
0.80 O.BO

0.70 0.70 "o "":'

1]1 0

'ii'
~ 0.60
;f.
0.60
n.
'.......E 0.50 'E
....... 0.50
'i"
n.
'i"
n.
'E 0.40
'E 0.40

0.30 0.30

0.20 0.20

0.10 0.10

o.oo o.oo
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 O.BO 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

Q/Qmax Q/Qmax
(/)
-g
Fig. 11-Data for dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with positive skin at Fig. 12-Data for dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with zero skin at future conditions.
future conditions. rl'1
~
-....J
0
0'
N
 CURRENT IPR CURVE CURRENT IPR CURVE
NEGATIVE SKIN FACTOR POSmVE SKIN FACTOR
1.00 1.00

0.90
D~~
0.90 ~
0.80 0.80
~
0.70 0.70 ~
~
0.60 ~ 0.60
I~
~
Q. a.
'E
...... 0.50 'E 0.50
I

~
~
I
'i'
Q.
~
a.
'E 0.40
'E 0.-40

O.JO O.JO
~ I

!~
I

0.20 0.20

0.10 0.10 ~
~I
o.oo 0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

0/0max Q/Qmax

Fig. 13-Data for dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with negative skin at Fig. 14-Dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with positive skin at future conditions.
future conditions.

Co>
c.n
en
CURRENT IPR CURVE
ZERO SKIN FACTOR
1.00
-........
0.90
1--
~
0.80
~
~~
0.70

'li'
3: 0.60
~
Q.

'E
~
0.50
G
""""'\_
3:
Q.

'E 0.40

~
~
O.JO

0.20
~
1-'
0.10

0.00
0.00
-- -

0.20 0.-40 0.60 0.80

""' ~
1.00
-.J
0
0/Qmax
0"
Fig. 15-Dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with zero skin at future conditions.
1\J
 CURRENT IPR CURVE CURRENT IPR CURVES
NEGATIVE SKIN FACTOR
1.00

0.90 ---r-----. ..........

1.00

0.90 .~ ~t--
0.80 ~ 0.80
~ ~~
~ ~ "~
0.70 0.70
~, ~ ~
; 0.60 ; 0.60

:~ ~
"'
n. n.
'E 0.50 'E 0.50
''i'n. ~
~
3:
n. ~ ~
'E 0.40
'E 0.40
~
0.30 ~ 0.30
~ ~
0.20
'\ 0.20 ~ "\
1\ ~
0.10

0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40
QjQmax
0.60 0.80
- \
1.00
0.10

0.00
o.oo 0.20 0.40
QjQmax
0.60 0.80
'
I~
1.00

Fig. 16-Dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with negative skin at future conditions. Fig. 17-Dimensionless IPR curves for fractured wells with skin at current conditions.

FUTURE IPR CURVES

c.> 1.00
(11
......
0.90
LiJ
0.80
/ I'
0.70
~ /
'ii / /_~
3: 0.60
&
E / #
~3:
n.
'E
0.50

0.40
/
~v
w
/
0.30

/ v;::/v
0.20

/ ~
~
0.10

o.oo ~ ~F-

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00

Qmaxf/Qmaxl en
-c
Fig. 18-Dimensionless IPR curves for fractured wells with skin at future conditions. rt'1

1-i
"'-}

0
0'
N
 GAS WELL PERFORMANCE CURVES GAS WELL PERFORMANCE CURVES
Pws - 1 BOO psla
2.00 2.00
1.90 1.90
1.80 1.80
1.70 1.70
1.60 1.60
1.50 1.50
D 1.40 D 1.40
D.. 1.30 D.. 1.30
1.20
i 1.20
I')

t 1.10 1.10
-3 1.00 -3 1.00
... 0.90 ...a: 0.90
a:

...a:..
ii: o.eo
0.70
..
::>
13
0.80
0.70
0.60
a: 0.60
D.. D..
0.50 0.50
0.40 0.40
0.30 0.30
0.20 0.20
0.10 0.10
0.00 0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

FLOW RATE (IAIACFD) FLOW RATE (IAIACFD)

Fig. 19-Gas well performance curves for current conditions. Fig. 20-Gas well performance curves for future conditions.

MODIFIED ISOCHRONAL TEST

IPR CURVES
2.00
~
Cl:l 1.90
1.80
1.70
1.60
1.50
D 1.40

.
I
I')

0
1.30
1.20
1.10
X 1.00
...a: 0.90

...a:~
0.80
0.70
D.. 0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 e.oo 10.00 12.00

FLOW RATE (IAMCFD)

~
Fig. 21-Gas well performance curves from modified isochronal test analysis at current and
future conditions. I~
I-"
-.......!
0
0'
1\J